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The Media Access Control (MAC) protocol is a critical component of wireless communication systems. The Statistical Priority-based Multiple Access (SPMA) protocol optimizes channel resource allocation through priority thresholds and a backoff mechanism. However, in specific scenarios, the traditional SPMA protocol exhibits shortcomings in threshold setting and backoff time calculation. This paper proposes an improved protocol that combines dynamic threshold adjustment and a multi-factor backoff mechanism. For dynamic threshold adjustment, the protocol adapts the thresholds in real-time based on the transmission success rate of data packets at each priority level, ensuring alignment with dynamic service demands. Under high-load conditions, a circuit-breaker mechanism is employed to suppress low-priority transmissions. In terms of backoff time calculation, a channel load differential factor is introduced, integrating priority level, traffic proportion, and load variation speed to construct a multi-factor fusion back-off algorithm. Simulation results demonstrate that the improved protocol significantly outperforms the traditional SPMA protocol in network throughput, transmission success rate, and latency performance. Under low-load scenarios, the transmission success rate of low-priority traffic improves by approximately 5%. In high-load scenarios, the circuit breaker mechanism suppresses low-priority transmissions, ensuring that the transmission success rate of high-priority traffic remains above 80%. At the same time, the improved protocol controls the average end-to-end delay of all priority levels within 10 ms, with the highest priority delay being less than 2 ms, effectively meeting the requirements for differentiated service quality.

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媒体接入控制(MAC)协议是无线通信系统的关键环节,其中基于统计优先级的多址接入(SPMA)协议采用优先级阈值和退避机制优化信道资源分配。在特定场景下,传统SPMA协议在阈值设置和退避时间计算上存在不足,本文提出一种结合动态阈值调控与多要素退避的协议改进方案。在阈值动态调控方面,依据各优先级数据包传输成功率实时调整阈值,确保优先级阈值与业务需求动态适配。高负载场景下,通过熔断机制抑制低优先级发送。在退避时间计算方面,引入信道负载差分因子,融合优先级等级、业务比例及负载变化速度,构建多要素融合退避算法。仿真对比表明:改进的协议在网络吞吐量、传输成功率和时延性能上显著优于传统SPMA协议。低负载场景下,低优先级传输成功率提升约5%;高负载场景下,通过熔断机制抑制低优先级发送,保障高优先级传输成功率维持在80%以上。同时,改进协议将各优先级平均端到端时延控制在10 ms内,最高优先级时延低于2 ms,有效满足差异化服务质量需求。

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石斯洋 2001年生,硕士研究生。

蓝鲲 1976年生,研究员。

章思严 1986年生,研究员。

唐新丰 1994年生,高级工程师。

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石斯洋 2001年生,硕士研究生。

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石斯洋 2001年生,硕士研究生。

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蓝鲲 1976年生,研究员。

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蓝鲲 1976年生,研究员。

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章思严 1986年生,研究员。

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章思严 1986年生,研究员。

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唐新丰 1994年生,高级工程师。

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唐新丰 1994年生,高级工程师。

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Success rate control domain for each priority transmission and the proportion of data packets

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
优先级01234567
比例5%8%12.5%12.5%13%14%15%20%
50%50%40%40%30%30%20%20%
99%95%95%95%90%90%90%90%
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各优先级传输成功率控制域和数据包所占比例

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
优先级01234567
比例5%8%12.5%12.5%13%14%15%20%
50%50%40%40%30%30%20%20%
99%95%95%95%90%90%90%90%
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OPNET simulation parameters

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参数
数据传输速率1.2 Mbps
节点数量15
数据包长度L1 024 bit
优先级数量N8
全网业务量F0.5 Mbps~5 Mbps
数据包到达速率分布泊松分布
负载统计周期Ts0.03 s
阈值调整周期Tw0.15 s
仿真时间100 s
退避时间单元Tslot0.002 s
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OPNET仿真参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数
数据传输速率1.2 Mbps
节点数量15
数据包长度L1 024 bit
优先级数量N8
全网业务量F0.5 Mbps~5 Mbps
数据包到达速率分布泊松分布
负载统计周期Ts0.03 s
阈值调整周期Tw0.15 s
仿真时间100 s
退避时间单元Tslot0.002 s
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基于传输成功率与信道负载变化的低时延MAC协议设计
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石斯洋 , 蓝鲲 , 章思严 , 唐新丰
遥测遥控 | 测控通信与导航 2025,46(6): 67-74
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遥测遥控 | 测控通信与导航 2025, 46(6): 67-74
基于传输成功率与信道负载变化的低时延MAC协议设计
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石斯洋, 蓝鲲, 章思严, 唐新丰
作者信息
  • 北京宇航系统工程研究所 北京 100076
  • 石斯洋 2001年生,硕士研究生。

    蓝鲲 1976年生,研究员。

    章思严 1986年生,研究员。

    唐新丰 1994年生,高级工程师。

Design of Low-Latency MAC Protocol Based on Transmission Success Rate and Channel Load Variation
Siyang SHI, Kun LAN, Siyan ZHANG, Xinfeng TANG
Affiliations
  • Beijing Institute of Astronautical Systems Engineering, Beijing 100076, China
doi: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20250425001
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媒体接入控制(MAC)协议是无线通信系统的关键环节,其中基于统计优先级的多址接入(SPMA)协议采用优先级阈值和退避机制优化信道资源分配。在特定场景下,传统SPMA协议在阈值设置和退避时间计算上存在不足,本文提出一种结合动态阈值调控与多要素退避的协议改进方案。在阈值动态调控方面,依据各优先级数据包传输成功率实时调整阈值,确保优先级阈值与业务需求动态适配。高负载场景下,通过熔断机制抑制低优先级发送。在退避时间计算方面,引入信道负载差分因子,融合优先级等级、业务比例及负载变化速度,构建多要素融合退避算法。仿真对比表明:改进的协议在网络吞吐量、传输成功率和时延性能上显著优于传统SPMA协议。低负载场景下,低优先级传输成功率提升约5%;高负载场景下,通过熔断机制抑制低优先级发送,保障高优先级传输成功率维持在80%以上。同时,改进协议将各优先级平均端到端时延控制在10 ms内,最高优先级时延低于2 ms,有效满足差异化服务质量需求。

SPMA协议  /  动态阈值机制  /  退避算法  /  差异性QoS

The Media Access Control (MAC) protocol is a critical component of wireless communication systems. The Statistical Priority-based Multiple Access (SPMA) protocol optimizes channel resource allocation through priority thresholds and a backoff mechanism. However, in specific scenarios, the traditional SPMA protocol exhibits shortcomings in threshold setting and backoff time calculation. This paper proposes an improved protocol that combines dynamic threshold adjustment and a multi-factor backoff mechanism. For dynamic threshold adjustment, the protocol adapts the thresholds in real-time based on the transmission success rate of data packets at each priority level, ensuring alignment with dynamic service demands. Under high-load conditions, a circuit-breaker mechanism is employed to suppress low-priority transmissions. In terms of backoff time calculation, a channel load differential factor is introduced, integrating priority level, traffic proportion, and load variation speed to construct a multi-factor fusion back-off algorithm. Simulation results demonstrate that the improved protocol significantly outperforms the traditional SPMA protocol in network throughput, transmission success rate, and latency performance. Under low-load scenarios, the transmission success rate of low-priority traffic improves by approximately 5%. In high-load scenarios, the circuit breaker mechanism suppresses low-priority transmissions, ensuring that the transmission success rate of high-priority traffic remains above 80%. At the same time, the improved protocol controls the average end-to-end delay of all priority levels within 10 ms, with the highest priority delay being less than 2 ms, effectively meeting the requirements for differentiated service quality.

SPMA protocol  /  Dynamic threshold regulation  /  Backoff algorithm  /  Differentiated QoS
石斯洋, 蓝鲲, 章思严, 唐新丰. 基于传输成功率与信道负载变化的低时延MAC协议设计. 遥测遥控, 2025 , 46 (6) : 67 -74 . DOI: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20250425001
Siyang SHI, Kun LAN, Siyan ZHANG, Xinfeng TANG. Design of Low-Latency MAC Protocol Based on Transmission Success Rate and Channel Load Variation[J]. Journal of Telemetry, Tracking and Command, 2025 , 46 (6) : 67 -74 . DOI: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20250425001
媒体接入控制(Medium Access Control,MAC)协议作为无线通信系统的关键组成部分,其核心功能为规范网络节点在共享无线信道资源过程中应遵循的通信规则和协调机制[1-4]。该协议通过建立信道竞争机制、资源调度机制以及冲突避免机制,实现全网节点在空间-时间-频率多维资源域的高效复用,为上层协议栈提供可靠的服务质量保障。
根据信道资源的分配方式,MAC协议可以分为竞争型协议和分配型协议。在分配型协议中,网络节点会预先获得专属的信道资源,确保节点间通信时不会发生冲突。依据所分配的信道资源不同,分配型协议又可以细分为时分多址接入[5,6]、频分多址接入[7,8]、码分多址接入[9,10]和空分多址接入[11,12]等多种类型。竞争型协议则通过节点间公平竞争资源的方式接入信道,无需预先分配信道资源。按照资源竞争的方式,竞争型协议主要分为随机竞争和预约竞争两大类。其中,随机竞争主要包含ALOHA协议及其改进的时隙ALOHA协议[13,14],而预约竞争则主要由载波侦听多址接入协议代表[15,16]
基于统计优先级的多址接入协议(Statistical Priority-based Multiple Access,SPMA)[17-19]属于随机竞争类MAC协议,无需预先分配时隙,而是依据周期性的信道负载统计结果与设定的发送阈值对比,判定当前时刻是否接入相应数据包。协议为每类优先级业务设置阈值,通过统计信道内的脉冲总数评估信道负载。图1为SPMA协议的运行机制示意图。在某一优先级数据包需要发送时,SPMA协议将信道负载与对应优先级阈值进行比较,判定该优先级数据包是否允许发送。当信道负载较大时,SPMA协议依据计算的退避时间推迟低优先级数据包的传输,保证高优先级数据包传输的可靠性,从而将信道负载控制在良好的状态,有效地解决了随机竞争类MAC协议在全网业务量较大时信道碰撞加剧导致网络性能严重恶化的问题。
SPMA协议采用固定阈值和二进制指数退避机制,对网络业务量动态变化的场景适应性存在不足。固定阈值无法动态匹配网络承载能力与业务变化,低负载时无法充分利用信道资源,高负载时难以区分不同优先级业务服务质量;二进制指数退避导致退避时间变化过大,易造成信道资源浪费。
针对上述不足,现有文献对此进行了改进。在阈值设置方面,文献[20]提出了考虑负载控制和优先级业务比例的阈值设置方法,考虑了不同优先级数据之间的退避或接入对负载影响程度的关系,但未考虑当前时刻信道中数据包的传输状况;文献[21]提出了自适应信道状态的发送阈值调整算法,使用信道占用率和当前所有数据包的传输成功率调控发送阈值,但未区分不同优先级数据包发送成功率;文献[22]利用深度强化学习方式,将显式的负载-阈值比较过程转化为传输判决网络,但实际部署中深度强化学习对超参数敏感,学习率、折扣因子、探索率等对性能影响显著。在退避算法方面,文献[23]提出了随优先级线性变化的退避窗口算法,但该算法仅考虑了优先级大小单一因素,未考虑信道负载状况。文献[24]提出了自适应时间窗退避算法,按照传输成功率大小将信道区分为稳定和繁忙状态,在繁忙状态下采用增长因子增大退避窗口长度,但该算法中增长因子为经验参数,选取灵活性大,影响协议实际性能。文献[25]综合考虑优先级等级、信道负载和优先级阈值,提出了指数函数型自适应退避时间算法,但该算法未考虑信道负载变化趋势,不能根据信道负载变化速度灵活选取退避时间。
当低优先级数据包的发送成功率过低时,若需确保高优先级数据包的成功传输,可以考虑停止发送低优先级数据包。针对此类应用场景并考虑现有协议的优势与不足,本文提出了一种基于传输成功率与信道负载变化的低时延MAC协议:
①在优先级阈值设置上,提出一种基于传输成功率的优先级阈值动态调控机制,根据各优先级数据包传输成功率动态调整阈值;
②在退避时间计算上,提出一种融合信道负载差分因子的多要素退避时间算法,引入信道负载差分因子反映信道负载变化速度,同时考虑优先级高低,优先级业务比例,将三者融合作为退避时间选取函数。
设定传输成功率控制域,当某一优先级数据包的传输成功率超过控制域上界时,该优先级的阈值保持不变;反之,若传输成功率低于控制域上界,则提升该优先级的阈值。当某一优先级数据包的传输成功率降至传输成功率控制域的下界时,认为该优先级业务无法被成功接收,引入发送熔断机制,将该优先级阈值设置为零,以抑制该优先级数据包发送。
所提出算法阈值动态调整的机制如图2所示。
将业务优先级由高到低划分为0到N-1共N个优先级,某一业务的优先级为i,第i优先级业务的传输成功率控制域为,0≤iN-1。阈值的设置与信道负载统计有关,采用单位时间内信道中数据包数量K为信道负载统计值,定义第i优先级阈值为HiK<Hi时,允许第i优先级数据包发送。定义0时刻为协议开始运行时刻,t为当前时刻,优先级阈值的调整周期为Tw,调整前第i优先级阈值为Hiold
t=kTwk为正整数)时,统计[(k-1)TwkTw]内信道中各节点接收第i优先级数据包总数Riw,各节点发送第i优先级数据包总数Diw,以及[0,kTw]内各节点接收第i优先级数据包总数Ri,各节点发送第i优先级数据包总数Di。计算[(k-1)TwkTw]内信道中各优先级数据包传输概率Piw,[0,kTw]内信道中各优先级数据包传输概率Pi
根据Pi之间的关系,共有以下三种情况:
情况一:,此时第i优先级阈值不变。
情况二:,融合PiPiw计算调整后的第i优先级阈值Hiθ为长期影响因子,η为短期影响因子,控制PiPiw对阈值影响的幅度。
选取θη时,按照全网业务量的估计值与数据包长度L进行估算,其中精确到与真实值同一数量级,得出估计结果后再根据实际场景微调。
情况三:,启动熔断机制,抑制该优先级数据包发送。
退避时间算法对SPMA协议下数据包的端到端延迟性能具有显著影响。若算法设定的退避时间过长,则等待退避的数据包在队列中的停留时间增加,导致端到端延迟延长,同时数据包成功接入信道的概率降低,进而造成信道资源的浪费。相反,若退避时间设定过短,则数据包会在短时间内频繁尝试接入信道,这将无法有效减轻信道负载,从而影响发送成功率。
在退避时间计算上,当前的研究主要考虑了不同业务的优先级及各类优先级业务的比例等因素,未考量信道负载变化速率对系统性能的影响。在信道负载快速增加的情况下,需要显著增加退避时间的长度,以在短时间内抑制低优先级数据包的发送,从而稳定信道负载。而在信道负载正常波动的情况下,则应控制退避时间长度的稳定性,避免数据包因长时间无法发送而造成的信道资源浪费。
当信道负载增加时,信道负载差分因子为正值,控制退避时间增加。信道负载下降时,信道差分因子为负值,退避时间减小,使数据包接入信道机会增加。同时融合业务优先级i、各优先级业务比例,当前信道负载等要素调控退避时间。
设每个节点的业务到达服从速率为λu的泊松分布,每种优先级业务的到达服从速率为λui的泊松分布,且满足:
定义退避时间单元为Tslot,信道负载统计周期为Ts,当前时刻为tkTst<(k+1)Tsk为正整数。统计[(k-1)TskTs]内各节点发送数据包总数Rk与[(k-2)Ts,(k-1)Ts]内各节点发送数据包总数Rk-1
受文献[26]基于对数函数构建的A-COP算法启发,所提出退避时间Tbackoff算法如下:
其中,对数部分综合考量了业务优先级、各优先级业务的比例,以及单位时间内全网业务量的影响。当业务优先级较低,或者各优先级业务的比例较高,以及单位时间内全网业务量较大时,退避时间将会相应增加。通过对数变换建立了退避时间与业务量之间的数学关联。由于业务量通常处于102~103数量级,引入对数运算可以将业务量数值映射至较小区间,作为因子与基本退避时间相乘,从而实现对退避时间的有效调控。random(x)表示取(0,x)区间内均匀分布的随机数,代表加入随机抖动时延,从而缓解结束退避后同优先级业务同时接入信道导致的碰撞[27]。指数部分以信道负载变化因子为变量,可以在信道负载快速增加的情况下,显著增加退避时间的长度,以在短时间内抑制低优先级数据包的发送,从而稳定信道负载。由于指数函数为爆炸型函数,底数A取值时限制范围为(1,2],考虑业务量快速增加情况,A=2,从而防止Tbackoff过大。
传统SPMA协议与本方法计算退避时间,是按照函数表达式,在需要计算退避时间时进行单次计算,不涉及循环、递归等复杂的计算步骤,同时输入规模恒定,因此时间复杂度均为O(1)。在具体单次计算的计算资源消耗上,若以C语言数学库实现为例,计算对数函数,若使用泰勒展开,取前5项近似需约10~20次浮点运算。指数函数的底层实现通常结合了多项式逼近和硬件加速优化。例如使用泰勒展开或切比雪夫多项式,通常需要5~10项来保证精度,约15~25次浮点运算。
以全网业务量为5 Mbps,共15个节点,数据包长度1 024 bit为例:假设最差情况下全网所有数据包都需要进行退避,单节点平均每秒发送316个数据包。考虑指数和对数运算,单次计算退避时间共需要45次浮点运算,每秒所需的浮点运算次数为14 220 FLOPS,是消费级CPU单核性能(50~100 GFLOPS)的千万分之二。因此采用本算法进行退避时间计算对系统性能几乎没有影响。
利用OPNET Modeler仿真软件对所提出协议进行仿真,设计各优先级数据包传输成功率控制域和各优先级数据包所占比例见表1
仿真中数据包被分为8个优先级,其中优先级0为最高优先级,优先级7为最低优先级,第i优先级数据包到达速率分布满足参数为λ的泊松分布。详细仿真参数设置见表2
对比所提出协议与传统SPMA协议性能,通过改变数据包到达速率模拟全网业务量变化,研究两种协议在不同全网业务量情况下吞吐量,平均时延和传输成功率三项性能指标的变化趋势。
图3为低优先级数据包传输成功率随全网业务量变化的曲线,涵盖优先级4~优先级7。低网络负载时,改进协议的低优先级数据包传输成功率比传统SPMA协议高出约5%。高网络负载时,传统SPMA协议中各优先级数据包的传输成功率均降至约20%,而改进协议中优先级7数据包的传输成功率几乎降至零,其他优先级数据包的传输成功率则有所提升。这表明:低网络负载时,改进协议能根据各优先级数据包的传输成功率动态设定阈值,从而在负载较轻时更有效地利用信道资源。高网络负载时,数据包碰撞概率增加,优先级7数据包的传输成功率下降到控制域下界以下,其发送被抑制。这改善了信道负载状况,降低了数据包碰撞概率,减缓了优先级6数据包传输成功率的下降趋势,并提高了优先级5和优先级4数据包的传输成功率。业务量进一步增加时,优先级6数据包的传输成功率低于控制域下界,其发送也被抑制。
图4所示为高优先级数据包传输成功率随全网业务量变化的曲线,涵盖了优先级0~优先级3。当业务量低于3 Mbps时,由于高优先级的阈值较高,阈值对传输成功率的影响较小,因此在两种协议下,优先级0 ~ 3数据包的发送成功率相似。随着业务量继续增加,数据包碰撞概率上升,而此时高优先级的阈值无法适应高负载的信道状况,导致传统SPMA协议中高优先级数据包的传输成功率快速下降。相比之下,改进协议在负载上升条件下,当传输成功率低于控制域上界时,会增加阈值,提高数据接入信道的概率;同时,由于低优先级的传输成功率低于控制域下界,优先级7数据包的发送被抑制,信道中的业务量减少,数据包碰撞概率降低,使得发送成功率维持在约85%。
图5所示为网络吞吐量随全网业务量变化的趋势。分析表明:在全网业务量低于3 Mbps的情况下,随着全网业务量的增加,无论是传统SPMA协议还是所提出的改进协议,其网络吞吐量均呈现出增长趋势。改进协议采用了按照各优先级传输成功率动态调整阈值的机制,在网络负载较低的情况下能够更高效地利用信道资源,因此其吞吐量表现优于传统SPMA协议。当全网业务量超过3 Mbps时,信道负载趋于饱和,传统SPMA协议下数据包的碰撞概率显著增加,且其固定的优先级阈值在高负载条件下缺乏适应性,抑制了数据发送,使得吞吐量大幅度下降。相比之下,改进协议在面对高负载条件时,能够有效抑制较低优先级的数据发送,从而降低了信道负载,减少了数据包的碰撞概率,提升了吞吐量。
图6图7分别呈现了在全网业务量变化情况下各优先级数据包平均端到端时延的变化趋势。可以看出,不论是传统的SPMA协议还是所提出的改进协议,随着全网业务量的增加,各优先级数据包的平均端到端时延均呈现上升趋势。此外,优先级越低的数据包,其平均端到端时延越大。对比两种协议,可以观察到在业务量达到5 Mbps时,传统SPMA协议中最低优先级数据包的平均端到端时延达到了100 ms,而最高优先级数据包的平均端到端时延则达到了9 ms。相比之下,改进协议成功将各优先级数据包的平均端到端时延控制在10 ms以内,同时确保最高优先级数据包的平均端到端时延低于2 ms。这表明改进协议有效降低了各优先级平均端到端的时延,保证了高优先级业务的高QoS传输,达到了更好的退避效果。
图8展示了在全网业务量固定为4 Mbps的情况下,改变阈值调整周期Tw进行仿真后得到的结果,以此评估改进方法在不同参数条件下的性能表现。仿真结果显示:随着阈值调整周期的延长,最低优先级业务的传输成功率出现下降趋势。这是因为较长的优先级阈值调整周期,在全网业务量较大,需要增加阈值以提升业务接入信道概率时,无法及时调整阈值,导致低优先级业务传输被抑制。相比之下,高优先级业务的传输成功率基本保持稳定,原因在于其初始阈值较高,仅需经过几次调整即可确保业务正常接入信道。
本文针对传统SPMA优先级阈值机制和退避时间计算存在的不足,对SPMA协议进行改进,提出一种基于传输成功率和信道负载变化的低时延MAC协议。在优先级阈值设计上,提出了基于传输成功率的优先级阈值动态调控机制,根据传输成功率与控制域关系调整优先级阈值。在退避时间计算上,提出了融合信道负载差分因子的多要素退避时间算法,在考虑了优先级等级及各优先级业务比例的基础上,充分考量信道负载变化速率对系统性能的影响,动态调整退避时间。本方法的局限性在于,动态阈值机制不适用于即使低优先级业务传输成功率很低,也不能停止该优先级发送的场景;动态阈值机制和退避算法都要依靠链路层的负载统计,即统计单位时间内全网发送的数据包数量,对采用物理层统计负载的场景不适用。
仿真结果表明:在低优先级可停止发送的场景下,所提出协议可以实现多种优先级业务的差异化服务,充分挖掘低信道负载下的传输性能,同时保证高信道负载下的高优先级传输成功率;降低了各优先级业务时延,保证了高优先级业务在高信道负载下的实时性;提高了网络吞吐量性能。
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2025年第46卷第6期
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doi: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20250425001
  • 接收时间:2025-04-25
  • 首发时间:2026-03-13
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-25
  • 修回日期:2025-06-21
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    北京宇航系统工程研究所 北京 100076
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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