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With the continuous increase of global greenhouse gas concentrations and the escalating issue of climate warming, lidar based on the differential absorption coherent detection principle has become crucial for vertical profiles of greenhouse gas concentrations. To address the technical challenges in current ground-based CO₂ detection lidar systems of simultaneously achieving high integration, high precision, high range resolution, and long-term stability, this study developed a micro-pulse CO2 profiling lidar operating at 1.57 μm with an all-fiber-integrated architecture. The system combines an injection-locked fiber laser and an off-axis reflective telescope in a coaxial transceiver design, realizing a compact system architecture(0.93 m × 0.34 m × 0.34 m) and sub-picometer wavelength stability (<0.6 pm under 10°C~40°C thermal variations). Horizontal detection experiments as well as continuous observation experiments were conducted. Experiments for horizontal detection revealed a significant linear relationship (R2=0.998) between the logarithmic ratio of dual-wavelength echo power and the detection range, confirming system precision; and the stability of the lidar system was verified by a continuous observation experiment.

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当前,全球温室气体含量逐年升高,气候变暖问题日益严重。基于差分吸收相干探测原理的激光雷达能实现对温室气体浓度的廓线监测,这对大气环境研究具有重要意义。针对当前地基CO2探测激光雷达在同时实现高集成度、高精度、高距离分辨率与长期稳定性方面存在的技术问题,本研究基于差分吸收相干探测原理,研制了采用全光纤集成架构的1.57 μm波段微脉冲CO2廓线探测激光雷达,采用注入锁频光纤激光器与离轴反射式望远镜的收发同置光路设计,实现了紧凑型系统架构(0.93 m×0.34 m×0.34 m)与亚皮米级波长稳定精度(10 °C~40 °C变温条件下优于0.6 pm)。本研究对该系统开展水平探测实验和连续观测实验。在水平探测实验中,两波长回波功率的比值对数与探测距离呈显著的线性关系(R2=0.998),证明了系统具备良好的精密性;同时通过连续观测实验,验证了系统的稳定性。

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刘雅琦 1993年生,博士,工程师。

李飞 1991年生,硕士,工程师。

曹恩达 1994年生,硕士,工程师。

李祚涵 1990年生,博士,高级工程师。

魏祥通 1992年生,硕士,工程师。

潘伟 1994年生,硕士,工程师。

李静 1985年生,博士,研究员。

赵一鸣 1983年生,博士,研究员。

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曹恩达 1994年生,硕士,工程师。

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李祚涵 1990年生,博士,高级工程师。

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李静 1985年生,博士,研究员。

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赵一鸣 1983年生,博士,研究员。

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赵一鸣 1983年生,博士,研究员。

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Acta Physica Sinica, 2015, 64(24):244206., articleTitle=A ground based differential absorption lidar for atmospheric vertical CO2 profiling, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1239263364203991372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239136724241150422, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=国家青年拔尖人才项目支持经费项目“星载二氧化碳和甲烷探测激光雷达”, fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1239263358965305396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239136724241150422, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239263358969499701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239136724241150422, companyId=1239263358965305396, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Beijing Research Institute of Telemetry, Beijing 100076, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239263358977888309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, 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Main parameters of the Lidar

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参数指标参数指标
激光波长1 572.018 nm/1 572.480 nm望远镜口径150 mm
激光能量60 μJ望远镜视场角1 mrad
激光重复频率10 kHz系统光学常数0.65
激光切换频率5 Hz探测器响应度0.95 A/W
本振光功率2.5 mW探测器带宽200 MHz
激光脉宽200 ns输入阻抗50 Ω
移频量80 MHz盲区300 m
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雷达总体指标

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参数指标参数指标
激光波长1 572.018 nm/1 572.480 nm望远镜口径150 mm
激光能量60 μJ望远镜视场角1 mrad
激光重复频率10 kHz系统光学常数0.65
激光切换频率5 Hz探测器响应度0.95 A/W
本振光功率2.5 mW探测器带宽200 MHz
激光脉宽200 ns输入阻抗50 Ω
移频量80 MHz盲区300 m
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微脉冲相干差分吸收CO2廓线探测激光雷达性能研究
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刘雅琦 1 , 李飞 1 , 曹恩达 1 , 李祚涵 1 , 魏祥通 1 , 潘伟 1 , 李静 1 , 赵一鸣 2
遥测遥控 | 雷达与对抗 2025,46(4): 132-139
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遥测遥控 | 雷达与对抗 2025, 46(4): 132-139
微脉冲相干差分吸收CO2廓线探测激光雷达性能研究
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刘雅琦1, 李飞1, 曹恩达1, 李祚涵1, 魏祥通1, 潘伟1, 李静1, 赵一鸣2
作者信息
  • 1北京遥测技术研究所 北京 100076
  • 2北京理工大学 北京 100081
  • 刘雅琦 1993年生,博士,工程师。

    李飞 1991年生,硕士,工程师。

    曹恩达 1994年生,硕士,工程师。

    李祚涵 1990年生,博士,高级工程师。

    魏祥通 1992年生,硕士,工程师。

    潘伟 1994年生,硕士,工程师。

    李静 1985年生,博士,研究员。

    赵一鸣 1983年生,博士,研究员。

Research on Micro-Pulse CO2 Detection LIDAR Based on Differential Absorption Coherent Detection
Yaqi LIU1, Fei LI1, Enda CAO1, Zuohan LI1, Xiangtong WEI1, Wei PAN1, Jing LI1, Yiming ZHAO2
Affiliations
  • 1.Beijing Research Institute of Telemetry, Beijing 100076, China
  • 2.Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
出版时间: 2025-07-15 doi: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20241220001
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当前,全球温室气体含量逐年升高,气候变暖问题日益严重。基于差分吸收相干探测原理的激光雷达能实现对温室气体浓度的廓线监测,这对大气环境研究具有重要意义。针对当前地基CO2探测激光雷达在同时实现高集成度、高精度、高距离分辨率与长期稳定性方面存在的技术问题,本研究基于差分吸收相干探测原理,研制了采用全光纤集成架构的1.57 μm波段微脉冲CO2廓线探测激光雷达,采用注入锁频光纤激光器与离轴反射式望远镜的收发同置光路设计,实现了紧凑型系统架构(0.93 m×0.34 m×0.34 m)与亚皮米级波长稳定精度(10 °C~40 °C变温条件下优于0.6 pm)。本研究对该系统开展水平探测实验和连续观测实验。在水平探测实验中,两波长回波功率的比值对数与探测距离呈显著的线性关系(R2=0.998),证明了系统具备良好的精密性;同时通过连续观测实验,验证了系统的稳定性。

差分吸收  /  相干探测  /  CO2  /  激光雷达

With the continuous increase of global greenhouse gas concentrations and the escalating issue of climate warming, lidar based on the differential absorption coherent detection principle has become crucial for vertical profiles of greenhouse gas concentrations. To address the technical challenges in current ground-based CO₂ detection lidar systems of simultaneously achieving high integration, high precision, high range resolution, and long-term stability, this study developed a micro-pulse CO2 profiling lidar operating at 1.57 μm with an all-fiber-integrated architecture. The system combines an injection-locked fiber laser and an off-axis reflective telescope in a coaxial transceiver design, realizing a compact system architecture(0.93 m × 0.34 m × 0.34 m) and sub-picometer wavelength stability (<0.6 pm under 10°C~40°C thermal variations). Horizontal detection experiments as well as continuous observation experiments were conducted. Experiments for horizontal detection revealed a significant linear relationship (R2=0.998) between the logarithmic ratio of dual-wavelength echo power and the detection range, confirming system precision; and the stability of the lidar system was verified by a continuous observation experiment.

Differential absorption  /  Coherent detection  /  CO2  /  LIDAR
刘雅琦, 李飞, 曹恩达, 李祚涵, 魏祥通, 潘伟, 李静, 赵一鸣. 微脉冲相干差分吸收CO2廓线探测激光雷达性能研究. 遥测遥控, 2025 , 46 (4) : 132 -139 . DOI: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20241220001
Yaqi LIU, Fei LI, Enda CAO, Zuohan LI, Xiangtong WEI, Wei PAN, Jing LI, Yiming ZHAO. Research on Micro-Pulse CO2 Detection LIDAR Based on Differential Absorption Coherent Detection[J]. Journal of Telemetry, Tracking and Command, 2025 , 46 (4) : 132 -139 . DOI: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20241220001
由温室气体带来的气候变化和全球变暖已成为学界关注的全球性环境科学问题,同时也是与人民生活息息相关的问题[1]。对火山爆发等自然活动的碳排放监测对气候预测具有重要作用,而对人类工业及生活产生的碳排放的监测可为碳减排政策的制定和实施提供有力的帮助。
为减少碳监测过程中时空分布的不确定性,CO2柱浓度观测和廓线观测是十分必要的[2,3]。差分吸收激光雷达(Differential Absorption Lidar, DIAL)是目前应用于CO2气体遥感监测最成熟的激光雷达技术[4,5]。差分吸收激光雷达依赖待测气体的吸收光谱,要求选择特定的激光波长,且对波长的稳定性要求高,发射系统较复杂,但是灵敏度相对较高。CO2差分吸收激光雷达可以分为硬目标DIAL即路径积分差分吸收激光雷达(Integration Path Differential Absorption Lidar, IPDA)和气溶胶差分吸收激光雷达[6],二者可实现不同的CO2浓度探测目的,分别为柱浓度探测和具有距离分辨率的廓线浓度探测。其中前者在星载激光雷达系统应用广泛[7,8],可获取全球覆盖的CO2柱浓度观测,而后者可取得单个观测点上带有距离分辨率的CO2浓度测量值,即CO2浓度廓线。与传统的原位点测量技术比较,差分吸收激光雷达技术具有高精度、低干扰和可实现三维探测、廓线探测等特点。因此,差分吸收激光雷达技术已经成为CO2等温室气体检测技术发展的主流方向。
2004年,美国NASA兰利研究中心的科学家研制了地基相干差分吸收雷达[9],用于大气CO2垂直浓度廓线与风廓线的探测,其工作波长为2.05 μm。探测器为InGaAs材料的双平衡光电探测器,1σ标准方差的精度为1% ~ 2%,探测高度范围在1.2 km~ 2.8 km,其白天的探测精度受大气折射率湍流影响,测量误差是夜晚的1.5倍。同时文中还提到增加脉冲重频或减小两个波长脉冲的时间间隔,有利于提高其湍流情况下的精度。2009年,日本科学家Sakaizawa采用1.6 μm CO2差分吸收激光雷达测量垂直CO2浓度廓线[10],发射光源为种子注入的光参量振荡器激光器,以光子计数模式的短波红外光电倍增管作为探测端,实际工作波长选择在水汽干扰小和温度敏感性小的1.572 μm吸收线,最大输出能力达10 mJ,脉冲重复频率为200 Hz,雷达精度在2%左右,探测高度最高至5.2 km。2017年,日本科学家Shibata等人以1.6 μm (光学参量产生器/光学参量放大器)激光器作为光源,采用直接探测方式测量了CO2浓度廓线[11],其距离分辨率可调,高度小于6.3 km时垂直分辨率为500 m,高度小于3.8 km时垂直分辨率为100 m,雷达与被动传感器测量的平均差为-0.06 E-6,精度达到1.0%。2013年,上海光机所的刘继桥等人设计并研制了探测全球大气CO2的星载路径积分差分吸收激光雷达[12]。2017年,上海光机所启动大气探测激光雷达(Aerosol and Carbon dioxide Detection Lidar, ACDL)的研制,并在2022年随大气环境监测卫星成功发射[13],实现了国际首次星载激光雷达测量全球CO2浓度,目前已在轨连续稳定工作两年,实现了高精度CO2和气溶胶遥感数据反演,同全球碳柱总量观测网站点对比,ACDL激光雷达验证CO2柱浓度观测精度优于1E-6。
微脉冲激光雷达激光能量小、频率高,具有体积小、可靠性高、分辨率高的特点[14],目前国内关于微脉冲相干差分吸收的CO2雷达的相关研究较少。为了实现高集成度、高距离分辨率、长期稳定运行的CO2雷达系统,本课题组利用1.57 μm波段的低能量、高重频注入锁频光纤激光器作为发射光源,采用两台单纵模种子激光器作为主激光器,输出波长on/off交替变化的单频激光脉冲,同时采用离轴反射式望远镜实现收发光路,平衡探测器作为接收端,构建了一台紧凑型地基CO2廓线探测激光雷达系统。该系统通过交替发射双波长激光脉冲,并接收气溶胶后向散射的回波信号,实现距离分辨的CO2浓度探测。
差分吸收激光雷达的探测原理是:通过向大气交替发射两束不同波长的激光,通过望远镜接收并探测大气后向散射两波长激光回波信号的强度差异,以获取探测气体浓度值[15,16]。其中一束激光的波长位于CO2的吸收峰处,记为on-line激光(峰尖波长λon),另一束激光的波长处在吸收峰两端的外侧,记为off-line激光(峰外波长λoff)。其两束不同波长激光对应的距离分辨激光雷达方程为:
其中,Pi(R)(i=on, off)为回波功率;τL为发射激光的脉宽;P0(λi)为发射激光束的功率;β(R)为大气气溶胶和分子的后向散射系数;A为接收望远镜的有效面积;R为探测距离;Ng(r)σg(λon)+α(λon,r)为激光束在来回行程中的消光系数,包括大气光散射衰减和光吸收衰减,Ng(r)为大气CO2浓度,σg(λi) 为CO2的吸收截面,α(λon,r)为除CO2吸收之外的消光系数。如果λonλoff相近,则近似认为:
由式(1)~式(3)可计算得到距离分辨CO2探测激光雷达探测CO2气体浓度表达式如下:
其中,R1R2分别为探测距离门的起点和终点与雷达发射端的距离,右侧对数项为差分吸收光学厚度(Differential absorption optical depth, DAOD),即on\off波长回波信号之比的差分,用来表示CO2吸收所导致的两波长激光回波信号的差异,表征CO2分子对两波长不同的吸收效果[17]。因此,CO2探测激光雷达可以通过测量不同距离处的on/off激光回波信号强度实现CO2浓度探测。
相干探测的探测过程是将本振光和信号光进行拍频得到信号光相对于本振光的差频信号(即多普勒频移信号[18,19])。激光在大气中传输的回波信号与系统本振光信号通过光探测器产生差频信号,当本振光信号的频率与发射激光的频率具有一定差值时,差频信号大小即与回波信号的强度正相关,通过测量差频信号强度即可计算出回波信号的强度。本系统相干探测采用平衡探测器进行探测,假设本振光投射到探测器表面上的信号为EL(t),回波光信号为Es(t),二者光场分别表示为:
其中,EsEL分别为回波信号光和本振光的振幅,ωsωL分别为信号光和本振光的角频率,φsφL分别为信号光和本振光的初始相位,t为时间。
两信号经过2×2分束器后,经平衡探测器接收并输出光电流,由于分束器分束比为0.5,其输出光电流可表示为[18,19]
上式中,α为探测器的响应度,n(t)为噪声电流。从上式可以看出,相干探测中激光器本振光EL对探测器输出光电流具有放大作用,可实现微弱回波信号的探测,可有效提高CO2廓线探测雷达探测信噪比。
雷达样机的总体架构如图1所示,可分为四个部分:光纤激光器、望远镜收发子系统、相干探测子系统和信号采集处理与控制子系统。激光器分时发射on/off波长的光,经环形器后由离轴反射望远镜射向待测路径,经路径空气中的CO2分子吸收,同时被气溶胶散射,再由望远镜接收气溶胶的后向散射信号,经过环形器后与种子激光器分出的单频连续参考光进行拍频,由平衡探测器接收经AD采样后得到回波信号强度,通过数据处理反演得到CO2浓度-距离曲线,即CO2廓线。
为解决传统系统体积庞大、光路稳定性差的问题,本系统采用全光纤集成的系统架构,结构紧凑,雷达主体结构长为0.34 m、宽为0.34 m、高为0.93 m。其中,两台单纵模种子激光器作为主激光器,通过磁光开关分时注入到同一台EDFA(掺铒光纤放大器)激光器中,利用激光放大技术实现单频激光输出,同时向相干探测子系统输出约2.5 mW连续种子光,作为与回波信号拍频所需要的参考光。离轴反射式望远镜采用收发同置设计,对激光脉冲进行扩束并发射,同时接收回波。由于系统发射激光是通过种子光经声光调制器(Acousto-Optic Modulator, AOM)移频后产生的,因此系统发射激光与大气回波均与本振参考光具有一个固定频移量。回波与参考光经过平衡探测器拍频后,差频信号的频谱将在该频移量处有一个峰值,根据式(6)可知该峰值强度与回波强度有关,因此可根据on/off两路信号回波差频信号频谱在频移量处的峰值反演CO2浓度。
选择On-line和off-line的激光波长时首先需要避开水汽吸收峰。off-line波长应选择在CO2吸收尽可能弱的地方,on-line激光波长需要选择在CO2吸收较强的地方,这样可以获得足够的on\off信号强度差异。然而如果选择的on-line波长CO2吸收过强,on-line激光在远距离处的回波信号将会很弱,导致on-line波长的信噪比过低,同样会影响探测精度。同时on-line和off-line激光波长需要尽可能靠近,以减小系统因波长差异带来的误差,例如光学效率以及公式(3)中除CO2吸收外的消光系数等二者的误差。
CO2探测激光雷达的探测光源主要有1.57 μm和2 μm两个波段。1.57 μm波段与2 μm波段相比,对于CO2探测激光雷达系统的探测功能是完全相同的,但是由于1.57 μm波段激光器采用光纤激光器体制,激光器输出功率低,可以采用风冷散热,相比2 μm激光器来说对高低温环境适应性更好,可以实现更稳定的激光能量输出,更适合地面使用以提升系统长期运行的稳定性和可靠性,因此选用1.57 μm波段的差分吸收来用于CO2的浓度测量研究。
CO2的吸收谱线细而窄,对于处在吸收峰处的on-line波长,其波长漂移导致的回波能量波动将对反演结果造成非常大的影响,因此波长定标和稳定的误差须控制在75 MHz之内[20]。因此,探测光源波长的频率稳定性对于系统探测能力来说是非常重要的。在本系统中,波长控制是通过锁频模块采集种子激光器中分出的弱光信号,如图2所示,利用法布里-珀罗腔产生的窄带透射谱作为标准具,利用透过的光功率值作为判断依据,传输给激光器控制系统,控制系统根据光功率变化调整种子激光器的驱动参数,使激光器的波长稳定在一固定值上,达到频率锁定的目的。实测2 h内激光器能量稳定性(RMS)为2.4%,同时进行了变温波长漂移测试,如图3所示,在10 ℃~40 ℃变温条件下,波长变化小于0.6 pm,对应频率误差约为72.8 MHz,满足文献[20]中对波长稳定的要求。根据文献[17],波长漂移引入的CO2浓度反演相对误差可表示为:
其中,Δσ(λ)表示由于on-line波长漂移导致两波长吸收截面差的变化。计算得到本系统激光器0.6 pm波长漂移对CO2浓度测量带来的相对误差约0.015%。
图4是雷达系统反演数据处理流程图。将参考光与具有CO2浓度信息的回波信号光耦合进2×2光纤耦合器进行拍频,平衡探测器对拍频信号进行外差探测,转化为电信号经数据采集后送入数据处理系统,经过距离门划分,将回波信号分段进行FFT(快速傅里叶变换),得到回波拍频信号频谱图。由于发射光与参考光具有一定频移,根据式(6),回波信号频谱将在二者频率差的位置出现信号峰,该信号峰的强度与回波信号强度相关,即可通过该信号峰强度反演CO2浓度。分别对on/off脉冲进行频谱图积累,提高信噪比;并对一定光谱范围的信号进行积分,得到on/off脉冲在不同距离门的信号强度,并利用公式(1) ~ 公式(4)反演得到CO2浓度廓线。
对于相干差分吸收雷达系统,本振光的散粒噪声占主导,因此系统信噪比可表示为[17,19]
其中PsPLPD分别为回波信号光、本振光和背景噪声的功率,α为探测器的响应度,e为电子电量,B为探测器带宽,kB是玻尔兹曼常数,T为温度,R为输出阻抗,M为脉冲累计数。根据表1中系统参数及式(1) ~ 式(2),对雷达探测信噪比进行仿真分析。经过1分钟时间累计,本系统探测信噪比与距离的关系如图5所示,系统在3 km处信噪比约为10 dB,雷达理论探测高度约为3 km。
由于低空处气溶胶浓度较大,雷达回波强,系统信噪比高,利于评估系统探测能力。因此为检验系统性能,采用水平廓线探测评估系统的能力。CO2浓度通常在水平方向数千米内保持恒定,因此根据式(4),如果可以测量到DAOD随探测距离变化基本保持不变,即两个波长回波功率的比值对数与探测距离有显著线性关系,则可说明系统具备良好的精密性[17,21]
图6展示了2024年6月14日白天采集信号所得到两波长回波功率的比值对数与探测距离的关系曲线,其累计时间为1 h,可从0.3 km探测到约3 km范围,距离分辨率为38.4 m,经线性拟合R2达到0.998,表明该系统具备良好的精密性。同时可以通过两波长回波强度反演得到CO2浓度廓线,如图7所示是2024年6月16日的CO2浓度廓线,CO2浓度在约0.3 km~2.8 km探测距离范围内较为均匀,符合CO2的水平分布规律,其平均浓度约为399E-6。
水平测试实验结果证明了该雷达系统具备良好的精密性和精度,下面通过连续观测实验验证雷达系统的稳定性。图8为2024年6月16日连续测试2 h,共获取964条CO2廓线的情况。可以看出在测试的2 h内,CO2廓线线型基本保持不变,在0.3 km~2.8 km的测量距离内,浓度保持在3.8E-4~4.1E-4之间,符合CO2的水平分布规律,证明了雷达系统的稳定性。
本文设计了一台基于相干差分吸收原理的CO2廓线探测激光雷达。该雷达采用全光纤集成的1.57 μm注入锁频激光器,在10 ℃~40 ℃变温条件下波长漂移小于0.6 pm,提高了雷达系统的稳定性、可靠性,通过离轴反射望远镜与光纤激光器的协同设计,实现紧凑结构的激光雷达主机(0.34 m×0.34 m×0.93 m)。系统可获取具有距离分辨率的CO2廓线,水平探测距离达到3 km(盲区300 m),并通过水平探测实验证明两波长回波功率的比值对数与探测距离呈显著的线性关系(R2=0.998),验证了雷达系统的精密性,同时通过连续观测实验证明系统反演CO2廓线在2 h内线型基本保持不变且符合CO2的水平分布规律,验证了雷达系统稳定性。
  • 国家青年拔尖人才项目支持经费项目“星载二氧化碳和甲烷探测激光雷达”
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2025年第46卷第4期
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doi: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20241220001
  • 接收时间:2024-12-20
  • 首发时间:2026-03-13
  • 出版时间:2025-07-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-20
  • 修回日期:2025-03-02
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国家青年拔尖人才项目支持经费项目“星载二氧化碳和甲烷探测激光雷达”
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    1北京遥测技术研究所 北京 100076
    2北京理工大学 北京 100081
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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