Article(id=1239136725084197875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, issueId=1239136718008414574, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12347/j.ycyk.20250218001, pmid=null, cstr=32406.14.ycyk.20250218001, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1739808000000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-18, revisedDate=1748448000000, revisedDateStr=2025-05-29, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773362817307, onlineDateStr=2026-03-13, pubDate=1752508800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773362817307, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773362817307, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773362817307, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1239136718008414574, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, year='2025', volume='46', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='148', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773362815620, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773393299751, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1239264577775522632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, issueId=1239136718008414574, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1239264577775522633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, issueId=1239136718008414574, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=90, endPage=95, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1239136725323273214, articleId=1239136725084197875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, language=EN, title=Design of A Broadband and Compact Four-Way Power Divider Based on Optimized Reference Impedance, columnId=1239136720231395698, journalTitle=Journal of Telemetry, Tracking and Command, columnName=Microwave and Millimeter Wave Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

By optimizing the reference impedance of the T-junction power divider and reducing the impedance mutation, the working bandwidth is significantly broadened. A one-to-four T-junction broadband power divider with a center frequency of 15 GHz is designed. Its structure is mainly composed of T-junctions and microstrip transmission lines, with a size of 25×3.8 mm2. The simulation results show that, without increasing the network size and complexity, compared with the traditional four-way power divider, the working bandwidth defined by the 20 dB return loss is broadened to 3.44 octaves (6.5 ~ 24 GHz). Within the working frequency band, the insertion loss is less than 6.7 dB (including the theoretical 6 dB loss of one-to-four division). A prototype is fabricated and tested, and the measured results are in good agreement with the simulation results. This power divider features a “narrow and long”structure, making it suitable for use in broadband one-dimensional array antennas such as those in mobile communication base stations and radars, and it has a promising application prospect.

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本文通过优化T型结功分器的参考阻抗、减少阻抗突变,实现了大幅度展宽工作带宽的效果,设计了一款中心频率为15 GHz的一分四T型结宽带功分器。该功分器结构主要由T型结和微带传输线组成,尺寸为25 mm×3.8 mm。仿真结果表明:在不增加网络尺寸和复杂度的前提下,相比传统四路功分器,该设计将基于20 dB回波损耗的工作带宽展宽至3.44个倍频程(6.5~24 GHz)。在工作频带内,插入损耗小于6.7 dB(含理论一分四6 dB损耗)。加工样机并进行测试后,实测结果与仿真结果吻合良好。该功分器具有“窄长”的结构特征,适合在移动通信基站、雷达等宽带一维阵列天线中使用,具有良好的应用前景。

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孙启梦 2000年生,硕士研究生。

祝大龙 1980年生,博士,研究员。

宋大为 1979年生,硕士,研究员。

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孙启梦 2000年生,硕士研究生。

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孙启梦 2000年生,硕士研究生。

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祝大龙 1980年生,博士,研究员。

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祝大龙 1980年生,博士,研究员。

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宋大为 1979年生,硕士,研究员。

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宋大为 1979年生,硕士,研究员。

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一种基于优化参考阻抗的宽带紧凑四路功分器设计
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孙启梦 , 祝大龙 , 宋大为
遥测遥控 | 微波毫米波技术 2025,46(4): 90-95
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遥测遥控 | 微波毫米波技术 2025, 46(4): 90-95
一种基于优化参考阻抗的宽带紧凑四路功分器设计
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孙启梦, 祝大龙, 宋大为
作者信息
  • 北京遥测技术研究所 北京 100076
  • 孙启梦 2000年生,硕士研究生。

    祝大龙 1980年生,博士,研究员。

    宋大为 1979年生,硕士,研究员。

Design of A Broadband and Compact Four-Way Power Divider Based on Optimized Reference Impedance
Qimeng SUN, Dalong ZHU, Dawei SONG
Affiliations
  • Beijing Research Institute of Telemetry, Beijing 100076, China
出版时间: 2025-07-15 doi: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20250218001
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本文通过优化T型结功分器的参考阻抗、减少阻抗突变,实现了大幅度展宽工作带宽的效果,设计了一款中心频率为15 GHz的一分四T型结宽带功分器。该功分器结构主要由T型结和微带传输线组成,尺寸为25 mm×3.8 mm。仿真结果表明:在不增加网络尺寸和复杂度的前提下,相比传统四路功分器,该设计将基于20 dB回波损耗的工作带宽展宽至3.44个倍频程(6.5~24 GHz)。在工作频带内,插入损耗小于6.7 dB(含理论一分四6 dB损耗)。加工样机并进行测试后,实测结果与仿真结果吻合良好。该功分器具有“窄长”的结构特征,适合在移动通信基站、雷达等宽带一维阵列天线中使用,具有良好的应用前景。

T型结功分器  /  馈电网络  /  优化参考阻抗  /  宽带阵列天线

By optimizing the reference impedance of the T-junction power divider and reducing the impedance mutation, the working bandwidth is significantly broadened. A one-to-four T-junction broadband power divider with a center frequency of 15 GHz is designed. Its structure is mainly composed of T-junctions and microstrip transmission lines, with a size of 25×3.8 mm2. The simulation results show that, without increasing the network size and complexity, compared with the traditional four-way power divider, the working bandwidth defined by the 20 dB return loss is broadened to 3.44 octaves (6.5 ~ 24 GHz). Within the working frequency band, the insertion loss is less than 6.7 dB (including the theoretical 6 dB loss of one-to-four division). A prototype is fabricated and tested, and the measured results are in good agreement with the simulation results. This power divider features a “narrow and long”structure, making it suitable for use in broadband one-dimensional array antennas such as those in mobile communication base stations and radars, and it has a promising application prospect.

T-junction power divider  /  Power supply network  /  Optimized reference impedance  /  Broadband array antenna
孙启梦, 祝大龙, 宋大为. 一种基于优化参考阻抗的宽带紧凑四路功分器设计. 遥测遥控, 2025 , 46 (4) : 90 -95 . DOI: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20250218001
Qimeng SUN, Dalong ZHU, Dawei SONG. Design of A Broadband and Compact Four-Way Power Divider Based on Optimized Reference Impedance[J]. Journal of Telemetry, Tracking and Command, 2025 , 46 (4) : 90 -95 . DOI: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20250218001
T型结功分器作为阵列天线的馈电网络,为阵列天线提供必要的馈电功能。它通常由功分器和传输线两部分组成,按照特定的比例将微波信号进行功率分配[1]。工程上,功分器可采用多种工艺方式实现。其中微带功分器采用平面印刷电路板工艺制成,具有易设计、易制作、易集成的优点,在通信、雷达等诸多领域中获得了十分广泛的应用[2]
随着阵列天线技术,例如紧耦合天线[3-4]和电磁耦合天线[5]等向宽频带方向的发展,人们对作为配套馈电所使用的宽带小型化功分器的需求也越来越迫切。传统微带T型结功分器往往通过增加电路复杂性而实现宽带功率分配,最常见的方法是采用多节阻抗变化级联的方式[6-10],文献[11]采用这种方式并利用三段切比雪夫匹配法实现630%的相对带宽,这种方法所设计的节数越多,工作带宽就越宽,但在网络尺寸变大的同时,也不得不引入更多的插入损耗[12-14]。为了尽可能地减少功分器尺寸,很多研究学者将多节阻抗变换器设计成文氏芦状[15,16]或其他紧凑的形状和结构[17-19],这虽然减少了多节匹配带来的长度增加,但大量的弯折与垂直结构等无疑增加了硬件加工的复杂度,当工作频率较高时,这些复杂结构设计里的大量弯折也将带来无法预测的影响。所以目前采用多节阻抗变换方式的宽带功分器大多数的工作频率在15 GHz以下。除此之外,由于功分器与工作信号的电长度直接相关,通过设计多种电长度枝节可以实现功分器的多频特性,文献[20]便利用两阶阻抗变换器加载并联短路枝节替代四分之一波长变换器的方式,实现了0.95 GHz和2.2 GHz两个工作频点,虽然文献将工作频点设计得较为紧凑,但仍无法实现宽频特性。这种方式还由于引入多个枝节,也会不可避免地增加网络复杂度,对加工工艺要求较高。
针对以往微带功分器为实现宽带功率分配而不得不增加电路复杂性的问题,本文创新性通过研究优化一分四功分器每一T型结处的参考阻抗,在不增加网络尺寸和复杂度的前提下,最终实现了在20 dB回波损耗以及6 dB插入损耗的同时,具有3.44个倍频程。本文结尾利用该结构,设计并加工测试了一个带宽17.5 GHz、中心频率15 GHz的一分四功分器,具有宽频带、低损耗、网络结构简单的优点。
为改善传统T型结功分器的窄带特性,以满足紧耦合阵列天线等基站天线的宽频带需求。本文设计了一款具有宽带特性的四路功分器,模型如图1(a)所示。它由两个T型结,两个λ/4阻抗变换器以及各段传输线组成,该四路功分器的中心频率为f图1(b)为传统四路功分器的结构图,对比之下,本文设计的功分器其参考阻抗设计从传统的50 Ω 改为35.35 Ω,传输线w1w2w3w4的阻抗变为59.45 Ω,长度为所对应波长的一半,λ/4阻抗变换器的阻抗从传统的50 Ω 变为42 Ω。本文设计的四路功分器与传统四路功分器在HFSS仿真软件中的理想电路仿真结果如图1(c)所示,对比发现,在并未增加尺寸和结构复杂度的情况下,本文四路功分器通过设定优化参考阻抗的方法,将20 dB回波损耗定义下的工作带宽展宽至1.13 f,对比传统四路功分器的0.13 f工作带宽,展宽幅度约为原来的8.6倍。实现了功分器的宽带特性。
一段由于具有特定阻抗Zw的传输线可以通过公式(1),可以将负载阻抗ZL变换到和输入端口Z0一样的输入阻抗Zin以满足阻抗匹配的要求,所以λ/4阻抗变换器在传统功分器中尤为重要。
传统功分器利用λ/4阻抗变换器可以在λn/4(n=1,2,3…)所对应的频点处实现完全阻抗匹配,但在其他地方仍处于失配状态,这也是造成传统功分器具有窄带特性的原因。对于一段传输线,规定在满足反射系数Γ以下的频带宽度为Δw,则相对带宽FBW满足公式(2):
其中,fc为中心频率。由公式(2)可以看出,当阻抗变换数值差越小时,所对应在反射系数Γ以下的频带宽度越宽,在图2 的HFSS仿真软件上给出的结果也可以看出,对50 Ω负载而言,经微带阻抗变换器变换至60 Ω比变换至70.7 Ω和100 Ω所展现的带宽更宽,理论上可以将每一次的阻抗变换缩小到无穷小,以此实现无穷大的带宽,但这样所产生用于匹配的巨大枝节长度现实中是无法承受的,而之前学者采用有限个多节匹配的方法展宽带宽也不得不增加了功分器的尺寸。通过公式(2)可知,存在一Zwm,由Zx1变换至Zwm的阻抗变换器和由Zx2变换至当Zwm的阻抗变换器满足所获得的工作带宽Δw1和Δw2相同。
利用该结论,将50 Ω和100 Ω代入公式(3)的Zx1Zx2中可以获得优化参考阻抗Zx为70.7 Ω,这样既缩小了每次的阻抗变换数值,又令两个频带宽度Δw互不影响限制。而在功分器中,存在许多不同宽度的传输线,利用优化参考阻抗更改这些传输线的阻抗大小,可以缩小各段传输线连接处的阻抗突变,这为功分器展宽带宽提供了可能。
本文首先利用一工作中心频率为1 GHz的一分二功分器作为理论验证。设计的理想电路结构如图3(a)所示,其中传输线w1w2的阻抗分别为70.7 Ω和50 Ω,介质板采用R5880,传输线w1w2的宽度分别为0.6 mm和1 mm。长度分别为4 mm和2.8 mm。仿真软件结果如图3(b)所示,回波损耗在20 dB以上的工作带宽为0.74 GHz,对比前文提到的传统一分二功分器仿真结果而言,工作带宽展宽2.3倍,而插入损耗为理论值3 dB,相位平衡和器件尺寸与传统一分二功分器相同,证明使用该优化参考阻抗的设计方法可以很好地展宽功分器的工作带宽。
对于传统一分四功分器,在两个一分二功分器间存在的一个λ/4阻抗变换器可看作是以往多阶阻抗匹配的一部分,这为本文提出的优化参考阻抗法提供了设计空间。如图4(a)所示是在HFSS仿真软件中设计的T型结一分四宽带功分器结构。利用优化参考阻抗和公式(1)计算得知,传输线w1w2的阻抗为59.45 Ω,传输线w2w4的阻抗为42 Ω。介质板采用R5880,w1w2w3w4传输线宽度分别为0.39 mm,0.19 mm,0.284 mm,0.136 mm,长度分别为3.41 mm,3.5 mm,2.85 mm,2.94 mm和1.2 mm。该一分四功分馈电网络的仿真结果见图4(b),结果表明该功分器在20 dB回波损耗以上的理想工作带宽为1.13 GHz,对比传统理想功分器的带宽,展宽幅度约为8.6倍。实现了功分器的宽带特性。
基于优化参考阻抗设计方法,本文设计了一款中心频率为15 GHz四路功分器,并使用HFSS仿真软件进行仿真测试,仿真模型如图5(a)所示。板材采用R5880介质板,板厚0.127 mm,介电常数为2.2,损耗正切为0.002,整体尺寸为25 mm×3.8 mm×0.127 mm,呈现出“窄长”的形状。微带线金属厚17 μm,微带线w1w2的宽度为0.27 mm,长度为3.7 mm。微带线w3w4的宽度为0.47 mm,长度为3.55 mm,模型中port1为信号输入端口,port2 ~ port5为信号的输出端口。为减少拐角分布参数的影响,传输线的拐角处都做了切角设计。
图5(b)给出了该功分器的仿真曲线,结果表明该功分器中心频率为15 GHz,在6.5~4 GHz频段内,回波损耗优于20 dB(电压驻波比1.2:1),传输损耗优于6.7 dB。
基于上述仿真设计,加工了宽带功分器样机并进行了测试,样机实物如图6(a)所示。鉴于功分器的工作频率高、尺寸小,且为微带线结构,对测试仪器精度要求也较高,直接测量十分困难。测量时设计并使用了测量支具,同时采用了“直通-反射-延时”(TRL)校准和去嵌入技术进行测试,延时线的电长度约为中心频率的四分之一波长,测试结果如图6(b)图6(c)所示,其中标记线为仿真结果,实线为测试结果,测试结果整体与仿真结果吻合良好。经分析图中的端口幅度和相位波动,主要是由测试装置引起的。该功分器实现了设计的宽带特性,且相位基本平衡,验证了设计方法的有效性。
本文研究了一种基于优化参考阻抗的T型结宽带功分器设计,在不增加尺寸和模型复杂度的情况下,将馈电网络的工作带宽进行展宽至3.44倍频程,并在带宽内获得了优于20 dB的回波损耗性能。该功分器具有良好的输出端口相位、幅度平衡特性,能够满足等幅同相的一维阵列天线馈电使用。
对多阶宽带功分器而言,若要实现相同三倍频程带宽,通常需要两个三阶阻抗变换器,这将比本文设计的功分器每一支路多出2个阻抗变换器。因此,本文设计的T型结宽带功分器总长度约为之前的二分之一波长。
本文设计的T型结功分器具有宽带和小型化的特点,可用作基站天线、雷达天线等宽频带阵列天线馈电使用,在无线通信和雷达领域具有广阔的应用前景。
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doi: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20250218001
  • 接收时间:2025-02-18
  • 首发时间:2026-03-13
  • 出版时间:2025-07-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-18
  • 修回日期:2025-05-29
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    北京遥测技术研究所 北京 100076
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/ycyk/CN/10.12347/j.ycyk.20250218001
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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