Article(id=1307013841024480172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307013423896753139, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.03.003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1754409600000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-06, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789545982842, onlineDateStr=2026-09-16, pubDate=1774195200000, pubDateStr=2026-03-23, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789545982842, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789545982842, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789545982842, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1307013423896753139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, year='2026', volume='57', issue='3', pageStart='1177', pageEnd='1776', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774195200000', pubDateStr='2026-03-23', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789545883392, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789609930841, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1307282058464743901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307013423896753139, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1307282058464743902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307013423896753139, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1195, endPage=1204, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1307013842794476461, articleId=1307013841024480172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, language=EN, title=Application Progress and Research Prospects of Animal Mammary Gland Bioreactor, columnId=1307007397399126026, journalTitle=Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, columnName=REVIEW, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Animal mammary bioreactors utilize mammalian-specific lactoprotein gene promoters to direct the efficient and specific expression of exogenous genes in the animal mammary gland, ultimately obtaining protein expression products through the secretory function of the mammalian mammary gland. This article focuses on the application progress and research prospects of animal mammary bioreactors, providing theoretical reference value for future research and industrial development of animal mammary bioreactors. Through literature review and practical research, a brief overview is provided from the aspects of the principle, characteristics, target animal selection, application fields, challenges faced, and development prospects of animal mammary bioreactors. Different animal mammary bioreactors have their own advantages and disadvantages, and target animals can be reasonably selected according to actual needs and production practices. Compared with other traditional expression systems, mammary bioreactors are a novel expression mode with advantages such as high yield, easy purification, low cost, high biological activity, and high safety, and are widely used in improving animal milk quality, producing recombinant pharmaceutical proteins, making antibodies, synthesizing genetic engineering vaccines, and other fields. Although many influencing factors of mammary bioreactors are still unknown, there are some problems that urgently need to be solved, and challenges are also faced. However, with the rise of gene editing technologies such as CRISPR/Cas9, as long as technological innovation and research and development investment are continuously increased, their application prospects are very broad.

, authors=Shaozheng SONG1, 2, Zhe ZHOU1, Yue GU1, Xiaohui ZHONG1, Liu JI1, Leying GU1, Hongguang BAO1, 2, authorsList=Shaozheng SONG, Zhe ZHOU, Yue GU, Xiaohui ZHONG, Liu JI, Leying GU, Hongguang BAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Hongguang BAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
BAO Hongguang, E-mail:
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动物乳腺生物反应器是指利用哺乳动物特异性乳蛋白基因启动子调控元件,指导外源目的基因定位在动物乳腺中高效特异性表达,最终借助于哺乳动物乳腺的分泌作用而获得蛋白表达产物。本文着重探讨动物乳腺生物反应器的应用进展及研究前景,旨在为今后动物乳腺生物反应器的相关研究及产业化发展提供理论参考价值。通过文献资料检索和实践调研,从动物乳腺生物反应器的原理、特点、目标动物选择、应用领域、面临挑战与发展前景等几方面展开简要综述。不同动物乳腺生物反应器各自具有一定的优点和缺陷,可根据实际需求和生产实践合理选择目标动物。与其它传统表达系统相比,乳腺生物反应器是一种新型表达模式,具有产量高、易提纯、成本低、生物活性高和安全性高等优势,被广泛应用于改善动物乳品质、生产重组医药蛋白、制作抗体、合成基因工程疫苗等多个领域。虽然乳腺生物反应器的诸多影响因素尚未可知,存在一些问题亟待解决,也面临挑战,但是随着CRISPR/Cas9等基因编辑技术的兴起,只要不断加大技术创新力度和研发投入,其应用前景十分广阔。

, authors=宋绍征1, 2, 周哲1, 顾悦1, 钟小惠1, 吉柳1, 顾乐盈1, 鲍红光1, 2, authorsList=宋绍征, 周哲, 顾悦, 钟小惠, 吉柳, 顾乐盈, 鲍红光, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=鲍红光, authorNote=

宋绍征,博士,主要从事转基因动物与生物医药研究,E-mail:

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鲍红光,主要从事疼痛与生物医药研究,E-mail:
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Comparative characteristics of mammary gland reactors in different mammals

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

物种

Species

优点

Advantage

缺点

Disadvantage

研发价值

Research and development value

小鼠Mouse妊娠期短,性成熟快,产仔数量多,全年多发情,成功率高寿命短,产奶量少,哺乳期短乳腺生物反应器模型[24,25]
牛 Cattle乳腺发达,哺乳期长,产奶量高生长慢,产仔数少,成功率低人血清白蛋白、人乳铁蛋白、羊乳人源化改造[27]
山羊 Goat乳腺发达,哺乳期长,产奶量高生长慢,成熟晚,产仔数少,成功率低药用蛋白(抗凝血酶AT-III)、抗体、羊乳人源化改造[26,28]
兔Rabbit生长快,妊娠期短,产仔数多,哺乳期长成功率低、泌乳量中等人组织纤溶酶原激活剂[29]
猪 Pig繁殖期短,生长快,产仔数多,全年多发情成功率低凝血因子Ⅷ、人蛋白C[30]
绵羊 Sheep乳腺发达,哺乳期长成功率低人凝血因子IX、α1-抗胰蛋白酶[28]
), ArticleFig(id=1307281386444972136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013841024480172, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同哺乳动物乳腺反应器的特点比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

物种

Species

优点

Advantage

缺点

Disadvantage

研发价值

Research and development value

小鼠Mouse妊娠期短,性成熟快,产仔数量多,全年多发情,成功率高寿命短,产奶量少,哺乳期短乳腺生物反应器模型[24,25]
牛 Cattle乳腺发达,哺乳期长,产奶量高生长慢,产仔数少,成功率低人血清白蛋白、人乳铁蛋白、羊乳人源化改造[27]
山羊 Goat乳腺发达,哺乳期长,产奶量高生长慢,成熟晚,产仔数少,成功率低药用蛋白(抗凝血酶AT-III)、抗体、羊乳人源化改造[26,28]
兔Rabbit生长快,妊娠期短,产仔数多,哺乳期长成功率低、泌乳量中等人组织纤溶酶原激活剂[29]
猪 Pig繁殖期短,生长快,产仔数多,全年多发情成功率低凝血因子Ⅷ、人蛋白C[30]
绵羊 Sheep乳腺发达,哺乳期长成功率低人凝血因子IX、α1-抗胰蛋白酶[28]
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动物乳腺生物反应器的应用进展及研究前景
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宋绍征 1, 2 , 周哲 1 , 顾悦 1 , 钟小惠 1 , 吉柳 1 , 顾乐盈 1 , 鲍红光 1, 2
畜牧兽医学报 | 综述 2026,57(3): 1195-1204
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畜牧兽医学报 |综述 2026 , 57 (3) : 1195 -1204
动物乳腺生物反应器的应用进展及研究前景
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宋绍征1, 2 , 周哲1, 顾悦1, 钟小惠1, 吉柳1, 顾乐盈1, 鲍红光1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.无锡太湖学院健康医学院 基础医学系,无锡 214000
  • 2.南京医科大学附属南京医院,南京 210006
通讯作者:
鲍红光,主要从事疼痛与生物医药研究,E-mail:
作者简介:

宋绍征,博士,主要从事转基因动物与生物医药研究,E-mail:

Application Progress and Research Prospects of Animal Mammary Gland Bioreactor
Shaozheng SONG1, 2 , Zhe ZHOU1, Yue GU1, Xiaohui ZHONG1, Liu JI1, Leying GU1, Hongguang BAO1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.Department of Basic Medicine,Health and Medical Sciences School of Wuxi Taihu University,Wuxi 214000,China
  • 2.Nanjing First Hospital,Nanjing Medical University,Nanjing 210006,China
  • Corresponding Author:
    BAO Hongguang, E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-03-23 doi: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.03.003
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动物乳腺生物反应器是指利用哺乳动物特异性乳蛋白基因启动子调控元件,指导外源目的基因定位在动物乳腺中高效特异性表达,最终借助于哺乳动物乳腺的分泌作用而获得蛋白表达产物。本文着重探讨动物乳腺生物反应器的应用进展及研究前景,旨在为今后动物乳腺生物反应器的相关研究及产业化发展提供理论参考价值。通过文献资料检索和实践调研,从动物乳腺生物反应器的原理、特点、目标动物选择、应用领域、面临挑战与发展前景等几方面展开简要综述。不同动物乳腺生物反应器各自具有一定的优点和缺陷,可根据实际需求和生产实践合理选择目标动物。与其它传统表达系统相比,乳腺生物反应器是一种新型表达模式,具有产量高、易提纯、成本低、生物活性高和安全性高等优势,被广泛应用于改善动物乳品质、生产重组医药蛋白、制作抗体、合成基因工程疫苗等多个领域。虽然乳腺生物反应器的诸多影响因素尚未可知,存在一些问题亟待解决,也面临挑战,但是随着CRISPR/Cas9等基因编辑技术的兴起,只要不断加大技术创新力度和研发投入,其应用前景十分广阔。

乳腺生物反应器  /  蛋白表达产物  /  重组医药蛋白  /  基因编辑

Animal mammary bioreactors utilize mammalian-specific lactoprotein gene promoters to direct the efficient and specific expression of exogenous genes in the animal mammary gland, ultimately obtaining protein expression products through the secretory function of the mammalian mammary gland. This article focuses on the application progress and research prospects of animal mammary bioreactors, providing theoretical reference value for future research and industrial development of animal mammary bioreactors. Through literature review and practical research, a brief overview is provided from the aspects of the principle, characteristics, target animal selection, application fields, challenges faced, and development prospects of animal mammary bioreactors. Different animal mammary bioreactors have their own advantages and disadvantages, and target animals can be reasonably selected according to actual needs and production practices. Compared with other traditional expression systems, mammary bioreactors are a novel expression mode with advantages such as high yield, easy purification, low cost, high biological activity, and high safety, and are widely used in improving animal milk quality, producing recombinant pharmaceutical proteins, making antibodies, synthesizing genetic engineering vaccines, and other fields. Although many influencing factors of mammary bioreactors are still unknown, there are some problems that urgently need to be solved, and challenges are also faced. However, with the rise of gene editing technologies such as CRISPR/Cas9, as long as technological innovation and research and development investment are continuously increased, their application prospects are very broad.

mammary gland bioreactor  /  protein expression product  /  recombinant pharmaceutical protein  /  gene editing
宋绍征, 周哲, 顾悦, 钟小惠, 吉柳, 顾乐盈, 鲍红光. 动物乳腺生物反应器的应用进展及研究前景. 畜牧兽医学报, 2026 , 57 (3) : 1195 -1204 . DOI: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.03.003
Shaozheng SONG, Zhe ZHOU, Yue GU, Xiaohui ZHONG, Liu JI, Leying GU, Hongguang BAO. Application Progress and Research Prospects of Animal Mammary Gland Bioreactor[J]. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, 2026 , 57 (3) : 1195 -1204 . DOI: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.03.003
动物乳腺生物反应器是指应用牛、羊、小鼠等哺乳动物乳腺中的特异性乳蛋白基因启动子调控元件指导外源目的基因定位在动物乳腺中高效表达,最终借助于哺乳动物乳腺的分泌作用和特异性表达功能,进而从乳汁中源源不断地获得具有高生物活性功能的重组蛋白,又称动物个体乳腺表达系统[1]。自1987年Gordon等[2]首次成功地制备了转基因小鼠乳腺生物反应器,并从分泌的乳汁中提取出具有生物活性功能的人体组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(type plasminogen activator,tPA),这是转基因动物乳腺生物反应器生产重组医药蛋白的里程碑式发展。随后,众多科学家们陆续开展了各种动物乳腺生物反应器的相关研究。直至2006年,美国GTC公司开发了一种山羊乳腺生物反应器生产重组人抗凝血酶III(recombinant human antithrombin III,ATryn),成为世界上首个被欧洲药监局EMA批准上市的转基因动物乳腺生物反应器生产的重组医药,此后在2009年该重组药物成功地被美国FDA批准上市[3]。紧接着,2010年,荷兰Pharming公司第一次通过转基因兔乳腺生物反应器制备了Ruconest单克隆抗体药物,也成功地被欧洲药品管理局审核批准上市。在此之后,由于动物乳腺生物反应器具有独特的优势和转基因技术的飞速发展,各种类型的哺乳动物乳腺生物反应器逐渐成为分子生物学领域的研究热点,在生命科学和生物医药领域有着较大的应用潜力,发展前景十分广阔,受到了国内外许多学者的青睐[4⁃6]。因此,本文主要从动物乳腺生物反应器的原理、特点、目标动物选择、应用领域、面临挑战与发展前景等几方面进行简要综述,以期为今后动物乳腺生物反应器的相关研究提供理论参考价值,推动其在生物医药领域的产业化发展和畜牧养殖遗传育种领域的品种改良。
乳腺生物反应器的原理是利用分子生物学方法,将特异性乳蛋白基因启动子作为调控元件与含有编码生物活性功能蛋白的目的基因相连接,构建哺乳动物乳腺特异性表达载体,然后再通过各种转基因技术手段,将含有外源目的基因的乳腺特异性表达载体或基因片段导入动物早期胚胎或受精卵内,制备出整合目的基因的转基因动物[7]。由于雌性哺乳动物具有在分娩产仔后乳腺可以持续分泌乳汁的特性,这样可以利用乳蛋白基因的特异性调控序列指导和驱动外源目的基因定位在乳腺中靶向高效表达[8]。此外,还有研究报道表明,通过遗传育种技术可进行品种改良,选择性杂交繁育高表达的纯合子转基因动物,建立优质种系和扩繁优良品种动物群体,从而源源不断地从转基因动物乳汁中获取外源性目的重组蛋白[9⁃10]。
动物乳腺生物反应器是利用活体动物的乳腺组织表达外源目的蛋白,在产量高、易提纯、成本低、生物活性高和安全性高等方面显示出明显的优越性[11⁃13]。
作为一种具有高度分化特征的专门化腺体和一种天然反应器,在生物结构上具有很强的优越性,可高效合成蛋白质[14]。已有研究报告显示,动物乳腺细胞有表达外源蛋白的能力,可以达到1 g·L-1,具有工业化生产功能医药蛋白的潜力[15],这为动物乳腺生物反应器的推广应用奠定了扎实的理论基础。
重组蛋白分离纯化的过程比较简单,由于乳汁中含有相对较少的蛋白成分种类,重组蛋白只需通过常规程序从乳汁中去除酪蛋白沉淀乳清,再经过层析即可得到,操作简单[16]。此外,乳腺生物反应器生产的产品完全属于生物制品的范畴,在其生产和提纯过程中不会产生和释放有毒物质,无环境污染[17]。
利用乳腺生物反应器技术生产外源重组蛋白的转基因动物很容易扩大动物种群,从而进行大规模繁殖和选育新品种,因此,动物乳腺所表达的外源基因可以稳定遗传给后代。同时,新药研发周期也是生物医药行业所重点考虑的一个方面[18]。有大量研究数据显示,传统技术下新药从研制开发、审批到上市过程需要耗费10~15年的时间,然而通过利用哺乳动物的乳腺生物反应器来生产新药,投放周期明显缩短,这一生产周期可以大幅缩短至约5年,也在一定程度上降低了新药开发的研究成本和时间成本,更适合于消费群体较少的罕见病特效药物生产[19]。
生物反应器是在动物活体中特定组织内表达而获得某种功能活性蛋白,所得产品活性高且稳定。乳腺作为一个成熟的“分子工厂”,能够对蛋白质进行高效的翻译后加工和修饰,弥补了传统工程药物需要经过一系列的复杂修饰,动物乳腺能够将重组蛋白折叠成具有功能性的构象,与天然蛋白非常相似,从而保证了产品的生物活性[20]。此外,乳腺生物反应器通过基因改造动物乳腺,从动物伦理方面对动物本身的危害较小。动物乳腺作为相对独立的分泌系统,具有极佳的穿透屏障特性,能有效阻止特异性表达重组蛋白破坏体内循环,生物安全性高[21]。有研究表明,选用乳腺作为生物反应器生产重组功能蛋白,在于其作为外分泌器官,乳汁不会进入体内循环通路影响转基因动物本身的生理代谢,从而保证了转基因动物的生物安全性和动物伦理[22]。因此,动物乳腺生物反应器在现代医药领域中具有广阔的开发前景和应用意义。
从对外源蛋白进行加工修饰的能力来看,比较理想的蛋白表达系统是来自于哺乳动物,而且哺乳动物的乳房是一种高效特异合成蛋白质的天然器官,其乳腺表达的重组蛋白与天然蛋白在结构和功能上高度吻合,被认为是十分优质的外源蛋白表达系统,现已成功地利用牛、羊、兔、猪、小鼠等动物构建出不同的乳腺生物反应器[23]。不同动物乳腺生物反应器的特点和应用价值也有所差异,例如小鼠由于繁殖周期短、产仔数多,常用于转基因生物反应器研究的初期模型,用于表达载体的验证性试验研究[24,25];牛、羊等大中型动物由于泌乳时间长、产奶量高,常用于改善乳品质量和生产生物活性功能蛋白[26⁃28];兔和猪由于繁殖期短、产仔数多、全年多发情、哺乳期长等优势,近年来也呈现出一定的应用价值和研究前景[29,30]。然而,随着相关研究的逐步深入,这些动物乳腺生物反应器各自具有一定的优势和局限性(表1)。
根据国内外的大量文献研究报道,目前动物乳腺生物反应器的应用主要体现在改善乳品质、生产医药蛋白、制作抗体、合成基因工程疫苗等几个方面。与其它表达系统相比,在这些领域中应用乳腺生物反应器表达系统具有无法比拟的优势,受到了众多学者的广泛关注和重视,开展了大量的相关研究,极大地推动了生命科学与生物医药行业的发展进程。
应用动物乳腺生物反应器改善乳品质主要是通过基因工程技术去除动物乳汁中致敏原基因,增加功能营养蛋白基因,从而提高哺乳动物乳汁的营养价值,使其成分更接近于人乳,实现动物乳的“人源化”改造。目前的研究报道主要集中在两个方面:一方面是通过敲除BLG、酪蛋白等一些致敏原基因,改变动物乳汁中的原有成分,使其更适合人类食用,促进人体健康。例如,Wei等[31]利用TALEN技术成功获得了敲除β-乳球蛋白(β-lactoglobulin,BLG)基因的双等位基因编辑牛;Tara等[6]利用CRISPR/Cas技术对水牛乳中过敏原BLG基因敲除;薛可等[32]利用Red同源重组系统实现了牛β-酪蛋白基因敲除;Zhou等[33]利用CRISPR/Cas9技术生产BLG基因敲除山羊;贾启鹏等[34]基于CRISPR/Cas9系统介导制备β-酪蛋白基因敲除奶山羊。这些研究均成功地敲除和灭活了牛羊乳中致敏原成分,理论上可以降低食用乳品过敏症发生率,但是如何进一步提高牛羊乳的营养价值,在乳中增加一些功能营养成分,使其更接近于人的初乳成分,值得深入探究。因此,近年来也有越来越多的另一方面研究,利用特异性乳蛋白基因调控序列定位于乳腺中表达人乳铁蛋白、人白蛋白等某些外源性功能营养蛋白基因,提高动物乳汁自身的营养价值。例如,宋绍征等[9]利用基因打靶技术成功在山羊BLG基因座位点靶向导入人乳铁蛋白基因,但是未能获得完整的表达成年个体,仅是在细胞水平进行了验证。Han等[35]通过CRISPR/Cas9技术在猪α-s1酪蛋白基因座定点插入人乳铁蛋白基因,成功获得了转基因后代个体猪,且与野生型猪相比,乳铁蛋白可以在α-s1酪蛋白启动子的控制下,在转基因猪乳腺中持续高表达,且猪乳汁具有抗菌活性,能够提高仔猪成活率,降低兽药成本,对养猪业具有广阔的前景。此外,Peng等[36]通过CRISPR/Cas9技术在猪白蛋白基因座定点插入重组人血清白蛋白(recombinant human serum albumin,rHSA)基因,也成功获得了转基因个体猪,并能够进行种系遗传至后代。Kim等[37]通过CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术介导人乳铁蛋白基因敲入牛β-酪蛋白基因座位点,通过抑制DNA MMR相关基因(MSH2、MSH3、MSH6、MLH1和PMS2)和过表达DNA双链断裂(DNA double-strand break,DSB)修复相关基因(RAD51、CHK1、CHK2),从而来提高牛β-酪蛋白基因座中人乳铁蛋白基因的敲入效率,这为后期成功制备转基因乳腺生物反应器提供了技术支撑。上述这些研究为利用乳腺生物反应器改善动物乳品质奠定了大量的实践基础,经改造后的动物乳,不仅与人天然乳汁相比具有相似的生物学特征,而且人类食用后将会降低过敏反应的发生率,同时还可以增强机体的免疫生理功能,具有极大的应用前景。
应用哺乳动物乳腺生物反应器生产的医药蛋白主要包括蛋白酶和多肽两大类,目前在动物乳腺中表达的外源蛋白酶主要有人凝血因子、抗凝血酶Ⅲ、溶菌酶、人蛋白C和超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、人纤溶酶原激活物等。早在1997年,Schnieke等[38]便通过绵羊乳腺生物反应器生产出人凝血因子,奠定了动物乳腺生物反应器生产各类蛋白酶的初始研究基础。2006年,世界上首个被欧洲药监局EMA批准上市的转基因动物乳腺生物反应器生产的重组医药蛋白是ATryn,从而拉开了转基因乳腺生物反应器生产重组医药蛋白的帷幕。随后,利用该方式生产的各种重组医药蛋白纷纷涌现。Wang等[39]制备了人重组凝血因子Ⅷ转基因小鼠乳腺生物反应器,并在乳汁中高效特异性表达出这种活性蛋白,其表达水平最高达到2.81 mg·mL-1,这一结果表明乳腺生物反应器可用于生产凝血因子。Carneiro等[40]制备了高效表达重组人溶菌酶(recombinant human lysozyme,rhLZ)的转基因山羊,并从山羊乳汁中分离提取了rhLZ(浓度为224 μg·mL-1),接近于人的初乳(浓度为226 μg·mL-1),且具有良好的体外抗菌活性功能,可使枯草芽孢杆菌的菌落形成单位(colony-forming unit,CFU)减少7~8倍。Velander等[41]和Park等[42]分别制备了转基因猪和小鼠,并实现了在其乳腺中特异性高效表达人蛋白C,表达水平分别为380 μg·mL-1、28 ng·mL-1,进一步证明了不同转基因动物乳腺生物反应器均可以成功生产人蛋白C,从而极大地推动了多种动物乳腺生物反应器生产重组医药蛋白的发展历程。周敏雅等[43]以山羊β-酪蛋白/CMV杂合启动增强子构建SOD1和SOD3乳腺特异性表达载体,成功地在转基因山羊乳腺中表达出重组人SOD1(88.81 mg·L-1)和SOD3(267.82 mg·L-1),并证明了其具有较高的生物学活性功能(酶活力为1 432 U·mL-1),从而建立了乳腺生物反应器生产重组蛋白酶制剂的开发平台,也为酶工程的发展提供了新的观点和路径。此外,Song等[44]和He等[45]首次构建出表达重组人纤溶酶原激活物(recombinant human plasminogen activator,rhPA)的山羊乳腺生物反应器,羊乳中表达rhPA水平可达到 78.32 μg·mL-1,体外溶栓活性是参考品瑞替普酶(reteplase)的13.3倍,这一研究结果证明了利用该乳腺生物反应器,使rhPA具有较好的表达效果和溶栓功能,并可以稳定遗传,这暗示着山羊乳腺生物反应器有可能成为大规模生产溶栓药物的重要助推剂。
在生物医学和商业领域中,单克隆抗体是目前市场上最有价值的重组蛋白之一。利用动物乳腺生物反应器,在不造成生物体内微生物失衡或因大量使用抗菌素而产生副作用的情况下,能有效地促进抗体的大量生产,从而应用于治疗临床多种疾病。扬州大学眭晨[46]利用乳腺生物反应器成功制备了整合全人源抗Her2单克隆抗体的转基因山羊,但是该研究存在一定的局限性,仅是通过对2头40日龄妊娠母羊行剖宫产获取胎儿,经PCR和测序法鉴定胎儿成功定点整合Her2抗体基因,并未涉及转基因个体表达方面的研究,然而这一结果为后续该转基因羊个体生产和扩繁埋下了重要的试验基础。同样在扬州大学,申瑶[47]利用体细胞核移植制备转基因克隆山羊整合抗人黑色素瘤/CD28的双抗,虽然也是在剖宫产胎儿鉴别中初步研究和应用,未获得成年表达个体,但是这一研究结果为利用转基因山羊乳腺生物反应器为大量生产该双特异性抗体奠定了坚实的基础。此外,在小鼠的研究中有着更加成熟的研究报道,例如,Wei等[48]报告成功构建了在乳腺中高度表达功能性小鼠-人嵌合抗体chHAb18的转基因小鼠乳腺生物反应器,成功培育出完整的转基因小鼠个体,chHAb18在小鼠乳腺中表达水平范围为1.1~7.4 mg·mL-1,经免疫学检测表明,乳腺生物反应器来源的chHAb18能够特异高效结合纯化的抗原(即HAb18G)或肝癌细胞,与CHO细胞来源的chHAb18具有几乎相等的亲和力,其亲和力为亲本鼠源抗体HAb18的68%。鉴于HAb18已成功应用于临床,该研究结果为转基因小鼠乳腺中表达chHAb18,实现该抗体高产和规模化生产迈向重要一步。除此之外,还有Gong等[49]制备转基因小鼠乳腺中表达重组人抗PD-1抗体的最高水平达80.52 mg·L-1,为今后PD-1抗体治疗癌症提供了来源渠道。Zhang等[50]建立了表达抗HBV单克隆抗体的转基因小鼠,其乳腺表达水平可达到17.8 mg·mL-1,这为抗体药物治疗和预防乙肝疾病指明了新的方向和思路。总之,以上这些研究不仅为大规模生产特异性治疗抗体药物提供了参考依据,而且展示了转基因动物乳腺生物反应器在抗体生产方面的巨大潜力。
利用DNA重组技术生产的基因工程疫苗克服了传统疫苗生产方式的成本高、免疫途径局限、安全性低等缺点,但是通过常规的基因工程技术生产的疫苗是以一小段病毒壳蛋白或菌膜蛋白作为抗原进行免疫,存在携带者容量有限、免疫原性低下、接种效果不佳等不足之处。然而,应用乳腺生物反应器生产基因工程疫苗,可增强免疫原性、提高疫苗效果、产量大、成本低,可以使用病毒全壳蛋白或细菌免疫决定簇进行免疫,具有较明显的优势,是疫苗研制和开大的重要新方向之一。西北农林科技大学葛恒涛等[51]利用TALEN基因打靶技术,成功将口蹄疫病毒(FMDV)、猪瘟病毒(CSFV)的重组病毒结构蛋白基因(rVP1和rE2)精准地整合至山羊BLG基因第二外显子,山羊乳汁中表达rVP1和rE2浓度分别为1.02 mg·mL-1和1.46 mg·mL-1,免疫Balb/c小鼠后,可在小鼠血清中检测到特异性抗体存在,由此获得的转基因山羊乳腺能够分泌出具有良好免疫原性的重组蛋白,这为利用转基因动物乳腺生物反应器来制备亚单位疫苗奠定了重要的研究基础。此外,Guo等[52]成功构建了表达冠状病毒通用表位的噬菌体外壳蛋白嵌合病毒样颗粒的转基因小鼠,结果表明经纯化后的病毒嵌合颗粒可在小鼠体内诱导产生特异性抗体反应,并且抗体具有一定的中和活性功能,这为应用转基因动物乳腺生物反应器治疗冠状病毒疾病提供了一种具有潜在临床应用价值的疫苗形式,也为其它疫苗的生产方式提供了新的途径。
除了上述应用领域外,动物乳腺生物反应器还在其它方面也显示出较大的应用价值。褪黑激素作为一种有效的抗氧化剂,具有重要的营养和药用价值,因此,生产富含褪黑素的乳品将使消费者受益,Ma等[53]采用CRISPR/Cas9系统与显微注射相结合的技术,研究开发出一种富含褪黑素牛奶的绵羊乳腺生物反应器,共获得34只转基因羊,并在羔羊乳腺上皮细胞中表达,这是首次高水平表达褪黑激素乳汁的转基因动物模型的研究报道。Jeong等[54]利用CRISPR/Cas9系统与体细胞核移植技术,成功开发出一种β-酪蛋白基因座表达人成纤维细胞生长因子2(fibroblast growth factor 2,FGF2)的牛乳腺生物生物反应器,为后期通过牛β-酪蛋白基因的表达系统在乳腺中表达人FGF2蛋白的转基因奶牛培育奠定了工作基础。内蒙古大学的刘畅[55]建立了一种β-酪蛋白位点基因打靶人ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸脱氢酶(human ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid dehydrogenase,hfat-1)的奶山羊乳腺生物反应器,虽然未在转基因动物个体中研究,但是获得了59株hfat-1定点整合细胞系,打靶效率高达74.29%,这为后续体细胞核移植制备转基因动物个体提供了大量可选的供体细胞,同时理论上获得这种定点靶向敲除β-酪蛋白基因和导入hfat-1基因的奶山羊品种,可以改善羊乳汁成分,降低羊奶加工难度,提高食用价值。此外,近年来研究人粒细胞集落刺激因子(human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor,hG-CSF)的报道也越来越多,hG-CSF是一种造血生长因子,用于中性粒细胞减少症患者,以往主要是通过转基因细菌或培养的哺乳动物细胞生产,Batista等[56]应用转基因山羊乳腺生物反应器表达hG-CSF,在泌乳期的羊乳汁中hG-CSF表达浓度可达到360 μg·mL-1,通过乳腺生物反应器表达hG-CSF这一水平与商业规模蛋白质生产项目的数量级相当。Ganguli等[57]利用β-酪蛋白基因启动子调控序列指导人γ-干扰素在转基因小鼠乳腺组织中高效表达,该研究方法采用了与上述研究完全不同的技术手段,通过导管灌注递送方式,将被病毒体包裹的乳腺特异性表达载体直接递送至小鼠乳腺中,利用水牛β-酪蛋白启动子实现乳腺特异性基因表达,从而绕过了生殖细胞基因整合,避免了通过生殖细胞基因整合产生动物生物反应器所带来的相关风险,这为在乳汁中生成治疗性蛋白质提供了更优选择。总之,这些研究领域也是当前乳腺生物反应器应用的一个备受关注的重要方向,其研究成果为后续动物乳腺生物反应器生产相关活性功能产物奠定了坚实的基础。
动物乳腺生物反应器作为一种新兴产物,虽然经过多年发展,已取得了一些突破性进展和成就,但仍存在很多不太成熟之处,亟待解决。诸如小鼠、兔等小型转基因动物泌乳量低、寿命短,难以满足产业化需求;牛、羊、猪等大型转基因动物乳腺生物反应器制备技术难度高、效率低、周期长[5]。此外,转基因动物乳腺生物反应器生产外源重组蛋白存在“非预期效应”,外源目的基因在动物体内整合受到“位置效应”和“剂量效应”的制约,一般常规转基因技术难以攻克[58];由乳腺生物反应器获得的目标蛋白存在翻译后修饰加工和分离纯化,从而导致与天然活性蛋白具有一定差异性;转基因生物反应器生产的蛋白产品的对人体健康也可能存在一定的安全隐患。上述这些影响乳腺生物反应器发展的诸多因素错综复杂,都是不可忽视的问题,有待进一步深入研究与解决,面临着严峻的挑战。
自从20世纪末,转基因小鼠乳腺生物反应器被成功构建用于生产重组蛋白以来,历经数十年的深入探索,转基因动物乳腺生物反应器的研究已获得显著进展[59]。近年来,随着基因打靶和基因编辑技术的发展,尤其是第三代CRISPR/Cas9系统基因修饰技术的兴起和推广,为转基因动物乳腺生物反应器的制备注入了全新的思路,提供了新的可能[60⁃62]。利用基因打靶和基因编辑技术可以使外源目的蛋白基因靶向敲入哺乳动物天然蛋白基因座的特定位点,生产出的转基因动物遗传背景更加清晰,在这种情况下,外源蛋白基因整合入动物染色体基因组特异性位置,从而自动获得了天然乳蛋白的所有调控序列,完全避免了目的基因整合的“位置效应”影响,有助于提高乳腺表达目标蛋白的能力,且获得的蛋白表达产物在结构和性质上更接近于天然状态,这为实现乳腺生物反应器生产稳定、高效的目的蛋白提供了有力支持[63,64]。此外,据调查研究,我国作为人口大国,对生物医药蛋白、功能营养蛋白、人源化乳品的市场需求量较大,这对于乳腺生物反应器的发展既是挑战,也是机遇。在现代生物技术领域中,动物乳腺生物反应器作为一种高效的药用蛋白生产工具,具有无可比拟的优势,已有美国GTC biotherapeutics、荷兰Genpharm和英国Piramal Pharma Limited等大型制药公司产品上市。据笔者预测,在未来只要加大研发投入和配套支持,乳腺生物反应器在生命科学领域必定大有可为,未来的发展潜力巨大,应用价值不可估量。
综上所述,动物乳腺生物反应器生产外源目的蛋白,具有产量高、易提纯、成本低、生物活性和安全性高等独特优势,在改善乳品质、生产医药蛋白、制作抗体、合成基因工程疫苗等方面有着广阔的发展和应用前景。然而,乳腺生物反应器也遇到一些瓶颈问题,需要我们不断加大技术创新力度和研发投入,以基因定点靶向编辑技术结合体细胞核移植克隆技术为技术核心的平台,有望成为未来生产乳腺生物反应器的关键和必然趋势。因此,需要强抓当前机遇,全方面考虑,大力支持和发展乳腺生物反应器产业。我们坚信,在不久的将来,随着生物技术的不断完善,一定可以建立更成熟、高效、可靠、安全的转基因动物乳腺生物反应器技术体系和平台,生产出更多、更优质的产品,为人类的健康带来更大福祉,应用前景十分广阔。
  • 江苏省高校“青蓝工程”优秀青年骨干教师项目(苏教师函[2021]11号)
  • 江苏省高校自然科学基金(20KJB360007)
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2026年第57卷第3期
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doi: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.03.003
  • 接收时间:2025-08-06
  • 首发时间:2026-09-16
  • 出版时间:2026-03-23
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-06
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江苏省高校“青蓝工程”优秀青年骨干教师项目(苏教师函[2021]11号)
江苏省高校自然科学基金(20KJB360007)
作者信息
    1.无锡太湖学院健康医学院 基础医学系,无锡 214000
    2.南京医科大学附属南京医院,南京 210006

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鲍红光,主要从事疼痛与生物医药研究,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
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total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
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species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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