Article(id=1239158372994437193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, issueId=1239158367571210992, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12347/j.ycyk.20250323001, pmid=null, cstr=32406.14.ycyk.20250323001, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1742659200000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-23, revisedDate=1749398400000, revisedDateStr=2025-06-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773367978571, onlineDateStr=2026-03-13, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773367978571, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773367978571, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773367978571, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1239158367571210992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, year='2025', volume='46', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='170', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1773367977278, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773368232261, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1239159437122917323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, issueId=1239158367571210992, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1239159437122917324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, issueId=1239158367571210992, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=18, endPage=28, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1239158373216735311, articleId=1239158372994437193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, language=EN, title=A Review of Remote Sensing Satellite Data Transmission Key Technology, columnId=1239158372570821431, journalTitle=Journal of Telemetry, Tracking and Command, columnName=Surveys and Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This paper provides an overview of the current status and future trends in remote sensing satellite data transmission technology. The article begins by introducing the developmental history of remote sensing satellite data transmission. It then further elaborates on the technologies involved in remote sensing satellite data transmission, detailing key aspects such as data compression,data encryption, data framing, data encoding, data modulation, and data transmission. Subsequently the paper analyzes the challenges faced by remote sensing satellite data transmission, such as bandwidth limitations, signal processing, real-time requirements, and data handling. It also summarizes strategies to address these challenges, such as adopting laser-based data transmission, more complex modulation schemes, and multi-source fusion with computational transmission. Looking ahead, the paper envisions future trends, including inter-satellite laser relay transmission, on-board computational transmission, and the application of computational constellations for intelligent in-orbit fusion in remote sensing satellites. Research indicates that remote sensing satellite data transmission technology will evolve towards higher transmission rates, higher reliability, more convenient data processing, and more intelligent mission workflows.

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本文综述了遥感卫星数据传输技术的发展现状和未来趋势。文章首先介绍了遥感卫星数据传输的发展历史,进一步介绍了遥感卫星数据传输技术,详细阐述了数据压缩、数据加密、数据组帧、数据编码、数据调制以及数据发送等关键技术。接着分析了遥感卫星数据传输面临的带宽限制、信号处理、实时性和数据处理的挑战,并总结了采用激光进行数据传输、采用更复杂的调制体制以及采用多源融合和计算传输等应对挑战的策略。最后展望了未来星间激光中继传输、星上计算传输、计算星座应用于遥感卫星智能在轨融合的发展趋势。研究表明,遥感卫星数据传输技术将朝着更高传输速率、更高可靠性、更便捷的数据处理和更智能的任务流程的方向发展。

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王磊 1987年生,学士,工程师。

张涛 1984年生,硕士,工程师。

党好宁 1983年生,学士,技师。

李航宇 1997年生,硕士,助理工程师。

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Beijing Research Institute of Telemetry, Beijing 100076, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239158374688936081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239158372994437193, companyId=1239158374672158862, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.北京遥测技术研究所 北京 100076)]), AuthorCompany(id=1239158374777016468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239158372994437193, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239158374781210773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239158372994437193, companyId=1239158374777016468, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. Menghai Satellite Tracking and Control Station, Xishuangbanna 666200, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239158374789599382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239158372994437193, companyId=1239158374777016468, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.勐海测控站 西双版纳 666200)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1239158378346369303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239158372994437193, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Schematic diagram of remote sensing satellite data transmission and ground station reception, figureFileSmall=6n7/HvJk+2InburmlYNOMA==, figureFileBig=9rLFl2Ud5KJcd/ktDUimwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239158378434449692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239158372994437193, language=CN, label=图1, caption=遥感卫星数据发送与地面站接收示意图, figureFileSmall=6n7/HvJk+2InburmlYNOMA==, figureFileBig=9rLFl2Ud5KJcd/ktDUimwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239158378618999081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239158372994437193, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

CCSDS recommended AOS data frame format

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
定义同步字传输帧主导头传输帧插入域传输帧数据域帧尾(可选)
主信道标识位(MCID)虚拟信道标识符(VCID)虚拟信道帧计数信号域帧头差错控制(可选)特定数据(可选)业务控制域(可选)错帧控制域(可选)
传输帧版本号(TFVN)航天器标识符(SCID)回放标志帧计数周期标志保留帧计数周期
bit3228624112416可变最多512可变3216
), ArticleFig(id=1239158378715468079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239158372994437193, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

CCSDS推荐的AOS数据帧格式

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
定义同步字传输帧主导头传输帧插入域传输帧数据域帧尾(可选)
主信道标识位(MCID)虚拟信道标识符(VCID)虚拟信道帧计数信号域帧头差错控制(可选)特定数据(可选)业务控制域(可选)错帧控制域(可选)
传输帧版本号(TFVN)航天器标识符(SCID)回放标志帧计数周期标志保留帧计数周期
bit3228624112416可变最多512可变3216
), ArticleFig(id=1239158378795159860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239158372994437193, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

CCSDS recommended encoding schemes[28]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
信道编码编码率
卷积(1/2,7),(2/3,7),(3/4,7),(5/6,7),(7/8,7)
Reed-Solomon(255,223),(255,239)
卷积+Reed-Solomon任意卷积编码率和任意Reed-Solomon
级联编码率组合
Turbo1/2,1/3,1/4,1/6
LDPC1/2,2/3,4/5,7/8
), ArticleFig(id=1239158378887434553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239158372994437193, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

CCSDS推荐的编码方式[28]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
信道编码编码率
卷积(1/2,7),(2/3,7),(3/4,7),(5/6,7),(7/8,7)
Reed-Solomon(255,223),(255,239)
卷积+Reed-Solomon任意卷积编码率和任意Reed-Solomon
级联编码率组合
Turbo1/2,1/3,1/4,1/6
LDPC1/2,2/3,4/5,7/8
), ArticleFig(id=1239158378992292159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239158372994437193, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

CCSDS recommended AOS data transmission modulation schemes[35]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
推荐调制方式推荐意见
BPSK/(O)QPSK/GMSK在2 GHz~8 GHz内A类空间目标的数据传输
QPSK/OQPSK/PSK/APSK/QAM在8 GHz~26 GHz内A类空间目标的数据传输
), ArticleFig(id=1239158379109732676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239158372994437193, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

CCSDS推荐的数传调制方式[35]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
推荐调制方式推荐意见
BPSK/(O)QPSK/GMSK在2 GHz~8 GHz内A类空间目标的数据传输
QPSK/OQPSK/PSK/APSK/QAM在8 GHz~26 GHz内A类空间目标的数据传输
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遥感卫星数据传输关键技术综述
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王磊 1 , 张涛 1 , 党好宁 2 , 李航宇 1
遥测遥控 | 综述与评论 2025,46(6): 18-28
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遥测遥控 | 综述与评论 2025, 46(6): 18-28
遥感卫星数据传输关键技术综述
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王磊1, 张涛1, 党好宁2, 李航宇1
作者信息
  • 1.北京遥测技术研究所 北京 100076
  • 2.勐海测控站 西双版纳 666200
  • 王磊 1987年生,学士,工程师。

    张涛 1984年生,硕士,工程师。

    党好宁 1983年生,学士,技师。

    李航宇 1997年生,硕士,助理工程师。

A Review of Remote Sensing Satellite Data Transmission Key Technology
Lei WANG1, Tao ZHANG1, Haoning DANG2, Hangyu LI1
Affiliations
  • 1. Beijing Research Institute of Telemetry, Beijing 100076, China
  • 2. Menghai Satellite Tracking and Control Station, Xishuangbanna 666200, China
doi: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20250323001
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本文综述了遥感卫星数据传输技术的发展现状和未来趋势。文章首先介绍了遥感卫星数据传输的发展历史,进一步介绍了遥感卫星数据传输技术,详细阐述了数据压缩、数据加密、数据组帧、数据编码、数据调制以及数据发送等关键技术。接着分析了遥感卫星数据传输面临的带宽限制、信号处理、实时性和数据处理的挑战,并总结了采用激光进行数据传输、采用更复杂的调制体制以及采用多源融合和计算传输等应对挑战的策略。最后展望了未来星间激光中继传输、星上计算传输、计算星座应用于遥感卫星智能在轨融合的发展趋势。研究表明,遥感卫星数据传输技术将朝着更高传输速率、更高可靠性、更便捷的数据处理和更智能的任务流程的方向发展。

遥感卫星  /  数据传输  /  调制  /  计算星座

This paper provides an overview of the current status and future trends in remote sensing satellite data transmission technology. The article begins by introducing the developmental history of remote sensing satellite data transmission. It then further elaborates on the technologies involved in remote sensing satellite data transmission, detailing key aspects such as data compression,data encryption, data framing, data encoding, data modulation, and data transmission. Subsequently the paper analyzes the challenges faced by remote sensing satellite data transmission, such as bandwidth limitations, signal processing, real-time requirements, and data handling. It also summarizes strategies to address these challenges, such as adopting laser-based data transmission, more complex modulation schemes, and multi-source fusion with computational transmission. Looking ahead, the paper envisions future trends, including inter-satellite laser relay transmission, on-board computational transmission, and the application of computational constellations for intelligent in-orbit fusion in remote sensing satellites. Research indicates that remote sensing satellite data transmission technology will evolve towards higher transmission rates, higher reliability, more convenient data processing, and more intelligent mission workflows.

Remote sensing satellite  /  Data transmission  /  Modulation  /  Computational constellations
王磊, 张涛, 党好宁, 李航宇. 遥感卫星数据传输关键技术综述. 遥测遥控, 2025 , 46 (6) : 18 -28 . DOI: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20250323001
Lei WANG, Tao ZHANG, Haoning DANG, Hangyu LI. A Review of Remote Sensing Satellite Data Transmission Key Technology[J]. Journal of Telemetry, Tracking and Command, 2025 , 46 (6) : 18 -28 . DOI: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20250323001
2025年1月7日09时05分,西藏自治区日喀则市定日县突发6.8级地震。震后,国家航天局统筹调度遥感卫星资源,对定日县及周边区域展开全方位、不间断的紧急成像,当日下午便成功获取灾区有效数据3景,为救援决策提供了最初的影像依据[1]。遥感卫星的工作方式是在不直接接触的情况下采集和传输有关地球表面和大气层的数据。遥感卫星的应用进一步提高了人类对环境动力学、资源管理和灾害响应的理解[2]。遥感卫星主要有气象卫星、陆地卫星和海洋卫星三种类型[3]
目前,遥感卫星数据传输主要分为三个部分,分别是星上数据处理、空间传输、地面接收处理生成遥感产品。其中关键技术有数据压缩、数据加密、数据组帧、数据编码、数据加扰、数据调制、调制信号上变频、发送、解调处理等,遥感卫星数据传输过程如图1所示[4]
随着遥感卫星技术的不断迭代和创新,遥感载荷的多样性不断增加,遥感数据获取能力也持续提升,卫星数据传输速率也随之增大。早期SPOT1~SPOT4(法国SPOT系列对地观测卫星)的传输速率仅有50 Mbps,SPOT5传输速率提升至150 Mbps,Landsat-7传输速率达到280 Mbps,2020年中国发射的高分五号卫星下行速率为900 Mbps[5],2021年中国发射的高分七号卫星实现了双通道1.2 Gbps的下行传输[6],2024年中国发射的天绘五号卫星更是采用了4通道2 Gbps的下行传输设计。遥感数据呈几何量级增长,给数据传输系统造成的压力也不断地增加,当遥感卫星传输能力无法满足及时下传载荷数据时,遥感卫星获取的数据就不得不长时间存储在卫星的固存中,这不仅增大了星上存储的压力,同时也降低了卫星载荷利用的效率。为避免这一问题发生,就要在遥感卫星传输技术上持续创新,提升数据传输能力,以适应不断增长的数据传输需求。
1957年,苏联为获取高层大气密度和无线电电离层传输等方面的数据,发射了斯普特尼克一号卫星;到1972年,美国国家航空航天局发射了陆地卫星计划(The Landsat Program,Landsat)首颗遥感卫星ERTS-1,人类开启了太空遥感陆地的新时代[7]。1988年,中国成功发射首颗气象卫星风云一号A星[8,9];1999年,中国成功发射首颗陆地遥感卫星资源一号卫星[10]。2002年,“长征四号乙”一箭双星,成功将气象卫星风云一号D星和海洋一号卫星一同送入预定轨道,海洋一号卫星的成功发射,填补了我国海洋观测卫星领域的空白[9]
截至2024年,中国已经发射超300颗地球遥感卫星,高分辨率对地观测系统已基本建成,遥感卫星技术的发展,已经进入了高空间分辨率、高时间分辨率、高光谱分辨率“三高”协同的时代[11]。在时间分辨率上,高分四号卫星已经实现每天“10秒级”时间分辨率,对我国及周边区域进行观测。在空间分辨率上,高分五号02星的光谱分辨率已经达到5 nm[12]。为适应超高码速率原始数据的传输需求,我国开始使用双频点同时进行数据下传。在高分五号卫星和资源一号02D卫星,我国开始尝试使用Ka频段双圆极化复用和可变编码调制(Variable Coding Modulation,VCM)等新技术进行数据传输。以吉林一号为代表的商业遥感卫星开始探索使用激光数据传输技术[10]
截至2024年底,美国共有504颗遥感卫星,其中光学对地成像卫星有378颗。早期气象卫星(如TIROS系列)和军事侦察卫星(如CORONA系列),主要使用模拟信号传输较低的数据流。随着技术的进步,Landsat卫星采用数字信号和X频段数据传输,同时具备中继传输能力。现如今的商业卫星如WorldView系列,全面使用Ka频段进行数据传输,单颗卫星日均数据量可达TB级。美国已经在遥感卫星上部署自主规划软件,已经开始探索自主任务规划、卫星编队和自主中继转发等技术[13-16]
目前遥感卫星载荷多样化已成为主流趋势,遥感卫星为了获取目标的更多信息,就需要遥感载荷能够提高光谱分辨率、加宽探测谱段范围、提高空间分辨率和提高辐射分辨率,并且采用多极化、多视维度、多时相、多模式的观测技术,这样的遥感载荷往往会产生巨量的原始数据和很高的原始码速率[17,18]。为减轻数据传输的压力,同时保持载荷原始的高码速率,就要对卫星载荷产生的原始数据进行压缩,并且在压缩过程中需要严格控制数据失真率。
实际工程中,卫星数据压缩通常使用空间数据系统咨询委员会(Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems,CCSDS)推荐的常规图像压缩、无损压缩、多光谱和高光谱图像压缩等方式[19]。常规的图像压缩多采用业界熟悉的JPEG2000及其变种的压缩算法,如高分七号采用了JPEG-LS压缩算法实现图像压缩。常见的星上原始数据无损压缩方法包括基于预测编码的压缩算法、基于矢量量化的压缩方法和基于张量分解的压缩算法[20]
另外,压缩感知技术的应用,能够使载荷在采样过程中直接采集满足压缩信息熵要求的数据,实现低采样率、低资源消耗的压缩数据,该技术已经在工程上找到了突破奈奎斯特采样定理限制的方案。近些年来,数据重建算法,特别是基于深度学习的重建算法技术也有了重大突破,已经攻克了算法复杂且难以工程化的壁垒,为压缩感知算法替代现有的图像压缩算法提供了解决方案[21-23]。采用压缩感知算法可以有效降低高分辨率图像的地面回波采样率,使高分辨率遥感系统不再受ADC(Analog to Digital Converter,模数转换器)器件性能的限制[24,25]
由于遥感数据的特殊性质,使得遥感卫星数据传输需要考虑安全性。特别是高分辨率遥感影像,作为一类重要的基础地理信息数据,属于国家战略资源,具有高度敏感性,其安全问题需要特别关注,因此需要加密传输[26]
遥感卫星数据传输系统的加密要求非常高,既要保证数据能够安全传输,又要确保数据经过解密还原后不失真,不影响遥感产品生成。为方便工程化应用,需要同时考虑密码算法的保密强度和运算资源消耗两个方面。目前工程上主要使用序列加密和体制加密两种方式。一般民用遥感卫星都选用前一种加密方式,以方便数据处理。
为了规范遥感卫星数据传输格式、方便数据处理,并提高数据下行的效率,从20世纪80年代开始,CCSDS开发了一系列空间通信协议。目前,国内外航天器通信都遵循这些协议。针对数据传输格式,CCSDS推荐的AOS(Advanced Orbiting System,高级在轨系统)空间数据链路协议给出了统一的数据传输帧格式,用于发送卫星平台及载荷产生的遥测和遥感数据。在卫星数据传输系统中,AOS协议采用了动态调度的策略,按需使用同一物理信道传输数据。AOS协议中,AOS帧数据采用包信道、虚拟信道的多路复用机制。
虚拟信道机制是CCSDS推荐的一种最基本的动态多路复用方法,虚拟信道是将物理信道在逻辑上分为若干独立的数据通道,以实现不同载荷数据的时分复用。虚拟信道可以根据卫星载荷特性划分,也可以根据实时数据或回放数据划分。通过虚拟信道机制,每种载荷数据可虚拟占用一个物理信道,可以随时发送数据,不受其他载荷工况的限制。星务计算机根据任务需求进行调度,使用物理信道交替发送各虚拟信道传输帧,以满足实时遥感任务和数据回放任务的不同需求[27]。AOS传输帧格式见表1
文献[27]推荐了数据传输帧的结构和帧长度等参数,在实际应用中,主信道标识符(Master Channel Identifier,MCID)由传输帧版本号(Transfer Frame Version Number,TFVN)和航天器标识符(Spacecraft Identifier,SCID)组成,TFVN固定为“01”,表明是AOS传输帧,SCID即为卫星代号,虚拟信道标识符(Virtual Channel Identifier,VCID)用于匹配不同的载荷代号,当只有1个虚拟信道时,VCID设置为6位“0”,当由空闲帧组成虚拟信道数据时,VCID设置为6位“1”。传输帧数据域,用于填充复用协议数据单元(Multiplexing Protocol Data Unit,MPDU)、比特流协议数据单元(Bitstream Protocol Data Unit,BPDU)、虚拟信道访问数据单元和空闲数据4种数据。帧差错控制域则用于装载数据校验值。
遥感卫星数据处理能够容忍的误码率很低,特别是图片数据,当误码过高时,会产生马赛克甚至图像坏帧,严重影响使用。选择合适的信道编码,降低传输误码率,是卫星数据传输过程中非常重要的一步。目前在轨运行的卫星,大多使用前向纠错(Forward Error Correction,FEC)算法的编码方式来减小传输误码率。CCSDS推荐的FEC信道编码如表2所示。
文献[28]给出了编码算法和用于卫星AOS帧数据的处理方式。不同调制体制下,可根据码率匹配不同的滚降系数,采用不同的编码方式来实现频谱利用的最大化[29]
卷积码具有较强的纠错能力,是一种有记忆的非线性分组码,通常与RS(Reed-Solomon)码组成级联编码,在卫星数据传输中广泛使用。Turbo码拥有接近香农极限的高性能,但由于其译码算法比较复杂,在高码速率传输中使用不多。LDPC(Low Density Parity Check)码是目前应用较多的一种编码,LDPC译码算法本质上是基于Tanner图的消息传递机制设计,工程上常使用软译码算法对LDPC码进行译码。
在传统低轨遥感卫星数据传输系统设计时,往往采用固定编码调制(Constant Coding Modulation,CCM)体制,即为了保证链路可用性,以最差信道的条件为依据,设计数传系统。工程上通常以卫星最低接收仰角时,链路余量仍能满足3 dB的要求,来确定调制方式和对应的编码方式。但由于低轨遥感卫星的轨道特性,地面站接收仰角会随着卫星过境先从小变大,再从大变小,空间距离则是从大变小,再从小变大,空间损耗会随着距离变小而减小,采用CCM虽然设计上简单,但不能充分利用空间距离变小使得信道环境变好这一情况[30,31]。为了最大限度地适应不断变化的星地传输信道条件,采用VCM的数传调制方式,这样就可以根据时变信道状态实时调整编码方式,提高信道利用率,这一技术已经在高分七号卫星上使用[32]
遥感卫星数据传输对信号质量的要求非常高,所以信号发送端通过对传输数据加扰来改善发送信号的频谱特性,保证信号经过空间传输后,在解调端接收的频谱包络良好,以降低解调损耗[33],同时也能使得接收的数据有足够的比特转换密度,保证接收机正常工作。加扰是通过伪随机序列对传输数据进行随机化处理的方式,文献[28]也给出了CCSDS推荐的加扰方式和加扰逻辑图,目前在轨运行的卫星基本上都使用文献[28]推荐的加扰方式。
遥感卫星数据传输,目前主要依赖卫星过境时对地数传这一通道。星地通信的信道可视为恒参信道,遥感卫星数据传输目前均采用数字调制技术实现,主要干扰来自空间链路中的白噪声。从星地传输考虑,为获取最佳的接收性能,理论上采用相移键控(Phase Shift Keying,PSK)调制方式是最佳方案。PSK比幅移键控(Amplitude Shift Keying,ASK)和频移键控(Frequency Shift Keying,FSK)有更高的带宽利用率和更好的抗干扰性。在工程实现上,PSK可以以较为低廉的成本实现高性能传输,并且对于星上调制和地面解调的设计而言,也更简单[34]
目前在轨运行的遥感卫星调制体制主要有BPSK(二进制相移键控)、QPSK(正交相移键控)、8 PSK(8进制相移键控)等。文献[35]介绍了CCSDS推荐的AOS数据传输调制方式,如表3所示。
遥感卫星数据传输通常码速率较高,需要很大的传输带宽和很高的发射功率。高功率的宽带信号会使得地面接收系统的解调损耗增大,所以压缩传输带宽、降低卫星发射EIRP(等效全向辐射功率)以及减小解调损耗,是数据能够成功传输的关键。
目前卫星数据传输主要是以射频发送的方式,需要遵循国际电信联盟(International Telecommunication Union,ITU)制定的《无线电规则》[36]。根据不同的遥感卫星码速率和使用需要,选择不同的发送频段。码速率在100 Mbps以下的主要是气象卫星,使用L频段(1 668.4 MHz~1 710 MHz)传输,如风云一号、风云二号以及NOAA(美国国家海洋大气局)等卫星;码速率在100 Mbps~1 Gbps的卫星主要是陆地遥感或海洋遥感卫星,使用X(8 025 MHz~8 400 MHz)频段传输,如资源一号、海洋一号以及Landsat-7等卫星[37]
由于传输带宽的限制,想要在单次任务中传输更多数据,就需要增加通道数量。许多卫星使用双点频同时进行数据传输,这样就能在一次卫星过境中实现双通道数据传输,在一定程度上提高了传输效能。
自2010年起,我国低轨遥感卫星陆续开始使用极化复用技术[38],将两路不同数据在同一频域和时域通过极化特性分隔开,从而将有限射频带宽的通信容量增加一倍,再同时使用双点频极化复用,相当于将传输通道再翻倍,在有限的传输资源情况下,增大了传输的效能。资源三号(ZY-3)卫星是中国首颗使用双圆极化频率复用的遥感卫星[39]
在遥感卫星过境时,地面站的天线对准卫星的数据发送天线(通过跟踪指向卫星),卫星进行数据发送,地面同步接收和解调。地面站的接收链路主要由高增益的天线、低噪声放大器、下变频器和解调器等设备组成。
通常情况下,卫星地面接收站是多功能复合站,可同时进行遥测接收与数传接收。以12 m口径天线卫星地面站为例,其工作频段为S和X两种,或者S、X和Ka三种,其馈源采用复杂的多模集成技术,可同时接收不同频段的信号。馈源性能直接影响天线增益和接收灵敏度,这两项指标都直接影响数传接收能力,特别是链路余量较小的情况下,空间不确定性会造成卫星数据接收出现误码,影响数据接收性能[40]。低噪声放大器在接收链路中,影响系统的动态范围,其放大性能直接影响接收信号的增益特性。下变频器的输出平坦度,则直接影响大带宽信号的解调性能。地面站接收链路的每一个环节都会影响数据接收解调性能,严格控制链路指标,可以有效降低接收误码率。数据解调是调制逆过程,针对数字调制的方式,解调需要进行载波恢复,码同步,帧同步,解扰和译码,最后生成解调后的AOS帧格式数据,这一过程需要保证AOS帧不丢失,并且将数据误码率控制在可接受的范围内。
在遥感卫星非过境时段,使用中继卫星系统,中继传输中低轨遥感卫星数据,将中低轨遥感卫星获取的数据以近实时方式中继回传至地面站,可以大幅提升遥感卫星数据实时获取能力,有利于充分挖掘遥感卫星的应用效能,特别是在应对抢险和救灾等突发事件时,遥感数据的高实时性显得格外重要[41]
通常情况下,数据处理中心与卫星地面站不在同一地址,地面站接收的数据需要通过网络发送给数据处理中心,由数据处理中心进行数据解密、解压缩,最终生成不同级别的遥感产品[42]
遥感数据处理采用多源融合的方法,能够有效提升遥感信息获取的准确性和实用性。多源卫星数据是指通过多时相、多角度、多谱段等方式获取的光学和SAR(合成孔径雷达)等不同载荷的数据。目前,多源卫星数据融合都是使用地面融合处理的方式,即卫星数据传输给地面后,地面融合中心对全部多源卫星数据进行集中融合处理,利用地面的存储优势与模型计算资源,再加上人工识别和修正,能够获得最优的融合处理结果[43]。常规可见光影像与SAR影像融合的方法有两类:一类是主成分替换法(CS),另一类是多尺度分析法(MRA)。使用CS算法可以有效保留影像的光谱信息,但由于融合过程只在像素间发生,容易造成影像中的频谱混叠,丢失空间细节和光谱信息;使用MRA算法可以在高分辨率影像中融入高光谱低分辨率的影像,降低光谱失真,但融合算法实现效率较低[44]。因此,工程上需要根据任务需求,综合权衡考虑两类算法的优劣。
近几年,随着遥感卫星的大量发射和使用,特别是以星座的形式出现的一些集群遥感卫星,大量占用了本来就有限的卫星频率资源,目前ITU分给低轨卫星使用的频段已被占用殆尽[45]
卫星遥感技术的发展使得遥感卫星获取的数据量越来越大,理论上需要更大的星地链路带宽才能完成更大量的数据传输。然而实际工程中,ITU规定的X频段传输带宽仅有375 MHz,这就给巨量的数据传输带来了挑战。
由于星地链路传输带宽的限制,如果要在卫星一次过境时尽可能下传更多的数据,就需要在传输体制上下功夫。在有限传输带宽的情况下,采用更高阶体制和极化复用等技术,以提高数据传输能力,这也就对信号处理的算法带来了挑战。而复杂的传输体制对调制和解调的软件和硬件能力要求也更高,幅度和相位的一致性、信道群时延和系统极化隔离度等性能指标,都直接影响传输和解调的效果。
相较于卫星通信和卫星导航,目前卫星遥感的应用,还远远达不到全天时和全地域的服务于个人,现阶段遥感数据主要是面向国家机构或者专业单位[46]。遥感数据获取是一个复杂的过程,需要经历任务规划、给卫星上注指令、卫星获取数据、地面站接收数据等一系列复杂流程,整个流程需要一个较长的时间周期[47]。地面站接收数据后,还要将数据发送给数据处理中心生成遥感产品。数据处理中心通常情况下按照各地面站转发数据的先后排队处理数据,这对于时效性高的应用场景十分不利,如地震预警、救灾抢险等,是很大的挑战。
为应对传统X频段375 MHz的传输带宽不足的情况,目前新设计的遥感卫星已经开始使用更高频段的25.5 GHz~27 GHz、带宽1.5 GHz的Ka频段,传输遥感数据[48,49]。但云、雨、雾霾等大气环境对于高频信号的影响却不得不考虑,因为对于Ka频段来说,云、雨的衰减超过10 dB[50],而对于X频段则衰减仅有约2 dB。虽然使用Ka频段增加了传输带宽,但也需要更多的链路余量来保证传输性能。
另一个值得注意的创新是激光通信和光学系统的应用,它们显著提高了数据传输速率,同时减少了传输延迟。2024年12月,长光卫星公司使用车载激光通信地面站,与“吉林一号”02A02星载激光终端开展了中国首次星地激光100 Gbps超高速高分辨率遥感影像传输试验,并取得成功[51]。这一技术的突破,打破了传统微波频段的限制,为超高速数据传输提供了新的思路。
相比于大气环境,激光传输在空间环境中显然更有优势,其超低功耗和超大容量为星间组网传输奠定基础。近些年,星间激光通信在激光捕获、跟踪和瞄准等过程中不断探索优化,已经实现了PAT(捕获、跟踪、瞄准)系统工程化[52]。其中欧洲数据中继卫星系统(European Data Relay Satellite System,EDRS)实现了1.8 Gbps星间激光双向通信。Starlink V3.0将在2025年完成部署,星间激光传输速率提升至4 Tbps[53]。星间激光链路的发展,极大地推动了大容量卫星数据中继传输的实现,为互联网星座卫星网络中继传输遥感卫星数据提供了解决方案,相比于传统中继卫星,互联网星座更加灵活,传输效率更高。2024年1月,长光卫星公司“吉林一号”02A01与02A02星使用星间激光链路开展了中国首次星间激光100 Gbps超高速高分辨率遥感影像传输试验,并取得成功[54]
未来,卫星数据传输将实现传输途径随任务需求切换:可根据任务规划选择微波链路、激光链路传输数据,或借助互联网星座进行中继传输;其中,激光对地数传技术有望实现Tbps量级的传输速率,为巨量数据传输提供解决方案[55]
近些年,随着第二代数字卫星广播系统标准DVB-S2(Digital Video Broadcasting-Satellite Second generation)和DVB-S2X的普及,遥感卫星数据传输开始使用更加复杂的高阶调制体制。这样可以在有限的带宽下,发送更高的码速率[56]。吉林一号宽幅卫星采用16QAM(正交振幅调制)体制和极化复用的模式;天绘五号卫星采用16APSK(幅相键控)体制,并且使用Ka频段双点频极化复用的模式进行数据传输,大幅提升了数据传输量,可以满足单轨全载荷开机数据一次性传输的需求。在不久的将来,DVB-S2标准中会使用更高阶的体制例如32APSK[57],卫星数据传输技术将朝着更高传输速率、更高阶调制体制的方向发展。
另外,星上智能处理与传输相结合,打破了传统的卫星原始数据传输的局限性。采用全新的卫星计算传输模型和系统,高效利用有限的传输带宽,不再下传原始数据,而是针对处理后的“有用数据”实现高时效性、高精准度和强针对性的智能化传输。发送端具有自主计算能力,可以通过计算从原始遥感数据中提取有效信息,经过处理后再传输。对数据模型进行训练,使计算传输算法具备学习数据特征的能力,通过计算挖掘特征信息;采用软硬件结合以及智能算法,实现遥感数据高效传输[20]
2024年11月21日,在世界互联网大会乌镇峰会“人工智能赋能新质生产力发展”分论坛上,之江实验室总工程师赵志峰发布了“三体计算星座”项目。这是之江实验室协同全球合作伙伴共同打造的一个千星规模的天基智能计算基础设施,建成后总算力将达到1 000P。之江实验室目前已经突破太空计算系统的软件和硬件相关技术,已经完成3次发射验证,2025年全年将完成超50颗星座布局[58]
未来,计算星座的应用,可以显著提升数据处理的效率,使得用户可以直接从卫星接收所需的遥感产品[59]。传统遥感卫星数据处理通常被称为“星数地算”,即卫星通过下行链路将载荷生成的数据传输给地面站,再由地面站通过网络转发给数据处理中心进行处理后生成遥感产品。新型的计算星座的应用将改变这种情况,计算星座通过星间链路获取原始遥感数据,完成数据计算处理后,直接将生成的遥感产品传输给用户,整个处理过程都在空间进行,减少了传输链路,且计算效率提升,这便是“星数天算”。
在计算星座的加持下,多源在轨智能融合也可以提上日程,相较于传统地面融合的方式时效性大大增强,能够提升时敏目标的检测与识别效能,提升应急救援、抢险救灾等高时效性任务的支持性。多源在轨智能融合,可直接将原始数据进行在轨预处理和融合,不再需要卫星下传巨量的原始数据。使用智能处理的算法,让卫星在轨自主规划任务,获得遥感数据后,通过卫星资源约束条件,将高维遥感信息压缩。使用多源异构算法,在原始遥感数据中获取有效的目标情况信息,识别蕴含关键信息的低维原始数据,通过星上融合后直接生成高维遥感产品,再由星间链路、星地链路快速传输给用户[60]
计算星座将推动人工智能的应用并显著提升遥感卫星的任务规划能力[61]。目前遥感卫星任务规划,都是“各自为战”,即一个卫星管理中心单独调度控制其所管理的一系列卫星,该方式多采用静态任务集中规划、地面上注卫星任务计划,卫星完成任务后再下传数据。这种任务方式缺乏多星联合、卫星间协同引导和自主响应的机制。借助6G空天地融合网络通信和计算星座,在轨运行的遥感卫星任务规划能力和智能化程度都会得到显著提升,由计算星座自行评估和调度卫星资源,以最优的方式完成遥感任务,同时完成数据处理,给用户发送遥感产品[62,63]。遥感卫星数据传输和处理将更便捷、更智能[64,65]
遥感卫星数据传输技术是航天领域的关键技术,其发展程度直接影响着遥感卫星应用系统的性能。本文综述了遥感卫星数据传输的历史、近况以及遥感卫星数据传输的关键技术,分析了遥感卫星数据传输技术面临的挑战和应对挑战的策略以及对未来技术的展望。研究表明,遥感卫星数据传输技术正朝着高速率、高可靠性、智能化方向发展。未来随着激光传输、人工智能、计算星座等新技术的应用,以及高时效性任务需求的不断增多,遥感卫星数据传输技术将面临更多机遇和挑战。持续创新和技术突破将是推动遥感卫星数据传输技术发展的关键。
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doi: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20250323001
  • 接收时间:2025-03-23
  • 首发时间:2026-03-13
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-23
  • 修回日期:2025-06-09
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    1.北京遥测技术研究所 北京 100076
    2.勐海测控站 西双版纳 666200
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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