Article(id=1239136722118832549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, issueId=1239136718008414574, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12347/j.ycyk.20250304001, pmid=null, cstr=32406.14.ycyk.20250304001, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1741017600000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-04, revisedDate=1749484800000, revisedDateStr=2025-06-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773362816600, onlineDateStr=2026-03-13, pubDate=1752508800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773362816600, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773362816600, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773362816600, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1239136718008414574, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, year='2025', volume='46', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='148', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773362815620, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773393299751, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1239264577775522632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, issueId=1239136718008414574, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1239264577775522633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, issueId=1239136718008414574, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=84, endPage=89, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1239136722383073712, articleId=1239136722118832549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, language=EN, title=Development of A Ka-Band Ultra-Wideband Low-Noise-Temperature Amplifier, columnId=1239136720231395698, journalTitle=Journal of Telemetry, Tracking and Command, columnName=Microwave and Millimeter Wave Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the development of measurement and control technology, the Ka-band has become an important direction for the development of next-generation satellite communications and millimeter-wave radar. Low-noise amplifiers are core components at the front end of receivers, and their noise temperature directly affects key system indicators such as the receiving sensitivity and action distance of the system. This paper introduces an ultra-low-noise temperature amplifier working in the Ka-band, achieving ultra-wideband, ultra-low noise temperature, miniaturization and generalization. The measured results show that within the frequency range of 26.5~40 GHz, the gain is more than 35 dB, the noise temperature is less than 215 K, and the VSWR is less than 2.38 with the size of 32 mm×19 mm×8 mm.

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随着测控技术的发展,Ka频段已成为新一代卫星通信和毫米波雷达领域的重要频段。低噪声放大器作为接收机前端的核心部件,其噪声性能直接影响到系统的接收灵敏度和作用距离等关键系统指标。本文介绍了一种工作在Ka频段的超宽带低噪温放大器,实现了超宽带、超低噪温、小型化和通用化。实测结果显示,在26.5~40 GHz频率范围内,增益≥35 dB,噪声系数≤215 K,驻波比≤2.38,尺寸32 mm×19 mm×8 mm。

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毕娜娜 1980年生,学士,高级工程师。

邢成浩 1996年生,博士研究生。

刘德喜 1973年生,硕士,研究员。

祝大龙 1980年生,博士,研究员。

马同礼 1989年生,博士,高级工程师。

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Comparison with similar products

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文献技术方案工艺/结构性能指标
[11]GaAs pHEMT级联结构0.15 μm GaAs工艺,四级级联增益>25 dB,NF<1 dB(1~9 GHz)
[12]CMOS跨导增强技术0.18 μm CMOS,变压器反馈, 双频负载增益15~19 dB,NF 4.0~4.3 dB(21~36 GHz), 双频增益19.2 dB,阻带抑制37.1 dB
[13,14]低噪温Cryo-LNA超导量子电路兼容设计NF<0.5 dB
[15]Ka LNAGaAs pHEMT,8管功率合成饱和输出31.8 dBm,PAE 23.5%
[16]宽带放大器0.15 μm GaAs赝配工艺,反馈式结构增益>18 dB,NF<2.5 dB(9~26 GHz)
[17]Ka波段毫米波功率放大器65 nm Si CMOS工艺饱和输出16.3 dBm(30~32 GHz)
[18]Ka全频段功率合成放大器波导-微带探针阵列的四路波导空间功率分配/合成结构饱和输出30.5 dBm(26.5~32 GHz)
[19]Ka波段100 W连续波固态功放GaN工艺Ka波段 17% 相对带宽内实现大于 115 W 的连续波功率输出
[20]波导微带过渡设计及容差分析E面探针过渡结构插入损耗小于0.18 dB
本文超宽带低噪温Ka LNAInP pHMET噪声温度:≤150 K(26.5~33 GHz),≤215 K(33~40 GHz);
增益:36.8~40.3 dB(全频段)
), ArticleFig(id=1239263361595134162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239136722118832549, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

同类型产品比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
文献技术方案工艺/结构性能指标
[11]GaAs pHEMT级联结构0.15 μm GaAs工艺,四级级联增益>25 dB,NF<1 dB(1~9 GHz)
[12]CMOS跨导增强技术0.18 μm CMOS,变压器反馈, 双频负载增益15~19 dB,NF 4.0~4.3 dB(21~36 GHz), 双频增益19.2 dB,阻带抑制37.1 dB
[13,14]低噪温Cryo-LNA超导量子电路兼容设计NF<0.5 dB
[15]Ka LNAGaAs pHEMT,8管功率合成饱和输出31.8 dBm,PAE 23.5%
[16]宽带放大器0.15 μm GaAs赝配工艺,反馈式结构增益>18 dB,NF<2.5 dB(9~26 GHz)
[17]Ka波段毫米波功率放大器65 nm Si CMOS工艺饱和输出16.3 dBm(30~32 GHz)
[18]Ka全频段功率合成放大器波导-微带探针阵列的四路波导空间功率分配/合成结构饱和输出30.5 dBm(26.5~32 GHz)
[19]Ka波段100 W连续波固态功放GaN工艺Ka波段 17% 相对带宽内实现大于 115 W 的连续波功率输出
[20]波导微带过渡设计及容差分析E面探针过渡结构插入损耗小于0.18 dB
本文超宽带低噪温Ka LNAInP pHMET噪声温度:≤150 K(26.5~33 GHz),≤215 K(33~40 GHz);
增益:36.8~40.3 dB(全频段)
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一种Ka频段超宽带低噪温放大器的研制
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毕娜娜 , 邢成浩 , 刘德喜 , 祝大龙 , 马同礼
遥测遥控 | 微波毫米波技术 2025,46(4): 84-89
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遥测遥控 | 微波毫米波技术 2025, 46(4): 84-89
一种Ka频段超宽带低噪温放大器的研制
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毕娜娜, 邢成浩, 刘德喜, 祝大龙, 马同礼
作者信息
  • 北京遥测技术研究所 北京 100076
  • 毕娜娜 1980年生,学士,高级工程师。

    邢成浩 1996年生,博士研究生。

    刘德喜 1973年生,硕士,研究员。

    祝大龙 1980年生,博士,研究员。

    马同礼 1989年生,博士,高级工程师。

Development of A Ka-Band Ultra-Wideband Low-Noise-Temperature Amplifier
Nana BI, Chenghao XING, Dexi LIU, Dalong ZHU, Tongli MA
Affiliations
  • Beijing Research Institute of Telemetry, Beijing 100076, China
出版时间: 2025-07-15 doi: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20250304001
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随着测控技术的发展,Ka频段已成为新一代卫星通信和毫米波雷达领域的重要频段。低噪声放大器作为接收机前端的核心部件,其噪声性能直接影响到系统的接收灵敏度和作用距离等关键系统指标。本文介绍了一种工作在Ka频段的超宽带低噪温放大器,实现了超宽带、超低噪温、小型化和通用化。实测结果显示,在26.5~40 GHz频率范围内,增益≥35 dB,噪声系数≤215 K,驻波比≤2.38,尺寸32 mm×19 mm×8 mm。

Ka频段  /  超宽带低噪温放大器  /  接收灵敏度

With the development of measurement and control technology, the Ka-band has become an important direction for the development of next-generation satellite communications and millimeter-wave radar. Low-noise amplifiers are core components at the front end of receivers, and their noise temperature directly affects key system indicators such as the receiving sensitivity and action distance of the system. This paper introduces an ultra-low-noise temperature amplifier working in the Ka-band, achieving ultra-wideband, ultra-low noise temperature, miniaturization and generalization. The measured results show that within the frequency range of 26.5~40 GHz, the gain is more than 35 dB, the noise temperature is less than 215 K, and the VSWR is less than 2.38 with the size of 32 mm×19 mm×8 mm.

Ka-band  /  Ultra-low-noise temperature amplifier  /  Receiving sensitivity
毕娜娜, 邢成浩, 刘德喜, 祝大龙, 马同礼. 一种Ka频段超宽带低噪温放大器的研制. 遥测遥控, 2025 , 46 (4) : 84 -89 . DOI: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20250304001
Nana BI, Chenghao XING, Dexi LIU, Dalong ZHU, Tongli MA. Development of A Ka-Band Ultra-Wideband Low-Noise-Temperature Amplifier[J]. Journal of Telemetry, Tracking and Command, 2025 , 46 (4) : 84 -89 . DOI: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20250304001
Ka频段(26.5~40 GHz)凭借其宽带宽(可达13.5 GHz)和高传输速率(10 Gbps以上),已成为新一代卫星通信、毫米波雷达及5G/6G无线网络的核心频段[1]。相较于低频段,Ka频段信号传播损耗更大(自由空间损耗增加约20 dB),且易受大气吸收和雨衰影响[2],这对接收机前端低噪声放大器的性能提出了更高要求:需在宽频带内实现高增益、低噪声系数及良好的阻抗匹配特性。
目前,Ka频段LNA(Low-Noise Amplifier,低噪放大器)的设计面临以下主要挑战[3-6]
①宽带阻抗匹配:波导-微带转换结构的带宽受限,传统探针转换在Ka频段回波损耗较高(典型值≥-10 dB);
②高频损耗显著:需要采用高精度器件和优化的电路设计以克服毫米波频段的传播限制。
③小型化与可靠性挑战:毫米波电路对腔体谐振特性敏感,焊接工艺易导致应力失效。
针对上述问题,本文提出一种新型两级级联LNA架构,通过结合多级阶梯波导-微带转换技术和金带软连接工艺,在保证超低噪温(≤215 K)的同时,实现了全频段驻波比≤2.38。与同类产品相比,该设计可使成本降低80%,体积缩减40%,为Ka频段系统的实际工程化应用提供了高效解决方案。
低噪声放大器的设计需要满足带宽、噪声系数、增益、功耗和尺寸等性能指标的要求,本次设计的Ka频段宽带低噪温放大器采用两级级联结构(如图1所示),其核心设计创新包括:
①波导-微带转换模块:采用多级阶梯纵向耦合结构,实现26.5~40 GHz全频段回波损耗≤-15dB;
②温补衰减器:通过温度敏感电阻网络补偿增益波动(温漂控制在±0.5 dB, 工作温度范围-40~85℃);
③TVS防浪涌电路:并联瞬态电压抑制二极管,确保放大器在雷击环境下稳定工作。
天线输出多数为波导口形式,Ka频段低噪温放大器与天线连接时,放大器的输入接口也应是同样的波导口形式,而放大器芯片装配在微带电路上,因此放大器输入端必须首先将波导接口先转换到微带电路形式。
波导微带过渡结构后是两级低噪温放大电路A1、A2,这两级低噪温放大器安装在厚度为0.254 mm、相对介电常数为2.22的RT/Duroid 5880软基片制作的微带电路中。两级放大电路之间的温补衰减器用于补偿放大器在高低温环境下的放大器增益变化;在直流稳压电路上并联TVS管可实现防雷击冲击的直流保护电路[7],为放大器提供稳定的直流电源。
传统的波导-微带转换方法主要有:过渡鳍线转换,脊波导转换,探针转换。在这三种转换方式中,探针型转换具有显著优点,其波导-微带探针转换结构由于波导腔与微带电路相互正交且结构紧凑,而被广泛应用于毫米波频段[8]
与传统的探针型转换相比,本文介绍的新型宽带波导-微带转换技术有着明显的优势,结构形式上如图2(a)所示,采用多级阶梯纵向耦合,尾馈输出,截面尺寸小;装配形式上如图2(b)所示阶梯结构与探针一体加工、实现插针—插孔式弹性连接。无需焊接,装配简易,工作带宽如表1所示可以在Ka全频段获得良好的带内插损和回波损耗特性。
仿真数据如图3所示,在26.5~40 GHz频率区间内,回波损耗小于-20 dB,带内插入损耗小于0.1 dB。
管壳采用自主化设计, 采用可伐合金材质, 其三个对外端口如图4,所示与管壳一体加工;采用平行缝焊密封,可保证气密性、可靠性。
放大器的稳定性是设计时首要考虑的问题[9],不能在全环境条件下稳定工作的放大器,再好的指标也没有实际意义。微带电路所在的腔体同时又是微波信号的屏蔽盒,因此腔体结构对产品稳定性有很大影响。
在仿真设计时,必须确保腔体尺寸应使波导高次模截止[10],并综合考虑放大器的稳定性和性能指标之间的均衡;同时,需设计合理的腔体结构和电路布局,以提高放大链路前后的隔离度,消除可能引起放大器自激的各种因素。基于上述理论分析,本文利用HFSS软件对放大模块的腔体进行本征模仿真,仿真模型与数据分别如图5(a)图5(b)所示。
传统的焊接方式如图6(a)所示,其同轴中心导体与微带线直接焊接。从工艺角度分析,该方式存在抗应力能力差、焊点易开裂等缺点,且在焊接过程中容易导致芯片污染。
新型软连接技术如图6(b)所示,其同轴中心导体与微带间采用L形金带粘接的方式相连。从工艺角度分析,该技术具有抗压能力强、可靠性高等优势,同时导电胶粘接无多余物。
为保证放大器实现宽带、低噪温的特性,放大模块的同轴中心导体与管壳内薄膜电路间采用如图6(b)所示金带粘接的方式相连。
考虑到同轴-微带的连接处存在着阻抗突变,且信号传输线尺寸的突变带来的寄生电抗会在高频段时会严重恶化传输线的驻波,因此本次设计基于非对称阶梯阻抗变化原理,建立阻抗变换原型:
式(1)中,n代表阶梯数,Z0为输入阻抗,ZL为负载阻抗。由于同轴线和微带线(内部)的特性阻抗均为50 Ω,传统阻抗变换方式是通过调整微带线的宽度来实现阻抗匹配,但宽频带的匹配就需要增加阶梯数,这会显著增加产品体积。因此本次设计将同轴中心导体伸出管壳内壁与微带线搭接进行组合仿真,提取其特征阻抗,并以这一部分为阻抗变换段实现同轴-微带线的宽频带过渡。
建立仿真模型如图7所示,对同轴中心导体伸出管壳内壁的长度进行仿真,以获取更好的传输特性。经仿真分析,同轴中心导体伸出管壳内壁的长度对宽带性能有显著影响,连接结构的插入损耗随着中心导体伸出长度的缩短显著降低。
传输特性仿真数据如图8所示,插入损耗随着中心导体伸出长度的缩短得以显著改善,结合理论分析结果及实际加工能力,同轴中心导体伸出管壳内壁的实际加工长度为0.1 mm。
传统微组装工艺多采用多温度梯度焊接技术,需借助载体板,工艺复杂且易导致芯片污染。本设计采用新型微组装工艺技术如图9所示,在超净间环境下完成芯片粘接与金丝键合,整个装配过程无需焊接。这种工艺不仅有效避免了静电损伤,还降低了裸芯片被污染的可能性,同时提升了装配效率和可靠性。
通过对传统工艺和新型工艺的对比实验,新型微组装工艺在以下方面表现出色:
①抗应力能力:传统焊接工艺容易因应力集中导致焊点开裂,而新型工艺通过金带软连接技术,有效提高了抗应力能力;
②防静电性能:无焊接工艺从根本上消除了静电放电的风险,提升了芯片的长期稳定性;
③工艺简化:无需复杂的焊接设备,降低了工艺复杂度和成本。
放大器实物如图10所示,尺寸为32 mm×19 mm×8 mm较MITEQ JDM2WK系列缩小40%。
产品实测数据如图11所示,在26.5~40 GHz工作频段内,实现了全频段增益大于35 dB,全频段噪声温度小于215 K,对应的噪声系数约为2.41 dB(产品实际噪声数据需要将测试值减去测试波同带来的0.2 dB插损),全频段输入驻波比小于2.38。
表1中可以看出,和同类型产品相比,本次设计的超宽带低噪温放大器的增益高,噪声温度低,实现了Ka频段接收组件高集成度和高性能的技术突破。
本文设计的Ka频段超宽带低噪温放大器,在性能指标上对标美国MITEQ公司的JDM2WK-26504000-25-10P(带内最大噪声温度225 K,价格5万/台),具有相当的性能指标,但成本大幅降低(1万/台)。该设计具备超宽带、超低噪温、小型化和通用化等优点,综合指标国内领先。其通用性使其能够满足Ka频段相控阵雷达系统、综合测控系统、电子对抗系统等多种需求,有效提高系统接收灵敏度和作用距离。
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2025年第46卷第4期
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doi: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20250304001
  • 接收时间:2025-03-04
  • 首发时间:2026-03-13
  • 出版时间:2025-07-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-04
  • 修回日期:2025-06-10
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    北京遥测技术研究所 北京 100076
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
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多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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