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Due to the impact of global climate change, extreme weather events have become more frequent in recent years, with a corresponding increase in both the frequency and intensity of typhoons. As typhoons have extremely strong destructive power, they can have a significant impact on economic and social development, human life and property, as well as maritime activities. Therefore, the real-time tracking and positioning of typhoons is critical for mitigating their adverse impacts. Based on the infrared cloud image data from the multi-channel scanning imaging radiometer aboard the Fengyun-4 geostationary satellite, combined with the tropical cyclone best track dataset, this study uses the YOLOv8 object detection algorithm to achieve automatic identification and rapid positioning of typhoons. The verification results show that the recognition accuracy for typhoons with strong tropical storm intensity and above exceeds 83%, with a precision rate of over 88%. This achievement provides robust data support for maritime activities, maritime transportation, and oceanographic research, effectively improving the accuracy and timeliness of typhoon monitoring and enhancing safety in related fields.

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受全球气候变化影响,近年来极端天气事件愈发频繁,台风发生的数量增多、强度增强。由于台风破坏力极强,对经济社会发展、人民生命财产安全以及海上活动都会带来严重影响,因此,实时定位台风对于减少其不利影响极为重要。本文基于我国风云四号静止卫星多通道扫描成像辐射计的红外云图观测资料,结合热带气旋最佳路径数据集,采用深度学习YOLOv8目标检测算法,实现了台风的自动识别和快速定位。验证结果表明:强热带风暴及以上强度台风的识别准确率超过83%,定位精度达到88%以上。这一成果为海上活动、海上交通运输以及海洋学研究提供了坚实的数据支撑,有效提升了台风监测的准确性和时效性,增强了相关领域的安全保障能力。

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施英妮 1979年生,博士,高级工程师。

易欣 1981年生,硕士,高级工程师。

李冰 1983年生,硕士,工程师。

李剑 1979年生,硕士,工程师。

李绍辉 1993年生,博士,工程师。

白雪洁 1995年生,硕士,工程师。

光洁 1982年生,博士,副研究员。

张罗 1991年生,博士,助理研究员。

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李剑 1979年生,硕士,工程师。

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光洁 1982年生,博士,副研究员。

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光洁 1982年生,博士,副研究员。

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张罗 1991年生,博士,助理研究员。

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张罗 1991年生,博士,助理研究员。

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YOLOv8 model performance evaluation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数准确率(%)精度(%)召回率(%)F1分数
83.4088.9674.600.81
), ArticleFig(id=1239158385715761708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239158375083200676, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

YOLOv8模型性能评估

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数准确率(%)精度(%)召回率(%)F1分数
83.4088.9674.600.81
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基于风云四号卫星和YOLOv8算法的台风自动识别研究
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施英妮 1 , 易欣 1 , 李冰 1 , 李剑 1 , 李绍辉 1 , 白雪洁 1 , 光洁 2 , 张罗 2
遥测遥控 | 雷达与对抗 2025,46(6): 136-144
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遥测遥控 | 雷达与对抗 2025, 46(6): 136-144
基于风云四号卫星和YOLOv8算法的台风自动识别研究
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施英妮1, 易欣1, 李冰1, 李剑1, 李绍辉1, 白雪洁1, 光洁2, 张罗2
作者信息
  • 1.北京5111信箱 北京 100094
  • 2.中国科学院空天信息创新研究院 北京 100094
  • 施英妮 1979年生,博士,高级工程师。

    易欣 1981年生,硕士,高级工程师。

    李冰 1983年生,硕士,工程师。

    李剑 1979年生,硕士,工程师。

    李绍辉 1993年生,博士,工程师。

    白雪洁 1995年生,硕士,工程师。

    光洁 1982年生,博士,副研究员。

    张罗 1991年生,博士,助理研究员。

Research on Automatic Typhoon Recognition Based on Fengyun-4 Satellite Data and YOLOv8 Algorithm
Yingni SHI1, Xin YI1, Bing LI1, Jian LI1, Shaohui LI1, Xuejie BAI1, Jie GUANG2, Luo ZHANG2
Affiliations
  • 1. Mailbox No.5111, Beijing 100094, China
  • 2. Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094,China
doi: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20250325001
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受全球气候变化影响,近年来极端天气事件愈发频繁,台风发生的数量增多、强度增强。由于台风破坏力极强,对经济社会发展、人民生命财产安全以及海上活动都会带来严重影响,因此,实时定位台风对于减少其不利影响极为重要。本文基于我国风云四号静止卫星多通道扫描成像辐射计的红外云图观测资料,结合热带气旋最佳路径数据集,采用深度学习YOLOv8目标检测算法,实现了台风的自动识别和快速定位。验证结果表明:强热带风暴及以上强度台风的识别准确率超过83%,定位精度达到88%以上。这一成果为海上活动、海上交通运输以及海洋学研究提供了坚实的数据支撑,有效提升了台风监测的准确性和时效性,增强了相关领域的安全保障能力。

静止卫星  /  台风  /  自动识别  /  YOLOv8算法  /  风云四号卫星

Due to the impact of global climate change, extreme weather events have become more frequent in recent years, with a corresponding increase in both the frequency and intensity of typhoons. As typhoons have extremely strong destructive power, they can have a significant impact on economic and social development, human life and property, as well as maritime activities. Therefore, the real-time tracking and positioning of typhoons is critical for mitigating their adverse impacts. Based on the infrared cloud image data from the multi-channel scanning imaging radiometer aboard the Fengyun-4 geostationary satellite, combined with the tropical cyclone best track dataset, this study uses the YOLOv8 object detection algorithm to achieve automatic identification and rapid positioning of typhoons. The verification results show that the recognition accuracy for typhoons with strong tropical storm intensity and above exceeds 83%, with a precision rate of over 88%. This achievement provides robust data support for maritime activities, maritime transportation, and oceanographic research, effectively improving the accuracy and timeliness of typhoon monitoring and enhancing safety in related fields.

Geostationary satellite  /  Typhoon  /  Automatic identification  /  YOLOv8 algorithm  /  Fengyun-4 satellite
施英妮, 易欣, 李冰, 李剑, 李绍辉, 白雪洁, 光洁, 张罗. 基于风云四号卫星和YOLOv8算法的台风自动识别研究. 遥测遥控, 2025 , 46 (6) : 136 -144 . DOI: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20250325001
Yingni SHI, Xin YI, Bing LI, Jian LI, Shaohui LI, Xuejie BAI, Jie GUANG, Luo ZHANG. Research on Automatic Typhoon Recognition Based on Fengyun-4 Satellite Data and YOLOv8 Algorithm[J]. Journal of Telemetry, Tracking and Command, 2025 , 46 (6) : 136 -144 . DOI: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20250325001
热带气旋是一种形成于热带或副热带海洋上的气旋性涡旋,其底层中心附近最大平均风速达到32.7 m/s(即12级风力)及以上时,被称为台风[1]。中国因东部地区毗邻海洋,是世界上受台风影响最严重的国家之一[2]。西北太平洋(0°-30°N,100°E-180°E)海域的热带气旋活动非常频繁,是全球最活跃的区域,占全球热带气旋总数量的三分之一。从过往气候来看,每年约有26次被命名的热带气旋出现在西北太平洋海域[3]。近年来,全球气候变暖加剧,极端天气事件增多,台风活动也呈现出更加频繁的趋势[4]。台风对经济社会发展、人民生命财产安全以及海上活动都会造成严重影响,包括建筑物倒塌、交通中断、大规模停电以及农业和渔业的巨大损失,甚至导致人员伤亡。2024年,台风灾害共造成海南、广东、广西、上海、浙江、江苏、福建、江西、云南等9省(自治区、直辖市)1 153.4万人不同程度受灾,直接经济损失853.2亿元。直接经济损失较前5年(2019—2023年)均值上升169.6%[5]。台风所带来的狂风、巨浪和暴雨,也是影响联合封锁和登陆战役行动及舰艇、飞机和人员安全最严重的灾害性天气。因此,开展台风自动识别研究对于减少其不利影响极为重要。
热带气旋是一种典型的深厚低压系统,其显著特征为其中心区域气压极低,而风速相对较弱。在低层大气中,空气显著向中心汇聚,而在高层大气中,气流则主要向外扩散。发展成熟的台风通常为扁平圆形涡旋状,从水平结构上看,台风由内向外依次为台风眼区、云墙区和螺旋雨带区。台风眼区通常风速较弱,天上仅有薄云;云墙区风速最强,降水最剧烈;螺旋雨带区则呈现螺旋状分布,该区域有着较为猛烈的降雨和吹向中心的大风[6]。精准定位台风中心是台风强度分析与路径预报的关键基础。准确的热带气旋定位不仅能够有效降低台风路径预测中初始移动方向或持续性因子的误差,还在台风路径预测模型中充当“真值标签”的角色。然而,由于台风结构复杂且时间尺度跨度较大,传统的陆基观测设备难以获取充分的观测信息。相比之下,台风卫星云图能够提供丰富的大气信息,并从全球视角实现对台风的持续、同步观测,为台风研究提供了重要支持[7,8]
静止气象卫星覆盖范围广、时间分辨率高,因此成为目前监测热带气旋的主流手段。静止卫星的可见光和红外通道可以提供较为连续的热带气旋云系发展信息,其水汽通道可以提供大范围的水汽输送信息,有助于判别热带气旋的发展情况[9,10]。利用卫星图像进行台风识别和定位的方法主要分为人工监测、数学形态学方法和人工智能方法三类。传统的热带气旋预报依靠Dvorak(德沃夏克)技术,根据静止气象卫星在红外和可见光波段观测的热带气旋不同阶段云型特征及其变化,然后通过经验和人为的约束条件来确定热带气旋中心位置及强度[11]。虽然后续又有不少Dvorak技术的发展和改进工作[12,13],但总体来说人工监测方法依赖于工作人员的丰富经验以及对台风特征的细致观察来进行判断,导致其结果具有较强的主观性,不同人员得出的定位结果往往存在较大差异[14]。在数学形态学方法中,Zhang等人(2014)提出了一种基于红外卫星云图的分形特征和梯度进行台风中心定位的算法[15],Yan等人(2024)开发了基于时空一致性尺度不变特征变换的台风定位算法[16],Xie等人(2022)提出了一种基于风云四号A星AGRI(先进地球静止辐射成像仪)亮温数据的台风定位方法,即亮温扰动台风定位法[17]。然而,这些形态学方法在缺乏明显螺旋云带和眼墙特征,以及气象场复杂且快速变化的情况下表现欠佳。近年来,随着人工智能技术的蓬勃发展,其在台风识别与定位领域的应用逐渐崭露头角。台风作为一种典型的中尺度天气系统,其形状往往不规则,边界也较为模糊,这使得台风定位工作更侧重于对台风整体的精准识别以及对其中心位置的精确确定。在此背景下,基于深度学习的目标检测技术在台风定位研究中逐渐展现出显著的潜力,为相关研究提供了新的思路与方法。与传统的分割方法不同,目标检测方法预测目标类别作为一个整体,并直接输出边界框及其中心点。将目标检测技术引入台风定位研究,有效解决了台风边界模糊的挑战,显示出强大的潜力。这种技术不仅能够更准确地定位台风中心,还能更有效地处理复杂且快速变化的气象场景。目标检测技术分为单阶段和两阶段算法。两阶段算法首先生成候选区域,然后进行分类和位置回归,其特点是精度高但速度慢。代表性算法包括Faster R-CNN[18]和Mask R-CNN[19]。单阶段算法在图像的每个位置和尺度上直接预测目标位置和类别,具有高实时性,代表性算法为YOLO(You Only Look Once)系列。Long等人(2022)通过对六种深度学习模型进行了分析和比较,发现YOLO模型性能最优[20]。为了解决卫星云图复杂云特征、台风定位不准确和目标检测精度低的问题,He等人(2025)提出了一种新的台风定位算法TGE-YOLO,提高了模型捕捉台风中心位置的精度[21]
尽管深度学习目标检测算法已在台风中心定位中得到应用,但与其他领域相比,其应用仍相对有限。目前的研究主要集中在这些模型的应用上,对底层算法模块的改进关注不足。这种对算法改进的忽视,阻碍了深度学习目标检测算法在特征提取、检测和定位方面的充分利用。针对卫星云图中云系特征复杂、台风中心定位不准确以及计算成本高的挑战,本文提出了专门用于台风定位的优化YOLOv8n模型,基于风云四号(FY-4)静止卫星搭载的多通道扫描成像辐射计(AGRI)所提供的红外云图资料,成功实现了台风的自动化识别和定位,为海上作业、海上交通以及海洋科学研究提供了坚实的数据支撑,提升了台风监测的准确性和时效性,在台风路径预报、灾害预警等方面具有重要的应用价值。
风云四号卫星(FY-4)是中国第二代静止轨道气象卫星,其设计充分考虑了中国地处东亚季风区,汛期强对流天气和台风活动频繁,以及冬季与夏季对气象观测需求差异显著的地理气候特征。因此,卫星设计了常规观测、加密观测和应急观测三种成像模式,以满足不同应用场景对卫星观测资料的需求[22]。风云四号卫星系列包括FY-4A和FY-4B两颗卫星。FY-4A于2016年12月11日发射,2024年3月5日0时(UTC)起,FY-4A星漂移至86.5°E业务备份,FY-4B星从133°E漂移至105°E,接替FY-4A星实现主业务位置观测系统的更替。据国家卫星气象中心的数据显示,2025年1月21日至2月18日,FY-4A从86.5°E漂移至123.5°E。卫星搭载了多通道扫描成像辐射计(AGRI)、干涉式大气垂直探测仪(GIIRS)等先进载荷。其中,AGRI作为主要载荷之一,具备强大的观测能力,是风云四号卫星的核心仪器。在台风等突发性灾害天气期间,AGRI可以通过应急观测模式,能够实现分钟级的区域快速扫描,最快可在1分钟内生成一次区域观测图像。这种高频率观测能力对于台风的实时监测至关重要,提升台风预警的时效性和准确性。AGRI有14个通道,覆盖可见光、近红外、中长波红外等多个波段,能够清晰区分云的不同相态(如水云、冰云)、高、中层水汽分布[23],这种多通道观测能力使得AGRI能够更全面地分析台风的结构和内部物理过程,为台风的强度估计和路径预测提供更丰富的信息。此外,AGRI与GIIRS协同观测能够实现云宏观物理特性(如云顶高度、云底高度、云相态)的高精度反演,对于台风的结构分析和强度估计具有重要意义,能够帮助更好地理解台风的动态变化[24]。相关研究表明,风云四号卫星的数据在台风监测和预报中具有重要的应用价值[25,26]
深度学习算法的精度通常需要依靠大量的高质量训练样本,因而本研究使用中国气象局(CMA)热带气旋资料中心发布的CMA热带气旋最佳路径数据集中历史台风路径信息数据作为深度学习的基准数据集,用于标注数据和评估模型的准确性。该数据集目前已包含1949年至2024年西北太平洋区域(涵盖南海、赤道以北、180°E以西)热带气旋的详尽资料,记录了每6小时的气旋位置(经度和纬度)以及强度指标(包括强度标记、中心最低气压和2分钟最大平均风速)。
根据《热带气旋等级》国家标准(GB/T 19201-2006)[1],热带气旋的强度划分以正点前2分钟至正点期间的平均风速为依据:0-弱于热带低压(TD),或等级未知;1-热带低压(TD,10.8m/s~17.1m/s),2-热带风暴(TS,17.2m/s~24.4 m/s);3-强热带风暴(STS,24.5m/s~32.6 m/s);4-台风(TY,32.7m/s~41.4 m/s);5-强台风(STY,41.5m/s~50.9 m/s);6-超强台风(SuperTY,≥51.0 m/s);9-变性,第一个标记表示变性完成。
本研究中台风智能识别与定位模型技术流程图如图1所示,具体过程概述如下:
①数据采集:收集基础数据集,包括热带气旋最佳路径数据,从中提取台风的准确时间与位置信息;同时获取对应时间段的风云四号(2024年3月5日前使用FY-4A,2024年3月5日之后使用FY-4B)搭载的AGRI红外云图遥感数据;
②数据预处理:将采集的数据集拆分为训练集与验证集,并对训练数据实施数据增强操作,以扩充数据量并提升模型的泛化能力;
③模型训练:将训练数据集输入YOLOv8模型,启动训练过程,使模型学习台风的特征与模式;
④模型验证:运用验证数据集对训练后的YOLOv8模型进行测试,评估其性能与准确性;
⑤模型测试与评估:利用独立的测试集卫星红外云图影像进行台风识别与中心定位,并依据预设的模型评估指标对识别结果进行量化评估;
⑥性能优化:分析影响模型性能的因素,根据测试结果对模型参数进行调整与优化,以提升模型的识别精度和效率;
⑦模型确定:总结优化后的模型参数,确定最终的模型状态,为台风智能识别提供稳定可靠的技术支持。
本研究选取2019年至2024年期间风云四号(FY-4A和FY-4B)的红外云图数据,作为构建台风识别模型的基础样本数据集。对原始的全圆盘数据执行了以下处理步骤:首先,对全圆盘数据进行经纬度投影;随后,将数据裁剪至预设的地理区域,即东经100°E ~180°E,北纬0°N ~60°N,这一矩形区域覆盖了绝大多数影响我国的台风路径;最后,对裁剪完成的数据进行格式转换,将其处理为灰度图像形式,以便后续分析与处理。
本研究采用2019年至2024年的CMA热带气旋最佳路径数据集作为深度学习的基准数据集,用于标注数据和评估模型的准确性。依据强度标识,若卫星云图中存在强度达到或超过热带风暴等级的热带气旋,则该云图被归类为热带气旋图像(正样本);反之,若未达到上述强度标准,则标记为非热带气旋图像(负样本)。
深度学习模型的性能在很大程度上受制于所用数据的数量与质量。由于台风结构的复杂性以及其在不同发展阶段所表现出的显著结构差异,现有的卫星红外云图数据集在某些情况下可能无法满足对特定类型台风中心识别的需求。此外,为了扩充样本量,本研究对红外云图数据进行了数据增强处理。具体而言,对图像进行水平翻转、垂直翻转以及水平与垂直翻转后的逆时针旋转这三种图像转换模式。这些处理手段能够有效增强目标检测模型的泛化性能。需要注意的是,图像翻转操作可能会导致某些关键信息的丢失,例如雨带的旋转方向,这可能对模型性能产生一定的影响。
在本研究中,数据集被划分为:训练集、验证集和测试集,其划分比例约为8:1:1。为了满足模型对输入数据的要求,并促进训练过程中的收敛,所有图像的像素值均经过归一化处理,使其在[-1,1]的范围内。
YOLO是一系列基于深度学习和卷积神经网络的目标检测算法,YOLOv8模型相较于之前的YOLO版本在网络架构、特征提取能力及检测效率上均有显著优势[27]。YOLOv8作为YOLO系列目标检测算法的迭代版本,在目标检测[28]、图像分类[29]以及实例分割[30]等多个领域中均展现出了卓越的性能。YOLOv8的核心特点在于其统一的端到端网络架构设计,允许模型在单次通过网络时即可同时进行目标的定位和分类任务。它利用深度卷积神经网络(CNN)来提取图像特征,并通过特定的层来预测不同大小对象的边界框和类别。凭借其优化后的网络架构,该算法能够实现快速且精准的目标检测,展现出较高的效率和准确性。
YOLOv8的整体架构延续了YOLO系列的单阶段检测器设计,采用端到端的方式直接预测目标的类别和边界框。在结构上,YOLOv8包含三个主要部分:首先,“Backbone”作为背景网络,负责从输入图像中提取丰富的特征信息;其次是“Neck”结构,作为特征融合网络,通过结合不同尺度的特征来优化目标检测性能;最终,“Head”作为输出层,利用这些特征来预测图像中每个对象的边界框、类别和置信度,从而实现准确的目标检测。这种设计不仅提升了模型的检测效率,还拓展了其在复杂场景中的适用性与潜力。
然而,在处理FY-4卫星红外云图复杂的场景时,该模型容易出现漏检和误检。这些场景包含多层云结构、变化的形态和背景,使得准确检测尤为困难。此外,计算成本相对较高。这些挑战限制了YOLOv8在复杂气象环境中的有效性。为解决上述问题,本文采用YOLOv8n作为基础研究模型,在保持其他特征融合方法不变的情况下,对网络结构进行了改进,同时为了减少误检,仅使用热带风暴以上特征明显的云图数据作为训练数据,从而提高了台风定位的精度。在计算机视觉和目标检测任务中,选择合适的边界框回归损失函数对于结果的准确性和稳定性至关重要。为调试合适的台风中心边界框,本研究设计了高度为0.16、0.20、0.24的测试,并根据测试结果最终选取了0.16作为高度,宽为0.75倍的高度。在台风中心定位任务中,边界框回归损失函数需要更加关注中心点的精确定位。因此,本文增加了对中心点距离度量的惩罚,并为方向损失设置了权重系数。通过引入更高的权重,中心点的距离计算得到了进一步细化,同时减少了宽高比的影响,使损失函数更加专注于中心点的定位,在确保边界框回归的同时,显著提高了对中心点的关注度和定位精度,并在处理台风中心定位任务时展现出更高的准确性和稳定性。
在本研究中,通过准确率A(Accuracy)、精度P(Precision)、召回率R(Recall)以及F1分数等关键指标,对模型的性能进行了全面评估。卫星云图中存在热带气旋的样本标记为正样本,反之则标记为负样本。其中准确率反映了数据集中正确分类样本(正样本和负样本)所占的比例,精度衡量的是被预测为正样本中实际正确的比例,召回率侧重于衡量在所有真实正样本中模型能够成功识别出的比例。F1分数是评估模型在二分类问题中表现的另一重要指标,它表示精度和召回率的调和均值。在模型的训练和验证过程中,通过比较训练准确度和验证准确度,来判断模型是否存在过拟合问题。
以上公式中,TP(True Positive,真阳性)代表实际为台风且被正确预测为台风的样本数量;FP(False Positive,假阳性)表示实际非台风却被预测为台风的样本数量;TN(True Negative,真阴性)指实际非台风且被正确预测为非台风的样本数量;FN(False Negative,假阴性)指的是实际为台风却被模型预测为非台风的样本数量。
图2展示了不同类型台风的识别效果,包括有眼台风、弱台风以及双台风。其中,红色框标记了正确识别的案例,而每张图片右上角标注的数值表示该图像属于台风涡旋的概率,即置信度。置信度越高,意味着模型对该目标的判断越有信心,其真实性和可靠性也越高。可以看出算法能较好地识别出台风的中心点位置和大致范围,对于有多个台风的情况也能较好地识别。通常情况下,台风的强度越高,对应的置信度也越高。如图2(c)中有2个台风,一个强度为6级(超强台风,风速≥51.0 m/s)的台风,其置信度为0.87,一个强度为2(热带风暴,17.2 m/s~24.4 m/s),其置信度为0.34。对于强台风,即台风强度为4及以上时,在模型训练过程中可提取到较多的特征,识别强台风的置信度大多在0.8以上。对于较弱的台风,即台风强度低于4时,模型训练过程中可提取到的有效特征较少,识别较弱台风的置信度大多在0.4左右。整体上来说,利用YOLOv8训练后的模型能够准确识别各种形态和强度的台风。
在本研究中,通过统计分析对所提出的模型在台风识别任务中的性能进行了评估。模型验证结果如表1所示,该模型对台风的识别准确率为83.40%,精度达到88.96%,召回率达到74.60%,而F1分数为0.81。综合考虑上述指标,该方法在台风识别方面表现出较为理想的性能,能够满足日常台风监测的实际需求,具有一定的应用价值。相比于召回率和F1分数,模型预测结果的准确率和精度要低一些,这表明预测结果中大部分的误差来自将非台风样本识别为台风,这些误判的部分几乎都是弱台风。这主要是由于较弱的台风自身结构特征较不明显,模型训练过程中很难提取到有效信息或所提取特征与非台风云特征类似,故容易将一些非台风云误判为较弱的台风。召回率和F1分数的结果是十分理想的,表明YOLOv8可以准确地捕捉到台风特征,几乎将所有的台风样本都准确地识别出来,这对台风气象监测工作具有重大的价值。
利用CMA热带气旋最佳路径数据集作为台风中心定位精度的参考,我们选取了预测结果为台风(TP)的样本进行中心定位精度检验,平均定位误差为42.68 km。其中,有眼台风的中心定位平均误差达到25.06 km,无眼台风的中心定位精度较差,平均误差达到61.72 km。与之相比,数学形态学方法平均定位误差高于48 km,最大误差达到了112 km[16]。这表明,针对YOLOv8模型,有眼台风相比于无眼台风可以提取到更多的特征,对于台风中心定位可以提供更高的精度。相比于传统的形态学算法,YOLOv8模型在台风中心定位上的精度已经有所提升,但其突出的优势在于检测速度更快,这对于台风灾害预测这种时效性要求比较高的应用来说是非常重要的。
在本研究中,尽管模型在台风识别方面表现出了较好的性能,但其精度在一定程度上受到数据集构成的影响。以下将着重探讨台风特征、台风数量等对模型性能的潜在影响。
卫星红外云图中,台风云系的特征复杂多样,其中台风眼的存在为台风云系的形态提供了关键线索。然而,台风眼并非在所有台风中均能清晰识别,尤其是在弱台风或台风发展初期阶段,台风眼可能不明显甚至不存在。这导致模型在识别无台风眼的台风时,置信度显著降低,从而限制了模型的泛化能力。
此外,台风强度同样是影响云系特征的重要因素。研究发现,强台风的涡旋结构通常更加完整,云系更为集中,模型对其识别能力也相对较强。然而,对于弱台风,尤其是热带风暴级和热带低压级的弱台风,其涡旋结构尚未发育成熟,云系较为分散,即使通过主观识别也存在一定难度,从而导致这类涡旋的识别率较低。这种对台风强度的敏感性表明,模型在处理不同强度台风时存在明显的性能差异,尤其是在弱台风识别方面,模型的准确性和可靠性仍有待提高。
从目标检测的角度分析,当多个台风同时出现在同一影像中,尤其是它们距离较近或强度差异较大时,模型准确识别的难度会显著增加。这种复杂场景下,模型很难识别出螺旋云系特征不明显的较弱的那些台风,甚至可能出现误识别的情况。尽管有研究表明模型在某些条件下仍能准确识别出各个台风,但这种能力的稳定性仍有待验证。特别是在台风数量较多且相互干扰的情况下,模型的性能可能会大幅下降,这表明其在多台风场景下的适应性存在局限性。
本研究的模型在当前数据集上表现出了一定的识别能力,但其性能高度依赖于数据集的构成。卫星红外云图的灰度值范围、分辨率以及数据质量等因素均会对模型的性能产生影响。如果将模型应用于其他卫星红外云图数据,由于不同卫星数据的灰度值范围和成像特性可能存在差异,模型可能需要重新训练以调整其参数,以适应新的数据环境。这种对特定数据集的依赖性限制了模型的泛化能力,使其难以直接应用于其他类型的卫星数据,从而影响了其在更广泛场景下的应用价值。
本研究以FY-4A静止卫星的红外云图数据为基础,借助深度学习YOLOv8模型,开发出一套能够自动识别和定位台风的智能技术。该技术在复杂的云图环境中表现出色,能够精准锁定台风涡旋的位置,即便在云团密集、噪声干扰较大的图像中,也能保持较高的识别效能。对于强热带风暴及以上强度的台风,识别的准确率超过83%,精度达到88%以上。尽管本研究在台风识别方面取得了一定进展,但模型在处理台风结构复杂性、强度差异以及多台风场景时仍存在一定的局限性。此外,模型对特定数据集的依赖性也限制了其泛化能力。未来的研究需要进一步优化模型结构,提高其对不同台风特征和复杂场景的适应性,同时增强其泛化能力,以更好地应对实际应用中的多样化需求。
相对于CMA热带气旋最佳路径数据集提供的基准,单纯基于模式预测的台风中心定位的误差仍然较大。传统的人工监测和数学形态学方法在静止卫星红外云图台风识别和定位时的精度有限,目前利用YOLOv8模型开展台风识别和定位工作的相关研究还偏少,本研究针对我国静止卫星FY-4红外云图数据,设计了相应的测试和模型改进工作,在基于卫星红外云图的台风识别与中心定位任务中表现出色,为后续台风的路径预测精度的提升提供了基础的数据保障,为海上活动、海上交通运输以及海洋学研究提供了坚实的数据支撑,增强了相关领域的安全保障能力。
  • 国家自然科学基金(41976174)
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doi: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20250325001
  • 接收时间:2025-03-25
  • 首发时间:2026-03-13
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-25
  • 修回日期:2025-06-13
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国家自然科学基金(41976174)
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    1.北京5111信箱 北京 100094
    2.中国科学院空天信息创新研究院 北京 100094
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
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红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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