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In order to improve the orbit determination accuracy of BDS satellites and solve the problem of limited construction of BDS ground stations, this paper proposes a solution using a LEO constellation as a space-based monitoring station. Two indicators were proposed to evaluate the monitoring performance of LEO constellations: Monitoring coverage factor and Satellite Position Dilution of Precision(SPDOP), and different configuration parameters of LEO constellations were optimized, including orbital altitude, number of orbital planes, orbital inclination angle, and number of satellites. An optimal LEO constellation was designed using the BDS-3 satellite as the monitoring object, and the monitoring capability of the LEO constellation was verified based on 30 tracking stations of the iGMAS system. The results show that the monitoring performance of the designed LEO constellation is superior to that of the iGMAS system with 30 tracking stations. The LEO constellation can achieve at least 6-fold of coverage over the entire arc of the BDS satellite with the minimum number of LEO satellites, with a good and stable geometric layout, which helps to improve the orbit determination accuracy of the BDS system and provide high-quality observation data for monitoring and evaluating the operating status and service performance of the BDS system.

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为了提高北斗卫星定轨精度,解决北斗地面站建设受限的问题,本文提出以低轨卫星星座作为天基监测站的解决方案,评估低轨卫星星座监测性能的两个指标:监测覆盖因子和卫星位置精度衰减因子,对低轨卫星星座不同构型参数进行了优化,包括轨道高度、轨道面数、轨道倾角和卫星数量。以北斗三号卫星为监测对象,设计了一个最优低轨卫星星座,以iGMAS(全球连续监测评估系统)30个跟踪站为基准,对该低轨卫星星座的监测能力进行了验证。结果表明:所设计的低轨卫星星座的监测性能优于iGMAS系统30个跟踪站,低轨星座能够以最少的低轨卫星数量实现对北斗卫星的全弧段至少六重覆盖,几何布局良好且稳定,有助于提升北斗系统定轨精度、为北斗系统运行状态和服务性能的监测评估提供高质量的观测数据。

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王凯 1987年生,硕士,助理研究员。

李冬 1987年生,硕士,工程师。

高为广 1979年生,博士,研究员。

郑伟 1972年生,博士,教授。

宋晓丽 1986年生,硕士,高级工程师。

焦文海 1971年生,博士,研究员。

耿长江 1984年生,博士,研究员。

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耿长江 1984年生,博士,研究员。

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耿长江 1984年生,博士,研究员。

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Manassas: Institute of Navigation, 2005: 1361-1373., articleTitle=Sensitivity analysis of the Galileo integrity performance dependent on the ground sensor station network, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1239265696455127728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239165048766124264, awardId=SYS-ZX02-2024-01, language=CN, fundingSource=智能空间信息国家级重点实验室基金(SYS-ZX02-2024-01), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1239265687324127592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239165048766124264, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239265687332516201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239165048766124264, companyId=1239265687324127592, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.College of Aerospace Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China), 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figureFileSmall=85JNRT4ejduTsWELplVhuQ==, figureFileBig=VRemHlise8ZmewJr49nZ2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239265692994826837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239165048766124264, language=CN, label=图1, caption=北斗三号系统星座3D结构, figureFileSmall=85JNRT4ejduTsWELplVhuQ==, figureFileBig=VRemHlise8ZmewJr49nZ2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239265693108073052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239165048766124264, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Monitoring coverage factor of LEO constellations with different orbit height, figureFileSmall=OqWkGcKnKWYPhgyeyfhPGA==, figureFileBig=SbP8lwmG4mAGv3PiwaApDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239265693196153441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239165048766124264, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同轨道高度的低轨星座的监测覆盖因子, figureFileSmall=OqWkGcKnKWYPhgyeyfhPGA==, figureFileBig=SbP8lwmG4mAGv3PiwaApDw==, tableContent=null), 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language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Monitoring performance of LEO constellation and iGMAS stations on M15, G1 and IGSO1, figureFileSmall=UZh8/pKH5vAGbpKjXclS5w==, figureFileBig=4dsYL8RqZJdALsAhsjW+Cg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239265693955322502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239165048766124264, language=CN, label=图6, caption=低轨星座及iGMAS跟踪站对北斗M15、G1和IGSO1卫星的监测性能, figureFileSmall=UZh8/pKH5vAGbpKjXclS5w==, figureFileBig=4dsYL8RqZJdALsAhsjW+Cg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239265694060180107, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239165048766124264, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Monitoring performance of LEO constellation with different numbers of satellite on M15

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Cmin f(4) pSPDOP, maxSPDOP无法计算的历元个数
5颗24.6793.78%62 286.72631
6颗45.59100%50 575.159
7颗46.54100%40 086.962
8颗67.47100%82.770
9颗68.40100%63.490
10颗69.34100%71.240
), ArticleFig(id=1239265694148260496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239165048766124264, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同卫星数量的低轨星座对北斗M15卫星的监测性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Cmin f(4) pSPDOP, maxSPDOP无法计算的历元个数
5颗24.6793.78%62 286.72631
6颗45.59100%50 575.159
7颗46.54100%40 086.962
8颗67.47100%82.770
9颗68.40100%63.490
10颗69.34100%71.240
), ArticleFig(id=1239265694219563668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239165048766124264, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Monitoring performance of LEO constellation with different numbers of satellite on G1

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Cmin f(4) pSPDOP, maxSPDOP无法计算的历元个数
5颗55.86100%333.150
6颗67.04100%273.880
7颗68.20100%156.330
8颗89.37100%129.500
9颗910.55100%117.290
10颗1011.72100%97.690
), ArticleFig(id=1239265694299255448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239165048766124264, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同卫星数量的低轨星座对北斗G1卫星的监测性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Cmin f(4) pSPDOP, maxSPDOP无法计算的历元个数
5颗55.86100%333.150
6颗67.04100%273.880
7颗68.20100%156.330
8颗89.37100%129.500
9颗910.55100%117.290
10颗1011.72100%97.690
), ArticleFig(id=1239265694399918748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239165048766124264, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Monitoring performance of LEO constellation with different numbers of satellite on IGSO1

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Cmin f(4) pSPDOP, maxSPDOP无法计算的历元个数
5颗45.80100%44 621.970
6颗56.96100%2 448.830
7颗68.12100%1 136.820
8颗89.27100%134.680
9颗810.44100%130.580
10颗1011.60100%118.390
), ArticleFig(id=1239265694479610526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239165048766124264, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同卫星数量的低轨星座对北斗IGSO1卫星的监测性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Cmin f(4) pSPDOP, maxSPDOP无法计算的历元个数
5颗45.80100%44 621.970
6颗56.96100%2 448.830
7颗68.12100%1 136.820
8颗89.27100%134.680
9颗810.44100%130.580
10颗1011.60100%118.390
), ArticleFig(id=1239265694567690914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239165048766124264, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Monitoring performance of LEO constellation on M15, G1 and IGSO1

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Cmin f(4) pSPDOP, maxSPDOP无法计算的历元个数
M1567.47100%82.770
G189.37100%129.500
IGSO189.27100%134.680
), ArticleFig(id=1239265694643188388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239165048766124264, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

低轨星座对北斗M15、G1和IGSO1卫星的监测性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Cmin f(4) pSPDOP, maxSPDOP无法计算的历元个数
M1567.47100%82.770
G189.37100%129.500
IGSO189.27100%134.680
), ArticleFig(id=1239265696119583400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239165048766124264, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Monitoring performance of iGMAS stations on M15, G1 and IGSO1

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Cmin f(4) pSPDOP, maxSPDOP无法计算的历元个数
M15310.8298.99%8 918.86101
G11818100%97.410
IGSO1716.12100%154.570
), ArticleFig(id=1239265696245412523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239165048766124264, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

iGMAS跟踪站对北斗M15、G1和IGSO1卫星的监测性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Cmin f(4) pSPDOP, maxSPDOP无法计算的历元个数
M15310.8298.99%8 918.86101
G11818100%97.410
IGSO1716.12100%154.570
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面向天基监测的低轨卫星星座设计
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王凯 1, 2, 3 , 李冬 4 , 高为广 2, 3 , 郑伟 1 , 宋晓丽 4 , 焦文海 2, 3 , 耿长江 4
遥测遥控 | 导航技术专栏 2025,46(5): 10-19
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遥测遥控 | 导航技术专栏 2025, 46(5): 10-19
面向天基监测的低轨卫星星座设计
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王凯1, 2, 3, 李冬4, 高为广2, 3, 郑伟1, 宋晓丽4, 焦文海2, 3, 耿长江4
作者信息
  • 1国防科技大学空天科学学院 长沙 410073
  • 2北京跟踪与通信技术研究所 北京 100094
  • 3智能空间信息国家级重点实验室 北京 100094
  • 4北京遥测技术研究所 北京 100094
  • 王凯 1987年生,硕士,助理研究员。

    李冬 1987年生,硕士,工程师。

    高为广 1979年生,博士,研究员。

    郑伟 1972年生,博士,教授。

    宋晓丽 1986年生,硕士,高级工程师。

    焦文海 1971年生,博士,研究员。

    耿长江 1984年生,博士,研究员。

Design of LEO Satellite Constellation for Space-Based Monitoring
Kai WANG1, 2, 3, Dong LI4, Weiguang GAO2, 3, Wei ZHENG1, Xiaoli SONG4, Wenhai JIAO2, 3, Changjiang GENG4
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Aerospace Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
  • 2.Beijing Institute of Tracking and Telecommunications Technology, Beijing 100094, China
  • 3.National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Spatial Information, Beijing 100094, China
  • 4.Beijing Research Institute of Telemetry, Beijing 100094, China
出版时间: 2025-09-15 doi: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20250618002
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为了提高北斗卫星定轨精度,解决北斗地面站建设受限的问题,本文提出以低轨卫星星座作为天基监测站的解决方案,评估低轨卫星星座监测性能的两个指标:监测覆盖因子和卫星位置精度衰减因子,对低轨卫星星座不同构型参数进行了优化,包括轨道高度、轨道面数、轨道倾角和卫星数量。以北斗三号卫星为监测对象,设计了一个最优低轨卫星星座,以iGMAS(全球连续监测评估系统)30个跟踪站为基准,对该低轨卫星星座的监测能力进行了验证。结果表明:所设计的低轨卫星星座的监测性能优于iGMAS系统30个跟踪站,低轨星座能够以最少的低轨卫星数量实现对北斗卫星的全弧段至少六重覆盖,几何布局良好且稳定,有助于提升北斗系统定轨精度、为北斗系统运行状态和服务性能的监测评估提供高质量的观测数据。

低轨卫星  /  Walker星座  /  监测覆盖因子  /  卫星位置精度衰减因子  /  天基监测  /  北斗定轨精度  /  星座优化

In order to improve the orbit determination accuracy of BDS satellites and solve the problem of limited construction of BDS ground stations, this paper proposes a solution using a LEO constellation as a space-based monitoring station. Two indicators were proposed to evaluate the monitoring performance of LEO constellations: Monitoring coverage factor and Satellite Position Dilution of Precision(SPDOP), and different configuration parameters of LEO constellations were optimized, including orbital altitude, number of orbital planes, orbital inclination angle, and number of satellites. An optimal LEO constellation was designed using the BDS-3 satellite as the monitoring object, and the monitoring capability of the LEO constellation was verified based on 30 tracking stations of the iGMAS system. The results show that the monitoring performance of the designed LEO constellation is superior to that of the iGMAS system with 30 tracking stations. The LEO constellation can achieve at least 6-fold of coverage over the entire arc of the BDS satellite with the minimum number of LEO satellites, with a good and stable geometric layout, which helps to improve the orbit determination accuracy of the BDS system and provide high-quality observation data for monitoring and evaluating the operating status and service performance of the BDS system.

LEO  /  Walker constellations  /  Monitoring coverage factor  /  SPDOP  /  Space-based monitoring  /  BDS orbit determination accuracy  /  Constellation optimization
王凯, 李冬, 高为广, 郑伟, 宋晓丽, 焦文海, 耿长江. 面向天基监测的低轨卫星星座设计. 遥测遥控, 2025 , 46 (5) : 10 -19 . DOI: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20250618002
Kai WANG, Dong LI, Weiguang GAO, Wei ZHENG, Xiaoli SONG, Wenhai JIAO, Changjiang GENG. Design of LEO Satellite Constellation for Space-Based Monitoring[J]. Journal of Telemetry, Tracking and Command, 2025 , 46 (5) : 10 -19 . DOI: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20250618002
GNSS(全球导航卫星系统)卫星定轨精度直接影响用户的导航定位性能,如何获得高精度的轨道产品一直是研究的热点。地面监测站的数量和几何分布是影响卫星定轨精度的关键因素之一[1]。受到政治、军事等方面的影响,我国在海外建设地面站受限,很难实现在全球范围内布设满足北斗卫星全弧段跟踪的地面站。依赖于全球连续监测评估系统(iGMAS,又称国际GNSS监测评估系统,international GNSS Monitoring and Assessment System)的30个全球分布的跟踪站,能够获得高精度的北斗轨道产品。但iGMAS系统海外跟踪站数量有限,且易受到国际形势的影响,无法从根本上解决北斗系统地面站全球分布不足的问题。
低轨卫星的快速发展为解决这一问题提供了新的思路。低轨卫星星座构型变化快、落地信号功率强,能够对GNSS卫星导航系统进行信息增强和信号增强,全面提升卫星导航系统的精度、完好性、可用性和抗干扰能力[2],同时,低轨卫星还能作为天基监测站,对中高轨卫星进行全时、全弧段监测[3]。若将低轨卫星视为天基监测站,在其星上搭载GNSS接收机接收伪距和载波观测数据,与地面监测站的观测数据结合便能确定GNSS系统的精密轨道[4,5]
SpaceX(太空探索公司)利用部分低轨卫星搭载GNSS接收机,验证了其对GPS卫星的实时监测能力。Zhu提出一种联合低轨卫星星载GPS数据和地面监测数据解算GPS卫星轨道的方法,结果表明:增加GRACE(重力恢复与气候实验卫星)和CHAMP(地球物理研究与应用小卫星)两颗低轨卫星的数据后,轨道精度明显提升[6]。通过加入低轨卫星星载GPS数据,可有效提高导航卫星的可见弧段,增强定轨几何结构,提高导航卫星的轨道确定精度[7,8]
为了利用低轨卫星实现对北斗系统最优的监测性能,有必要对低轨星座的构型进行研究。关于低轨星座设计的研究已取得较多成果。文献[9]以最小GPDOP(Geometric Position Dilution of Precision,几何位置精度衰减因子)为极值条件设计了一种组合低轨卫星星座,能够实现可见卫星数量与DOP值在全球范围内的均匀分布;文献[10]提出了一种基于遗传算法的混合低轨星座设计方案,验证了相比于单一星座,混合星座的可见卫星数沿纬度分布更加均匀;文献[11,12]为了改善可见卫星数量、GDOP(Geometric Dilution of Precision,几何精度衰减因子)等覆盖性能,对低轨星座平面数、卫星数量和倾角等构型参数进行了深入研究;文献[13]以全球平均GDOP、可见卫星数及定位精度为设计目标,仿真分析了低轨星座对覆盖性、收敛时间及定位精度的提升情况;文献[14]设计了多种LEO(低地球轨道)星座方案,仿真分析了低轨星座增强GNSS定位性能及PPP(精密单点定位)收敛时间。由此可见,现有关于低轨星座设计的研究,主要是以增强GNSS系统可见卫星数、PDOP(位置精度衰减因子)、PPP收敛时间等导航性能为目标。
本文以增强北斗系统监测能力为目标,提出两个用于评估低轨星座监测性能的指标,对比分析低轨星座不同构型参数对监测性能的影响,优化了星座轨道高度、轨道面数、轨道倾角和卫星数量4个构型参数,得到1个可用于监测北斗三号卫星的低轨卫星星座。对设计的低轨卫星星座的监测性能进行验证,结果表明:该低轨卫星星座的监测性能优于iGMAS系统的跟踪站网,能够作为天基监测站提高北斗卫星定轨精度。
从OneWeb、SpaceX、中国航天科技集团有限公司、中国卫星网络集团有限公司等国内外公司已完成及发布的发射计划来看,Walker星座是最常用的低轨星座[15]。Walker星座具备空间对称性,所有卫星几何构型相同,因此能够提供均匀的全球覆盖,尤其对中低纬度地区覆盖良好。
Walker星座由3个以上相同高度和倾角的圆轨道组成,每个轨道平面的升交点赤经(RAAN)在赤道面内均匀分布,所有卫星在轨道面上均匀分布。Walker星座的星座构型可以由“h:i:N/P/F”5个结构参数描述,其中,h表示轨道高度,i表示轨道倾角,N表示卫星总数、P表示轨道面的数量、F表示相邻两个轨道平面中卫星相位的相对度量参数,F取值为0至P-1之间的任意整数。
Walker星座中位于轨道面i中的第j颗卫星的升交点赤经Ωi和升交点角距uij分别为:
式中,S为每轨卫星数,
北斗三号系统由3颗GEO(地球静止轨道)卫星、3颗IGSO(倾斜地球同步轨道)卫星以及24颗MEO(中圆地球轨道)卫星组成。3颗GEO卫星分别定点在东经80°、110.5°和140°,轨道高度为35 786 km;3颗IGSO卫星轨道倾角均为55°,轨道高度为35 786 km;24颗MEO卫星采用了Walker星座,根据Walker星座定义,北斗三号24颗MEO卫星的结构参数可描述为21 528 km:55°:24/3/1,即24颗MEO分布在3个轨道面上,每个轨道面上等间隔分布8颗MEO卫星,轨道高度为21 528 km,轨道倾角为55°,如图1所示。
监测覆盖因子是指在评估时段内可以同时对一颗卫星进行观测的监测站的数目[16]。为了全面评估低轨卫星对一颗导航卫星的覆盖性能,评估时段内的导航卫星轨迹应覆盖该卫星所有飞行区域。对北斗系统而言,GEO相对地面位置始终不变;IGSO作为一种特殊的地球同步轨道,其运行周期与地球自转周期相同,IGSO卫星每天在相同时间经过同一经度;MEO卫星回归周期为7天13圈,MEO卫星每7天重复飞行至同一区域。因此,针对北斗系统监测覆盖因子的评估时段设置为7天。
监测覆盖因子通过平均覆盖卫星数、最小覆盖卫星数和覆盖卫星数的概率密度函数3个指标共同表征。
平均覆盖卫星数表示为:
式中,ki为第i个历元可以看到的监测站的数目;N为历元总数,本文的分析中历元间隔为1分钟,因此N=10 080。
最小覆盖卫星数表示为:
覆盖卫星数概率密度函数是指在评估时段内一颗卫星被至少m个监测站同时观测到的概率。
监测站作为导航卫星定轨的重要手段,其数量和分布同样影响卫星轨道和钟差的精度,将位置精度衰减因子(Position Dilution of Precision, PDOP)的概念引入卫星定轨中,利用卫星位置精度衰减因子(Satellite Position Dilution of Precision, SPDOP)定量地描述监测站分布的优劣[17],判断监测站的监测能力。
假设某一时刻,卫星sm个地面站、n颗低轨卫星同时可见,则几何矩阵G可写为
式中,r为导航卫星到监测站的几何距离;表示从卫星i到监测站的方向余弦。
参数估计的辅因子矩阵Q可表示为
卫星位置精度衰减因子可表示为
观测到导航卫星的低轨卫星数量越多、卫星位置精度衰减因子越小,监测性能越好。因此,在设计基于天基监测的低轨卫星星座时,应确保监测覆盖因子尽量大、卫星位置精度衰减因子尽量小。根据论文[17]的研究,当最小覆盖卫星数小于4时,无法计算Q矩阵,也就无法获得SPDOP;当SPDOP大于500时,图形结构很差,定轨精度较低,而当SPDOP小于250时,能够有效提升GPS和北斗系统的定轨精度。
考虑到监测性能,监测覆盖因子越大越好,但设计星座不仅要考虑星座的监测性能,也要顾及星座的建设成本。星座成本与卫星数量、轨道面数、轨道高度和轨道倾角有关。卫星数量越多、轨道面数越多、轨道高度越大、轨道倾角越大,卫星的制造、发射和维护成本越高[18]
综合考虑监测性能和星座成本,本文低轨卫星星座设计的目标函数选定为:
fobj1为最小覆盖卫星数Cmin,由于,因此fobj1仅用Cmin表示,fobj1∈[4,∞);fobj2以卫星位置精度衰减因子的最大值,即飞行区域内监测站的最差分布为目标,fobj2∈(0,250);fobj3为星座综合成本,取其最小值为最优解。星座综合成本可表达为[19]
式中,P0为轨道面数的下限,h0为轨道高度的下限,T0为卫星总数的下限。
约束条件1:
采用相对关系固定的星座构型可以有效减小优化的参数数量[20],设计低轨星座为Walker星座,仅对卫星总数、轨道高度、轨道面数目和轨道倾角四个变量进行优化。
约束条件2:
综合考虑到范艾伦(Van Alan)带、大气阻力、卫星定位控制以及规避碰撞等因素,低轨卫星轨道高度的理想范围为1 000 km~1 300 km[9,13],即h0=1 000。
约束条件3:
对于Walker星座,轨道面数至少为3,即P0=3。
本文监测对象为北斗三号系统的3颗GEO卫星、3颗IGSO卫星和3颗MEO卫星。考虑到Walker星座的对称性,3颗MEO卫星选择了位于3个不同轨道面的MEO13、MEO15和MEO24,而未对所有MEO卫星进行分析。
在低轨卫星星座选择不同的低轨卫星,如在同一轨道面内连续或间隔选择若干颗低轨卫星,或者在不同轨道面连续或间隔选择若干颗低轨卫星,都会对监测性能产生影响。为了排除选星策略对监测性能的影响,且从简化选星策略的角度考虑,本文的分析均基于一个假设,即利用一个轨道面内的所有低轨卫星进行监测。
首先选定一个基础星座,通过改变轨道高度,验证低轨卫星轨道高度与监测性能的关系。基础星座构型设置为Walker 60/6/1,由于监测对象为北斗三号系统,因此基础星座的倾角设计为55°,轨道高度依次为500 km、1 000 km、1 500 km。在低轨星座不同轨道面选择轨道面内所有卫星对北斗GEO、IGSO和MEO卫星进行观测,仿真分析不同条件下的监测覆盖因子和pSPDOP, max,结果见图2图3。由于可见低轨卫星数量较小,不同轨道高度的Cmin大多为0,无法直观反映轨道高度与可见低轨卫星的关系,因此图2中的监测覆盖因子指的是。由图2图3的结果可知:
①对于所有北斗卫星,低轨卫星轨道高度越低,越大、pSPDOP, max越小,监测性能越好。
②对于MEO卫星,低轨卫星不同轨道面的监测性能有较大差异;总是存在一个最优监测轨道,在其轨道面内选择监测卫星,最大、pSPDOP, max最小;最优轨道面不受轨道高度影响,与被监测卫星所在轨道面有关。
③对于GEO卫星,低轨卫星不同轨道面的监测性能差异不大。
④对于IGSO卫星,低轨卫星不同轨道面的监测性能有较大差异,总是存在一个最优监测轨道,在其轨道面内选择低轨卫星,最大、pSPDOP, max最小;最优轨道面不受轨道高度影响,与被监测卫星所在轨道面有关。
由上述分析可知,低轨卫星轨道高度越小、监测性能越好、星座成本越低,结合约束条件2,低轨星座高度宜选为1 000 km。
低轨卫星对MEO卫星的监测性能受两者相对位置的影响,IGSO卫星亦是如此。Walker星座不同轨道面的差异主要表现为升交点赤经的不同,也就是说利用不同低轨星座轨道面监测时,监测卫星与被监测卫星升交点赤经的差值Δr是不同的。为了验证Δr与监测性能之间的关系,仿真轨道高度为1 000 km、轨道倾角为55°、构型为Walker120/12/1的低轨卫星星座不同轨道面对北斗MEO卫星和IGSO的监测性能,统计分析pSPDOP, max与Δr之间的关系。图4的结果表明:
① Δr负相关,当Δr最小时,最大;
② ΔrpSPDOP, max正相关,当Δr最小时,pSPDOP, max最小。
由此可知,与被监测卫星升交点赤经最接近的低轨卫星轨道面监测性能最好,Δr=0的轨道面可称为最优监测轨道。当低轨星座轨道面为3、6、9等3的倍数时,总能找到与北斗MEO卫星对应的最优监测轨道。结合目标函数fobj3,将轨道面数设为3。
以M15、G1和IGSO1为监测对象,利用最优监测轨道内所有卫星进行监测。低轨星座轨道高度1 000 km、构型仍为Walker60/6/1,轨道倾角依次设计为15°、30°、55°、60°和85°,仿真分析不同倾角的低轨星座的pSPDOP, max,由图5可知:
①对于GEO卫星,轨道倾角越大,越小、pSPDOP,max越大,监测性能越差;
②对于MEO和IGSO卫星,轨道倾角在50°~60°之间,监测性能最佳。
由于北斗MEO卫星数量占比远高于GEO和IGSO卫星,为了实现对北斗三号整个星座的最优监测能力,低轨星座轨道倾角应在50°~60°之间,本文将其设置为55°。
设计低轨星座轨道高度1 000 km、轨道面数量为3、倾角55°,每轨卫星数依次为5、6、7、8、9、10,以M15、G1和IGSO1为监测对象,选择低轨星座中所有卫星进行监测,仿真分析不同卫星数量的低轨星座的监测覆盖因子和pSPDOP, max,结果见表1~表3。结果表明:每轨卫星数越多,监测性能越好;当每轨卫星达到8颗后,Cmin>6、pSPDOP, max<150。因此,当低轨星座每轨卫星数为8颗时,既能获得较好的监测效果,又能降低星座成本。
基于本文设计的低轨Walker星座“1 000 km:55°: Walker 24/3/1”,以iGMAS系统30个站对北斗M15、G1和IGSO1的监测能力为基准,对低轨卫星星座的监测性能进行验证。利用24颗低轨卫星和30个跟踪站对M15、G1和IGSO1卫星的监测覆盖因子和SPDOP进行仿真分析,仿真结果见表4表5图6,结果表明:
①当M15卫星飞至境外时,受到iGMAS海外跟踪站数量的限制,M15最少可见监测站数量仅为3个,有高达101个历元因跟踪站几何构型较差无法计算SPDOP;而低轨星座对M15监测性能良好且稳定,可见低轨卫星数始终在6~10颗,且几何构型良好,SPDOP最大值为82.77。
②iGMAS系统跟踪站能够实现对G1卫星的18重覆盖,低轨卫星为8~10重;iGMAS跟踪站的SPDOP为97.41,略优于低轨卫星的129.5;
③低轨卫星对iGSO1的最少可见监测站和SPDOP均略优于iGMAS跟踪站。
由此可知,低轨星座对北斗GEO和IGSO卫星的监测性能与iGMAS跟踪站相当,对北斗MEO的监测性能明显优于iGMAS跟踪站。因此,即使在地面站完全不可用的情况下,此低轨卫星星座完全能作为“天基监测站”对北斗卫星进行全弧段跟踪,完成北斗卫星的精密定轨以及对其运行状态和服务性能的监测评估。
低轨星座的发展为卫星导航系统的精密定轨和监测评估提供了新的思路,通过建立天地基一体化监测网,低轨卫星能够与地面站互为补充,实现对所有GNSS卫星的全弧段跟踪。本文设计了一个具备最优监测能力的低轨星座,经过验证该星座对北斗卫星拥有良好的监测性能,并以此为基础提出了面向监测能力的低轨星座设计及选星策略方面的相关建议。通过本文研究,有助于进一步探索低轨星座的潜力,为低轨星座作为天基监测站的研究和应用提供参考。
  • 智能空间信息国家级重点实验室基金(SYS-ZX02-2024-01)
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doi: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20250618002
  • 接收时间:2025-06-18
  • 首发时间:2026-03-13
  • 出版时间:2025-09-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-18
  • 修回日期:2025-07-16
基金
智能空间信息国家级重点实验室基金(SYS-ZX02-2024-01)
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    1国防科技大学空天科学学院 长沙 410073
    2北京跟踪与通信技术研究所 北京 100094
    3智能空间信息国家级重点实验室 北京 100094
    4北京遥测技术研究所 北京 100094
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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