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Article(id=1241757971001168866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, issueId=1241757966894945217, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12347/j.ycyk.20240328001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1711555200000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-28, revisedDate=1717776000000, revisedDateStr=2024-06-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773987771034, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1720972800000, pubDateStr=2024-07-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773987771034, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773987771034, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773987771034, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241757966894945217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, year='2024', volume='45', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='136', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773987770054, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773991490516, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241773571714909111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, issueId=1241757966894945217, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241773571714909112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, issueId=1241757966894945217, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=115, endPage=123, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241757971638703083, articleId=1241757971001168866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, language=EN, title=Reliability Analysis of High Repetition Frequency and Narrow Pulse Width Multi-wavelength Laser Technology, columnId=1239133500033528732, journalTitle=Journal of Telemetry, Tracking and Command, columnName=Radar and Countermeasures, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This article analyzes and verifies the reliability of high repetition rate narrow pulse width multi-wavelength lasers. A block diagram method model of high repetition rate narrow pulse width multi-wavelength lasers was established, and reliability analysis of the laser was conducted at the initial design stage. The reliability results of each unit of the laser were quantitatively calculated, including failure rate λ and Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF), with an expected MTBF of the entire laser system being 1 798.8 hours. To meet the design requirements of the laser, reliability optimization of the laser was achieved through selecting high-quality crystals, first-level derating design of semiconductor lasers, and redundant design of power control. After optimization, the MTBF of the entire laser system was increased to 2 260.9 hours. The reliability optimization design results of the laser system were validated, and the validation results showed that the laser's MTBF could reach 2 400 hours.

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本文对高重频窄脉宽多波长激光器的可靠性进行了分析及验证，建立了高重频窄脉宽多波长激光器的框图法模型。在初始设计阶段开展激光器的可靠性分析，定量计算了激光器各单元的可靠性结果，包括失效率λ和平均无故障工作时间（Mean Time Between Failure， MTBF），预计激光器整机的无故障工作时间为1 798.8 h。为满足激光器的设计指标要求，通过选用高品质晶体、半导体激光器的Ⅰ级降额设计和电源控制的冗余设计，实现激光器的可靠性优化。经优化设计后，激光器整机的无故障工作时间达2 260.9 h。搭建激光器整机对可靠性优化设计结果进行验证，验证结果表明：激光器无故障工作时间可达2 400 h。

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崔铮　1987年生，博士，工程师。

于勇　1971年生，博士，研究员。

李祚涵　1989年生，博士，高级工程师。

李之通　1991年生，硕士，工程师。

潘超　1981年生，博士，研究员。

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崔铮　1987年生，博士，工程师。

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崔铮　1987年生，博士，工程师。

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于勇　1971年生，博士，研究员。

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于勇　1971年生，博士，研究员。

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李祚涵　1989年生，博士，高级工程师。

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李祚涵　1989年生，博士，高级工程师。

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李之通　1991年生，硕士，工程师。

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李之通　1991年生，硕士，工程师。

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潘超　1981年生，博士，研究员。

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潘超　1981年生，博士，研究员。

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Design indicators of high repetition frequency and narrow pulse width multi-wavelength laser

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号参数指标
1波长1 064 nm、532 nm、355 nm
2脉冲能量≥1.1 mJ@1 064 nm；≥1.1 mJ@532
nm；≥0.5 mJ@355 nm
3脉冲宽度<5 ns
4重复频率1 kHz
5光束质量因子
6无故障工作时间≥2 000 h
), ArticleFig(id=1241757985844810149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241757971001168866, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

高重频窄脉宽多波长激光器设计指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号参数指标
1波长1 064 nm、532 nm、355 nm
2脉冲能量≥1.1 mJ@1 064 nm；≥1.1 mJ@532
nm；≥0.5 mJ@355 nm
3脉冲宽度<5 ns
4重复频率1 kHz
5光束质量因子
6无故障工作时间≥2 000 h
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Basic reliability parameters of each unit

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序
号		单元名称λ/10-6 h-1序
号		单元名称λ/10-6 h-1
1电源22.81
6		光纤0.1
2半导体激光器控制电路11.417准直镜6.8
3充电电路11.418聚焦镜6.8
4放电电路11.419后腔镜22.8
5制冷器控制电路11.420二色镜11.4
6制冷器供电电路11.421Nd:YAG晶体22.8
7高压驱动控制电路11.422偏振片11.4
8高压驱动供电电路11.423KD*P晶体22.8
9半导体激光器制冷器11.4241/4λ波片11.4
1
0		Nd:YAG晶体制冷器11.425输出镜17.1
11LBO晶体制冷器11.426反射镜11.4
12散热风扇供电电路11.427Ⅰ类LBO34.2
13散热风扇11.428Ⅱ类LBO57
14高压驱动34.229分色镜11.4
15半导体激光器45.730窗口片11.4
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各单元基本可靠性参数

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序
号		单元名称λ/10-6 h-1序
号		单元名称λ/10-6 h-1
1电源22.81
6		光纤0.1
2半导体激光器控制电路11.417准直镜6.8
3充电电路11.418聚焦镜6.8
4放电电路11.419后腔镜22.8
5制冷器控制电路11.420二色镜11.4
6制冷器供电电路11.421Nd:YAG晶体22.8
7高压驱动控制电路11.422偏振片11.4
8高压驱动供电电路11.423KD*P晶体22.8
9半导体激光器制冷器11.4241/4λ波片11.4
1
0		Nd:YAG晶体制冷器11.425输出镜17.1
11LBO晶体制冷器11.426反射镜11.4
12散热风扇供电电路11.427Ⅰ类LBO34.2
13散热风扇11.428Ⅱ类LBO57
14高压驱动34.229分色镜11.4
15半导体激光器45.730窗口片11.4
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Reliability analysis results of each unit and the whole laser

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序号单元名称失效率λ/10-6 h-1MTBF/h
1电源22.843 800
2电源控制器91.310 950
3散热风扇11.487 600
4制冷器34.229 200
5高压驱动34.229 200
6半导体激光器激光头45.721 900
7光纤0.18 760 000
8耦合13.773 000
9固体激光器光学腔131.37 617.4
1
0		非线性和分光模块171.15 844.2
11激光器整机555.91 798.8
), ArticleFig(id=1241757986209714611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241757971001168866, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

激光器各单元及整机的可靠性预计

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序号单元名称失效率λ/10-6 h-1MTBF/h
1电源22.843 800
2电源控制器91.310 950
3散热风扇11.487 600
4制冷器34.229 200
5高压驱动34.229 200
6半导体激光器激光头45.721 900
7光纤0.18 760 000
8耦合13.773 000
9固体激光器光学腔131.37 617.4
1
0		非线性和分光模块171.15 844.2
11激光器整机555.91 798.8
), ArticleFig(id=1241757986293600693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241757971001168866, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Comparison of failure rate between ordinary and high quality crystals

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序号单元名称普通品质
λ/10-6 h-1		高品质λ/10-6 h-1
1Ⅰ类LBO晶体34.222.8
2Ⅱ类LBO晶体5734.2
3Nd:YAG晶体22.816
4KD*P晶体22.818.2
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普通与高品质晶体失效率比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号单元名称普通品质
λ/10-6 h-1		高品质λ/10-6 h-1
1Ⅰ类LBO晶体34.222.8
2Ⅱ类LBO晶体5734.2
3Nd:YAG晶体22.816
4KD*P晶体22.818.2
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Reliability optimization results of laser

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号名称选用高品质晶体选用高品质晶体+Ⅰ级降额设计选用高品质晶体+Ⅰ级降额设计+冗余设计
失效率
λ/10-6 h-1		无故障工作时间
MTBF/h		失效率
λ/10-6 h-1		无故障工作时间
MTBF/h		失效率
λ/10-6 h-1		无故障工作时间
MTBF/h
1非线性和分光模块136.97 304.1136.97 304.1136.97 304.1
2固体激光器光学腔124.48 035.5124.48 035.5124.48 035.5
3半导体激光器45.721 90018.753 475.918.753 475.9
4电源控制器91.310 95091.310 95045.721 900
5激光器整机514.91 942.1487.92 049.6442.32 260.9
), ArticleFig(id=1241757986599784898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238841944844054536, articleId=1241757971001168866, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

激光器可靠性的优化结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号名称选用高品质晶体选用高品质晶体+Ⅰ级降额设计选用高品质晶体+Ⅰ级降额设计+冗余设计
失效率
λ/10-6 h-1		无故障工作时间
MTBF/h		失效率
λ/10-6 h-1		无故障工作时间
MTBF/h		失效率
λ/10-6 h-1		无故障工作时间
MTBF/h
1非线性和分光模块136.97 304.1136.97 304.1136.97 304.1
2固体激光器光学腔124.48 035.5124.48 035.5124.48 035.5
3半导体激光器45.721 90018.753 475.918.753 475.9
4电源控制器91.310 95091.310 95045.721 900
5激光器整机514.91 942.1487.92 049.6442.32 260.9
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高重频窄脉宽多波长激光器可靠性分析
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崔铮 , 于勇 , 李祚涵 , 李之通 , 潘超
遥测遥控 | 雷达与对抗 2024,45(4): 115-123
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遥测遥控 | 雷达与对抗 2024, 45(4): 115-123
高重频窄脉宽多波长激光器可靠性分析
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崔铮, 于勇, 李祚涵, 李之通, 潘超
作者信息
  • 北京遥测技术研究所　北京　100094

    • 崔铮　1987年生，博士，工程师。

    于勇　1971年生，博士，研究员。

    李祚涵　1989年生，博士，高级工程师。

    李之通　1991年生，硕士，工程师。

    潘超　1981年生，博士，研究员。

Reliability Analysis of High Repetition Frequency and Narrow Pulse Width Multi-wavelength Laser Technology
Zheng CUI, Yong YU, Zuohan LI, Zhitong LI, Chao PAN
Affiliations
  • Beijing Research Institute of Telemetry, Beijing 100094, China
出版时间: 2024-07-15 doi: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20240328001
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摘要
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本文对高重频窄脉宽多波长激光器的可靠性进行了分析及验证，建立了高重频窄脉宽多波长激光器的框图法模型。在初始设计阶段开展激光器的可靠性分析，定量计算了激光器各单元的可靠性结果，包括失效率λ和平均无故障工作时间（Mean Time Between Failure， MTBF），预计激光器整机的无故障工作时间为1 798.8 h。为满足激光器的设计指标要求，通过选用高品质晶体、半导体激光器的Ⅰ级降额设计和电源控制的冗余设计，实现激光器的可靠性优化。经优化设计后，激光器整机的无故障工作时间达2 260.9 h。搭建激光器整机对可靠性优化设计结果进行验证，验证结果表明：激光器无故障工作时间可达2 400 h。

高重频  /  窄脉宽  /  激光器  /  可靠性  /  框图法

This article analyzes and verifies the reliability of high repetition rate narrow pulse width multi-wavelength lasers. A block diagram method model of high repetition rate narrow pulse width multi-wavelength lasers was established, and reliability analysis of the laser was conducted at the initial design stage. The reliability results of each unit of the laser were quantitatively calculated, including failure rate λ and Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF), with an expected MTBF of the entire laser system being 1 798.8 hours. To meet the design requirements of the laser, reliability optimization of the laser was achieved through selecting high-quality crystals, first-level derating design of semiconductor lasers, and redundant design of power control. After optimization, the MTBF of the entire laser system was increased to 2 260.9 hours. The reliability optimization design results of the laser system were validated, and the validation results showed that the laser's MTBF could reach 2 400 hours.

High repetition frequency  /  Narrow pulse width  /  Laser  /  Reliability  /  Block diagram method
崔铮, 于勇, 李祚涵, 李之通, 潘超. 高重频窄脉宽多波长激光器可靠性分析. 遥测遥控, 2024 , 45 (4) : 115 -123 . DOI: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20240328001
Zheng CUI, Yong YU, Zuohan LI, Zhitong LI, Chao PAN. Reliability Analysis of High Repetition Frequency and Narrow Pulse Width Multi-wavelength Laser Technology[J]. Journal of Telemetry, Tracking and Command, 2024 , 45 (4) : 115 -123 . DOI: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20240328001
正文
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0　引言
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大气是人类生存环境的基本要素，大气环境状态的改变直接影响着人类的生活和发展。大气探测激光雷达是一种主动遥感仪器，其利用激光与大气的相互作用对大气参数进行测量，在大气科学研究、精细天气预报、极端气象预警和航空器材飞行保障等领域有着重要意义及应用需求[1−7]。激光器是大气激光雷达的激光发射单元，其性能的优劣直接决定着大气激光器雷达的探测能力。随着全固态激光器技术的发展，大气激光雷达对大气基础参数的探测能力取得了长足的进步[1]。高重频窄脉宽多波长激光器属于全固态激光器，是大气激光雷达激光发射单元的发展方向之一。高重复频率使得大气激光雷达具有更快的目标捕获速度、更多的回波数据和更高的标准点数据密度；窄脉冲宽度使得大气激光雷达具有更高的探测精度；多波长输出使得大气激光雷达具有更宽的光谱探测范围，易于获得更多光学参数，测量结果更具真实性[8−12]。
高重频窄脉宽多波长激光器是光机电一体化能量转换产品，应用环境的改变、技术的成熟度和误操作等因素，都会造成激光器输出性能的不稳定或功能失效。为此，在激光器的设计及生产阶段，需根据激光器的设计指标要求，结合激光器谐振腔的稳定性设计、材料的选择、元器件的老化及筛选等因素，对激光器进行可靠性研究，明确激光器的薄弱环节，并针对薄弱环节设计相应措施以保证或提高激光器的可靠性，从而满足大气激光雷达的应用需求。
可靠性模型是可靠性研究的基础，是对系统各单元之间逻辑关系的数学描述。可靠性模型有多种，应用比较广泛的有故障树模型、Go图模型和可靠性框图[13,14]。故障树模型是描述系统故障及故障关系的树状图，侧重于故障状态的描述和故障产生的原因，要求研究人员对系统具有全面且深入的认识。GO图模型是利用Go法操作符对系统功能、各单元及元器件间的逻辑关系进行描述，要求研究人员对系统非常熟悉，且对GO法有足够的理解。可靠性框图是描述系统、单元、元器件间关系的框图，可以简明扼要地分析元器件运行正常或出现故障对系统状态的影响。
文中通过建立高重频窄脉宽多波长激光器的框图法模型，在初始设计阶段进行激光器可靠性分析，定量分析了激光器中各组件、单元的失效率，确定了激光器高失效率部位，并预计激光器整机的无故障工作时间为1 798.8 h。通过选用高品质晶体元器件、半导体激光器的Ⅰ级降额设计和电源控制器的冗余设计，逐级开展激光器的可靠性优化，优化设计后激光器整机的无故障工作时间达2 260.9 h，可靠度R(2 000)达到41.29%。搭建激光器整机对可靠性优化设计进行验证，激光器无故障工作时间可达2 400 h，多波长激光输出能量分别为1.34@1 064 nm、1.15@532 nm和0.6@355 nm，满足高重频窄脉宽多波长激光器设计指标要求。
1　高重频窄脉宽多波长激光器
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高重频窄脉宽多波长激光器的设计指标见表1。高重频窄脉宽多波长激光器由电源、控制器和激光头三部分组成及工作原理图，如图1所示。电源输出电压为DC24V，用于对电源控制器供电。电源控制器能够独立实现对激光头内部有源器件的上电、控制和反馈。激光头用于实现激光束输出，包括电学部分和光学部分，其中电学部分包括散热风扇、制冷器和高压驱动；光学部分包括半导体激光器、光纤、耦合、固体激光器光学腔、非线性和分光模块，光学部分原理图，如图2所示。在图2中，半导体激光器采用脉冲泵浦方式为固体激光器光学腔提供泵浦能量，泵浦光束采用光纤耦合方式输出，且光束在Nd:YAG晶体中聚焦；固体激光器光学腔为U型结构，选用KD*P作为调Q晶体，采用加压式电光调Q获得1 064 nm脉冲激光输出；非线性和分光模块中分别选用Ⅰ类LBO晶体和Ⅱ类LBO晶体，用于1 064 nm激光的倍频效应、和频效应，以实现1 064 nm、532 nm和355 nm的多波长激光输出，分色镜用于实现多波长激光束分束，并任一波长单一光束输出。制冷器为TEC型，且使用散热风扇对制冷器进行热交换。
2　可靠性建模
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激光器中的光学单元包括半导体激光器、光纤、耦合、固体激光器光学腔、非线性和分光模块。半导体激光器的性能会随着工作时间的延长而产生缓慢退化，主要原因包括晶格内部的缺陷、阈值电流增加引起的效率下降、加工工艺引入的材料污染及引起的后期短路。半导体激光器的可靠度一般符合对数正态分布[15]，其失效率一般在10-5 h-1量级，为便于激光器整机可靠性评估，采用指数分布定义半导体激光器的可靠度分布函数[16]。光纤失效的主要原因为应力，光纤在受到足够大的力，或长期较小外力作用下，均易产生裂纹或断裂，光纤的寿命及试施加应变符合威布尔分布[17,18]。鉴于光纤的失效率极低(10-7 h-1量级)，在此做简化处理，采用指数分布定义光纤的可靠度分布函数。而其他包括耦合、固体激光器光学腔、非线性和分光模块，一般为凸透镜、凹透镜、激光晶体、偏振元件、二色镜、分色镜、窗口片等光学元件，常见材料有K9玻璃、熔融石英、Nd:YAG、KD*P和LBO等，这些光学元件失效主要原因有高温、污染、应力和膜层损伤等，进行可靠性评估时采用指数分布定义可靠度分布函数[19]。激光器中的电子学单元包括电源、电源控制器、散热风扇、制冷器和高压驱动，这些电子学单元为数模集成电路，一般由电阻、电容、二极管、三极管和芯片组成，失效一般表现为常见的开路、短路、电过应力、参数漂移和机械应力等，进行可靠性评估时采用指数分布定义可靠度分布函数[20]。因此，可采用指数分布定义激光器中各元器件的可靠度分布函数。
可靠性框图法是属于静态的抽象模型，是可靠性研究的一种重要方法[21]，该方法以研究对象内部单元之间故障相互独立为基础，以框图形式表征各单元之间故障状态的逻辑关系。根据高重频窄线宽多波长激光器的组成及工作原理，通过失效分析，分阶建立高重频窄线宽多波长激光器的框图法模型。根据图1所示的激光器组成，电源、电源控制器和激光头任意单元发生故障均会导致激光器故障，建立串联式激光器的一阶可靠性框图，如图3所示。
一阶可靠性框图失效率为：
λSYS=λ1+λ2+λ3
根据图1所示的激光器功能，电源控制器分别向半导体激光器、制冷器和高压驱动提供电源控制，且三路电源控制相对独立，任意一路电源控制发生故障均不会对另外两路发生影响，但会导致激光器故障，因此逻辑上仍为串联结构；每路电源控制中包含各自组件，任意组件发生故障均会导致该路电源控制故障，各组件逻辑上为串联结构。建立混联式电源控制器的二阶可靠性框图，如图4所示。根据图1所示的激光头组成，散热风扇、制冷器、高压驱动、半导体激光器、光纤、耦合、固体激光器光学腔、非线性和分光模块，任意组件发生故障均会导致激光头故障，建立串联式激光头的二阶可靠性框图，如图5所示。
二阶可靠性框图失效率为：
λ2=λ21+λ22+λ23+λ24+λ25+λ26+λ27+λ28
根据图1所示的激光器功能，制冷器分别向半导体激光器、固体激光器光学腔、非线性和分光模块提供制冷通信，制冷位置分别为半导体激光器、Nd:YAG晶体和LBO晶体，且三处位置的制冷器相对独立，任意一处位置的制冷器发生故障均不会对另外两处发生影响，但会导致激光器故障，因此逻辑上仍为串联结构，建立并联式制冷器的三阶可靠性框图，如图6所示。根据图2所示，耦合包括准直镜和聚焦镜，任意一个元器件发生故障均会导致耦合故障，建立串联式耦合的三阶可靠性框图，如图7所示。根据图2所示，固体激光器光学腔包括后腔镜、二色镜(2只)、Nd:YAG晶体、偏振片、KD*P晶体、(1/4)λ波片和输出镜，任意一个元器件发生故障均会导致固体激光器光学腔故障，建立串联式固体激光器光学腔的三阶可靠性框图，如图8所示。根据图2所示，非线性和分光模块包括反射镜、Ⅰ类LBO晶体、Ⅱ类LBO晶体、分色镜(3只)和窗口片(3只)，任意一个元器件发生故障均会导致非线性和分光模块故障，建立串联式非线性和分光模块的三阶可靠性框图，如图9所示。三阶可靠性框图失效率为：
λ3=λ31+λ32+λ33+λ34+λ35+λ36+λ37+λ38
制冷器的三阶可靠性框图失效率为：
λ32=λ321+λ322+λ323
耦合的三阶可靠性框图失效率为：
λ36=λ361+λ362
固体激光器光学腔的三阶可靠性框图失效率为：
λ37=λ371+2λ372+λ373+λ374+λ375+λ376+λ377
非线性和分光模块的三阶可靠性框图失效率为：
λ38=λ381+λ382+λ383+3λ384+3λ385
3　可靠性预计
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由于元器件失效率λ受所使用的元器件型号、种类、数量和生产工艺所影响，因此无法做到精确计算。结合经验公式和相关参考文献[22−27]，可以推测激光器内各单元基本可靠性参数，见表2。
结合表2及式(1)~式(7)，可以对激光器各单元及整机进行可靠性预计，见表3。由表3可知，激光器整机的无故障工作时间为1 798.8 h，不满足设计指标中无故障工作时间大于等于2 000 h的要求，因此需对激光器中高失效单元进行优化，以提高激光器整机的可靠性。
4　可靠性优化及验证
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由表3可知激光器整机的高失效单元包括非线性和分光模块、固体激光器光学腔、电源控制器、半导体激光器，失效率分别为171.1×10-6 h-1、131.3×10-6 h-1、91.3×10-6 h-1和45.7×10-6 h-1。结合表2可知，非线性和分光模块的高失效元器件为Ⅰ类LBO晶体、Ⅱ类LBO晶体，固体激光器光学腔的高失效元器件为Nd:YAG晶体和KD*P晶体。对于光学元器件，可通过提高元器件品质的方式降低光学单元的失效率，从而提高激光器整机的无故障工作时间。因此选用表4中的高品质晶体后，非线性和分光模块的失效率降低至136.9×10-6 h-1，固体激光器光学腔的失效率降低至124.4×10-6 h-1，激光器整机的无故障工作时间为1 942.1 h，仍不满足设计指标，需对其他高失效单元进一步优化。
对半导体激光器采取Ⅰ级降额设计[28]，电流的最大工作值降至额定值的50%，半导体激光器的失效率[29]可表示为：
上式中πI为电流应力系数、πT为温度应力系数。对半导体激光器Ⅰ级降额设计后，激光器整机的无故障工作时间提高至2 049.6 h，满足设计指标。
为进一步提高激光器整机的可靠性，对电源控制器采取冗余设计，有冗余设计的激光器组成及工作原理如图10所示。对电源控制器采取冗余设计后，激光器整机的无故障工作时间提高至2 260.9 h，满足设计指标。
对激光器整机的高失效单元依次采取选用高品质晶体、半导体激光器Ⅰ级降额设计、电源控制器冗余设计后，激光器可靠性的优化结果，见表5。由表5可知，通过对激光器逐级可靠性优化，激光器整机的失效率由514.910-6 h-1最终降低至442.310-6 h-1，激光器整机的无故障工作时间由1 942.1 h最终提高至2 260.9 h，无故障工作时间超出激光器设计指标11.3%，激光器可靠性更高，如图11所示。
采用指数分布定义的可靠度分布函数[30]对激光器整机可靠性进行评价，可靠度分布函数表示为：
R(t)=exp(-λ×t)
式中，λ为失效率；t为工作时间。优化设计的激光器可靠度比较结果，如图12所示。对激光器整机的高失效单元依次采取选用高品质晶体、半导体激光器Ⅰ级降额设计、电源控制器冗余设计后，激光器整机的可靠度R(2 000)由35.71%先后提高至37.69%和41.29%，激光器运行更可靠。
对激光器整机采用选用高品质晶体+半导体激光器Ⅰ级降额设计+电源控制器冗余设计，搭建激光器整机，并进行可靠性验证，激光器无故障工作时间，如图13所示。对激光器进行无故障工作时间测试，在激光器工作至2 000 h时，激光器未发生故障，多波长输出能量分别为1.38@1 064 nm、1.21@532 nm和0.64@355 nm，满足高重频窄脉宽多波长激光器设计指标要求。激光器继续工作至2 400 h时，未发生故障，多波长激光输出能量已下降，分别为1.34@1 064 nm、1.15@532 nm和0.6@355 nm，但仍满足设计指标要求。
5　结束语
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本文对高重频窄脉宽多波长激光器的可靠性进行分析与验证。采用框图法模型对高重频窄脉宽多波长激光器的可靠性建模，在激光器初始设计阶段预计了激光器整机的无故障工作时间为1 798.8 h，发现不满足高重频窄脉宽多波长激光器的设计指标，且Ⅰ类LBO晶体、Ⅱ类LBO晶体、Nd:YAG晶体和KD*P晶体为激光器中的高失效元器件，失效率分别为34.2×10-6 h-1、57×10-6 h-1、22.8×10-6 h-1和22.8×10-6 h-1。于是采取逐级优化的方式对激光器可靠性优化设计，首先选用高品质晶体元器件开展可靠性优化，随后对半导体激光器采用Ⅰ级降额设计，最后对电源控制器采用冗余设计。实现了激光器整机的无故障工作时间由1 942.1 h先后提高至2 049.6 h和2 260.9 h，满足设计指标的要求。激光器的可靠度R(2000)由35.71%先后提高至37.69%和41.29%，激光器运行更可靠。搭建激光器整机对可靠性优化设计进行验证，激光器无故障工作2 400 h时，多波长激光输出能量分别为1.34@1 064 nm、1.15@532 nm和0.6@355 nm，满足高重频窄脉宽多波长激光器设计指标要求。验证结果表明：本文对高重频窄脉宽多波长激光器的可靠性分析方法可行。本文对高重频窄脉宽多波长激光器可靠性的研究方法，对在轨激光通信与激光遥感等领域中应用的长寿命高可靠性空间激光器也适用，可为长寿命高可靠性空间激光器的设计提供一定的支撑。
基金
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  • 民用航天科技预先研究项目(D040107)
文献
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参考文献 引证文献
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2024年第45卷第4期
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doi: 10.12347/j.ycyk.20240328001
  • 接收时间：2024-03-28
  • 首发时间：2026-03-20
  • 出版时间：2024-07-15
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  • 收稿日期：2024-03-28
  • 修回日期：2024-06-08
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民用航天科技预先研究项目(D040107)
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    北京遥测技术研究所　北京　100094
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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