Article(id=1239136720432722293, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, issueId=1239136718008414574, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12347/j.ycyk.20250217001, pmid=null, cstr=32406.14.ycyk.20250217001, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1739721600000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-17, revisedDate=1743004800000, revisedDateStr=2025-03-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773362816198, onlineDateStr=2026-03-13, pubDate=1752508800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773362816198, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773362816198, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773362816198, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1239136718008414574, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, year='2025', volume='46', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='148', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773362815620, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773393299751, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1239264577775522632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, issueId=1239136718008414574, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1239264577775522633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, issueId=1239136718008414574, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=67, endPage=73, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1239136720663409015, articleId=1239136720432722293, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, language=EN, title=Analysis of Thermal Deformation in Reflow Soldering of Microwave Components, columnId=1239136720231395698, journalTitle=Journal of Telemetry, Tracking and Command, columnName=Microwave and Millimeter Wave Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This paper mainly focuses on the thermal deformation of microwave components during reflow soldering. Firstly, the"birth-death setting" of the contact pairs was utilized to accurately simulate the dynamic constraint relationship between the shell and PCB(the Printed Circuit Board), a thermal-mechanical sequential coupling simulation method was adopted to conduct a simulation analysis of the thermal deformation of microwave components during the reflow soldering process. Then, through the comparative analysis of the simulation and actual test results, it is found that the error between the simulation results and the measured results is within 10%, thus verifying the effectiveness and accuracy of this simulation method. Finally, analyses and studies were conducted on the influencing factors such as structural stiffness, solder thickness, soldering temperature, and material combinations. Through the research in this paper, the thermal deformation of microwave components during reflow soldering can be accurately predicted at the initial stage of design. Meanwhile, the analysis and study of several typical influencing factors can provide clear guidance for subsequent design optimization, offering references and examples for improving the reliability of reflow soldering of microwave components.

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本文主要研究微波组件在回流焊接时的热变形。首先,利用接触对的“生死设定”对壳体和印制板的动态约束关系进行了精准模拟,采用热力顺序耦合仿真的方法对微波组件在回流焊接中的热变形进行仿真分析。然后,通过仿真和实际测试结果的对比分析发现,仿真结果和实测结果的误差在10%以内,从而验证了该仿真方法的有效性和准确性。最后,对结构刚度、焊料厚度、焊接温度和材料组合等影响因素进行了分析研究。通过本文的研究可以在设计之初就对微波组件的回流焊接热变形进行精准预估,同时几种典型影响因素的分析研究可为后续的设计优化提供明确的指导,也为微波组件的回流焊接可靠性提升提供了借鉴和参考。

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唐统帅 1989年生,硕士,高级工程师。

高倩 1986年生,硕士,高级工程师。

王丽菊 1984年生,硕士,高级工程师。

史磊 1979年生,本科,研究员。

刘德喜 1973年生,硕士,研究员。

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史磊 1979年生,本科,研究员。

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Electronics&Packaging, 2024, 24(4):040201., articleTitle=Wafer-level warpage simulation and applications for 3D integrated stacking structure, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1239263358751404428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239136720432722293, awardId=2110WW0008_1, language=CN, fundingSource=装备发展部型谱项目(2110WW0008_1), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1239263352661274649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239136720432722293, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239263352669663258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239136720432722293, companyId=1239263352661274649, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Beijing Research Institute of Telemetry, Beijing 100076, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239263352678051866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, 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language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Material parameter table

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材料密度(g/cm3)弹性模量(MPa)泊松比热膨胀系数(10-6)
壳体(铝合金)2.771 0000.3323
印制板(FR4)1.8518 0000.1216@XY、84@Z
焊料(SAC305)7.441 6000.3522
), ArticleFig(id=1239263357484724547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239136720432722293, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

材料参数表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料密度(g/cm3)弹性模量(MPa)泊松比热膨胀系数(10-6)
壳体(铝合金)2.771 0000.3323
印制板(FR4)1.8518 0000.1216@XY、84@Z
焊料(SAC305)7.441 6000.3522
), ArticleFig(id=1239263357576999240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239136720432722293, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Anand parameter table for solder

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材料S0 MPaQ/R KA 1/Sξmh0 MPas MPana
SAC30580821336 2006.130.3596315.70.0231.72
), ArticleFig(id=1239263357665079629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239136720432722293, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

焊料Anand参数[22]

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材料S0 MPaQ/R KA 1/Sξmh0 MPas MPana
SAC30580821336 2006.130.3596315.70.0231.72
), ArticleFig(id=1239263357753160017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239136720432722293, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Summary table of mesh independence verification situations

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序号方法网格数总变形量结果变化率计算时间
1本文方法30 276149.84 μm1h 3 min
2本文方法46 629154.11 μm2.85%1h 43 min
3本文方法75 416155.52 μm0.91%2h 36 min
4本文方法82 770155.83 μm0.20%3h 2 min
5生死单元法75 416154.73 μm5h 12 min
), ArticleFig(id=1239263357837046104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239136720432722293, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

网格无关性验证情况汇总表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号方法网格数总变形量结果变化率计算时间
1本文方法30 276149.84 μm1h 3 min
2本文方法46 629154.11 μm2.85%1h 43 min
3本文方法75 416155.52 μm0.91%2h 36 min
4本文方法82 770155.83 μm0.20%3h 2 min
5生死单元法75 416154.73 μm5h 12 min
), ArticleFig(id=1239263357933515100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239136720432722293, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Comparison table between simulation and measured results

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序号实测值(回流焊接前)实测值(回流焊接后)实测变形量仿真变形量仿真误差
1#93.62093.7000.0800.0756.25%
2#93.63093.8100.1200.1126.66%
3#9.0209.1800.1600.1515.62%
), ArticleFig(id=1239263358017401184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239136720432722293, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

仿真和实测结果对比表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号实测值(回流焊接前)实测值(回流焊接后)实测变形量仿真变形量仿真误差
1#93.62093.7000.0800.0756.25%
2#93.63093.8100.1200.1126.66%
3#9.0209.1800.1600.1515.62%
), ArticleFig(id=1239263358118064489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239136720432722293, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

The melting points of several commonly-used solders

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焊料SAC305Sn63Pb37Sn42Bi58
熔点217 ℃183 ℃138 ℃
), ArticleFig(id=1239263358285836655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239136720432722293, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

几种常用焊料的熔点

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
焊料SAC305Sn63Pb37Sn42Bi58
熔点217 ℃183 ℃138 ℃
), ArticleFig(id=1239263358386499956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239136720432722293, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Thermal deformation of several commonly-used casing materials

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数密度(g/cm3)热膨胀系数弹性模量(MPa)热变形(μm)
铝合金2.723E-671 000156.3
无氧铜8.318E-6110 00028.9
硅铝合金2.511E-670 000123.4
), ArticleFig(id=1239263358487163258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239136720432722293, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

几种常用壳体材料的热变形

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数密度(g/cm3)热膨胀系数弹性模量(MPa)热变形(μm)
铝合金2.723E-671 000156.3
无氧铜8.318E-6110 00028.9
硅铝合金2.511E-670 000123.4
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微波组件回流焊接热变形分析
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唐统帅 , 高倩 , 王丽菊 , 史磊 , 刘德喜
遥测遥控 | 微波毫米波技术 2025,46(4): 67-73
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遥测遥控 | 微波毫米波技术 2025, 46(4): 67-73
微波组件回流焊接热变形分析
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唐统帅, 高倩, 王丽菊, 史磊, 刘德喜
作者信息
  • 北京遥测技术研究所 北京 100076
  • 唐统帅 1989年生,硕士,高级工程师。

    高倩 1986年生,硕士,高级工程师。

    王丽菊 1984年生,硕士,高级工程师。

    史磊 1979年生,本科,研究员。

    刘德喜 1973年生,硕士,研究员。

Analysis of Thermal Deformation in Reflow Soldering of Microwave Components
Tongshuai TANG, Qian GAO, Liju WANG, Lei SHI, Dexi LIU
Affiliations
  • Beijing Research Institute of Telemetry, Beijing 100076, China
出版时间: 2025-07-15 doi: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20250217001
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本文主要研究微波组件在回流焊接时的热变形。首先,利用接触对的“生死设定”对壳体和印制板的动态约束关系进行了精准模拟,采用热力顺序耦合仿真的方法对微波组件在回流焊接中的热变形进行仿真分析。然后,通过仿真和实际测试结果的对比分析发现,仿真结果和实测结果的误差在10%以内,从而验证了该仿真方法的有效性和准确性。最后,对结构刚度、焊料厚度、焊接温度和材料组合等影响因素进行了分析研究。通过本文的研究可以在设计之初就对微波组件的回流焊接热变形进行精准预估,同时几种典型影响因素的分析研究可为后续的设计优化提供明确的指导,也为微波组件的回流焊接可靠性提升提供了借鉴和参考。

微波组件  /  回流焊接  /  热变形  /  接触对

This paper mainly focuses on the thermal deformation of microwave components during reflow soldering. Firstly, the"birth-death setting" of the contact pairs was utilized to accurately simulate the dynamic constraint relationship between the shell and PCB(the Printed Circuit Board), a thermal-mechanical sequential coupling simulation method was adopted to conduct a simulation analysis of the thermal deformation of microwave components during the reflow soldering process. Then, through the comparative analysis of the simulation and actual test results, it is found that the error between the simulation results and the measured results is within 10%, thus verifying the effectiveness and accuracy of this simulation method. Finally, analyses and studies were conducted on the influencing factors such as structural stiffness, solder thickness, soldering temperature, and material combinations. Through the research in this paper, the thermal deformation of microwave components during reflow soldering can be accurately predicted at the initial stage of design. Meanwhile, the analysis and study of several typical influencing factors can provide clear guidance for subsequent design optimization, offering references and examples for improving the reliability of reflow soldering of microwave components.

Microwave components  /  Reflow soldering  /  Thermal deformation  /  Contact pairs
唐统帅, 高倩, 王丽菊, 史磊, 刘德喜. 微波组件回流焊接热变形分析. 遥测遥控, 2025 , 46 (4) : 67 -73 . DOI: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20250217001
Tongshuai TANG, Qian GAO, Liju WANG, Lei SHI, Dexi LIU. Analysis of Thermal Deformation in Reflow Soldering of Microwave Components[J]. Journal of Telemetry, Tracking and Command, 2025 , 46 (4) : 67 -73 . DOI: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20250217001
微波组件作为相控阵雷达的核心部件[1,2],不断朝着小型化、轻质化和高集成的方向飞速发展[3,4],日益复杂的装配工艺导致微波组件的装配难度不断增加,微波组件的装配可靠性已经成为国内外学者的研究热点之一[5-7]。微波组件的装配一般包含壳体、印制板和接插件的回流焊接、芯片装架和激光封焊等工序,其中回流焊接作为微波组件的关键装配工序,其装配质量直接影响产品的可靠性[8,9]。由于壳体和印制板之间存在热失配,在回流焊接后易发生热变形,从而对产品的后续装配和长期工作可靠性带来了严重的影响[10-12]
图1所示为某微波组件在回流焊接后发生热变形从而影响激光封焊的气密性。具体机理为微波组件在回流焊接后发生严重的热变形,使壳体和盖板的配合间隙超出了工艺允许范围,导致产品在后续的激光封焊过程中焊缝处更容易出现气孔,造成产品气密性不合格。壳体发生严重热变形后还会导致安装底面不平整,严重影响产品的散热性能和可靠性[13]。目前对于微波组件回流焊接热变形的研究较少,如何对回流焊接热变形进行精准评估是行业内亟需解决的问题。
目前,国内外普遍使用有限元法对热变形进行预测分析,Lau CS等[14]采用了零件生死技术,提出了一种快速评估回流焊接热变形的数值方法,研究了双面刚挠结合板在回流焊接时的可靠性;钟开少等[15]研究了焊点回流焊接残余应力的分布规律,并通过实验探究了对流系数、PCB厚度、焊点直径和焊点高度等因素对回流焊接残余应力的影响;谈利鹏等[16]通过单元生死法对IGBT(绝缘栅双极型晶体管)模块封装回流焊的应力翘曲进行了分析,研究了焊料层厚度等对应力翘曲的影响;吕贤亮等[17]研究了回流焊工艺对SMT(表面贴装技术)器件热翘曲的影响,发现热翘曲受到回流焊温度和升降温速率的影响。目前对于回流焊接热变形的研究基本都是基于单元生死法,且关于微波组件在回流焊过程中的热变形研究还较少。
本文基于回流焊接过程中焊料融化和凝固的动态变化过程,采用接触对的“生死”设定来精准模拟壳体和印制板约束关系的动态变化过程,从而实现了微波组件回流焊接热变形的快速精准预估。通过实例验证发现,采用接触对的“生死”设定不仅具有较高的仿真精度,且仿真计算时间相比传统的单元生死法减少了50%以上,同时对几种典型的热变形影响因素进行了分析研究,从而为微波组件的设计优化提供了方向,可以大幅提升产品的一次设计合格率和可靠性。
图2所示为微波组件的结构示意图,从图中可以看出微波组件主要由壳体、印制板、焊料和盖板等组成。回流焊接在产品封盖之前进行,此时一般不考虑盖板带来的影响。
在微波组件的回流焊接过程中,壳体和印制板在回流炉中完成焊接,焊料为SAC305,回流焊接温度曲线如图3所示,从图中可以看出,回流焊接温度曲线主要分为三个阶段,分别是升温阶段、焊接阶段和冷却阶段[18-20]
在回流焊接的升温阶段和焊接阶段,随着温度的不断上升,焊料开始逐渐融化,此时焊料处于液态,壳体和印制板之间不存在约束关系。在冷却阶段,随着温度不断降低,焊料低于凝点后开始凝固,同时开始对壳体和印制板施加约束,壳体和印制板之间开始由自由状态变为绑定状态,由于壳体和印制板存在明显的热失配,所以随着温度的不断下降,产品的热变形逐渐增加。
在有限元仿真时,需要去除模型中对仿真结果影响不大的微小特征,如刻字、螺纹孔、退刀槽等,以提升仿真效率,简化后即可进行网格划分,如图4所示为微波组件的网格划分图。
焊料是一种典型的黏塑性材料[21],本文采用Anand模型来表征焊料的黏塑性参数,各零部件的材料参数如表1表2所示。
微波组件在回流焊接时,没有受到明显的固定约束,产品整体处于自由状态,可利用弱弹簧对其进行约束,既能保证计算能够收敛,又能保证仿真过程和实际情况符合。
本文采用接触对生死控制法来模拟壳体和印制板接触关系的动态变化,从而精准表征壳体和印制板在回流焊接过程中约束关系的动态变化。
本文采用瞬态热力顺序耦合对微波组件的回流焊接过程进行仿真,如图5所示。首先通过瞬态热仿真对微波组件在回流焊接过程中的温度变化情况进行评估,然后通过瞬态力学仿真对微波组件在升降温过程中的应力和变形情况进行模拟,最终得到微波组件在回流焊接后的热变形分布情况。
为确保计算结果的精准度,进行网格无关性验证,验证过程中所有边界条件保持不变。如表3所示为网格无关性验证情况汇总表,从表格可以看出,随着网格数的增加,计算结果趋于稳定,当网格数增加到75 416时,结果变化率小于1%,且继续加密网格会导致计算时间大幅增加,为了兼顾计算精度和计算效率,最终采用75 416的网格数的计算结果作为最终的仿真结果。
表3可以看出,本文的接触对生死控制法与传统的生死单元法相比较,计算结果的差异在1%以内,但前者的计算时间降低了50%以上,这表明采用本文接触对生死控制法可以大幅提升仿真效率。
微波组件回流焊接后的总体热变形和Z向热变形如图6所示,从图中可以看出,总体热变形的整体趋势为中心凸起,最大热变形分布在壳体中心区域,其中Z向的热变形最大。壳体底部的凸起变形会导致壳体底部和安装面之间存在明显的缝隙,严重影响产品的散热能力,而隔筋处的凸起变形会影响盖板装配。
微波组件回流焊接后的X向和Y向热变形如图7所示,从图中可以看出产品在Y向两侧的热变形基本呈对称分布,而在X向两侧的热变形差异较大,经过综合分析后发现,组件局部的热变形与结构布局和局部刚度相关,局部刚度越小,则热变形越大。
基于实际产品的热变形测试结果,对仿真结果的误差进行对比分析,如图8所示为产品热变形的测量点。
从仿真云图中提取1#~3#的仿真结果,将仿真结果和微组装前后的实测差值进行对比,详细情况如表4所示,从表中可以看出仿真值和实测值非常接近,仿真误差均小于10%,该仿真精度已经优于行业主流水平,经过分析后发现误差主要来源于模型简化、边界条件、材料参数和变形量测试精度等因素。
微波组件的热变形主要是由壳体及印制板两者的材料热失配引起的。为了减小产品热变形,需对关键影响因素进行分析,从而为设计优化提供指导。热变形的主要影响因素有结构刚度、壳体和印制板的材料组合、焊料厚度和焊接温度等[23-25],下面分别对这几种因素进行仿真分析。
结构刚度的影响因素很多,本文主要从壳体厚度和印制板厚度两个因素进行分析,仿真结果如图9所示。
图9可以看出,壳体厚度和印制板厚度对热变形的影响较大,随着壳体厚度的增加,热变形呈现减小的趋势,而随着印制板厚度的增加,热变形呈现增大的趋势,这是因为随着壳体和印制板比刚度的增加,产品抵抗热变形能力增强,热变形随之降低。
焊料作为壳体和印制板的连接材料,其厚度也是热变形的影响因素之一,对不同焊料厚度的热变形情况进行分析,仿真结果如图10所示。
图10可以看出,随着焊料厚度的增加,热变形呈现缓慢上升的趋势,总体而言焊料厚度对热变形影响不大。
焊接温度是热变形的重要影响因素,几种常用焊料的熔点如表5所示。
对微波组件选用这几种焊料的回流焊接热变形进行仿真分析,仿真结果如图11所示,从图11可以看出,随着焊料熔点温度的上升,产品的热变形急剧增加,这是因为随着焊料熔点温度的增加,焊料从凝固温度到室温的温差增大,而热变形量和温差正相关,所以在微波组件的回流焊接时应尽可能选择低温焊料,以降低热变形。
对几种常用材料的热变形情况进行分析,仿真结果如表6所示。
表6可以看出,壳体材料为无氧铜时的热变形最小,这是因为无氧铜和印制板的热膨胀系数差值最小,且无氧铜的弹性模量较大,使其结构刚度也相对较大,所以在结构重量允许的情况下,采用无氧铜作为微波组件的壳体材料较为理想。
本文通过热力耦合仿真对微波组件的回流焊接热变形进行了研究,通过接触对的生死控制,实现了回流焊接过程的精准模拟,仿真结果和实测值误差在10%以内,且相比传统的生死单元法,仿真计算时间降低了50%以上。
对产品刚度、焊料厚度、焊接温度和材料组合等热变形影响因素进行了分析,得到以下结论:
①增加壳体和印制板的比刚度可以提高产品的抗热变形能力,在设计时应通过设计优化提高壳体和印制板的比刚度,从而降低回流焊接热变形;
②回流焊接热变形与焊料厚度呈正比,但是整体变化趋势较为缓和,所以焊料厚度不是回流焊接热变形的关键影响因素;
③回流焊接热变形与焊接温度呈正比,随着焊接温度的上升热变形急剧增加,在工艺设计时应尽量选择低温焊料进行焊接;
④回流焊接热变形的根源是材料的热失配,通过材料组合的优化可以大幅降低热变形,因此在设计之初就要考虑最佳的材料组合,以减小热变形。
本文给出了一种具有较高精度的微波组件回流焊接热变形仿真方法,并对几种典型的热变形因素进行了分析研究,为提升微波组件的回流焊接可靠性提供了借鉴和参考。
  • 装备发展部型谱项目(2110WW0008_1)
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2025年第46卷第4期
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doi: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20250217001
  • 接收时间:2025-02-17
  • 首发时间:2026-03-13
  • 出版时间:2025-07-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-17
  • 修回日期:2025-03-27
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装备发展部型谱项目(2110WW0008_1)
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    北京遥测技术研究所 北京 100076
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Genus
种数
Number of
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Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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