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In the field of ultra-high sound pressure noise environment of rocket engines, fiber laser microphones without diaphragm packaging have prominent pressure-resistant advantages. However, the phase noise problem introduced by unbalanced interferometer in engineering applications limits their performance. This paper focuses on the phase noise of the fiber laser microphone array introduced by the unbalanced interferometer in the modulation system. Firstly, the working principle of the modulation system and the source of the phase noise of the unbalanced interferometer are discussed, and a stable laser light source is incident on the unbalanced interferometer shared by the microphone system, to construct fiber laser microphone array system with suppressed optical phase noise. Then, the suppression principle is theoretically analyzed using the differential cross multiplying (DCM) demodulation. The noise information of the optical reference is used to cancel out the system noise introduced by the interferometer, thereby achieving the dynamic noise suppression. Finally, numerical simulation and experimental verification are conducted on the microphone array system. As a result, the phase noise measured in the non-equilibrium interferometer is reduced from approximately ± 0.34 rad to within ± 0.15 rad compared with the system without optical reference under field experimental conditions. The noise peak is sup-pressed by more than 7 dB, and the noise power spectral density is reduced from -25.02 dB/ to below -32.93 dB/. The suppression effect of phase noise is significant.

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在火箭发动机超高声压噪声测量领域,无振膜封装的光纤激光传声器耐压优势凸显。然而在工程应用中由非平衡干涉仪引入的相位噪声问题限制了其性能发挥。本文围绕光纤激光传声器阵列调制系统中非平衡干涉仪引入的相位噪声问题展开分析。首先,分析了调制系统的工作原理以及非平衡干涉仪相位噪声的来源,并将稳定的激光器光源入射至传声器系统共用的非平衡干涉仪,建立了具备光相位噪声抑制的光纤激光传声器阵列系统;之后,结合微分交叉相乘解调算法对抑制原理进行分析,利用光参考噪声去抵消干涉仪引入的噪声,进而达到动态抑制噪声的目的;最后,对传声器阵列系统进行了数值仿真和实验验证。实验结果表明:在外场实验条件下,非平衡干涉仪中测量的相位噪声与未引入光参考噪声的系统相比,传声器阵列7个基元的噪声由±0.34 rad左右减小到±0.15 rad以内,在噪声峰值处实现了7 dB以上的抑制效果,噪声功率谱密度由-25.02 dB/降至-32.93 dB/以下,相位噪声的抑制效果显著。

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赵俊鹏 1990年生,博士研究生,工程师。

赵晨 1991年生,硕士,工程师。

郑百超 1989年生,硕士,工程师。

杨勇 1981年生,博士,研究员。

王学锋 1974年生,博士,研究员。

牛国盛 1996年生,博士,工程师。

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赵俊鹏 1990年生,博士研究生,工程师。

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赵俊鹏 1990年生,博士研究生,工程师。

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赵晨 1991年生,硕士,工程师。

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赵晨 1991年生,硕士,工程师。

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郑百超 1989年生,硕士,工程师。

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郑百超 1989年生,硕士,工程师。

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杨勇 1981年生,博士,研究员。

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王学锋 1974年生,博士,研究员。

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王学锋 1974年生,博士,研究员。

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基于光参考的光纤激光传声器阵列相位噪声动态抑制方法
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赵俊鹏 1, 2, 3 , 赵晨 2, 3 , 郑百超 2, 3 , 杨勇 2, 3 , 王学锋 2, 3 , 牛国盛 2, 3
遥测遥控 | 智能传感器技术 2025,46(3): 33-41
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遥测遥控 | 智能传感器技术 2025, 46(3): 33-41
基于光参考的光纤激光传声器阵列相位噪声动态抑制方法
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赵俊鹏1, 2, 3, 赵晨2, 3, 郑百超2, 3, 杨勇2, 3, 王学锋2, 3, 牛国盛2, 3
作者信息
  • 1天津大学精密仪器与光电子工程学院 天津 300072
  • 2北京航天控制仪器研究所 北京 100094
  • 3北京市光纤传感系统工程技术研究中心 北京 100094
  • 赵俊鹏 1990年生,博士研究生,工程师。

    赵晨 1991年生,硕士,工程师。

    郑百超 1989年生,硕士,工程师。

    杨勇 1981年生,博士,研究员。

    王学锋 1974年生,博士,研究员。

    牛国盛 1996年生,博士,工程师。

Dynamic Suppression Method of Phase Noise in Fiber Laser Microphone Array Based on Optical Reference
Junpeng ZHAO1, 2, 3, Chen ZHAO2, 3, Baichao ZHENG2, 3, Yong YANG2, 3, Xuefeng WANG2, 3, Guosheng NIU2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
  • 2.Beijing Institute of Aerospace Control Devices, Beijing 100094, China
  • 3.Beijing Optical Fiber Sensing System Engineering Technology Research Center, Beijing 100094, China
出版时间: 2025-05-15 doi: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20241130001
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在火箭发动机超高声压噪声测量领域,无振膜封装的光纤激光传声器耐压优势凸显。然而在工程应用中由非平衡干涉仪引入的相位噪声问题限制了其性能发挥。本文围绕光纤激光传声器阵列调制系统中非平衡干涉仪引入的相位噪声问题展开分析。首先,分析了调制系统的工作原理以及非平衡干涉仪相位噪声的来源,并将稳定的激光器光源入射至传声器系统共用的非平衡干涉仪,建立了具备光相位噪声抑制的光纤激光传声器阵列系统;之后,结合微分交叉相乘解调算法对抑制原理进行分析,利用光参考噪声去抵消干涉仪引入的噪声,进而达到动态抑制噪声的目的;最后,对传声器阵列系统进行了数值仿真和实验验证。实验结果表明:在外场实验条件下,非平衡干涉仪中测量的相位噪声与未引入光参考噪声的系统相比,传声器阵列7个基元的噪声由±0.34 rad左右减小到±0.15 rad以内,在噪声峰值处实现了7 dB以上的抑制效果,噪声功率谱密度由-25.02 dB/降至-32.93 dB/以下,相位噪声的抑制效果显著。

光纤激光传声器阵列  /  微分交叉相乘解调  /  光参考  /  相位噪声抑制

In the field of ultra-high sound pressure noise environment of rocket engines, fiber laser microphones without diaphragm packaging have prominent pressure-resistant advantages. However, the phase noise problem introduced by unbalanced interferometer in engineering applications limits their performance. This paper focuses on the phase noise of the fiber laser microphone array introduced by the unbalanced interferometer in the modulation system. Firstly, the working principle of the modulation system and the source of the phase noise of the unbalanced interferometer are discussed, and a stable laser light source is incident on the unbalanced interferometer shared by the microphone system, to construct fiber laser microphone array system with suppressed optical phase noise. Then, the suppression principle is theoretically analyzed using the differential cross multiplying (DCM) demodulation. The noise information of the optical reference is used to cancel out the system noise introduced by the interferometer, thereby achieving the dynamic noise suppression. Finally, numerical simulation and experimental verification are conducted on the microphone array system. As a result, the phase noise measured in the non-equilibrium interferometer is reduced from approximately ± 0.34 rad to within ± 0.15 rad compared with the system without optical reference under field experimental conditions. The noise peak is sup-pressed by more than 7 dB, and the noise power spectral density is reduced from -25.02 dB/ to below -32.93 dB/. The suppression effect of phase noise is significant.

Fiber laser microphone array  /  Differential cross multiplying  /  Optical reference  /  Phase noise dynamic suppression
赵俊鹏, 赵晨, 郑百超, 杨勇, 王学锋, 牛国盛. 基于光参考的光纤激光传声器阵列相位噪声动态抑制方法. 遥测遥控, 2025 , 46 (3) : 33 -41 . DOI: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20241130001
Junpeng ZHAO, Chen ZHAO, Baichao ZHENG, Yong YANG, Xuefeng WANG, Guosheng NIU. Dynamic Suppression Method of Phase Noise in Fiber Laser Microphone Array Based on Optical Reference[J]. Journal of Telemetry, Tracking and Command, 2025 , 46 (3) : 33 -41 . DOI: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20241130001
光纤传声器具有灵敏度高、抗电磁干扰、易于大规模成阵等优点,光纤传声器按工作原理可分为干涉式、光栅式、强度式等类型[1-5]。带有振膜的基于法布里-珀罗(Fabry-Perot,F-P)干涉原理的光纤传声器,具有灵敏度高的特点,对其研究主要集中在双腔结构、双光纤结构、硅基结构以及膜片的选择等方面[6-11];但面向多传感器的阵列应用,该类传声器很难做到多只传感器串行复用,进而增加了调制解调系统的通道数成本。光纤激光传声器是光栅式传声器的一种,相比于其他光纤传声器,具有体积小、重量轻等特点,是大规模成阵的首选方案之一,被广泛应用于强磁、强电压、易燃易爆、水下等特殊环境下的声探测,在声学成像、水下探测与跟踪、超高声压噪声测量等领域有着巨大的应用潜力[12-14]。在实际应用中,由多个光纤激光传声器组成的阵列可以获得较高的探测增益、较强的空间定位能力以及更宽的频率响应范围[15,16]
目前,大规模光纤激光传声器系统通常会采用时分、波分、空分等复用技术。前端探头具备体积小、重量轻的优势,但后端较为复杂的调制解调系统带来了噪声问题。这种较高的系统噪声,降低了光纤激光传声器的动态范围、灵敏度等核心性能指标,影响了声信号采集的准确性。由温度、振动等工程应用环境引入到干涉仪中的相位噪声,已经成为制约光纤传声器系统性能提升的关键因素。针对上述问题,文献[17]提出了一种主动相位扰动自动参量获取和自动修正的大规模光纤水听器阵列相位噪声补偿方法;文献[18]提出使用一个声压和加速度不灵敏的参考探头来获取传输光纤引入的公共噪声的补偿方法;文献[19]提出了一种基于深度神经网络的噪声抑制方法,取得了较好的去噪效果;北京航天控制仪器研究所提出了一种基于稳定激光器光源作为光参考的单探头相位噪声补偿方法[20]。已有的光纤传声器噪声抑制方法主要聚焦于优化解调算法、参考干涉仪以及不敏感探头补偿等方法。然而,针对光纤激光传声器阵列噪声抑制的研究尚显不足。
本文在文献[20]单通道噪声抑制方法的基础上,提出将稳定激光器的相位调制输出作为相位生成载波(Phase Generated Carrier,PGC)解调过程中的载波参考信号,实现了光纤激光传声器阵列相位噪声的动态抑制。仿真和实验结果表明:该方法能有效抑制光纤激光传声器阵列中非平衡干涉仪引入的相位噪声。
光纤激光传声器阵列的工作原理:将增敏封装后的光纤激光器谐振腔作为敏感声的传感元件,泵浦光源经分束器和980 nm/1 550 nm波分复用器(Wavelength Division Multiplexer,WDM)后,入射到不同通道、不同波长的光纤激光器谐振腔阵列进行光泵浦,不同的光纤激光器谐振腔分别产生相应波长的激光输出;当外界声压作用于这些光纤激光器谐振腔后引起激光输出波长的变化,这些波长变化可以通过同一非平衡干涉仪转换成相位变化;利用波分复用器将各个波长解复用,再通过相位检测获得空气声信号。
光纤激光传声器阵列调制解调系统的光相位噪声主要来源于:自由自发辐射光子相位的随机性产生的激光谱线展宽以及外界非声等环境变化引起的激光中心频率抖动[17]。因此,激光器频率的任何变化都可以在非平衡干涉仪中产生相位差,在实际工程中,温度、振动等外界环境变化都会在非平衡干涉仪中引入相位噪声,该相位噪声具有不确定的时变特性,是传声器系统中较难克服的噪声。在调制解调系统中,波长的变化经过调制输出后,携带了除声信号以外的相位噪声,为了抑制该相位噪声,在系统中引入稳定的窄线宽激光器(L0),使其输出与光纤激光传声器阵列相同波段的激光,经过光开关选通后进入同一非平衡干涉仪,将该光信号的动态调制输出作为PGC相位解调的载波参考信号,以此替代已有声光调制器(Acousto-Optic Modulator,AOM)输出的电参考信号进行实时解调,此时AOM仅保留声光移频作用,从而实现了动态抑制相位噪声的目的。含有相位噪声抑制的光纤激光传声器阵列系统原理图如图1所示。
光参考光纤激光传声器阵列PGC解调算法原理图如图2所示,在传声器阵列PGC解调方法中,不同路的传声器调制信号V1(t)~Vn×m(t)分别与经光开关0引入的同一路载波参考信号S(t),以及与S(t)相互正交的载波参考信号I(t)相乘,再经含有零漂抑制[21]的微分交叉相乘(Differential Cross Multiplying,DCM)及高通滤波(High-Pass Filtering,HPF)后便可解出声信号。
对于第i个光纤激光传声器输出的调制信号:
式中,Aν为信号幅值,ωc为声光调制(载波)频率,φ(t)为采集的声学信号相位信息,φl(t)为低频漂移的相位信息,φ0(t)为非平衡干涉仪引入的相位噪声。
对于第i个光纤激光传声器经同一非平衡干涉仪产生的相位变化表示为:
式中,n为光纤折射率,d为干涉仪臂长差,Δnd为由干涉仪引入的外界环境及其他因素引起的扰动变化量,λ0i为第i个激光器的中心波长,Δλi为声信号引入的波长变化量。
经光开关0后引入的经同一非平衡干涉仪输出的调制光参考信号:
式中,ωc为与光纤激光传声器调制信号同频的载波频率,φS(t)为参考光源引入的动态相位信息,φSI(t)为低频漂移的相位信息,为非平衡干涉仪引入的相位噪声。
对于经光开关0后产生的光参考信号经同一非平衡干涉仪产生的相位变化表示为:
将光参考信号S(t)进行希尔伯特变换得到同幅值相位相差90°的正交参考信号I(t),将传声器调制信号分别与两个参考信号进行相乘,得到:
经过DCM后,得到:
其中的相位信息为:
ΔλS为参考光源引入的动态波长变化量,包括窄线宽激光器光源抖动等因素引入的不确定量,其值变化很小,表现为低频漂移量,同时该波长被调制时引入了同一干涉仪受外界干扰产生的噪声;由于参考光源及传声器都选用ITU-TG.692波长,中心波长λ0iλS0相差为较小的固定的值,因此为趋近于1的恒定值,表现为低频漂移量;经零漂抑制及高通滤波后,低频漂移噪声φSI(t)、被滤除,但实际上消除后得到的相位噪声依然有幅值和时间上的差异。
按同样的方式对光源进行扰动和多次数据采集,计算出光纤激光传声器的补偿系数Ki和时间差Δti,在实际测量中可得:
由(8)式可知,当φi(t)→Kiδφ0(tti)时,非平衡干涉仪引入的相位噪声已得到有效的动态抑制。
当光纤激光传声器无声信号输入时,其解调结果近似为白噪声,此时光纤激光传声器的解调结果即为光纤激光传声器的底噪。仿真时假设光路系统引入的噪声为白噪声,且幅值与光纤激光传声器的底噪强度相当,使用MATLAB数值仿真软件产生幅值为0.1 rad的白噪声信号来模拟光纤激光传声器的底噪。
由于光纤激光传声器输出的调制信号和光参考信号都途经相同的光路系统,其相位中都会附加噪声,光纤激光传声器输出的调制信号用式(1)表示,光参考信号用式(3)表示,电参考信号未引入光路系统,相位中不存在光路噪声,可表示为:
其中,AE为电参考信号的幅值,仿真时设置为1 V。基于上述构造的信号进行仿真,分别用光参考信号和电参考信号对光纤激光传声器调制信号进行解调。仿真输出的解调噪声时域波形和功率谱密度分别如图3图4所示。
由时域波形可以看出,使用光参考信号解调得到的光纤激光传声器底噪幅值明显小于使用电参考信号解调得到的底噪幅值。从功率谱密度(Power Spectral Density,PSD)可以看出,使用光参考信号解调得到的光纤激光传声器底噪功率明显低于使用电参考信号解调得到的底噪功率,仿真结果充分表明使用光参考信号可以有效抑制由干涉仪引入的噪声。
为了进一步验证该方法对光纤激光传声器阵列噪声抑制的效果,在外场实验条件下,对北京航天控制仪器研究所自研的光纤激光传声器阵列及其解调系统进行了噪声对比测试,此次测试选取了7只空分复用的光纤激光传声器进行了对比,系统在硬件上既保留了电参考又新增了光参考,采用软件切换两种参考模式,采集对比噪声信息。由于更改系统后原电参考系统中的CH8通道改为了光参考通道,因此对比测试结果只给出了CH1~CH7的7个通道测试结果。外场实验环境噪声采集现场图如图5所示,对比测试结果如图6~图9所示。
图6图7时域波形对比测试结果可以看出,引入光参考后,7只光纤激光传声器采集的环境本底噪声由±0.34 rad左右全部减小到±0.15 rad以内,相位噪声的抑制效果非常明显;从图8图9的对比测试结果可以看出,频率由105.5 Hz降低到37.88 Hz以内,PSD最高频点由-25.02 dB/减小到-32.93 dB/以下,在噪声峰值处的抑制超过7 dB;在150 Hz以下低频段噪声抑制效果明显,高频段噪声基本不变。这说明:通过光参考方法,结合PGC解调算法,可将干涉仪引入的相位噪声进行有效抑制。
本文针对光纤激光传声器阵列在工程应用过程中由于干涉仪引入的相位噪声问题,分析了噪声的来源,开展了基于光参考的光纤激光传声器阵列相位噪声抑制方法研究。通过在调制系统中引入经过同一干涉仪的稳定激光光源作为光参考信号,结合相位生成载波解调算法,实现系统相位噪声的动态抑制。仿真和外场实验测试结果表明了该方法的有效性,在噪声峰值处可实现7dB的噪声抑制,有效地优化了系统性能,提升了光纤激光传声器阵列在工程应用中的环境适应性。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2021YFC3100901)
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2025年第46卷第3期
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doi: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20241130001
  • 接收时间:2024-11-30
  • 首发时间:2026-03-13
  • 出版时间:2025-05-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-30
  • 修回日期:2025-02-24
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国家重点研发计划(2021YFC3100901)
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    1天津大学精密仪器与光电子工程学院 天津 300072
    2北京航天控制仪器研究所 北京 100094
    3北京市光纤传感系统工程技术研究中心 北京 100094
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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