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A novel channel estimation algorithm based on energy ratio confidence with dynamic dual-threshold decision is proposed to address the issues of missed path detection and performance degradation in existing channel estimation algorithms for dual-antenna space-time block coding (STBC) communication systems within unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) swarm networking scenarios. These issues arise due to fixed thresholds and insufficient noise handling within the channel response length. Significantly, the proposed algorithm does not require prior knowledge of the exact channel impulse response length. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm achieves a performance gain of nearly 2 dB at a bit error rate (BER) on the order of 1E-5 compared to the conventional threshold-based Fourier Transform-Least Squares algorithm. Furthermore, the algorithm effectively suppresses the noise in the estimated channel impulse response, leading to significantly enhanced channel estimation performance for UAV swarm networking.

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针对无人机集群组网场景中双天线空时编码(STBC)通信系统现有的信道估计算法由于阈值固定、对信道响应长度内噪声处理不足导致的路径漏检、性能不佳的问题,本文提出一种基于能量比置信度的动态双阈值判决的信道估计改进算法,并且该算法无需预先获取确切信道响应长度。对该算法的性能进行了对比仿真,结果表明,本文提出的算法相较于传统基于阈值的傅里叶变换-最小二乘算法在误码率为1E-5数量级时有接近2 dB的性能提升,并且能有效地滤除信道冲激响应估计值中的噪声,提升了无人机集群组网中的信道估计性能。

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陈俊霖 2001年生,硕士研究生。

闫朝星 1985年生,博士,研究员。

付林罡 1982年生,硕士,研究员。

李世宝 1978年生,硕士,教授。

申鹏飞 1997年生,博士,工程师。

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OFDM系统中信道估计算法的研究[D]. 桂林:桂林理工大学, 2020., articleTitle=OFDM系统中信道估计算法的研究, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1239158387804525209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239158370406551594, awardId=62302020406, language=CN, fundingSource=航天科技应用创新项目(62302020406), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1239158387884216990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239158370406551594, awardId=50903030401, language=CN, fundingSource=装备预先研究共用技术项目(50903030401), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1239158381999608234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239158370406551594, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239158382007996843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239158370406551594, companyId=1239158381999608234, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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Simulation parameters

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参数名称类型或取值(范围)
系统类型STBC SC-FDE系统
符号数106
信噪比范围(dB)[0,14]
FFT长度64
信道类型瑞利衰落信道
调制类型QPSK
SC-FDE块大小64
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仿真参数表

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参数名称类型或取值(范围)
系统类型STBC SC-FDE系统
符号数106
信噪比范围(dB)[0,14]
FFT长度64
信道类型瑞利衰落信道
调制类型QPSK
SC-FDE块大小64
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无人机集群组网通信双天线STBC信道估计技术
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陈俊霖 1, 2 , 闫朝星 2 , 付林罡 2 , 李世宝 1 , 申鹏飞 2
遥测遥控 | 测控通信与导航 2025,46(6): 45-52
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遥测遥控 | 测控通信与导航 2025, 46(6): 45-52
无人机集群组网通信双天线STBC信道估计技术
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陈俊霖1, 2, 闫朝星2, 付林罡2, 李世宝1, 申鹏飞2
作者信息
  • 1.中国石油大学(华东)海洋与空间信息学院 青岛 266580
  • 2.北京遥测技术研究所 北京 100076
  • 陈俊霖 2001年生,硕士研究生。

    闫朝星 1985年生,博士,研究员。

    付林罡 1982年生,硕士,研究员。

    李世宝 1978年生,硕士,教授。

    申鹏飞 1997年生,博士,工程师。

Dual-Antenna STBC Channel Estimation Technology for Communication in UAV Cluster Network
Junlin CHEN1, 2, Chaoxing YAN2, Lingang FU2, Shibao LI1, Pengfei SHEN2
Affiliations
  • 1. College of Oceanography and Space Informatics, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, China
  • 2. Beijing Research Institute of Telemetry, Beijing 100076, China
doi: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20250617002
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针对无人机集群组网场景中双天线空时编码(STBC)通信系统现有的信道估计算法由于阈值固定、对信道响应长度内噪声处理不足导致的路径漏检、性能不佳的问题,本文提出一种基于能量比置信度的动态双阈值判决的信道估计改进算法,并且该算法无需预先获取确切信道响应长度。对该算法的性能进行了对比仿真,结果表明,本文提出的算法相较于传统基于阈值的傅里叶变换-最小二乘算法在误码率为1E-5数量级时有接近2 dB的性能提升,并且能有效地滤除信道冲激响应估计值中的噪声,提升了无人机集群组网中的信道估计性能。

STBC  /  SC-FDE  /  信道估计  /  降噪

A novel channel estimation algorithm based on energy ratio confidence with dynamic dual-threshold decision is proposed to address the issues of missed path detection and performance degradation in existing channel estimation algorithms for dual-antenna space-time block coding (STBC) communication systems within unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) swarm networking scenarios. These issues arise due to fixed thresholds and insufficient noise handling within the channel response length. Significantly, the proposed algorithm does not require prior knowledge of the exact channel impulse response length. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm achieves a performance gain of nearly 2 dB at a bit error rate (BER) on the order of 1E-5 compared to the conventional threshold-based Fourier Transform-Least Squares algorithm. Furthermore, the algorithm effectively suppresses the noise in the estimated channel impulse response, leading to significantly enhanced channel estimation performance for UAV swarm networking.

STBC  /  SC-FDE  /  Channel estimation  /  Noise reduction
陈俊霖, 闫朝星, 付林罡, 李世宝, 申鹏飞. 无人机集群组网通信双天线STBC信道估计技术. 遥测遥控, 2025 , 46 (6) : 45 -52 . DOI: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20250617002
Junlin CHEN, Chaoxing YAN, Lingang FU, Shibao LI, Pengfei SHEN. Dual-Antenna STBC Channel Estimation Technology for Communication in UAV Cluster Network[J]. Journal of Telemetry, Tracking and Command, 2025 , 46 (6) : 45 -52 . DOI: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20250617002
无人机集群作业是无人机技术发展的新态势,它弥补了单个无人机完成任务能力有限的不足。未来的无人机技术趋势是通过部署大量低成本无人机,依靠协同感知、信息共享和分工协调来完成各种复杂任务。这些集群具备高度的智能和自主性,已经逐渐成为无人机集群技术的未来发展方向[1]
相较无人机单机作业,无人机集群作业要求通信系统具有高可靠性、高传输速率和低传输时延的特点。由于无人机集群工作环境的无线信道环境复杂并且运动场景偏多,无人机集群通信系统中存在严重的多径干扰和多普勒频偏。此外,传统的无人机通信系统通常采用单发射机、单接收机的传输模式[2],在某些场景下,单天线通信模式存在因信号受机翼和机身遮挡影响造成的通信质量下降、甚至无法正常通信的问题[3]。针对无人机通信的复杂信道环境造成的多径干扰和多普勒频偏的问题,单载波频域均衡技术(Single Carrier Frequency Domain Equalization,SC-FDE)有着峰均比低、受多普勒频偏影响小的特点,能在有效对抗多径效应的同时凭借更低的功放要求支撑无人机的小型化进程。针对集群间通信时信号易被遮蔽的问题,通过在机腹和机背各安装一根天线组成双天线多输入多输出(Multi-input Multi-output,MIMO)系统可以保证两根天线至少有一根不被机身遮挡,同时结合MIMO系统中的空时分组码(Space Time Block Code,STBC)可以在不占用额外带宽资源的情况下实现最大的分集增益和显著的编码增益。由此可见,将STBC编码技术与SC-FDE技术结合能有效提高无人机集群间通信的抗遮挡能力和抗多径能力[4,5]
信道估计是无人机集群通信系统的关键环节,是保证系统性能和可靠性的基石。文献[6]针对无人机下行数据链路容易受到复杂地面环境影响而产生信道估计精度不足的问题,提出了一种基于深度学习的多神经网络结合使用的信道估计算法。文献[7,8]将智能反射面(Intelligent Reflecting Surface,IRS)引入无人机通信系统,分别基于长短期记忆网络(Long Short-Term Memory,LSTM)和正则化技术提出改进的无人机通信系统信道估计方法。在STBC SC-FDE系统中,常见的信道估计做法是在SC-FDE块前加入已知的训练序列,并在接收端和本地训练序列进行运算得到信道频域响应的估计值,运算准则通常基于最小二乘法(Least Square,LS)算法。LS算法计算复杂度低,无需提前获得信道特性,硬件复杂度小,但对噪声敏感导致其估计精度较低。因此,在工程应用领域多使用LS信道估计算法,并搭配降噪算法保证其性能。基于离散傅里叶变换(Discrete Fourier Transform,DFT)的LS-DFT算法将频域信道估计结果转换到时域后,通过置零循环前缀(Cyclic Prefix,CP)外的时域信道响应估计值来滤除CP外的噪声,改善了噪声处理的性能,但没有考虑CP内的噪声[9]。文献[10]在LS-DFT算法的基础上加入了阈值判决,利用信道响应长度内的数据点计算噪声门限,但其阈值固定仅依赖信道响应长度内的能量,完全忽略CP外的噪声信息以及信道响应长度内可能存在的噪声污染,并且在高信噪比时固定阈值容易导致信道弱路径的漏检。文献[11]提出在LS-DFT算法中的离散傅里叶逆变换(Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform,IDFT)模块和DFT模块之间添加一个自适应滤波器,滤波器系数通过估算信道响应长度外的噪声能量确定,但这种方法同样忽略了信道响应长度内的噪声,并且在工程实现中信道响应长度往往难以直接得知,无法直接应用。
鉴于上文所述,本文面向无人机集群组网系统需求,提出了一种基于能量比置信度的动态双阈值判决(Dynamic Bi-threshold Decision Based on Energy Ratio Confidence,DBD-ERC)的改进LS-DFT算法,在LS-DFT算法的基础上将能量比视为统计量,利用其分布特性构建置信区间判定有效路径范围以替代固定阈值,并通过邻域能量聚合尽可能降低弱路径的漏检概率,且无需提前获取信道冲激响应的具体长度。
本文以无人机集群组网场景下2发2收STBC SC-FDE通信系统为研究对象,系统模型如图1所示。
图1可知,在STBC SC-FDE系统的发送端,数据流通过数字调制、STBC编码后变为两路信号,再分别加上训练序列成帧后由两根天线发送;在接收端,数据流由两根天线接收,经快速傅里叶变换(Fast Fourier Transform,FFT)、信道估计、STBC频域译码、频域均衡、快速傅里叶反变换(Inverse Fast Fourier Transform,IFFT)以及数字解调恢复为原数据流。假设系统获得完美同步,信号通过无人机通信信道,其具有时变衰落的特性。若信道存在大量反射路径而无视行信号分量,则此时接收信号的包络服从瑞利分布;若信道存在无衰落的视行信号分量,则此时接收信号的包络服从莱斯分布[12]。本文在瑞利衰落信道模型的基础上对无人机通信信道进行建模。考虑到无人机高速移动时导致的多普勒频移,多普勒功率谱密度函数可以表示为[13]
其中,为多普勒频移,v代表无人机速度,fc代表载波频率,c代表光速。无人机通信信道的信道响应可以表示为:
其中,ait)和ϕit)分别为第i条路径的增益和相位,τi为多径时延。无人机通信信道的多径效应可以选用合适的路径衰落模型来描述。
STBC编码的核心思想是可以保证多根天线上传输的信号相互正交,从而使得相邻天线的信号之间没有互相干扰[14]。在第一个数据时隙上,发端的两个天线分别传输s1s2;在第二个数据时隙上,发端的两个天线分别传输,那么STBC编码的过程可以表示为[15]
由于SC-FDE系统是以数据块为单位进行处理的,因此在发送端引入块调制。研究表明引入块调制可以显著提高频带利用率[16],并且使STBC编码更加契合SC-FDE系统的特性。设b1b2是两个时隙的数据块,那么有:
在STBC SC-FDE系统中,两根天线上的信号是同频收发的,这就要求组帧时在两路发送信号前加入彼此互相正交的训练序列,从而在接收端能够分辨出来自不同发送端的信号,方便后续的信道估计等操作。常见的训练序列有m序列、Frank序列、Zadoff-Chu序列等,本文选用Frank序列[17],它是一种具有理想的自相关特性和互相关特性的多相序列,可以表示为:
其中rq均为互质的正整数,q通常取2。设t为长度为N的Frank序列,T为经过FFT后的频域Frank序列,那么适用于2发2收STBC SC-FDE系统的时域和频域训练序列结构[18]图2所示。
LS信道估计算法是一种较为简单的,基于训练序列的信道估计算法,其核心思想是基于数据信号和通信系数之间的线性关系得到信道响应的估计值[19]。LS信道估计算法的推导过程如下:假设发送端发送的信号为x,待估计的信道冲激响应为h,接收端收到的信号为y,信道的加性白噪声为z,那么信号的传输过程可以表示为:
其中,*表示卷积。对式(6)进行傅里叶变换,可以得到:
LS信道估计算法的目的是根据最小二乘准则获得的代价函数最小,代价函数可以表示为:
对式(8)进行二阶求导,得到的导数,说明JLS有最小值。令一阶导数等于0,即,解得LS信道估计的表达式为:
观察的表达式,可以发现:
从式(10)中可以看出,通过LS信道估计方案估计出的信道响应值带有噪声,因此LS信道估计的性能极易受噪声影响。若系统处于低信噪比环境下,噪声对信道估计结果的影响更加明显,这样会导致估计值的精度很低,进而严重影响到数据传输的可靠性[20]。然而,LS信道估计算法因其相较于LMMSE(Linear Minimum Mean Square Error,线性最小均方误差)算法较低的复杂度往往成为实际工程应用的首选,因此在使用LS信道估计算法时往往会搭配特定的降噪处理算法对其结果进行噪声抑制,从而提高通信系统的性能以及可靠性。
在2×2的STBC SC-FDE系统中,训练序列的传输如图3所示。
其中,aij=[aij(0),aij(1),…,aijN-1)],ij∈{1,2}表示第i根发送天线的第j个时隙发送的时域训练序列,序列的长度为Nhij=[hij(0),hij(1),…,hijL-1)],ij∈{1,2}表示第i根发送天线到第j根接收天线的时域信道响应,L为信道响应长度;rij=[rij(0),rij(1),…,rijN-1)],ij∈{1,2}表示第i根接收天线的第j个时隙收到的时域符号序列;nij=[nij(0),nij(1),…,nijN-1)],ij∈{1,2}表示第i根接收天线的第j个时隙收到的加性高斯白噪声;⊗表示卷积运算,那么传输过程可以表示为:
将其转换到频域,可得:
其中,AijHijRijNij分别为aijhijrijnij的频域形式。为了化简信道估计的计算,本文采用上一节图2中提到的特殊训练序列结构,即:
将式(13)代入式(12),得到:
由此,解得4个子信道的信道估计值为:
由上一小节可知,使用LS信道估计算法得到的结果会受到严重的噪声影响。因此对于2发2收的STBC SC-FDE系统,在计算出所有信道的信道估计值后,需要分别对每一个信道进行降噪处理,最后使用降噪后的信道估计值进行频域均衡。
针对传统基于固定阈值的LS-DFT信道估计算法未充分利用CP内外噪声能量、易漏检弱路径导致信道估计性能下降的问题,本文提出一种改进的LS-DFT信道估计算法,即DBD-ERC信道估计算法,算法的流程如图4所示。
具体方案步骤如下:
①在系统接收端进行同步,提取训练序列,并与本地训练序列进行LS频域信道估计,得到频域下的信道响应k=0,1,…,N-1,N为FFT点数。
②对得到的频域下的信道响应进行IFFT,得到时域信道估计值:
③定义噪声区域Snoise-out={NCPNCP+1,…,N-1},其中NCP为CP长度。定义噪声方差估计为:
④定义信道估计值长度内每一点的能量比为n=0,1,…,N-1。根据噪声与路径能量的统计分布特性,设置强路径阈值γhigh=10以确保在信噪比大于等于0 dB时保留99.9%以上的主径;设置弱路径阈值γlow=-ln(0.05)≈3从而将虚警率控制在5%以下。
⑤定义邻域能量比均值为,利用信道响应的空间连续性提高弱路径的检测率,同时其计算复杂度的增加可以忽略不计。
⑥根据设置的强路径阈值γhigh和弱路径阈值γlow,使用以下判决规则对信道估计值长度内每一点进行双阈值判决:
⑦对进行FFT,得到降噪处理后的信道估计值
在2发2收的STBC SC-FDE系统的接收端,首先对接收信号进行同步,分离出四个子信道,然后对四个子信道分别使用上述方法进行降噪。通过该方法可以在尽可能保留弱径避免误判的前提下减小噪声影响,且不需要提前获得信道响应实际长度。
本小节将对所提算法在2发2收的STBC SC-FDE无人机集群通信系统中的性能进行仿真和评估,并将其与现有的经典LS算法、传统LS-DFT阈值算法以及完美信道估计(即接收端完全得知所有的信道响应的情况)进行对比,从而验证本文提出算法的有效性。仿真场景设置为低空密集城区环境,在该场景下进行无人机集群间空空通信,使用瑞利衰落信道来描述无人机通信信道。为了简化仿真模型,选取集群中两架处于同一高度的无人机,无人机间保持相对静止。分别在两架无人机的机腹和机背各安装一根天线组成2发2收的STBC SC-FDE通信系统,机体对天线几乎不存在遮挡。在此场景下,仿真参数见表1
首先在信噪比为8 dB的条件下,对使用经典LS算法后和使用本文所提算法降噪后的时域信道冲激响应进行仿真,仿真结果图如图5所示。
图5中可以看出,使用经典LS算法后信道冲激响应中依然存在大量噪声分量;而使用本文所提算法后的信道冲激响应的噪声分量已基本上被滤除,并且多径分量仍然得到了较好的保存。
其次对本文提出的方法及其余三种情况进行不同信噪比下的误码率(Bit Error Rate,BER)仿真,以完美信道估计的性能为基准,仿真结果如图6所示。
图6中可以看出,在信噪比较低时,传统LS信道估计的性能受到很大的影响,而本文提出的DBD-ERC算法和LS-DFT阈值算法有着极为接近的性能。随着信噪比的不断增大,DBD-ERC算法的性能相较于传统LS算法和LS-DFT阈值算法的优势愈发明显。在误码率为10-4数量级时,DBD-ERC算法相较于LS-DFT阈值算法有1.3 dB的提升,相较于传统LS信道估计算法有2.5 dB的提升;在误码率为10-5数量级时,LS-DFT阈值算法的性能恶化,而DBD-ERC算法相较于LS-DFT阈值算法有接近2 dB的提升。这是因为传统LS-DFT阈值算法的阈值固定,在高信噪比时容易漏检有用信号响应造成性能损失;而本文提出的DBD-ERC算法结合动态双阈值和邻域能量比窗口保护弱响应,同时清除响应内的噪声,因此在高信噪比下的性能更为优越。
最后,对本文提出算法以及LS算法、LS-DFT阈值算法的归一化均方误差(Normalized Mean Square Error,NMSE)指标进行仿真,仿真结果如图7所示。从图7中可以看出,三种信道估计算法的NMSE均随着信噪比的增大而降低。在信噪比小于3 dB时,本文提出算法的性能稍弱于LS-DFT阈值算法;在信噪比大于3 dB后,本文提出算法的性能相较于其他两种算法有着愈发显著的优势。在信噪比为14 dB时,LS-DFT阈值算法的性能恶化,本文算法的NMSE相较于其他算法有着接近一个数量级的差距,这与前文分析的趋势相同。
本文提出了一种适用于无人机集群组网环境下2发2收STBC SC-FDE通信系统的信道估计方案,能够在接收端未获得信道响应确切长度的情况下,通过设置动态双阈值和邻域能量比对信道响应长度内的噪声进行有效清除,同时尽可能地保留信道响应中可能存在的弱径。仿真结果表明:本文提出的方法在低信噪比下与传统LS-DFT阈值信道估计算法有着相近的性能,在误码率为10-5数量级时相较于LS-DFT阈值信道估计算法有着接近2 dB的提升,进一步提高了无人机集群组网系统中信道估计的准确性。
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2025年第46卷第6期
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doi: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20250617002
  • 接收时间:2025-06-17
  • 首发时间:2026-03-13
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-17
  • 修回日期:2025-08-02
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航天科技应用创新项目(62302020406)
装备预先研究共用技术项目(50903030401)
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    1.中国石油大学(华东)海洋与空间信息学院 青岛 266580
    2.北京遥测技术研究所 北京 100076
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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