Article(id=1239133499832202132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, issueId=1239133496480953194, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12347/j.ycyk.20250111002, pmid=null, cstr=32406.14.ycyk.20250111002, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1736524800000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-11, revisedDate=1744300800000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773362048346, onlineDateStr=2026-03-13, pubDate=1747238400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773362048346, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773362048346, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773362048346, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1239133496480953194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, year='2025', volume='46', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='152', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773362047547, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773363045127, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1239137680697651401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, issueId=1239133496480953194, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1239137680697651402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, issueId=1239133496480953194, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=146, endPage=152, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1239133500125803424, articleId=1239133499832202132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, language=EN, title=Simulation Analysis of The Influence of Sea Surface Wind Speed on The Ability of Synthetic Aperture Radar to Detect Ocean Internal Waves, columnId=1239133500033528732, journalTitle=Journal of Telemetry, Tracking and Command, columnName=Radar and Countermeasures, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Spaceborne synthetic aperture radar is one of the important means of detecting ocean internal waves, and sea surface wind speed has a significant impact on the ability of synthetic aperture radar to detect ocean internal waves. Based on the theory of the influence of sea surface wind speed on the ability of synthetic aperture radar to detect ocean internal waves, combining the insitu measured parameters of ocean internal waves, additional with the corresponding ocean environment and synthetic aperture radar data, this paper analyzes the imaging mechanism of ocean internal waves on synthetic aperture radar images, discusses the different manifestations of upward and downward ocean internal waves, and elaborates on the ability of synthetic aperture radar to detect ocean internal waves under the combined influence of internal wave amplitude, thermocline depth, and thermocline intensity under different wind speed conditions. Simulation analysis shows that the smaller the sea surface wind speed, the larger the internal wave amplitude, the shallower the thermocline depth, and the stronger the thermocline intensity, the stronger the ability of synthetic aperture radar to detect internal waves in the ocean. The results can provide technical support for the planning of satellite observation tasks in the early stage of detecting ocean internal waves using spaceborne synthetic aperture radar.

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星载合成孔径雷达是探测海洋内波的重要手段之一,海面风速对合成孔径雷达探测海洋内波的能力影响显著。本文基于海面风速影响合成孔径雷达探测海洋内波能力理论,结合实测海洋内波参数和相应的海洋环境、合成孔径雷达数据,分析了海洋内波及其在合成孔径雷达图像上成像机理,论述了上升型和下降型海洋内波的不同表现形式,阐述了在不同风速条件下,内波振幅、跃层深度和跃层强度共同作用下的合成孔径雷达探测海洋内波能力。模拟试验分析结果表明:海面风速越小、内波振幅越大、跃层深度越浅、跃层强度越大时,合成孔径雷达探测海洋内波能力越强。本成果可为星载合成孔径雷达探测海洋内波前期的卫星观测任务规划提供技术支撑。

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姜祝辉 1982年生,博士,高级工程师。

孔晓娟 1994年生,硕士,工程师。

翟宇梅 1963年生,硕士,研究员。

艾未华 1978年生,博士,教授。

陈建 1986年生,博士,高级工程师。

马明 1977年生,硕士,正高级工程师。

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翟宇梅 1963年生,硕士,研究员。

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马明 1977年生,硕士,正高级工程师。

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海面风速影响合成孔径雷达探测海洋内波能力的模拟试验分析
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姜祝辉 1 , 孔晓娟 1 , 翟宇梅 1 , 艾未华 2 , 陈建 1 , 马明 1
遥测遥控 | 雷达与对抗 2025,46(3): 146-152
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遥测遥控 | 雷达与对抗 2025, 46(3): 146-152
海面风速影响合成孔径雷达探测海洋内波能力的模拟试验分析
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姜祝辉1, 孔晓娟1, 翟宇梅1, 艾未华2, 陈建1, 马明1
作者信息
  • 1北京应用气象研究所 北京 100029
  • 2国防科技大学气象海洋学院 长沙 150001
  • 姜祝辉 1982年生,博士,高级工程师。

    孔晓娟 1994年生,硕士,工程师。

    翟宇梅 1963年生,硕士,研究员。

    艾未华 1978年生,博士,教授。

    陈建 1986年生,博士,高级工程师。

    马明 1977年生,硕士,正高级工程师。

Simulation Analysis of The Influence of Sea Surface Wind Speed on The Ability of Synthetic Aperture Radar to Detect Ocean Internal Waves
Zhuhui JIANG1, Xiaojuan KONG1, Yumei ZHAI1, Weihua AI2, Jian CHEN1, Ming MA1
Affiliations
  • 1.Beijing Institute of Applied Meteorology, Beijing 100029, China
  • 2.College of Metearology and Oceanography, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
出版时间: 2025-05-15 doi: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20250111002
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星载合成孔径雷达是探测海洋内波的重要手段之一,海面风速对合成孔径雷达探测海洋内波的能力影响显著。本文基于海面风速影响合成孔径雷达探测海洋内波能力理论,结合实测海洋内波参数和相应的海洋环境、合成孔径雷达数据,分析了海洋内波及其在合成孔径雷达图像上成像机理,论述了上升型和下降型海洋内波的不同表现形式,阐述了在不同风速条件下,内波振幅、跃层深度和跃层强度共同作用下的合成孔径雷达探测海洋内波能力。模拟试验分析结果表明:海面风速越小、内波振幅越大、跃层深度越浅、跃层强度越大时,合成孔径雷达探测海洋内波能力越强。本成果可为星载合成孔径雷达探测海洋内波前期的卫星观测任务规划提供技术支撑。

海面风速  /  合成孔径雷达  /  海洋内波  /  模拟试验分析

Spaceborne synthetic aperture radar is one of the important means of detecting ocean internal waves, and sea surface wind speed has a significant impact on the ability of synthetic aperture radar to detect ocean internal waves. Based on the theory of the influence of sea surface wind speed on the ability of synthetic aperture radar to detect ocean internal waves, combining the insitu measured parameters of ocean internal waves, additional with the corresponding ocean environment and synthetic aperture radar data, this paper analyzes the imaging mechanism of ocean internal waves on synthetic aperture radar images, discusses the different manifestations of upward and downward ocean internal waves, and elaborates on the ability of synthetic aperture radar to detect ocean internal waves under the combined influence of internal wave amplitude, thermocline depth, and thermocline intensity under different wind speed conditions. Simulation analysis shows that the smaller the sea surface wind speed, the larger the internal wave amplitude, the shallower the thermocline depth, and the stronger the thermocline intensity, the stronger the ability of synthetic aperture radar to detect internal waves in the ocean. The results can provide technical support for the planning of satellite observation tasks in the early stage of detecting ocean internal waves using spaceborne synthetic aperture radar.

Sea surface wind speed  /  Synthetic aperture radar  /  Ocean internal waves  /  Simulation analysis
姜祝辉, 孔晓娟, 翟宇梅, 艾未华, 陈建, 马明. 海面风速影响合成孔径雷达探测海洋内波能力的模拟试验分析. 遥测遥控, 2025 , 46 (3) : 146 -152 . DOI: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20250111002
Zhuhui JIANG, Xiaojuan KONG, Yumei ZHAI, Weihua AI, Jian CHEN, Ming MA. Simulation Analysis of The Influence of Sea Surface Wind Speed on The Ability of Synthetic Aperture Radar to Detect Ocean Internal Waves[J]. Journal of Telemetry, Tracking and Command, 2025 , 46 (3) : 146 -152 . DOI: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20250111002
海洋内波指发生在层结海洋内部、以约化重力为恢复力的亚中尺度波动[1]。海洋内波扭曲声信号传播路径,对水下通信效率及后续的分析应用造成严重影响[2];海洋内波强烈的波动可能对石油钻井平台造成严重破坏[3]。星载合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)是探测海洋内波的主要手段之一[4,5]。然而海面风速影响SAR探测海洋内波能力,相关研究涉及SAR探测反演海洋内波方法、分析仿真方法,以及海面风速的定性定量影响分析等诸多领域。
在SAR探测反演海洋内波方法方面,基于Korteweg-de-Vries(KdV)方程对 SAR 图像中的海洋内波进行探测是主要手段。袁叶立[6]从波数谱平衡方程出发,推导出了基于 KdV 方程的海波高频谱形式的解析表达式,阐明了海面风、主要海波运动和较大尺度海水运动对海面超短波的调制机制,为 SAR 探测海洋内波奠定了理论基础。基于上述理论,利用SAR图像,引入跃层深度、跃层强度、海水黏性系数、海浪等信息,就可以获取海洋内波振幅、相速度、线性波速和半宽度等参数[7-9]。近年来,将两幅连续的SAR图像与扩展的KdV方程相结合来推导上层水深和海洋内波振幅[10]、联合可见光或红外图像探测反演海洋内波[11]等新手段不断优化拓展了SAR探测反演海洋内波方法。
在SAR分析仿真海洋内波方面,利用多年多源SAR遥感数据,基于SAR探测反演海洋内波方法,可获取海洋内波参数数据集,通过对数据集的统计分析,即可得到关注海域的海洋内波特性[12-14]。Pisoni等[15]研究了阿根廷内巴塔哥尼亚陆架L波段SAR海洋内波,并统计得出SAR探测得到海洋内波时海面风速分布在1.5 m/s ~ 6.3 m/s范围内的结论。另外,通过利用SAR图像开展海洋内波引起的表面波破碎[16]、第二模态海洋内波被涡流诱导[17]等仿真分析工作,大大深化了人们对海洋内波的认识。
在海面风速的定性影响分析方面,Chong等[18]假定海面风速为2m/s,模拟了内孤波极性转换过程SAR图像的表现形式。Fan等[19]提出了全波谱模式下(L、C和X波段)SAR反演海洋内波方法,讨论了风速引起的海洋表面混合层湍流对SAR探测海洋内波的影响。Zhang等[20]推导了与海面10 m风速强相关的极化SAR海洋内波散射模型。利用L波段SAR数据进行海洋内波分析的成果相对较少,Macedo等[21]利用多极化PALSar数据分析了不同成像和海面风场情况下观测到的海洋内波。从上述研究以及其他相关研究[22-25]可以看出,海面风速对SAR探测海洋内波能力有影响。
在海面风速的定量影响分析方面的研究难度相对较大。由于海洋内波振幅、跃层深度、跃层强度、海水黏性系数、海浪等诸多因素均会在海洋内波引起的海面粗糙度变化上有所体现[26,27],进一步影响合成孔径雷达探测海洋内波能力。需将跃层深度、跃层强度、海水黏性系数、海浪等其他信息作为外部输入,将合成孔径雷达数据作为观测来提取海洋内波相关参数[28]。由于潜标观测要素、观测频率和站位不一定能完全满足相关外部输入的要求,在实际应用中多会采用气候态数据[29,30]。所以,难以通过实际观测试验覆盖到所有海面风速、内波振幅、跃层深度、跃层强度等情形下的SAR成像情况,只能通过模拟试验来分析不同要素对合成孔径雷达探测海洋内波能力的影响。OUYANG等[31]在不同的风速条件下,引入了M4S海面微波散射成像模型,模拟了不同波段、不同入射角等情况下SAR海洋内波探测能力。YANG等[32]研究了SAR图像中内波的海面暗/亮模式与海面风场之间的关系,分析了两种含有海洋内波的星载SAR图像,模拟了不同海流和风场下海洋内波的SAR特征,结果表明:SAR图像中海洋内波特征的亮暗条纹序列与表面流场有关,风向和风速差异会影响海洋内波条纹的形状和亮度,但不能改变条纹的顺序。Morgane等[33]建立了考虑海面风速、波相互作用和波流相互作用的SAR估算Alboran海内波跃层深度的方法。Chang等[34]通过光学遥感试验平台研究了风速对光学遥感海洋内波成像的重要影响。取风速分别为1.6 m/s、3.1 m/s、3.5 m/s、3.8 m/s和3.9 m/s,研究了风速对海洋内波带特征的影响。实验结果表明:当风力太大时,光学遥感无法观测到海洋内波的亮带和暗带。
虽然海面风速对SAR探测海洋内波能力的影响被普遍认同,但在不同风速条件下SAR探测海洋内波的数值模拟试验分析尚未开展,其他海洋参数的影响尚未在不同风速条件下进行充分评估。本文在论述海面风速影响SAR探测海洋内波能力理论基础上,开展了海洋内波在不同风速条件下,内波振幅、跃层深度和跃层强度共同作用时,SAR探测海洋内波能力的模拟试验分析。
海洋内波中海水的运动在跃层附近较大,远离跃层较小。海水的这种运动会引起海洋表层水平流大小和方向改变,从而导致海表面海水发生辐聚和辐散[35]。变化的海洋表面流场与表面波之间的相互作用将改变海面粗糙度,最终在SAR图像上显示出波列状明暗相间的内波条纹[36]
基于海洋内波KdV方程[36]、海表面波高频谱模型[6]和布拉格散射模型[37,38],可以得出海洋内波SAR遥感的计算式[39]
其中,φ为波向,Co为线性波速,Cp为内波相速度,l为内波半宽度,h1为上层水深,无量纲常数m=0.04,ω为海表面波的角频率,u*为摩擦速度。通过数值模式或者浮标、星载探测器得到的海面风速一般指的是海面10 m的风速[40],文中采用Amorocho等[41]给出的经验转换关系式,当 U10<7 m/s时,u*≈0.034U10。上述参数设置详见文献[37,40-43],本文不再赘述。
下面基于上节风场影响探测内波能力的理论基础,在给定海洋内波参数的情况下,论述海洋内波图及其在SAR图像上的成像,分析海面风速对海洋内波在SAR图像上成像的影响,在不同内波振幅、不同跃层深度和不同跃层强度的情况下,分析海面风速对SAR探测海洋内波的影响。
模拟试验分析依据文献[43]实际海洋内波相关特征参数设定,令X=x-Cptφ= 23°,θ= 23°,g= 9.8 m/s2ρ=1 025 kg/m3,假定SAR工作在C波段,即波数ko=17.543 9 m-1。本文跃层强度用Δρ/ρ表征,即上下层水体密度差除以水的密度。微尺度波波数为kb=86.141 6 m-1,表面波波速为0.3 m/s,表面波的角频率为25.8 rad/s,海水的黏性系数取0.000 85 Ns/m2
图1是当海洋内波振幅η0=8 m,Δρ/ρ= 3,h1=70 m,h2=50 m,U10=2 m/s时,海洋内波及其在SAR图像上的成像图。图1(a)是一个典型的上升型海洋内波,图1(b)为其在SAR图像上成像后向散射系数的变化情况。从图中可见,Δσo逐渐增大到极大值,随后减小到极小值,最后趋近于0。当海洋内波达到最大值时,相应的后向散射系数的变化为0 dB,而在海洋内波上升阶段Δσo存在极大值,在海洋内波下降阶段对应Δσo的极小值。这是因为在海洋内波上升阶段会产生辐聚从而影响到表层流,使得Δσo达到极大值,从而在SAR图像上表现为亮带,而在海洋内波下降阶段会产生辐散进而影响到表层流,使得Δσo达到极小值,从而在SAR图像上表现为暗带。
图1(c)图1(d)是当η0= 8 m,Δρ/ρ= 3,h1= 50 m,h2= 70 m,U10= 2 m/s时,海洋内波及其在SAR图像上的成像图。图1(c)是一个典型的下降型海洋内波,图1(d)为其在SAR图像上成像后向散射系数的变化情况,其情况刚好和上升型的情况相反,Δσo首先达到极小值,然后达到极大值,而成像原理相同,即海洋内波的辐聚导致SAR图像上的亮带,海洋内波的辐散导致SAR图像上的暗带。
海洋内波参数与上一节相同,在X = 10 m时海面风速对海洋内波成像的影响如图2所示,其中细实线代表上升型海洋内波情况下Δσo随海面10 m风速的变化,粗实线代表下降型海洋内波情况下Δσo随海面10 m风速的变化。上升型海洋内波在X = 10 m时,Δσo<0,而下降型海洋内波,Δσo>0,这一点亦可以从图1中看到同样的现象。从图2中可见,无论是上升型海洋内波还是下降型海洋内波,随着风速增大,|Δσo|减小;当U10 = 5 m/s时,Δσo趋近于0 dB,即当风速过大时,不能利用SAR图像反演海洋内波,这和Silva等[38]的统计结果吻合。
采用2.1节所给出的下降型海洋内波相关参数和SAR相关参数,在海洋内波振幅分别为5 m、10 m、15 m和20 m的情况下,随着海面风速的增大SAR对海洋内波的可探测性如图3所示。从图中可见,海洋内波振幅越大,SAR对海洋内波的探测能力越强。这是由于大振幅的海洋内波导致水质点垂向大尺度震荡,引起海面强烈辐聚辐散,进而产生较强的海面粗糙度变化。无论海洋内波振幅多大,其随风速增大表现出的探测能力减弱的特性不变,振幅越大,可探测性越强。
固定水深为120 m,海洋内波振幅为15 m,在跃层深度分别为20 m、25 m、30 m和40 m情况下,随着海面风速的增大SAR对海洋内波的可探测性如图4所示。由于固定了水深,跃层深度的不同直接导致了上层水深和下层水深的变化。随着跃层深度的增大,上层水深增大,下层水深减小。从图4可见,跃层深度越大,SAR对海洋内波的探测能力越弱。这是由于海水对水质点能量的耗散性[44],跃层深度越深,耗散行程越长,能量减弱的更多。其随风速增大表现出的探测能力减弱的特性不变,跃层越小,可探测性越强。
在跃层强度Δρ/ρ分别为0.001、0.002、0.003和0.004的情况下,随着海面风速的增大SAR对海洋内波的可探测性见图5。从图中可见,跃层强度越大,SAR对海洋内波的探测能力越强。无论跃层强度多大,其随风速增大表现出的探测能力减弱的特性不变,强度越大,可探测性越强。
综合图2~图5可以看到,不同的海洋环境条件产生的SAR后向散射系数的幅度变化较大,也就是说不仅是海面风速,还有海洋内波振幅、跃层深度、跃层强度等海洋环境条件均对SAR海洋内波的探测能力有重要影响,如此只能通过固定绝大多数参数,调整典型环境参数的方式进行模拟实验分析。
海面风速严重影响SAR探测海洋内波能力。本文基于海面风场影响SAR探测海洋内波能力理论模型,参考实测海洋内波相关参数和相应的海洋环境,开展了海面风速影响SAR探测海洋内波能力的模拟试验分析,在海面风速较小,内波振幅较大,跃层深度较浅,跃层强度较大的情况下,SAR越能更好地探测到海洋内波。
由于数据传输、星上存储等限制,星载SAR每次开机仅有十几分钟,所以SAR观测前的任务规划尤为重要,本文成果可为星载SAR探测海洋内波前期的卫星观测任务规划提供技术支撑。
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2025年第46卷第3期
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doi: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20250111002
  • 接收时间:2025-01-11
  • 首发时间:2026-03-13
  • 出版时间:2025-05-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-11
  • 修回日期:2025-04-11
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    1北京应用气象研究所 北京 100029
    2国防科技大学气象海洋学院 长沙 150001
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