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Fiber Optic Gyroscope (FOG) is the core component of the fiber optic strapdown inertial navigation system, which has been widely used in aviation, aerospace, navigation and other fields. The scale factor is the main factor affecting the dynamic performance of FOG. Because the photoelectric devices inside FOG are highly sensitive to temperature vaviations, the scale factor error will be produced under the influence of temperature, which will affect the precision of FOG. In the variable temperature environment, each photoelectric device is heated unevenly, which leads to the hysteresis of the scale factor error. In this paper, the scale factor hysteresis error of FOG is studied, and a multi-temperature sensor measuring system is built. The source and characteristics of the scale factor hysteresis error are determined by the experimental results. Based on the above analysis, an error compensation algorithm based on gravitational search algorithm (GSA) and long short-term memory (LSTM) network is proposed. The parameters of LSTM network are optimized by GSA, and the LSTM model is used to compensate the scale factor hysteresis error. The experimental results show that the peak-to-peak value of scale factor error in the whole temperature range is reduced from 835.1×10-6 to 38.02×10-6 by the proposed algorithm. By comparing with the compensation results of multilayer perceptron (MLP) and traditional LSTM algorithm, the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm in scale factor hysteresis error compensation is further verified.

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光纤陀螺是光纤捷联惯导系统的核心器件,已经广泛应用于航空、航天、航海等领域。标度因数是影响光纤陀螺动态性能的主要因素。由于光纤陀螺内部的光电器件对温度变化十分敏感,受温度影响会产生标度因数误差,进而影响了光纤陀螺的精度。在变温环境下,各光电器件受热不均匀,使得标度因数误差具有迟滞性。本文针对光纤陀螺标度因数迟滞误差进行了研究,搭建了多温度传感器测量系统,通过实验结果明确了标度因数迟滞误差的来源及特性。基于此,提出了一种基于引力搜索算法(Gravitational Search Algorithm,GSA)和长短期记忆(Long Short-Term Memory,LSTM)网络的误差补偿算法,通过GSA对LSTM网络的参数进行寻优,并将LSTM模型用于标度因数迟滞误差补偿。实验结果表明:本文提出的算法将全温范围内的标度因数误差的峰值由835.1×10-6减小至38.02×10-6。通过与多层感知机(Multilayer Perceptron,MLP)和传统LSTM等算法的补偿结果进行对比,进一步验证了本文提出的算法在标度因数迟滞误差补偿方面的有益效果。

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王菲 1998年生,硕士,助理工程师。

王一桦 1983年生,硕士,高级工程师。

周元 1996年生,硕士,助理工程师。

白玉 1997年生,硕士,助理工程师。

杨雄 1994年生,硕士,工程师。

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王菲 1998年生,硕士,助理工程师。

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王菲 1998年生,硕士,助理工程师。

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王一桦 1983年生,硕士,高级工程师。

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王一桦 1983年生,硕士,高级工程师。

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周元 1996年生,硕士,助理工程师。

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周元 1996年生,硕士,助理工程师。

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白玉 1997年生,硕士,助理工程师。

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杨雄 1994年生,硕士,工程师。

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杨雄 1994年生,硕士,工程师。

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Applied Optics, 2022, 61(28):8212., articleTitle=Long short-term memory network of machine learning for compensating temperature error of a fiber optic gyroscope independent of the temperature sensor, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1239263578889441355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239133500192912291, awardId=2024GX-YBXM-199, language=CN, fundingSource=陕西省重点研发计划(2024GX-YBXM-199), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1239263570379199320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239133500192912291, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239263570383393624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239133500192912291, companyId=1239263570379199320, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Xi'an Aerospace Precision Electromechanical Institute, Xi'an 710100, China), 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The parameters of the LSTM network

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寻优参数寻优结果
Batch size(批大小)32
隐藏层层数2
隐藏层神经元数量200
初始学习率0.02
), ArticleFig(id=1239263576221863996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239133500192912291, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

LSTM网络参数

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寻优参数寻优结果
Batch size(批大小)32
隐藏层层数2
隐藏层神经元数量200
初始学习率0.02
), ArticleFig(id=1239263576288972865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1239133500192912291, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The compensation results of different algorithms

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补偿算法补偿结果(×10-6
补偿前450.24
MLP算法32.46
LSTM算法13.02
GSA-LSTM算法11.23
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不同算法的补偿结果

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补偿算法补偿结果(×10-6
补偿前450.24
MLP算法32.46
LSTM算法13.02
GSA-LSTM算法11.23
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基于GSA-LSTM的光纤陀螺标度因数迟滞误差补偿研究
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王菲 , 王一桦 , 周元 , 白玉 , 杨雄
遥测遥控 | 智能传感器技术 2025,46(3): 98-104
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遥测遥控 | 智能传感器技术 2025, 46(3): 98-104
基于GSA-LSTM的光纤陀螺标度因数迟滞误差补偿研究
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王菲, 王一桦, 周元, 白玉, 杨雄
作者信息
  • 西安航天精密机电研究所 西安 710100
  • 王菲 1998年生,硕士,助理工程师。

    王一桦 1983年生,硕士,高级工程师。

    周元 1996年生,硕士,助理工程师。

    白玉 1997年生,硕士,助理工程师。

    杨雄 1994年生,硕士,工程师。

Research on FOG Scale Factor Hysteresis Error Compensation Based on GSA-LSTM
Fei WANG, Yihua WANG, Yuan ZHOU, Yu BAI, Xiong YANG
Affiliations
  • Xi'an Aerospace Precision Electromechanical Institute, Xi'an 710100, China
出版时间: 2025-05-15 doi: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20241129004
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光纤陀螺是光纤捷联惯导系统的核心器件,已经广泛应用于航空、航天、航海等领域。标度因数是影响光纤陀螺动态性能的主要因素。由于光纤陀螺内部的光电器件对温度变化十分敏感,受温度影响会产生标度因数误差,进而影响了光纤陀螺的精度。在变温环境下,各光电器件受热不均匀,使得标度因数误差具有迟滞性。本文针对光纤陀螺标度因数迟滞误差进行了研究,搭建了多温度传感器测量系统,通过实验结果明确了标度因数迟滞误差的来源及特性。基于此,提出了一种基于引力搜索算法(Gravitational Search Algorithm,GSA)和长短期记忆(Long Short-Term Memory,LSTM)网络的误差补偿算法,通过GSA对LSTM网络的参数进行寻优,并将LSTM模型用于标度因数迟滞误差补偿。实验结果表明:本文提出的算法将全温范围内的标度因数误差的峰值由835.1×10-6减小至38.02×10-6。通过与多层感知机(Multilayer Perceptron,MLP)和传统LSTM等算法的补偿结果进行对比,进一步验证了本文提出的算法在标度因数迟滞误差补偿方面的有益效果。

光纤陀螺  /  标度因数  /  迟滞误差  /  GSA-LSTM

Fiber Optic Gyroscope (FOG) is the core component of the fiber optic strapdown inertial navigation system, which has been widely used in aviation, aerospace, navigation and other fields. The scale factor is the main factor affecting the dynamic performance of FOG. Because the photoelectric devices inside FOG are highly sensitive to temperature vaviations, the scale factor error will be produced under the influence of temperature, which will affect the precision of FOG. In the variable temperature environment, each photoelectric device is heated unevenly, which leads to the hysteresis of the scale factor error. In this paper, the scale factor hysteresis error of FOG is studied, and a multi-temperature sensor measuring system is built. The source and characteristics of the scale factor hysteresis error are determined by the experimental results. Based on the above analysis, an error compensation algorithm based on gravitational search algorithm (GSA) and long short-term memory (LSTM) network is proposed. The parameters of LSTM network are optimized by GSA, and the LSTM model is used to compensate the scale factor hysteresis error. The experimental results show that the peak-to-peak value of scale factor error in the whole temperature range is reduced from 835.1×10-6 to 38.02×10-6 by the proposed algorithm. By comparing with the compensation results of multilayer perceptron (MLP) and traditional LSTM algorithm, the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm in scale factor hysteresis error compensation is further verified.

Fiber optic gyroscope  /  Scale factor  /  Hysteresis error  /  GSA-LSTM
王菲, 王一桦, 周元, 白玉, 杨雄. 基于GSA-LSTM的光纤陀螺标度因数迟滞误差补偿研究. 遥测遥控, 2025 , 46 (3) : 98 -104 . DOI: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20241129004
Fei WANG, Yihua WANG, Yuan ZHOU, Yu BAI, Xiong YANG. Research on FOG Scale Factor Hysteresis Error Compensation Based on GSA-LSTM[J]. Journal of Telemetry, Tracking and Command, 2025 , 46 (3) : 98 -104 . DOI: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20241129004
光纤陀螺(Fiber Optic Gyroscope,FOG)是一种基于Sagnac效应(萨尼亚克效应)的全固态角速率传感器,目前被广泛应用于航空、航天、航海、无人驾驶等领域[1]。光纤陀螺的精度直接影响光纤捷联惯导系统的导航精度[2]。通常,高精度的光纤捷联惯导系统对光纤陀螺的工作温度范围以及测量精度有着很高的要求。对于动态应用领域,标度因数误差成为了制约光纤陀螺测量精度的主要因素[3]
光纤陀螺作为高精度的光电系统,其内部的光源、光纤环、Y波导等光电器件对温度十分敏感,当温度发生变化时,会导致光纤陀螺标度因数变化,产生标度因数误差[4]。由于标度因数误差的成因较为复杂,与多个光电器件的温度敏感性相关,多个光电器件共同作用造成的标度因数误差具有非线性。此外,当工作温度发生变化时,内部各光电器件的温度变化是非均匀的,导致标度因数的温度响应具有一定的滞后性,产生了标度因数迟滞误差,进一步增加了标度因数误差补偿的难度[5]
目前,许多学者针对标度因数温度误差的抑制进行了研究。然而,从光学器件的制造工艺上进行优化从而消除温度的影响难度较大、成本高。相比较而言,软件补偿的方式能够以高精度、低成本的方式实现标度因数误差补偿,改善光纤陀螺的温度性能。文献[6]建立了SLD(Superluminescent Diode,超辐射发光二极管)光源波长随管芯温度的变化模型,并提出可以通过采集管芯温度,对波长变化产生的标度因数误差进行补偿。文献[7]考虑了温度和角速率对标度因数的影响,提出了一种双线性插值的补偿模型,对大动态光纤陀螺的标度因数误差进行综合补偿,提高了全温范围内的标度因数精度。文献[8]采用扩展双曲线拟合软件补偿的方法,降低了标度因数的温度依赖性以及非线性误差。文献[9]采用了BP(Back Propagation,反向传播)神经网络对标度因数误差进行了补偿,并考虑到BP神经网络在训练过程中容易陷入局部最优的问题,采用遗传算法对神经网络的参数进行了优化,该方法将标度因数误差减小了95%。文献[10]通过测量光纤环多个位置的温度变化,建立了多模态温度补偿模型,减少了变温环境下光纤环受热不均匀导致的温度滞后效应而产生的建模误差,但未考虑其他光电器件温度滞后效应的影响。
基于相关文献的调研分析,现有的误差补偿方法大多未综合考虑多种光学器件共同作用引起的标度因数的非线性误差,以及变温环境引起的标度因数的迟滞性误差。本文考虑到长短期记忆(Long Short Term Memory,LSTM)网络对非线性数据以及序列数据的学习能力,相较于传统的神经网络,LSTM网络在处理长序列和时间序列数据时更具优势。LSTM网络能够对光器件的真实温度进行预测,消除温度迟滞效应的影响,提高标度因数迟滞误差补偿精度。此外,通过引力搜索算法(Gravitational Search Algorithm,GSA)对LSTM网络的参数进行寻优,可以提高网络的全局和局部优化能力。因此,本文提出了一种基于GSA-LSTM的补偿算法对光纤陀螺标度因数迟滞误差进行补偿,首先分析了标度因数迟滞误差的来源,其次介绍了GSA-LSTM算法,然后进行了标定实验并建立了误差模型,最后验证了误差模型的补偿效果。
数字闭环光纤陀螺的结构如图1所示,其本质上是一种光电传感器。其中光学部分相当于一个光学Sagnac干涉仪,由光源、光纤环、耦合器、Y波导等光学元件组成。当载体发生旋转时,光纤环中顺时针和逆时针传输的两束光将产生相位差,使得两束光束的干涉光强度发生变化。其电路部分相当于一个光电信号测量单元,由光电探测器、前置放大器、信号处理电路等器件组成。检测由Sagnac相移引起的干涉光强度的变化,解调出转速差,并将相位调制应用于Sagnac干涉仪中进行闭环反馈[11]
闭环光纤陀螺中生成了一个与转速ϕs大小相等,符号相反的附加相移ϕF,用于补偿旋转引起的Sagnac相移。因此有:
由于闭环光纤陀螺中相位调制器的调制系数以及调制通道的增益会影响标度因数,因此闭环光纤陀螺的标度因数为:
式中,LD为光纤环的长度和直径;λ为光在真空中的波长;KDA为D/A转换器及其放大器的增益;Km为Y波导的调制系数。
由于光纤陀螺的SLD光源、光纤环、Y波导等器件对温度变化十分敏感,当工作温度发生变化时,光源的波长、光纤环的长度和直径、Y波导的调制系数等参数都会发生变化,这些因素均会引起标度因数误差。
由于光纤陀螺内部的电路板等发热器件在工作时会产生热量,加之光纤陀螺内部各器件的摆放位置是非对称的,因此各器件的温度变化也是非均匀的,发热器件、板载温度计以及与外界环境接触的壳体处温度变化较快,光纤环等不发热的敏感器件温度变化较慢,不同器件的温度响应不同,综合作用下产生了标度因数温度迟滞效应。
为了进一步研究光纤陀螺各器件的温度响应变化,仿照光纤陀螺的结构搭建了多温度传感器测量系统,将多个DS18B20温度传感器通过导热硅脂粘贴在光纤陀螺各器件处,如图2所示,用十字标识标记温度传感器的安放位置,Ta为光纤环内侧、Tb为光纤环外侧、Tc为前放板处、Td为光源上部、Te为板载温度计处,用以实时测量各器件处的温度变化,其中DS18B20的测量精度为0.1°C。
将温箱的初始温度设置为-40 ℃,令温箱以10 ℃/min的温度变化率升温至50 ℃,其间对实验系统进行通电测试,温度传感器的测量结果如图3所示。可以看出:各器件处的温度变化不均匀,变温速率最快的为信号处理板上的板载温度计处,其次是前放板处、光纤环内侧、光纤环外侧,光源上部变温速率最慢。此外,光纤环的内侧和外侧之间存在温度差异,内侧的变温速率略快于外侧的变温速率。综上,光纤环和光源处的温度变化相较于板载温度计的温度变化存在迟滞趋势。由于光源和光纤环的温度变化是产生标度因数误差的主要来源,因此从实验结果可以看出:光源和光纤环的温度响应速度最终将导致变温环境下标度因数的温度响应具有一定的滞后性,在各器件共同作用下产生了标度因数迟滞误差。
由上一节分析可知,光纤陀螺标度因数误差是多种光电器件综合作用产生的,与温度之间存在非线性关系。此外,由于温度迟滞效应的影响,当外界处于变温环境时,标度因数误差具有迟滞性。因此本文设计了一种GSA-LSTM算法,依据LSTM网络对非线性数据和序列数据的学习能力,不仅能够描述标度因数与温度之间的非线性关系,还能够实现对器件真实温度的预测,可以准确表征标度因数迟滞误差特性。通过GSA算法对LSTM网络的参数进行寻优,进一步提高了网络的全局和局部优化能力。
GSA算法是一种优化算法,其原理基于万有引力定律。若宇宙中的粒子都具有位置随机性,不同粒子间具有引力作用,且引力大小与质量成正比、与距离的平方成反比,质量低的粒子会向质量高的粒子移动,每个粒子的位置会根据与周围其他粒子的引力进行更新,从而实现优化搜索,最终通过粒子的位置找到最优解[12]。算法的寻优步骤如下[13]
① 初始化粒子群的位置和质量,保证其随机均匀分布;
② 每个粒子的位置表示需要寻优的参数,将寻优精度作为适应度函数;
③ 通过目标函数评估粒子的适应度并计算粒子的惯性质量;
式中,fi(t)为第i个粒子在t时刻的适应度值;fworst (t)为所有粒子在t时刻的最差适应度值。
④ 更新万有引力常数值;
式中,G0为初始引力常数;a为常数范围为[20,30];T为最大迭代次数。
⑤ 计算粒子i在第d维空间的引力值;
式中,Rij(t)为两个粒子ij之间的欧氏距离;ε为一个相当小的量;是粒子i在第d维空间的位置。
⑥ 计算粒子i在第d维空间的加速度;
⑦ 通过粒子i在第d维空间上更新的速度和位置,得到神经网络的寻优参数;
⑧ 将步骤②到⑥反复迭代,直到满足寻优条件。
LSTM神经网络为循环神经网络(Recurrent Neural Networks,RNN)的一种改进形式[14]。考虑到传统的神经网络无法记忆以往时刻的信息,RNN网络在神经网络的隐藏层增加连接机制,进而实现了信息在不同时刻的隐藏层之间的传递。为了解决RNN网络在长序列数据学习过程中可能存在的梯度消失和梯度爆炸的问题,LSTM网络引入了额外的记忆单元,可以更方便地保留或删除历史信息,避免了数据的长期依赖[15]
LSTM网络结构如图4所示,由遗忘门、输入门和输出门三部分门结构组成,通过门结构和记忆单元能够自适应地控制信息的流动,有效避免了长序列数据处理中可能存在的梯度消失和梯度爆炸问题,实现了对长序列数据信息的捕获。
LSTM网络的计算过程如下:
式中,xt为输入序列,模型中为光纤陀螺温度T和温度变化率ht为输出序列,模型中为光纤陀螺的标度因数值;ft为遗忘门;it组成输入门;ot为输出门;ct为记忆单元状态;WU为权重矩阵;b为偏差值;σg为Sigmod函数;σh为双曲正切函数。
GSA-LSTM的算法流程如图5所示。首先,将传感器的输出进行了滤波处理后输入到网络中,去除了噪声的影响,提取出了传感器输出数据的真实变化趋势。LSTM网络的输入参数为温度传感器测量值以及温度变化率,输出为标度因数值。通过GSA算法对LSTM网络的参数进行寻优,将寻优结果输入到LSTM网络中并训练模型,通过训练最终得到了标度因数迟滞误差模型。
实验系统示意图如图6所示。实验设备主要包括闭环光纤陀螺仪、带温度箱的转台、转台控制系统和数据采集处理系统。将光纤陀螺固定在转台上,陀螺的敏感轴与转台的旋转轴平行,系统采样频率为10 Hz,对数据进行离线处理。本实验采用的为高动态、小型化的数字闭环光纤陀螺,集成度高、内部热环境复杂。由于光纤陀螺的输出中含有地球自转角速度,在计算标度因数前需要先将地球自转角速度的影响去除。
为了验证温度及温度变化率对光纤陀螺标度因数的影响,分别令温箱以0.5 ℃/min以及1 ℃/min的变温速率从-40 ℃升温至50 ℃,令光纤陀螺热启动,设置转台的转动角速率恒定为10°/s,采集光纤陀螺的数字量输出以及板载温度计的温度输出。由于小型化光纤陀螺体积的限制,在光纤陀螺设计时使用的温度传感器为板载温度计,安装位置如图2的标识Te处。将20 ℃时的标度因数值作为标准值,变温过程中标度因数误差如图7所示。从图中可以看出:变温速率不同时,标度因数的变化趋势存在差异,全温标度因数误差的峰峰值超过了835.1×10-6,严重影响了光纤陀螺的动态性能。
由于转台的角速率恒定,变温速率为0.5 ℃/min的实验数据量远多于变温速率为1 ℃/min的实验数据量。为保证模型的拟合精度,将变温速率为0.5 ℃/min的数据作为模型的训练集,对模型进行训练。采用Adam(自适应矩估计)优化器对梯度下降收敛过程中的震荡进行抑制,以及对各参数的学习率进行自适应调整。GSA-LSTM算法的迭代过程如图8所示,可以看出算法的适应度值下降较快,在迭代27次后实现收敛,最终适应度值收敛至0.106 6。LSTM网络参数设置如表1所示。
将1 ℃/min的数据作为模型的测试集,验证模型的拟合精度,补偿结果如图9所示。可以看出:补偿后全温的标度因数误差大幅度减小,峰峰值减小至38.02×10-6,相较于补偿前,误差减小了一个数量级以上。
为了进一步验证GSA-LSTM算法的补偿效果,将其与多层感知机(Multilayer Perceptron,MLP)、LSTM算法的补偿结果进行了对比,不同算法补偿前后的标准差(Standard Deviation,STD)如表2所示。补偿前的标度因数误差的STD值达到了450.24×10-6,GSA-LSTM算法将标度因数误差的STD值减小至11.23×10-6,其补偿效果优于MLP算法、LSTM算法。可以看出GSA-LSTM算法在标度因数迟滞误差补偿方面的优越性。
本文针对变温环境下,光纤陀螺内部各光电器件非均匀受热产生的标度因数迟滞误差进行了分析。依据实际使用的光纤陀螺结构,搭建了多温度传感器的测量系统,得到了不同光电器件之间的温度迟滞趋势,对标度因数迟滞误差的来源进行了分析。针对标度因数误差的非线性和迟滞性,本文提出了基于GSA-LSTM算法的误差补偿模型,实验结果表明:本文提出的误差补偿算法将全温范围内的标度因数误差的峰峰值由835.1×10-6减小至38.02×10-6,大幅减小了标度因数误差。此外,本文将GSA-LSTM算法与MLP算法、LSTM算法的补偿结果进行了对比,表明了本文提出的GSA-LSTM算法在标度因数迟滞误差补偿方面的适用性。
  • 陕西省重点研发计划(2024GX-YBXM-199)
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2025年第46卷第3期
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doi: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20241129004
  • 接收时间:2024-11-29
  • 首发时间:2026-03-13
  • 出版时间:2025-05-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-29
  • 修回日期:2025-01-22
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陕西省重点研发计划(2024GX-YBXM-199)
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    西安航天精密机电研究所 西安 710100
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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