Article(id=1241697947168076039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, issueId=1241697942122328272, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12347/j.ycyk.20240529001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1716912000000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-29, revisedDate=1719331200000, revisedDateStr=2024-06-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773973460236, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1726329600000, pubDateStr=2024-09-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773973460236, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773973460236, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773973460236, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241697942122328272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, year='2024', volume='45', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='128', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773973459034, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773973945698, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241699983414580120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, issueId=1241697942122328272, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241699983414580121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, issueId=1241697942122328272, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=19, endPage=26, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241697947432317195, articleId=1241697947168076039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, language=EN, title=A Design of Inter-satellite Networking System for Main-subsidiary Satellite Cluster, columnId=1239133503154081962, journalTitle=Journal of Telemetry, Tracking and Command, columnName=TT & C Communication and Navigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to solve the networking communication problem of the main-subsidiary satellite cluster under discrete and sparse topology and to ensure the demand of real-time interactive remote control telemetry and task information between satellites,this paper proposes a set of communication system architecture and inter-satellite networking protocol stack design scheme according to the hierarchical and clustered spatial topology characteristics. Firstly, in the design of the network layer, the data structure of the network layer, the subnet cluster head selection backup mechanism based on the multi-weight priority cost function and the process of the sub-satellite network access are given respectively. Secondly, in the data link layer, the data is processed hierarchically according to the subcontracted remote control and subcontracted telemetry system. Then, in the design of the physical layer, the spread frequency hopping is used as the communication system of the inter-satellite link, and the time division multiple access method is used to realize the multi-user communication of the satellite cluster, and the specific communication index of the inter-satellite link is given. Finally, the link calculation of inter-satellite communication is carried out. The calculation results show that the physical layer design meets the communication requirements of each satellite.

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为解决主从式卫星集群在离散稀疏拓扑下的组网通信问题,保障其星间实时交互遥控遥测及任务信息的需求,根据主从式卫星集群的分层、分簇的空间拓扑特点,本文提出了一套通信系统架构和星间组网协议栈的设计方案。首先,在网络层的设计上,给出了网络层的数据结构、基于多权重优先级代价函数的子网簇首选择备份机制以及子星建网入网的流程;其次,在数据链路层,根据分包遥控和分包遥测体制按照层次化对数据进行处理;然后,在物理层的设计中采用扩跳频作为星间链路的通信体制,采用时分多址方式实现卫星集群的多用户通信,并给出了星间链路的具体通信指标;最后,对星间通信进行了链路计算,计算结果表明物理层设计满足各星通信需求。

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魏骁 1970年生,硕士,工程师。

王朝 1997年生,硕士,工程师。

叶葆巍 1997年生,硕士,工程师。

盛佳敏 1987年生,硕士,工程师。

张博 1984年生,博士,高级工程师。

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Orbit parameters of satellite cluster

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周期/h倾角/(°)近地点
角距/(°)
升交点
赤经/(°)
真近点
角/(°)
主星842.4840.2300
子星簇首842.642.100
子星2842.042.000
子星3842.2542.200
子星4842.542.400
子星5842.7542.200
子星6843.042.000
), ArticleFig(id=1241712922074862452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241697947168076039, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

卫星集群轨道参数

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周期/h倾角/(°)近地点
角距/(°)
升交点
赤经/(°)
真近点
角/(°)
主星842.4840.2300
子星簇首842.642.100
子星2842.042.000
子星3842.2542.200
子星4842.542.400
子星5842.7542.200
子星6843.042.000
), ArticleFig(id=1241712922200691574, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241697947168076039, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Inter-satellite link indicator

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链路指标主星子星
接收机噪声系数≤3.5 dB≤3.5 dB
天线增益≥-4.1 dBi@±90°≥6.5 dBi@±30°
EIRP≥14.5 dBW≥3.9 dBW
G/T≥-23.67 dB/K≥-34.27 dB/K
业务时隙长度320 ms25 ms
空口速率51.2 kbps81.92 kbps
), ArticleFig(id=1241712922271994745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241697947168076039, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

星间链路指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
链路指标主星子星
接收机噪声系数≤3.5 dB≤3.5 dB
天线增益≥-4.1 dBi@±90°≥6.5 dBi@±30°
EIRP≥14.5 dBW≥3.9 dBW
G/T≥-23.67 dB/K≥-34.27 dB/K
业务时隙长度320 ms25 ms
空口速率51.2 kbps81.92 kbps
), ArticleFig(id=1241712922355880828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241697947168076039, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Inter-satellite communication link calculation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
主星→子星子星→主星子星间
EIRP/dBW14.53.93.9
链路总损耗/dB-150.61-150.61-138.07
接收G/T/(dB/K)-34.27-23.67-34.27
通信速率/bps51 20051 20081 920
通信所需S/N0/dBHz52.0952.0954.13
解调门限/dBHz45.9645.9648.1
通信余量/dB6.136.136.03
), ArticleFig(id=1241712922427183999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241697947168076039, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

星间通信链路计算

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
主星→子星子星→主星子星间
EIRP/dBW14.53.93.9
链路总损耗/dB-150.61-150.61-138.07
接收G/T/(dB/K)-34.27-23.67-34.27
通信速率/bps51 20051 20081 920
通信所需S/N0/dBHz52.0952.0954.13
解调门限/dBHz45.9645.9648.1
通信余量/dB6.136.136.03
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一种主从式卫星集群的星间组网系统设计
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魏骁 , 王朝 , 叶葆巍 , 盛佳敏 , 张博
遥测遥控 | 测控通信与导航 2024,45(5): 19-26
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遥测遥控 | 测控通信与导航 2024, 45(5): 19-26
一种主从式卫星集群的星间组网系统设计
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魏骁, 王朝, 叶葆巍, 盛佳敏, 张博
作者信息
  • 上海宇航系统工程研究所 上海 201109
  • 魏骁 1970年生,硕士,工程师。

    王朝 1997年生,硕士,工程师。

    叶葆巍 1997年生,硕士,工程师。

    盛佳敏 1987年生,硕士,工程师。

    张博 1984年生,博士,高级工程师。

A Design of Inter-satellite Networking System for Main-subsidiary Satellite Cluster
Xiao WEI, Chao WANG, Baowei YE, Jiamin SHENG, Bo ZHANG
Affiliations
  • Aerospace System Engineering Shanghai, Shanghai, 201109, China
出版时间: 2024-09-15 doi: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20240529001
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为解决主从式卫星集群在离散稀疏拓扑下的组网通信问题,保障其星间实时交互遥控遥测及任务信息的需求,根据主从式卫星集群的分层、分簇的空间拓扑特点,本文提出了一套通信系统架构和星间组网协议栈的设计方案。首先,在网络层的设计上,给出了网络层的数据结构、基于多权重优先级代价函数的子网簇首选择备份机制以及子星建网入网的流程;其次,在数据链路层,根据分包遥控和分包遥测体制按照层次化对数据进行处理;然后,在物理层的设计中采用扩跳频作为星间链路的通信体制,采用时分多址方式实现卫星集群的多用户通信,并给出了星间链路的具体通信指标;最后,对星间通信进行了链路计算,计算结果表明物理层设计满足各星通信需求。

主从式卫星集群  /  多权重优先级代价函数  /  簇首选择备份机制  /  扩跳频  /  时分多址

In order to solve the networking communication problem of the main-subsidiary satellite cluster under discrete and sparse topology and to ensure the demand of real-time interactive remote control telemetry and task information between satellites,this paper proposes a set of communication system architecture and inter-satellite networking protocol stack design scheme according to the hierarchical and clustered spatial topology characteristics. Firstly, in the design of the network layer, the data structure of the network layer, the subnet cluster head selection backup mechanism based on the multi-weight priority cost function and the process of the sub-satellite network access are given respectively. Secondly, in the data link layer, the data is processed hierarchically according to the subcontracted remote control and subcontracted telemetry system. Then, in the design of the physical layer, the spread frequency hopping is used as the communication system of the inter-satellite link, and the time division multiple access method is used to realize the multi-user communication of the satellite cluster, and the specific communication index of the inter-satellite link is given. Finally, the link calculation of inter-satellite communication is carried out. The calculation results show that the physical layer design meets the communication requirements of each satellite.

Main-subsidiary satellite cluster  /  Multi-weight priority cost function  /  Subnet cluster head selection backup mechanism  /  Spread frequency hopping  /  Time division multiple access
魏骁, 王朝, 叶葆巍, 盛佳敏, 张博. 一种主从式卫星集群的星间组网系统设计. 遥测遥控, 2024 , 45 (5) : 19 -26 . DOI: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20240529001
Xiao WEI, Chao WANG, Baowei YE, Jiamin SHENG, Bo ZHANG. A Design of Inter-satellite Networking System for Main-subsidiary Satellite Cluster[J]. Journal of Telemetry, Tracking and Command, 2024 , 45 (5) : 19 -26 . DOI: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20240529001
随着航天技术的快速发展,卫星承担的任务愈发复杂。大部分情况下,传统的依托单颗卫星完成某一特定空间任务不仅成本高昂,且平台及载荷研发难度大、研制周期长,若关键子系统或载荷损毁,可能导致整星无法正常运行,健壮性较弱。通过卫星集群协同执行任务,在研制成本、任务灵活性和健壮性方面均具有显著优势,这成为卫星领域重要的技术发展方向[1-3]。区别于大规模低轨互联网星座采用的统一架构的卫星平台与载荷,集群式卫星为了兼顾任务载荷的精度和任务灵活性,通常设计为一个主星和多个子星的组合,主星携带大型任务载荷,多个子星携带多型灵巧载荷,辅助主星开展各项任务。卫星集群内需实时交互各自的轨道姿态、健康状态和任务协同信息,因此需通过星间通信链路构建星间网络,实现通信建链、网络管理、路由调度和数据传输[4]
对于卫星集群,目前已有很多相关研究。陈宇提出了一种大规模的卫星集群的自适应加权分簇算法,根据卫星网络特点,计算各卫星节点综合权值并划分簇首和成员节点,便于对大规模的集群进行分簇维护[5]。针对高轨卫星的探测集群,为进一步缩短集群卫星接入响应时间,仝欣等人提出了一种基于编队维护信息的探测集群编队非正交接入机制[6]。此外,对于星间网络的路由算法也有很多研究[7-14]。Werner针对低轨星座提出了一种基于虚拟拓扑的路由策略,通过将动态拓扑下的信息交换转换为静态下的数据传输以实现低轨星座间的信息交互。但是当各节点业务数据不均衡时,则面临着堵塞问题[15]。苏安等人通过将低轨卫星集群建模为未移动自组织网络,并引入了节点计算资源度的概念,通过在路由协议中考虑节点计算资源度,解决资源感知和任务卸载问题[16]。对于不均衡复杂网络的调度问题,张悦基于链路信息更新、多径路由、负载判决三种机制提出了自适应多径路由算法[17]
但是,大部分研究侧重于系统中的底层算法,而对于主从式卫星集群的系统顶层架构设计则还不够完善,底层算法之间缺乏有机结合,各方案未形成完善的顶层系统方案。因此,本文以一种典型的主从式卫星集群为例,设计了一套覆盖网络层、数据链路层和物理层的星间通信架构。网络层中的数据结构、簇首推举与备份、物理层中的通信体制以及子系统配套等方案共同形成一套完备的通信系统总体方案。
根据主从式卫星集群的拓扑特点,网络架构上分为两层,第一层是由主星构成的单点簇网络,第二层是由多个子星构成的多点簇网络。
网络内节点根据功能划分为主星节点、子星簇首节点和子星簇员节点三类。主星节点依托功能强大的通信系统建立对地、对中继星的测控数传链路,接收地面控制指令,调度集群任务;子星簇首由子星根据多种因素推举,承担子星网关,负责子星网内时统、路由维护等功能;子星簇员协同主星实施在轨任务,向网络其他节点交互数据。
主星制定业务周期与子星簇首交互信息,发送控制指令,接收子星簇内的健康状态和业务数据。
每个子星通过星间链路接收其他子星广播的信息,在本地进行处理或抛除操作,并在指定时隙将自身数据向簇内广播。集群通信信息流如图1所示。
根据卫星组网的特点及与地面网络的差异,将星间通信链路按照功能划分为应用层、网络层、数据链路层和物理层共四层。对于星间网络中不同层次的节点,其通信链路各层所承担的功能也有所差异。在单颗卫星中,各层之间依托卫星内总线传输信息流,集群内各星之间依托物理层建立的射频链路传输信息流。各星协议栈设计如图2所示。
网络层根据应用层任务规划的信息传输路径,基于源节点地址、中间节点地址、目的节点地址和信息优先级等信息,生成网络层包头,实现空间网络路由的动态维护和更新。
考虑到主从式卫星集群位置相对关系变化缓慢,对路由表更新的实时性要求较低,为提高信息传输效率,将一个完整的通信周期划分为1个网络维护周期和n个业务传输周期,时隙长度可根据传输信息量进行设计,集群内传输周期设计如图3所示。
在网络维护周期内,子星簇员与簇首之间、簇首与主星之间进行时间同步和健康信息交互,时间同步信息用于各节点时隙对齐,健康信息用于簇首推举备份和全网节点管理,如图4所示。
子星簇内星间链路的拓扑关系在代数上可抽象为图论中的有向图连通性问题,子星簇内有向图如图5所示。根据图论,将主从式卫星集群子星簇内的联通关系抽象为简单有向图G=(V,E),其中结点集V={v1,v2,××,vn}定义为子网内所有子星节点的集合,链路集E={e1,e2,××,em}定义为结点集中各元素间全部可达链路。
根据子星簇有向图G,定义为其邻接矩阵,其中:
有向图G的可达矩阵可由邻接矩阵A计算得出:计P0=A+A2+××+An-1,则可达矩阵P由矩阵P0全部非0元素和主对角线元素全部改为1生成[18]
传输开销矩阵C=(cij)n×n用于衡量子星簇内各节点间信息传输开销,其中信道质量因子cij表示节点νiνj之间的信噪比因子,由建网初期子星星间通信机双捕后信道估计获得,并参考通信机最大接收信噪比进行归一化处理:
传输距离矩阵D=(dij)n×n体现节点间的链路传输距离,矩阵元素dij表示节点νiνj之间的传输距离,由星间通信机伪码测距获得:
工作状态矩阵S=(si)n×nsi表征第i个节点的健康状态,由卫星的星务计算机对本星蓄电池电量、单机自检健康状况、主备份单机冗余情况等综合评估并进行归一化处理:
定义复合加权矩阵W=[η1,η2,η3],其中ηn为1×n阶矩阵,η1i表征传输开销矩阵C中每个子星的权重,η2i表征传输距离矩阵D中每个子星的权重,η3i表征工作状态矩阵S中每个子星的权重,权值为自定义参数,则簇首推举的优先级代价函数可表示为:
式中,矩阵Q的每个元素qi即为簇内每个节点作为簇首节点时的优先级,qi数值为0时,表示该节点因故障或链路可见性等原因无法作为簇首;qi数值越大,表示该节点优先级越高。在节点各自计算优先级后,采用洪泛方式在网内广播自身优先级声明,在簇内每个节点均收到其他节点的优先级声明后,即可依据优先级代价函数的数值确定簇首和备份簇首,并由簇首发起簇员入网流程。
为验证该簇首推举与备份机制与传统指定簇首方案的实际性能,构建网络通信仿真模型。
基于主从式卫星集群的轨道拓扑的主要特点,设定一个1主星+6子星的7星集群系统,轨道参数见表1
根据上述轨道参数在轨道仿真软件中建立卫星集群轨道模型如图6所示,随星座运行各子星间距离在18.9 km~140.5 km之间动态变化。
由于主从式卫星集群一般采用一箭多星形式入轨,或由主星携带子星入轨后在轨分离,卫星之间距离较近,相对位置和拓扑关系变化相对缓慢,因此本仿真设置的场景具备该拓扑形式下较强的代表性。
为便于对照,分别使用簇首推举法推举簇首及任意选择簇首两种方式管理子网星座,以优先级代价函数作为评估簇首优劣的依据,得到Sat 1~Sat 6担任簇首时的优先级仿真结果如图7所示。
图7中的仿真结果可知,由于卫星轨道参数差异造成卫星集群内各节点的相对距离和信噪比条件不断变化,簇首优先级代价函数呈现一定的周期性。采用任意选择簇首的方式建立子网,可能导致较大的通信开销;而采用优先级代价函数的方式,可有效选出通信综合开销最低的子星作为子网的簇首,并在建网后的每个网络维护周期进行动态维护,实现全网的最优组网通信质量和最高通信效率。
簇首和备份簇首确定后,在下一个网络维护时隙,簇首首先广播入网信息,各簇员节点按照优先级顺序依次向簇首发送入网广播信息进入入网流程,簇首收到簇员入网流程后,进行双向校时,完成子星簇建网;主星收到簇首的入网信息后,同样发起双向校时,建立完整的星间网络。
建网完成后,簇首节点和主星根据业务传输周期内的信息回执情况和网络维护时隙内的双向校时情况判别簇员节点的在网状态。
在传输周期内根据RTT校时信息或业务信息的传输状态,判断子星成员节点与母平台在网状态;簇首掉网时,启动备份簇首并在下一个网络维护周期重新进行簇首选举;簇员掉网时,在下一个网络维护周期重新发起入网;节点故障时,可由簇首在业务传输时隙中将其剔除。网络建立流程图如图8所示。
星间通信数据链路层设计参考CCSDS定义的分包遥控和分包遥测体制,按照层次化设计进行信息处理,分为数据包、数据帧、星间传送帧三层[19],数据帧结构示意图如图9所示。在物理层传输时,星间传送帧之间交替填充1、0序列,用于星间链路的信道维持。
星上各任务载荷将应用数据填入数据包,由星务系统搜集后按照固定长度将多个数据包填入数据帧的数据区。数据帧中辅助信息区用于填写帧计数、航天器标识等信息及信息源节点、中间节点、目的节点等网络层辅助信息,编码区用于对数据帧中除同步字以外的内容进行差错校验。星务系统将数据帧送至星间通信机后,由星间通信机提取网络层辅助区的信息,进行路由规划,并为数据帧附加网络帧帧头和校验区后,在物理信道进行传输。
根据上文的网络层、数据链路层设计,主从式卫星集群的多用户实现方式为时分多址(Time Division Multiple Access,TDMA)。由于各子星在建网初期簇首推举过程中采用洪泛式广播优先级声明时,可能造成信道间相互串扰,星间通信体制采用扩跳频体制(Pulse Code Modulation-Direct Sequence/Spread Spectrum-Frequency Hop,PCM-DSSS-FH)以减轻信道中可能存在的多用户干扰及其他可能干扰[20]
为了节约天线指向带来的额外机构重量与功耗开销,同时尽量降低地面在UHF/VHF等较低频段杂波对星间通信的影响,星间通信频率选择在L频段。
考虑到扩跳频体制占用带宽较大,而L频段较为拥挤,为提升频谱利用效率,避免对其他卫星体系的射频干扰,星间通信的调制方式采用相位连续、包络恒定且频谱利用率较高的最小频移键控(Minimum Shift Keying, MSK)体制。MSK信号的第k个码元可表示为:
式中,ωc=2πfc为调制信号载波角频率,αk=±1(输入码元为1时,αk=+1;输入码元为-1时,αk=-1),Ts为码元宽度,φk为第k个码元的初始相位。
主从式卫星集群主星与子星的体量差异一般较大,二者的星间通信系统应采用差异化设计。主星的星间通信载荷需考虑长寿命和可靠性要求,且主星平台布局供电等条件较优,可适当配套大型天线提高增益;子星因空间限制,对载荷的重量功耗等较敏感,可采用板卡式的软无平台开发通信系统,天线则使用小型化的微带或螺旋天线。
以本文仿真构建的主从式集群为例,进行物理层链路设计,主星和子星星间链路的主要指标结果见表2
子星簇内通信时,采用半双工模式进行信息收发,根据任务需求,每个时隙发送64 Byte有效数据,按照每个子星业务时隙收发共25 ms时长计算,则子星内通信速率为40.96 kbps,考虑信道编码效率及网络开销等组帧效率,空口数据取81.92 kbps。主星与子星相互通信时,主星每个时隙内发送512 Byte数据,时隙收发时长共320 ms,则主星与子星通信速率为25.6 kbps,空口数据为51.2 kbps。
按照此设计指标进行射频链路计算结果见表3,设计链路余量均>3 dB,满足各星通信需求。
本文面向主从式集群卫星的组网协同需求,针对其离散稀疏拓扑的特点提出了一套星间组网系统方案。针对网络层中集群中子网簇首的推举和备份问题提出了一种基于多权重代价函数的簇首推举及备份算法,并进行了仿真分析,仿真结果表明该算法可有效推举出最优和次优节点。在数据链路层和物理层分别提出了系统的具体设计方案和系统配套。本文提出的基于主从式集群卫星的组网通信体系设计可以为我国后续相似拓扑的卫星体系通信系统方案设计提供参考。
  • 国家自然科学基金(62373305)
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2024年第45卷第5期
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doi: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20240529001
  • 接收时间:2024-05-29
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2024-09-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-29
  • 修回日期:2024-06-26
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国家自然科学基金(62373305)
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    上海宇航系统工程研究所 上海 201109
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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