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In the field of aerospace tracking, telemetry, and command (TT&C) communications, the capability for precise telemetry, telecommand, and data transmission is a critical technology ensuring reliable spacecraft operations. As the complexity of space missions continues to escalate and the TT&C communication environment becomes increasingly demanding, higher requirements are imposed on the reliability of communication links in TT&C systems. Polar codes, as a short-frame burst coding scheme with high reliability, low complexity, and superior coding gain, yet exhibit high sensitivity to carrier frequency offset errors. Addressing the dual high demands for reliability and synchronization accuracy in TT&C systems, this paper proposes a Polar code-aided frequency offset estimation (PCAFOE) algorithm. Compared with the traditional carrier synchronization algorithm, PCAFOE algorithm is demonstrated with higher estimation accuracy, which is able to effectively improve the carrier synchronization performance of TT&C communication systems, and provides effective technical support for next-generation aerospace TT&C systems.

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在航天测控通信领域,精准的遥测、遥控与数据传输能力是保障航天器可靠运行的关键技术。随着航天任务复杂度的不断提升和测控通信环境的日益严苛,测控系统对通信链路的可靠性提出了更高要求。Polar(Polar code,极化码)是一种高可靠、低复杂度、高增益的编码方式,对载波频偏误差高度敏感。针对航天测控通信系统对可靠性和同步精度的双重高需求,本文提出了一种基于Polar码辅助的频偏估计(Polar code-aided frequency offset estimation,PCAFOE)算法模型,并基于均方误差(Mean Square Error,MSE)的估计指标进行了蒙特卡罗仿真和相应分析。与传统的载波同步频偏估计算法相比,PCAFOE算法具有更高的估计精度,能够显著提高测控通信系统的载波同步性能,为新一代航天测控系统提供有效的技术支撑。

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吴佳奕 1996年生,硕士,工程师。

王报华 1987年生,博士研究生,高级工程师。

陈克 1994年生,硕士,工程师。

王莉敏 1969年生,学士,高级工程师。

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Simulation parameters

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参数值/范围
调制方式BPSK
信道模型AWGN
Polar码长(2 048,1 024)
码率0.5
译码方式BP译码
符号速率1 200 sps
算法迭代次数收敛到稳定点为止
归一化初始频偏1.2×10-4
频偏估计范围-2×10-4~2×10-4
Eb/N0范围0~5 dB
), ArticleFig(id=1239158378883248245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239158368103887600, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

仿真参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数值/范围
调制方式BPSK
信道模型AWGN
Polar码长(2 048,1 024)
码率0.5
译码方式BP译码
符号速率1 200 sps
算法迭代次数收敛到稳定点为止
归一化初始频偏1.2×10-4
频偏估计范围-2×10-4~2×10-4
Eb/N0范围0~5 dB
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面向航天测控通信的载波同步频偏估计算法研究
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吴佳奕 1 , 王报华 1, 2 , 陈克 1 , 王莉敏 3
遥测遥控 | 测控通信与导航 2025,46(6): 39-44
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遥测遥控 | 测控通信与导航 2025, 46(6): 39-44
面向航天测控通信的载波同步频偏估计算法研究
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吴佳奕1, 王报华1, 2, 陈克1, 王莉敏3
作者信息
  • 1.北京宇航系统工程研究所 北京 100076
  • 2.哈尔滨工业大学电子与信息工程学院通信技术研究所 哈尔滨 150001
  • 3.北京强度环境研究所 北京 100076
  • 吴佳奕 1996年生,硕士,工程师。

    王报华 1987年生,博士研究生,高级工程师。

    陈克 1994年生,硕士,工程师。

    王莉敏 1969年生,学士,高级工程师。

Research on Carrier Synchronization Frequency Offset Estimation Algorithms for Aerospace TT&C Communications
Jiayi WU1, Baohua WANG1, 2, Ke CHEN1, Limin WANG3
Affiliations
  • 1. Beijing Institute of Astronautical Systems Engineering, Beijing 100076, China
  • 2. Communication Research Center, College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology,Harbin 150001, China
  • 3. Beijing Institute of Strength and Environment Engineering, Beijing 100076, China
doi: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20250628001
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在航天测控通信领域,精准的遥测、遥控与数据传输能力是保障航天器可靠运行的关键技术。随着航天任务复杂度的不断提升和测控通信环境的日益严苛,测控系统对通信链路的可靠性提出了更高要求。Polar(Polar code,极化码)是一种高可靠、低复杂度、高增益的编码方式,对载波频偏误差高度敏感。针对航天测控通信系统对可靠性和同步精度的双重高需求,本文提出了一种基于Polar码辅助的频偏估计(Polar code-aided frequency offset estimation,PCAFOE)算法模型,并基于均方误差(Mean Square Error,MSE)的估计指标进行了蒙特卡罗仿真和相应分析。与传统的载波同步频偏估计算法相比,PCAFOE算法具有更高的估计精度,能够显著提高测控通信系统的载波同步性能,为新一代航天测控系统提供有效的技术支撑。

航天测控通信  /  载波同步  /  频偏估计  /  Polar码  /  迭代算法

In the field of aerospace tracking, telemetry, and command (TT&C) communications, the capability for precise telemetry, telecommand, and data transmission is a critical technology ensuring reliable spacecraft operations. As the complexity of space missions continues to escalate and the TT&C communication environment becomes increasingly demanding, higher requirements are imposed on the reliability of communication links in TT&C systems. Polar codes, as a short-frame burst coding scheme with high reliability, low complexity, and superior coding gain, yet exhibit high sensitivity to carrier frequency offset errors. Addressing the dual high demands for reliability and synchronization accuracy in TT&C systems, this paper proposes a Polar code-aided frequency offset estimation (PCAFOE) algorithm. Compared with the traditional carrier synchronization algorithm, PCAFOE algorithm is demonstrated with higher estimation accuracy, which is able to effectively improve the carrier synchronization performance of TT&C communication systems, and provides effective technical support for next-generation aerospace TT&C systems.

Aerospace TT&C communications  /  Carrier synchronization  /  Frequency offset estimation  /  Polar codes  /  Iterative algorithm
吴佳奕, 王报华, 陈克, 王莉敏. 面向航天测控通信的载波同步频偏估计算法研究. 遥测遥控, 2025 , 46 (6) : 39 -44 . DOI: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20250628001
Jiayi WU, Baohua WANG, Ke CHEN, Limin WANG. Research on Carrier Synchronization Frequency Offset Estimation Algorithms for Aerospace TT&C Communications[J]. Journal of Telemetry, Tracking and Command, 2025 , 46 (6) : 39 -44 . DOI: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20250628001
航天测控通信是保障各类航天器可靠运行的核心技术,广泛应用于遥测、遥控和数据传输等关键任务[1]。近年来,随着航天任务的数量和复杂度不断提升,在空间探测和卫星组网等测控通信场景中存在各种形式的干扰[2],因此测控系统对通信链路的实时性、可靠性和抗干扰能力等方面提出了更高要求。
卷积码[3]、Turbo码[4]和LDPC码[5,6]等传统信道编码方式存在运算复杂度高、抗干扰能力受限的问题,Polar编码方法作为一种短帧突发体制,具有高可靠、低复杂度、高增益等特点。Polar码的核心是信道极化理论[7],通过编码使部分子信道趋近于无噪理想信道,而另一部分趋近于纯噪声信道[8]。在Polar码的编码侧,选择理想信道传输信息、纯噪声信道传输约定的固定比特,保障了信息的高可靠性;在Polar码译码侧,只对传输信息的子信道进行译码,对传输固定比特的子信道不进行译码[9],用通过低复杂度的逐次干扰抵消译码的方法,以较低的复杂度获得逼近信道容量香农限的性能[10]
在测控通信中,由于航天器和地面之间存在的相对速度,航天器的高速运动会产生较明显的多普勒频移,收发端的晶振偏差也会引入额外的载波偏移[11]。Polar码对载波同步误差高度敏感,其性能取决于能否进行高精度的载波频率同步[12],在译码器端的微小偏差可能会导致输入信号功率的显著降低,当译码器的输入信噪比(signal-to-noise ratio,SNR)小于译码阈值时,译码器甚至无法正常工作,从而会严重降低测控通信系统的性能[13]。因此,高精度的载波同步是保障Polar码在测控系统中有效应用的关键技术。
当前的载波同步频偏估计算法主要基于导频辅助,例如Fitz[14]、Kay[15]、L&R[16]和M&M[17]算法。然而,由于航天测控通信系统的通信频谱资源有限,需要提出一种频谱利用率更高的载波同步频偏估计算法。因此,本文提出了一种基于非导频辅助参数估计算法,即Polar码辅助的频偏估计(Polar code-aided frequency offset estimation,PCAFOE)算法。通过进行仿真分析,与传统的载波同步算法相比,PCAFOE算法具有更高的频偏估计精度,能够有效地提高航天测控通信系统的载波同步性能。
航天测控通信系统的发射端模型如图1所示。在发射端,输入信号为离散随机序列,编码方法为Polar码。发射信号经过BPSK调制、脉冲成型,带通滤波和RF调制之后,可以表示为
其中,st)为基带信号,fs表示载波频率,θ0表示载波初相位。带通信号通过航天测控通信系统天线发射。
在航天测控通信中,高仰角工况的深空通信信道可被视为加性高斯白噪声(additive white Gaussian noise,AWGN)信道[18]。当信号通过信道时,信号将不可避免地产生幅度衰减和传输延迟。由于Polar码对载波同步有严格的要求,因此为了获得良好的通信质量,进行频偏估计和补偿是测控通信系统必不可少的环节。
图2所示为具有载波同步的航天测控通信系统的接收端模型。与传统基于导频或判决反馈的算法不同,PCAFOE算法属于编码辅助的同步算法,其创新点在于直接利用Polar码译码过程中的结构化译码软信息构建似然函数,无需传统调制映射步骤。
本节在上述接收端模型的基础上,提出了一种载波同步频率偏移估计算法,即基于Polar码辅助的频偏估计(Polar code-aided frequency offset estimation,PCAFOE)算法。PCAFOE算法是一种用于求参数最大似然估计的迭代优化策略,通过估计数据,根据上一步中获得的参数计算最大对数似然函数,进行反复迭代直到估计的参数最终收敛[19]。PCAFOE算法适用于具有隐含变量概率模型的最大似然估计,可以极大地简化似然函数方程的计算[20,21]
本文主要进行频率偏移的估计和补偿,因此将相位偏移视为已知量。
定义Δf为频率偏移量,即要估计的参数,Δfk为第k次迭代时的最大估计值。将航天测控通信系统接收端从天线接收的信号r定义为观测数据,r={r1r2,…,rn},n=0,1,…N-1,其中N为代码长度。将航天测控通信系统发送端的输入信号x={x1x2,…,xn}定义为隐含数据,定义z=[rx]为完整数据。
PCAFOE算法首先选择待估参数Δf的初始值为Δf(0),然后开始进行迭代。迭代计算有以下三个步骤:
①记第k次迭代参数为Δfk,计算对数似然函数的条件期望函数Q(Δffk)。定义Q(Δffk)为ln pzf)对px|r,Δfk)的期望函数。其中,ln pzf)定义为完整数据z的对数似然函数,px|r,Δfk)定义为隐含数据x的条件概率分布,则对数似然函数可以表示为
②从(2)式可得,当将观测数据r取值为确定值时,隐含数据x是完整数据z的随机部分,通过对x计算条件期望,可以积分掉x,则Q(Δffk)是一个仅以Δf作为自变量的函数。通过求使Q(Δffk)最大化的Δf,确定下一次迭代的参数Δfk+1)
③重复步骤①和步骤②,直到Δfk收敛到稳定点为止。
PCAFOE算法的流程图如图3所示。
由于z=[rx]为完全数据,则pzf)可以表示为
因为隐含数据x和待估计参数Δf相互独立,则pzf)可以进一步表示为
pzf)代入函数式(2),可以将Q(Δffk)表示如下
因为与待估计参数Δf无关,所以可以忽略,因此函数Q(Δffk)可以简化为
由于发送信号x={x1x2,…,xn}为离散变量,因此式(7)可以表示为
下面在航天测控通信系统接收端Polar码辅助的载波同步系统模型中,对似然函数px|r,Δfk)进行推导。由于x={x1x2,…,xn}是独立随机变量,因此接收信号r={r1r2,…,rn}的联合概率密度函数可以表示为
由AWGN的概率密度函数可得,在n时刻接收信号rn的概率密度函数可以表示为
其中Δf表示频谱偏移量,Ts表示符号周期,即同步误差。
忽略式(10)中与xφ无关的因子,可以将式(10)简化为
将式(11)代入函数式(8),则Q(Δffk)可以表示为
定义,则有
由式(13)可知,当(α+e-有最大模值时,函数Q(Δffk)为最大值,此时的频率偏移量Δfk对应下一次迭代中的频率偏移量估计值。基于PCAFOE算法的载波同步频偏估计表达式如下
使用Matlab对PCAFOE算法的均方误差(MSE)性能进行蒙特卡洛仿真,仿真参数如表1所示。
其中,为了有效验证PCAFOE算法在非理想条件下的捕获性能,根据国际标准[22,23]及研究结论[24],航天器在典型高动态场景10 km/s径向速度下会产生2×10-4多普勒频移设定频偏估计范围,并由此设定最大频偏的60%为初始频偏。
本文在评价估计算法可靠性时,选择均方根误差(Root Mean Square Error,RMSE)作为指标。RMSE的定义为均方误差(Mean Square Error,MSE)的算术平方根,表示参数估计值与真实值wi的偏离程度。RMSE越小,说明估计模型的精确度越好。RMSE的表达式如下
克拉美劳界(Cramer-Rao Bound,CRB)为RMSE的下限,但是不易计算。另有一种修正的克拉美劳界(Modified CRB,MCRB),更容易计算,且有CRBMCRB。因此可以用。MCRB近似作为均方根误差的下限,即理想值[25]
载波频率偏移的MCRB表达式可以表示为[25]
其中,L定义为码长,Ts定义为符号周期,Eb/N0定义为比特能量噪声功率谱密度。
图4为PCAFOE算法和Fitz算法的频率估计RMSE曲线。由图4可得,与Fitz算法相比,PCAFOE算法的RMSE曲线趋于更接近MCRB曲线,说明PCAFOE的估计精度远高于传统的Fitz方法。因此,PCAFOE算法可以有效地提高载波同步系统的精度。
为了解决航天测控通信系统中存在的频率偏移问题,本文提出了一种基于Polar码辅助的载波同步频偏估计算法。本文首先提出了PCAFOE算法的模型,然后通过进行RMSE仿真分析,证明了PCAFOE算法的优越性。传统的载波同步算法相比,PCAFOE算法具有更高的估计精度,可以显著地提高载波同步系统的性能,为新一代航天测控系统提供有效的技术支撑。
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2025年第46卷第6期
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doi: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20250628001
  • 接收时间:2025-06-28
  • 首发时间:2026-03-13
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-28
  • 修回日期:2025-07-21
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    1.北京宇航系统工程研究所 北京 100076
    2.哈尔滨工业大学电子与信息工程学院通信技术研究所 哈尔滨 150001
    3.北京强度环境研究所 北京 100076
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