Article(id=1307013818744337149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307013423896753139, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.03.047, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1743955200000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789545977530, onlineDateStr=2026-09-16, pubDate=1774195200000, pubDateStr=2026-03-23, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789545977530, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789545977530, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789545977530, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1307013423896753139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, year='2026', volume='57', issue='3', pageStart='1177', pageEnd='1776', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774195200000', pubDateStr='2026-03-23', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789545883392, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789609930841, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1307282058464743901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307013423896753139, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1307282058464743902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307013423896753139, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1737, endPage=1751, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1307013820300423934, articleId=1307013818744337149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, language=EN, title=Impact of Ketosis on Circadian Changes of Glucose and Lipid Metabolism, Immunity, and Oxidative Stress in Dairy Cows, columnId=1307007468660355587, journalTitle=Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, columnName=CLINICAL VETERINARY MEDICINE, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The purpose of this study was to determine the circadian variation and differences of blood glucose and lipid metabolism, immunity, oxidation and antioxidation related indexes in postpartum healthy dairy cows and subclinical ketosis dairy cows, and to evaluate the effects of ketosis on the circadian physiological homeostasis of energy metabolism, immunity and oxidative stress in dairy cows from the perspective of the circadian clock. The blood samples of postpartum healthy group (postpartum 3-21 d, blood BHBA<1.2 mmol·L-1, n=10) and subclinical ketosis group (postpartum 3-21 d, 1.2 mmol·L-1<blood BHBA<3.0 mmol·L-1, n=10) were collected at different time points (09:00, 17:00 and 01:00). The blood ketone blood glucose meter and cholesterol determination kit were used to determine the diurnal changes of glucose and lipid metabolism indexes of dairy cows in each group. The white blood cells in the blood were isolated and total RNA was extracted. The circadian changes of inflammation-related genes and circadian clock genes in white blood cells were detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR. The changes of blood oxidative stress indexes were detected by ELISA kit. The results showed that compared with the healthy group, the blood β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) content of dairy cows in the subclinical ketosis group was significantly increased (P<0.000 1), the blood glucose concentration (P<0.01) and the plasma cholesterol content (P<0.000 1) were significantly decreased, and the blood glucose content (P<0.05) of dairy cows in the subclinical ketosis group exhibited significant difference between day and night. The changes of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) (P<0.05), catalase (CAT) (P<0.05), superoxide dismutase (SOD) (P<0.05) and β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAG) (P<0.05) in plasma of healthy cows had significant diurnal differences. The changes of plasma H2O2 (P<0.05) and CAT (P<0.01) in subclinical ketosis group were significantly different between day and night. Compared with the healthy group, the contents of H2O2 (P<0.01) and malondialdehyde (MDA) (P<0.000 1), and the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) (P<0.05) and NAG (P<0.000 1) in the plasma of dairy cows in the subclinical ketosis group were significantly increased. The qPCR results showed that the mRNA expression of circadian clock genes BMAL1 (P<0.01), RORα (P<0.05) and PER2 (P<0.01) in white blood cells of healthy cows had significant day-night differences. The mRNA expression of circadian clock genes BMAL1 (P<0.05), NR1D1 (P<0.05), RORα (P<0.01) and PER2 (P<0.05) in white blood cells of subclinical ketosis cows had significant day-night differences. Compared with the healthy group, the circadian expression patterns of BMAL1 (P<0.05), RORα (P<0.01) and PER2 (P<0.01) mRNA in blood leukocytes of subclinical ketosis cows were significantly changed. The mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6) (P<0.000 1), interleukin-8 (IL-8) (P<0.05), interleukin-10 (IL-10) (P<0.05), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) (P<0.01), and chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5) (P<0.01) in the blood of healthy cows showed significant circadian differences. The mRNA expression of IL-6 (P<0.01), IL-10 (P<0.01) and IL-1β (P<0.000 1) in blood leukocytes of dairy cows with subclinical ketosis showed significant difference between day and night. Compared with the healthy group, the circadian expression patterns of IL-6, IL-10 and IL-1β mRNA in the blood leukocytes of dairy cows in the subclinical ketosis group changed, and the circadian differences in the expression of IL-8 and CCL5 mRNA disappeared. In summary, there are circadian differences in some blood glucose and lipid metabolism indexes, oxidative stress indexes, blood leukocyte circadian clock genes and inflammatory factor gene expression between healthy cows and subclinical ketosis cows. However, the circadian changes of some blood glucose and lipid metabolism indexes, oxidative stress indexes, blood leukocyte circadian clock genes and inflammatory factor gene expression in subclinical ketosis cows are significantly changed. The steady-state of circadian changes of plasma oxidation and antioxidant system is abnormal, and the circadian changes of circadian clock genes and inflammatory related gene expression in blood leukocytes are abnormal. The decrease of body resistance associated with ketosis may be related to the abnormal circadian rhythm of inflammatory factor expression in peripheral blood leukocytes of dairy cows. The above research preliminarily analyzed the characteristic changes of blood indexes of ketosis cows from the perspective of circadian clock, which provided research basis and theoretical basis for the accurate prevention and control and accurate diagnosis of ketosis in dairy cows.

, authors=Junjun DENG1, 2, 3, Yating LI1, 2, 3, Chao ZHANG1, 3, Qian LI1, 3, Chao LI1, 2, 3, Haisen ZHANG1, 2, 3, Yaping JIN1, 2, 3, Yalin YUAN3, Huatao CHEN1, 2, 3, authorsList=Junjun DENG, Yating LI, Chao ZHANG, Qian LI, Chao LI, Haisen ZHANG, Yaping JIN, Yalin YUAN, Huatao CHEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Haisen ZHANG, Huatao CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
CHEN Huatao, E-mail:,
ZHANG Haisen, E-mail:
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旨在测定产后健康奶牛与亚临床型酮病奶牛血液糖与脂代谢、免疫及氧化抗氧化相关指标的昼夜变化规律及其差异,从昼夜节律生物钟的角度评估酮病对奶牛能量代谢、免疫及氧化应激等相关机能昼夜变化生理稳态的影响。试验采集不同时间点(09:00、17:00和01:00)产后健康组(产后3~21 d,血液BHBA<1.2 mmol·L-1,n=10)和亚临床型酮病组奶牛(产后3~21 d,1.2 mmol·L-1<血液BHBA<3.0 mmol·L-1,n=10)的血液样品,使用血酮血糖测定仪、胆固醇测定试剂盒测定各组奶牛糖与脂代谢指标的昼夜变化,分离血液中的白细胞并提取RNA,借助实时荧光定量PCR技术检测血液白细胞中炎症相关基因和生物钟基因的昼夜变化规律,使用ELISA试剂盒检测血液氧化应激指标变化。结果发现,与健康组相比,亚临床型酮病组奶牛血液β-羟基丁酸(BHBA)含量显著升高(P<0.000 1),血液葡萄糖浓度(P<0.01)和血浆胆固醇含量(P<0.000 1)显著下降,且亚临床型酮病组奶牛血液葡萄糖含量(P<0.05)具有显著的昼夜差异;健康组奶牛血浆中过氧化氢(H2O2)(P<0.05)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)(P<0.05)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)(P<0.05)与β-N-乙酰胺葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)(P<0.05)等指标变化均具有显著的昼夜差异;亚临床型酮病组血浆H2O2(P<0.05)与CAT(P<0.01)指标变化具有显著昼夜差异;与健康组相比,亚临床型酮病组奶牛血浆中H2O2(P<0.01)和丙二醛(MDA)(P<0.000 1)含量、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)(P<0.05)与NAG(P<0.000 1)活性均显著升高。qPCR结果显示,健康组奶牛血液白细胞中生物钟基因BMAL1(P<0.01)、RORα(P<0.05)和PER2(P<0.01)mRNA的表达均具有显著的昼夜差异,亚临床型酮病组奶牛血液白细胞中生物钟基因BMAL1(P<0.05)、NR1D1(P<0.05)、RORα(P<0.01)与PER2(P<0.05)mRNA的表达均具有显著的昼夜差异;与健康组相比,亚临床型酮病组奶牛血液白细胞中BMAL1(P<0.05)、RORα(P<0.01)与PER2(P<0.01)mRNA的昼夜表达模式发生显著改变;健康组奶牛血液白细胞中炎性因子白细胞介素-6(IL-6)(P<0.000 1)、白细胞介素-8(IL-8)(P<0.05)、白细胞介素-10(IL-10)(P<0.05)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)(P<0.01)和趋化因子配体5(CCL5)(P<0.01)mRNA的表达均具有显著的昼夜差异,亚临床型酮病组奶牛血液白细胞中的IL-6(P<0.01)、IL-10(P<0.01)、IL-1β(P<0.000 1)mRNA的表达具有显著昼夜差异;与健康组相比,亚临床型酮病组奶牛血液白细胞中IL-6、IL-10、IL-1β mRNA的昼夜表达模式发生改变,IL-8和CCL5 mRNA表达的昼夜差异消失。综上所述,健康奶牛与亚临床型酮病奶牛部分血液糖脂代谢指标、氧化应激指标、血液白细胞生物钟基因和炎症因子基因表达具有昼夜节律差异,但亚临床型酮病奶牛部分血液糖脂代谢指标、氧化应激指标、血液白细胞生物钟基因和炎症因子基因表达昼夜变化规律显著改变,血浆氧化与抗氧化系统的昼夜变化稳态失常,血液白细胞中生物钟基因和炎症相关基因表达的昼夜变化规律异常,酮病伴随的机体抵抗力下降可能与奶牛外周血白细胞中炎症因子表达的昼夜变化节律异常有关。上述研究从昼夜节律生物钟角度初步解析了酮病奶牛血液指标的特征性变化,为奶牛酮病的精准防控与精准诊断提供了研究基础和理论依据。

, authors=邓君君1, 2, 3, 李雅婷1, 2, 3, 张超1, 3, 李倩1, 3, 李超1, 2, 3, 张海森1, 2, 3, 靳亚平1, 2, 3, 袁亚林3, 陈华涛1, 2, 3, authorsList=邓君君, 李雅婷, 张超, 李倩, 李超, 张海森, 靳亚平, 袁亚林, 陈华涛, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张海森, 陈华涛, authorNote=

邓君君,硕士生,主要从事奶牛繁殖管理与临床疾病防控研究,E-mail:

邓君君与李雅婷为同等贡献作者

李雅婷,硕士生,主要从事哺乳动物生物钟调控代谢机制研究,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
陈华涛,主要从事反刍动物生物钟调控生殖与代谢机制研究,E-mail: ,
张海森,主要从事生物钟调控奶牛生殖机制研究,E-mail:
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2.Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Northwest A&F University,Yangling 712100,China
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2.西北农林科技大学农业农村部动物生物技术重点实验室,杨凌 712100
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邓君君与李雅婷为同等贡献作者

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邓君君与李雅婷为同等贡献作者

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2.西北农林科技大学农业农村部动物生物技术重点实验室,杨凌 712100
3.西北农林科技大学,杨凌 712100, bio={"content":"

李雅婷,硕士生,主要从事哺乳动物生物钟调控代谢机制研究,E-mail:

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李雅婷,硕士生,主要从事哺乳动物生物钟调控代谢机制研究,E-mail:

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DOI:10.1096/fasebj.2022.36.s1.r4415, articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307281669447250528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013818744337149, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[43], rfOrder=60, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HENRY CJ,KAUR B,QUEK R Y C.Chrononutrition in the management of diabetes[J].Nutr Diabetes,2020,19;10(1):6. 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DOI:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.09.030, articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307281671267578467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013818744337149, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[46], rfOrder=63, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SPIES C M,CUTOLO M,STRAUB R H,et al.Prednisone chronotherapy[J].Clin Exp Rheumatol,2011,29(5 Suppl 68):S42-S45. 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A. Circadian variation of blood BHBA content in healthy and subclinical ketotic cows. Two-way ANOVA was used for statistical analysis of differences (post-hoc multiple test: Sidak); B. The content of total BHBA in 24 h blood of healthy group and ketosis group was compared, and the difference was statistically analyzed by t test. ** means P<0.01, **** means P<0.000 1

, figureFileSmall=rd3UD+kQ801SPbGRNTnuzw==, figureFileBig=P4FFQ6VGR7MHyiVVuAB8nw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307281658231681553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013818744337149, language=CN, label=图1, caption=健康组与酮病组奶牛血液β-羟基丁酸含量的昼夜变化规律及差异分析

A.健康组和亚临床型酮病组奶牛血液BHBA含量的昼夜变化规律,使用双因素方差分析进行差异统计学分析(事后多重检验:Sidak);B.健康组和亚临床型酮病组奶牛24 h血液总BHBA的含量对比,使用t检验进行差异统计学分析。**表示P<0.01,****表示P<0.000 1

, figureFileSmall=rd3UD+kQ801SPbGRNTnuzw==, figureFileBig=P4FFQ6VGR7MHyiVVuAB8nw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307281658344927762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013818744337149, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Analysis of the circadian variation and difference in blood glucose content of healthy and ketotic cows

A. Circadian variation of blood glucose content in healthy and subclinical ketotic cows. Two-way ANOVA was used for statistical analysis of differences (post-hoc multiple comparisons: Sidak); B. The content of total glucose in 24 h blood of healthy group and ketosis group was compared, and the difference was statistically analyzed by t test. ** means P<0.01

, figureFileSmall=vnWBK74nzuMM008qSRJuiw==, figureFileBig=Ppyei6WB501c6BgQ5reTAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307281658407842323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013818744337149, language=CN, label=图2, caption=健康组与酮病组奶牛血液葡萄糖含量的昼夜变化规律及差异分析

A.健康组和亚临床型酮病组奶牛血液葡萄糖含量的昼夜变化规律,使用双因素方差分析进行差异统计学分析(事后多重检验:Sidak);B.健康组和亚临床型酮病组奶牛24 h血液中总葡萄糖的含量对比,使用t检验进行差异统计学分析。**表示P<0.01

, figureFileSmall=vnWBK74nzuMM008qSRJuiw==, figureFileBig=Ppyei6WB501c6BgQ5reTAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307281658479145492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013818744337149, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Analysis of the circadian variation and difference in plasma cholesterol content of healthy and ketotic cows

A. Circadian variation of plasma cholesterol content in healthy and subclinical ketotic cows. Two-way ANOVA was used for statistical analysis of differences (post-hoc multiple comparisons: Sidak); B. Comparison of the total cholesterol content in 24 - hour plasma of healthy and subclinical ketotic cows. The t-test was used for statistical analysis of differences. * means P<0.05, **** means P<0.000 1

, figureFileSmall=AQisbdnidN4Zq7ALzdBgMw==, figureFileBig=mm+zJQuGyyKbadG9UDcOjA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307281658554642965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013818744337149, language=CN, label=图3, caption=健康组与酮病组奶牛血浆胆固醇含量的昼夜变化规律及差异分析

A.健康组和亚临床型酮病组奶牛血浆胆固醇含量的昼夜变化规律,使用双因素方差分析进行差异统计学分析(事后多重检验:Sidak);B.健康组和亚临床型酮病组奶牛24 h血浆中总胆固醇的含量对比,使用t检验进行差异统计学分析。*表示P<0.05,****表示P<0.000 1

, figureFileSmall=AQisbdnidN4Zq7ALzdBgMw==, figureFileBig=mm+zJQuGyyKbadG9UDcOjA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307281658621751830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013818744337149, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Analysis of the circadian variation and difference in plasma oxidative stress level of healthy and ketotic cows

A, B, C, D, E, F. Line charts on the left are the changes in the content or activity of plasma oxidative stress-related factors in healthy and subclinical ketotic cows at different time points. Two-way ANOVA was used for statistical analysis of differences (post-hoc multiple comparisons: Sidak). A, B, C, D, E, F. Bar charts on the right are the comparisons of the average content or activity of plasma oxidative stress-related factors in healthy and subclinical ketotic cows at different time points within 24 hours. The T-test was used for statistical analysis of differences. *means P<0.05, ** means P<0.01, *** means P<0.001, **** means P<0.000 1

, figureFileSmall=qT9VpzlnyOaHF8AdCu2enA==, figureFileBig=9q7g2avWFtDxzERUO7YRbQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307281658709832215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013818744337149, language=CN, label=图4, caption=健康组与酮病组奶牛血浆氧化应激水平的昼夜变化规律及差异分析

A、B、C、D、E、F.左侧折线图为健康组和亚临床型酮病组奶牛血浆氧化应激相关因子含量或活力在不同时间点的变化,使用two-way ANOVA 进行差异统计学分析(事后多重检验:Sidak);A、B、C、D、E、F.右侧柱状图为健康组和亚临床型酮病组奶牛24 h不同时间点血浆中氧化应激相关因子平均含量或活力对比,使用t检验进行差异统计学分析。*表示P<0.05,**表示P<0.01,***表示P<0.001,****表示P<0.000 1

, figureFileSmall=qT9VpzlnyOaHF8AdCu2enA==, figureFileBig=9q7g2avWFtDxzERUO7YRbQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307281658768552472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013818744337149, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Difference analysis of mRNA expression of clock genes in blood of dairy cows by RT-qPCR

A, B, C, D, E are the circadian variation of circadian clock gene mRNA expression in blood leukocytes of healthy and subclinical ketosis cows. Two-way ANOVA was used for statistical analysis of differences (post-hoc multiple test: Sidak). *means P<0.05, ** means P<0.01

, figureFileSmall=7l/Og124tHJlLIA3Af4/+A==, figureFileBig=JTPE6vd/hopMLQlvhxFLkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307281658823078425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013818744337149, language=CN, label=图5, caption=RT-qPCR检测奶牛血液中生物钟基因mRNA表达的差异分析

A、B、C、D、E为健康组和亚临床型酮病组奶牛血液白细胞生物钟基因mRNA表达量的昼夜变化规律,使用two-way ANOVA 进行差异统计学分析(事后多重检验:Sidak)。*表示P<0.05,**表示P<0.01

, figureFileSmall=7l/Og124tHJlLIA3Af4/+A==, figureFileBig=JTPE6vd/hopMLQlvhxFLkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307281658961490458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013818744337149, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Differential analysis of mRNA expression of inflammatory related factors in blood of dairy cows by RT-qPCR

A, B, C, D, E, F are the circadian variation of mRNA expression of inflammatory factors in blood leukocytes of dairy cows in healthy group and subclinical ketosis group. Two-way analysis of variance was used for statistical analysis of differences (post multiple test: Sidak ). *** indicates P<0.001

, figureFileSmall=UR0ZbXe1tnKrrJ116HvgIA==, figureFileBig=lpE5fj5gLoMVhju+e1m28Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307281659053765147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013818744337149, language=CN, label=图6, caption=RT-qPCR检测奶牛血液中炎性相关因子mRNA表达的差异分析

A、B、C、D、E、F为健康组和亚临床型酮病组奶牛血液白细胞炎性因子基因mRNA表达量的昼夜变化规律,使用双因素方差分析进行差异统计学分析(事后多重检验:Sidak)。***表示P<0.001

, figureFileSmall=UR0ZbXe1tnKrrJ116HvgIA==, figureFileBig=lpE5fj5gLoMVhju+e1m28Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307281659137651228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013818744337149, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Primer sequence for RT-qPCR

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

基因

Gene

引物序列(5′→3′)

Primer sequences(5′→3′)

产物大小/bp

Product size

GenBank登录号

Accession No

白细胞介素-10

IL-10

FCTCTGCTGGATGACTTTAAGGGTT145NM_174088.1
RTTCAGCTTCTCCCCCAGTGA

白细胞介素-6

IL-6

FTGAAAGCAGCAAGGAGACACT103NM_173923.2
RCAAGCAAATCGCCTGATTGA

白细胞介素-8

IL-8

FCAATGGAAACGAGGTCTGCC85NM_173925.2
RTTGCTTCTCAGCTCTCTTCAC

趋化因子配体5

CCL5

FATGAAGGTCTCTGCCACTGC88NM_175827.2
RTGTCCGAGGCATATGGGGA

肿瘤坏死因子-α

TNF-α

FATCAACAGCCCTCTGGTTCA132NM_173966.3
RGAGGGCATTGGCATACGAGT

白细胞介素-1β

IL-1β

FAAAAATCCCTGGTGCTGGCT88NM_174093.1
RATGCAGAACACCACTTCTCGG

脑和肌肉ARNT样蛋白1

BMAL1

FTGCTAGGCCTTCATTGGTTTCT126NM_001191170.1
RACCTCAGATCCACCTTGGGA

核受体亚家族1 D组成员1

NR1D1

FCAACAACACAGGTGGCGTCAT196NM_001078100.2
RCGGAATGCTCCCAAAAGAGCG

D-位点结合蛋白

E-DBP

FAGACCTTTGACCCTCGGAGA134NM_001037445.1
RATTCTTGTACCGTCGGCTCC

维甲酸相关孤儿受体α

RORα

FGGCAGAACTAGAACACCTTG162NM_001192861.1
RGCACACAATTGCCACATCAC

生物钟相关基因Period2蛋白

PER2

FAAGAAAGGTCCAAGGGGCAC125NM_001192317.1
RAGGCTTGACACGTTTGGACT

牛酸性核糖体磷蛋白P0

36B4

FGGCAGCATCTACAACCCTGA124NM_001012682.1
RCAGATGCGACGGTTGGGTAA
), ArticleFig(id=1307281659221537309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013818744337149, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

RT-qPCR引物序列

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

基因

Gene

引物序列(5′→3′)

Primer sequences(5′→3′)

产物大小/bp

Product size

GenBank登录号

Accession No

白细胞介素-10

IL-10

FCTCTGCTGGATGACTTTAAGGGTT145NM_174088.1
RTTCAGCTTCTCCCCCAGTGA

白细胞介素-6

IL-6

FTGAAAGCAGCAAGGAGACACT103NM_173923.2
RCAAGCAAATCGCCTGATTGA

白细胞介素-8

IL-8

FCAATGGAAACGAGGTCTGCC85NM_173925.2
RTTGCTTCTCAGCTCTCTTCAC

趋化因子配体5

CCL5

FATGAAGGTCTCTGCCACTGC88NM_175827.2
RTGTCCGAGGCATATGGGGA

肿瘤坏死因子-α

TNF-α

FATCAACAGCCCTCTGGTTCA132NM_173966.3
RGAGGGCATTGGCATACGAGT

白细胞介素-1β

IL-1β

FAAAAATCCCTGGTGCTGGCT88NM_174093.1
RATGCAGAACACCACTTCTCGG

脑和肌肉ARNT样蛋白1

BMAL1

FTGCTAGGCCTTCATTGGTTTCT126NM_001191170.1
RACCTCAGATCCACCTTGGGA

核受体亚家族1 D组成员1

NR1D1

FCAACAACACAGGTGGCGTCAT196NM_001078100.2
RCGGAATGCTCCCAAAAGAGCG

D-位点结合蛋白

E-DBP

FAGACCTTTGACCCTCGGAGA134NM_001037445.1
RATTCTTGTACCGTCGGCTCC

维甲酸相关孤儿受体α

RORα

FGGCAGAACTAGAACACCTTG162NM_001192861.1
RGCACACAATTGCCACATCAC

生物钟相关基因Period2蛋白

PER2

FAAGAAAGGTCCAAGGGGCAC125NM_001192317.1
RAGGCTTGACACGTTTGGACT

牛酸性核糖体磷蛋白P0

36B4

FGGCAGCATCTACAACCCTGA124NM_001012682.1
RCAGATGCGACGGTTGGGTAA
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酮病对奶牛糖与脂代谢、免疫及氧化应激指标昼夜变化的影响
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邓君君 1, 2, 3 , 李雅婷 1, 2, 3 , 张超 1, 3 , 李倩 1, 3 , 李超 1, 2, 3 , 张海森 1, 2, 3 , 靳亚平 1, 2, 3 , 袁亚林 3 , 陈华涛 1, 2, 3
畜牧兽医学报 | 临床兽医 2026,57(3): 1737-1751
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畜牧兽医学报 |临床兽医 2026 , 57 (3) : 1737 -1751
酮病对奶牛糖与脂代谢、免疫及氧化应激指标昼夜变化的影响
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李雅婷,硕士生,主要从事哺乳动物生物钟调控代谢机制研究,E-mail:

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邓君君1, 2, 3, 李雅婷1, 2, 3 , 张超1, 3, 李倩1, 3, 李超1, 2, 3, 张海森1, 2, 3 , 靳亚平1, 2, 3, 袁亚林3, 陈华涛1, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1.西北农林科技大学动物医学院,杨凌 712100
  • 2.西北农林科技大学农业农村部动物生物技术重点实验室,杨凌 712100
  • 3.西北农林科技大学,杨凌 712100
通讯作者:
陈华涛,主要从事反刍动物生物钟调控生殖与代谢机制研究,E-mail: ,
张海森,主要从事生物钟调控奶牛生殖机制研究,E-mail:
作者简介:

邓君君,硕士生,主要从事奶牛繁殖管理与临床疾病防控研究,E-mail:

邓君君与李雅婷为同等贡献作者

李雅婷,硕士生,主要从事哺乳动物生物钟调控代谢机制研究,E-mail:

Impact of Ketosis on Circadian Changes of Glucose and Lipid Metabolism, Immunity, and Oxidative Stress in Dairy Cows
Junjun DENG1, 2, 3, Yating LI1, 2, 3 , Chao ZHANG1, 3, Qian LI1, 3, Chao LI1, 2, 3, Haisen ZHANG1, 2, 3 , Yaping JIN1, 2, 3, Yalin YUAN3, Huatao CHEN1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Veterinary Medicine,Northwest A&F University,Yangling 712100,China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Northwest A&F University,Yangling 712100,China
  • 3.Northwest A & F University,Yangling 712100,China
  • Corresponding Author:
    CHEN Huatao, E-mail:,
    ZHANG Haisen, E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-03-23 doi: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.03.047
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旨在测定产后健康奶牛与亚临床型酮病奶牛血液糖与脂代谢、免疫及氧化抗氧化相关指标的昼夜变化规律及其差异,从昼夜节律生物钟的角度评估酮病对奶牛能量代谢、免疫及氧化应激等相关机能昼夜变化生理稳态的影响。试验采集不同时间点(09:00、17:00和01:00)产后健康组(产后3~21 d,血液BHBA<1.2 mmol·L-1,n=10)和亚临床型酮病组奶牛(产后3~21 d,1.2 mmol·L-1<血液BHBA<3.0 mmol·L-1,n=10)的血液样品,使用血酮血糖测定仪、胆固醇测定试剂盒测定各组奶牛糖与脂代谢指标的昼夜变化,分离血液中的白细胞并提取RNA,借助实时荧光定量PCR技术检测血液白细胞中炎症相关基因和生物钟基因的昼夜变化规律,使用ELISA试剂盒检测血液氧化应激指标变化。结果发现,与健康组相比,亚临床型酮病组奶牛血液β-羟基丁酸(BHBA)含量显著升高(P<0.000 1),血液葡萄糖浓度(P<0.01)和血浆胆固醇含量(P<0.000 1)显著下降,且亚临床型酮病组奶牛血液葡萄糖含量(P<0.05)具有显著的昼夜差异;健康组奶牛血浆中过氧化氢(H2O2)(P<0.05)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)(P<0.05)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)(P<0.05)与β-N-乙酰胺葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)(P<0.05)等指标变化均具有显著的昼夜差异;亚临床型酮病组血浆H2O2(P<0.05)与CAT(P<0.01)指标变化具有显著昼夜差异;与健康组相比,亚临床型酮病组奶牛血浆中H2O2(P<0.01)和丙二醛(MDA)(P<0.000 1)含量、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)(P<0.05)与NAG(P<0.000 1)活性均显著升高。qPCR结果显示,健康组奶牛血液白细胞中生物钟基因BMAL1(P<0.01)、RORα(P<0.05)和PER2(P<0.01)mRNA的表达均具有显著的昼夜差异,亚临床型酮病组奶牛血液白细胞中生物钟基因BMAL1(P<0.05)、NR1D1(P<0.05)、RORα(P<0.01)与PER2(P<0.05)mRNA的表达均具有显著的昼夜差异;与健康组相比,亚临床型酮病组奶牛血液白细胞中BMAL1(P<0.05)、RORα(P<0.01)与PER2(P<0.01)mRNA的昼夜表达模式发生显著改变;健康组奶牛血液白细胞中炎性因子白细胞介素-6(IL-6)(P<0.000 1)、白细胞介素-8(IL-8)(P<0.05)、白细胞介素-10(IL-10)(P<0.05)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)(P<0.01)和趋化因子配体5(CCL5)(P<0.01)mRNA的表达均具有显著的昼夜差异,亚临床型酮病组奶牛血液白细胞中的IL-6(P<0.01)、IL-10(P<0.01)、IL-1β(P<0.000 1)mRNA的表达具有显著昼夜差异;与健康组相比,亚临床型酮病组奶牛血液白细胞中IL-6、IL-10、IL-1β mRNA的昼夜表达模式发生改变,IL-8和CCL5 mRNA表达的昼夜差异消失。综上所述,健康奶牛与亚临床型酮病奶牛部分血液糖脂代谢指标、氧化应激指标、血液白细胞生物钟基因和炎症因子基因表达具有昼夜节律差异,但亚临床型酮病奶牛部分血液糖脂代谢指标、氧化应激指标、血液白细胞生物钟基因和炎症因子基因表达昼夜变化规律显著改变,血浆氧化与抗氧化系统的昼夜变化稳态失常,血液白细胞中生物钟基因和炎症相关基因表达的昼夜变化规律异常,酮病伴随的机体抵抗力下降可能与奶牛外周血白细胞中炎症因子表达的昼夜变化节律异常有关。上述研究从昼夜节律生物钟角度初步解析了酮病奶牛血液指标的特征性变化,为奶牛酮病的精准防控与精准诊断提供了研究基础和理论依据。

奶牛酮病  /  糖与脂代谢  /  氧化应激  /  昼夜变化  /  生物钟

The purpose of this study was to determine the circadian variation and differences of blood glucose and lipid metabolism, immunity, oxidation and antioxidation related indexes in postpartum healthy dairy cows and subclinical ketosis dairy cows, and to evaluate the effects of ketosis on the circadian physiological homeostasis of energy metabolism, immunity and oxidative stress in dairy cows from the perspective of the circadian clock. The blood samples of postpartum healthy group (postpartum 3-21 d, blood BHBA<1.2 mmol·L-1, n=10) and subclinical ketosis group (postpartum 3-21 d, 1.2 mmol·L-1<blood BHBA<3.0 mmol·L-1, n=10) were collected at different time points (09:00, 17:00 and 01:00). The blood ketone blood glucose meter and cholesterol determination kit were used to determine the diurnal changes of glucose and lipid metabolism indexes of dairy cows in each group. The white blood cells in the blood were isolated and total RNA was extracted. The circadian changes of inflammation-related genes and circadian clock genes in white blood cells were detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR. The changes of blood oxidative stress indexes were detected by ELISA kit. The results showed that compared with the healthy group, the blood β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) content of dairy cows in the subclinical ketosis group was significantly increased (P<0.000 1), the blood glucose concentration (P<0.01) and the plasma cholesterol content (P<0.000 1) were significantly decreased, and the blood glucose content (P<0.05) of dairy cows in the subclinical ketosis group exhibited significant difference between day and night. The changes of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) (P<0.05), catalase (CAT) (P<0.05), superoxide dismutase (SOD) (P<0.05) and β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAG) (P<0.05) in plasma of healthy cows had significant diurnal differences. The changes of plasma H2O2 (P<0.05) and CAT (P<0.01) in subclinical ketosis group were significantly different between day and night. Compared with the healthy group, the contents of H2O2 (P<0.01) and malondialdehyde (MDA) (P<0.000 1), and the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) (P<0.05) and NAG (P<0.000 1) in the plasma of dairy cows in the subclinical ketosis group were significantly increased. The qPCR results showed that the mRNA expression of circadian clock genes BMAL1 (P<0.01), RORα (P<0.05) and PER2 (P<0.01) in white blood cells of healthy cows had significant day-night differences. The mRNA expression of circadian clock genes BMAL1 (P<0.05), NR1D1 (P<0.05), RORα (P<0.01) and PER2 (P<0.05) in white blood cells of subclinical ketosis cows had significant day-night differences. Compared with the healthy group, the circadian expression patterns of BMAL1 (P<0.05), RORα (P<0.01) and PER2 (P<0.01) mRNA in blood leukocytes of subclinical ketosis cows were significantly changed. The mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6) (P<0.000 1), interleukin-8 (IL-8) (P<0.05), interleukin-10 (IL-10) (P<0.05), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) (P<0.01), and chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5) (P<0.01) in the blood of healthy cows showed significant circadian differences. The mRNA expression of IL-6 (P<0.01), IL-10 (P<0.01) and IL-1β (P<0.000 1) in blood leukocytes of dairy cows with subclinical ketosis showed significant difference between day and night. Compared with the healthy group, the circadian expression patterns of IL-6, IL-10 and IL-1β mRNA in the blood leukocytes of dairy cows in the subclinical ketosis group changed, and the circadian differences in the expression of IL-8 and CCL5 mRNA disappeared. In summary, there are circadian differences in some blood glucose and lipid metabolism indexes, oxidative stress indexes, blood leukocyte circadian clock genes and inflammatory factor gene expression between healthy cows and subclinical ketosis cows. However, the circadian changes of some blood glucose and lipid metabolism indexes, oxidative stress indexes, blood leukocyte circadian clock genes and inflammatory factor gene expression in subclinical ketosis cows are significantly changed. The steady-state of circadian changes of plasma oxidation and antioxidant system is abnormal, and the circadian changes of circadian clock genes and inflammatory related gene expression in blood leukocytes are abnormal. The decrease of body resistance associated with ketosis may be related to the abnormal circadian rhythm of inflammatory factor expression in peripheral blood leukocytes of dairy cows. The above research preliminarily analyzed the characteristic changes of blood indexes of ketosis cows from the perspective of circadian clock, which provided research basis and theoretical basis for the accurate prevention and control and accurate diagnosis of ketosis in dairy cows.

cow ketosis  /  glucose and lipid metabolism  /  oxidative stress  /  circadian change  /  circadian clock
邓君君, 李雅婷, 张超, 李倩, 李超, 张海森, 靳亚平, 袁亚林, 陈华涛. 酮病对奶牛糖与脂代谢、免疫及氧化应激指标昼夜变化的影响. 畜牧兽医学报, 2026 , 57 (3) : 1737 -1751 . DOI: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.03.047
Junjun DENG, Yating LI, Chao ZHANG, Qian LI, Chao LI, Haisen ZHANG, Yaping JIN, Yalin YUAN, Huatao CHEN. Impact of Ketosis on Circadian Changes of Glucose and Lipid Metabolism, Immunity, and Oxidative Stress in Dairy Cows[J]. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, 2026 , 57 (3) : 1737 -1751 . DOI: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.03.047
酮病是产后奶牛的一种常见营养代谢性疾病,该病主要是由于奶牛能量摄入不足,无法满足急剧增加的泌乳需求,从而导致机体进入能量负平衡(negative energy balance,NEB)状态[1⁃2]。根据病程和表现不同,可将酮病分为临床型酮病(Clinical Ketosis,CKT)和亚临床型酮病(Subclinical Ketosis,SCK)[3]。酮病通常发生于泌乳早期,以亚临床型酮病为主,特征是血液、尿液或乳汁中含有过量的β-羟基丁酸(β-hydroxybutyrate,BHBA)、乙酰乙酸和丙酮等酮体,且前期常不表现出食欲降低、奶产量减少,体况消瘦等明显临床症状[4]。已有数据显示,我国各地区产后奶牛酮病的患病率为9.82%~20%[5],大规模牧场因酮病问题造成的经济损失尤为严重[6]。酮病不仅影响产后奶牛健康(如增加患乳房炎、子宫炎等疾病的风险),还会造成奶牛生产性能下降(如影响乳脂和乳蛋白含量,从而降低牛奶质量和养殖效益)[6]。因此,深入认识奶牛酮病,对于提高奶牛的健康管理水平和促进奶牛产业的健康发展具有重要意义。
生物钟是哺乳动物进化过程中产生的一种内源性的稳态调控机制[7],可以通过调控激素分泌、限速酶基因表达及相关关键基因的节律性表达调控机体代谢、内分泌、免疫与氧化抗氧化功能的昼夜节律稳态。在人与小鼠的相关研究中发现,肝、脂肪与胰腺等组织器官的外周生物钟在机体糖与脂代谢、氧化与抗氧化、免疫系统功能的调节过程中发挥重要作用[8⁃10]。Dyar等[11]研究发现,在小鼠骨骼肌、肝等外周组织器官中将生物钟基因进行组织特异性敲除后,会造成糖代谢相关基因(如葡萄糖转运蛋白2[12]和磷酸烯醇丙酮酸羧激酶[13])的表达节律失调,导致血液葡萄糖含量显著升高。Rabinovich-Nikitin等[14]研究发现,小鼠CLOCK基因突变会损害心肌细胞线粒体代谢功能,导致线粒体自噬受损,线粒体功能障碍引起的氧化应激会促进葡萄糖代谢异常的发生。有研究证据进一步发现,小鼠和人类的免疫系统功能呈现昼夜节律性振荡,当这种节律性振荡与外界周期性环境变化一致时,使得机体能够更高效地发现和处理来自微生物的威胁[15⁃16]。上述研究证明,哺乳动物能量代谢(如葡萄糖、脂肪等)、免疫防御、氧化应激等众多生理功能的昼夜节律性变化均受到生物钟系统的控制。因此,从昼夜节律生物钟的角度认识代谢与免疫类疾病的发病规律,进而制定合理的营养供给与给药方案,或可有效提高疾病的诊断与防控效果。
酮病发生的核心环节是糖与脂代谢紊乱[1,17],同时还涉及神经内分泌失调、胰岛素抵抗、氧化应激与免疫功能异常等[18]。大量研究表明,生物钟在哺乳动物糖与脂代谢、神经内分泌、氧化抗氧化及免疫等生理功能的昼夜节律稳态调控过程中同样发挥重要作用。然而,目前关于奶牛昼夜节律生物钟的研究相对较少,奶牛产后酮病发病过程中是否伴随昼夜节律紊乱的发生,奶牛昼夜节律生物钟系统失衡是否参与调控了奶牛糖与脂代谢紊乱、免疫及氧化抗氧化功能的失调,目前尚不清楚。因此,深入探究酮病发生前后机体能量代谢、氧化抗氧化、免疫等相关生理机能的昼夜差异及其变化,对从时间生物学角度全面认识奶牛酮病的发病规律具有重要意义。
为从昼夜节律生物钟角度全面认识酮病奶牛血液相关指标的特征性变化,本研究收集三个时间点(09:00,17:00,01:00)健康组和亚临床型酮病组奶牛的血液样本,通过检测和比较奶牛糖与脂代谢指标(血糖、血酮、胰岛素等)及血浆氧化抗氧化相关指标的昼夜变化规律与组别差异,同时测定健康组和亚临床型酮病组奶牛血液白细胞中生物钟与炎症相关基因在一个昼夜周期不同时间点的相对表达变化及其组间差异,探究酮病发生前后机体能量代谢及免疫等相关生理机能的昼夜变化规律,评估酮病对奶牛糖与脂代谢、氧化抗氧化及免疫功能昼夜变化的影响,为从生物钟角度进行奶牛酮病的精准防控与诊断提供研究基础和理论依据。
本次动物试验经西北农林科技大学实验动物管理及伦理审查执行委员会批准(2021-03-12),批准编号为2021028。
本研究试验样品于2021年4月采集自宁夏回族自治区灵武市(东经106°11'~106°52',北纬37°35'~38°21')存栏1618头泌乳牛的某规模化养殖场。该地区4月份日出时间约为早晨06:20,日落时间约为下午19:30,月平均气温在17.4 ℃/4.9 ℃。该标准化牧场每日分别于06:00~10:00、14:00~18:00、21:00~01:00进行三次挤奶与投料,自由饮水、采食,牛舍光照、温度、湿度等统一标准化管理。
南京建成A007-1-1过氧化氢酶(Catalase,CAT)测定试剂盒,南京建成A031-1-1β- N-乙酰胺葡萄糖苷酶(β-N-Acetylglucosaminidase,NAG)试剂盒,南京建成A001-3-1超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)测定试剂盒,南京建成A005-1-1谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase,GSH-PX)测定试剂盒,南京建成A003-1-1丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)测定试剂盒,南京建成A064-1-1过氧化氢(hydrogen peroxide,H₂O₂)测定试剂盒,南京建成A111-1-1总胆固醇(total cholesterol,T-CHO)测定试剂盒,北京索莱宝R1010红细胞裂解液,北京索莱宝G1040瑞氏染液,北京索莱宝NO.P1022磷酸缓冲盐溶液,北京索莱宝R1600无酶无菌水,艾科瑞A4A2116 TRIzol,东洋纺(上海)216400反转录试剂盒,西陇科学无水乙醇,西陇科学冰醋酸,南京诺唯赞Q311-02 ChamQ SYBR qPCR Master Mix。
雅培医疗用品(上海)FreeStyle Optium Neo血糖血酮仪和配套一次性血糖试纸条、一次性血酮(BHBA)试纸条,德国艾本德430/5430 R低温离心机,中国湘仪Sence L-500/L500普通离心机,瑞士TECAN SPARK全波长酶标仪,青岛海尔BCD-575WDBI普通4 ℃冰箱,青岛海尔BCD-575WDBI普通-20 ℃冰箱,青岛海尔DW-86L578J超低温-80 ℃冰箱,赛默飞世尔311型号37℃恒温培养箱,美国伯乐CFX96TM荧光定量PCR仪。
试验动物选取准则:选取同一胎次(3胎次)、干奶期体况评分为3.25~3.75分、平均产奶量(12 489.00±98.00) kg且产后3~15 d内无酮病以外的其他疾病的荷斯坦奶牛用于试验筛选(试验阶段均处于产后3~21 d的生理阶段)。参考Huang等[19]的研究经验和牧场的管理方案,对产后奶牛进行亚临床型酮病诊断,试验前,连续3 d每天早上09:00采集奶牛空腹血液分离血清并检测血液BHBA含量,根据血液BHBA水平,将奶牛分为亚临床型酮病组奶牛(连续3 d,1.2 mmol·L-1<血液BHBA<3.0 mmol·L-1,n=10)和健康组奶牛(连续3 d,血液BHBA<1.2 mmol·L-1,n=10)。
分别在09:00、17:00和01:00用一次性采血针和含有乙二胺四乙酸二钾(EDTA⁃K2)抗凝剂的真空采血管采集健康组和亚临床型酮病组奶牛尾静脉处的抗凝血样本,每次样本采集均在挤奶后进食前进行。采集的血液样本进行低温离心,分别收集各组上层血浆和中间层白细胞,置于-80 ℃超低温冰箱保存备用。上层血浆用于检测胆固醇含量和氧化应激水平(MDA、H2O2、CAT、SOD、NAG、GSH-Px);白细胞用于提取RNA进行实时荧光定量PCR检测生物钟基因和炎性因子相关基因的表达。
分别将上述特定时间点采集到的各组奶牛血液滴加在一次性血酮试纸条和一次性血糖试纸条上,之后使用配套的血糖血酮仪检测两组奶牛血液BHBA浓度和葡萄糖含量。并记录仪器检测到的血酮、血糖数值。
分别将上述特定时间点采集分离到的奶牛血浆用于检测血浆胆固醇、MDA、H2O2、CAT、SOD、NAG、GSH-PX的含量的昼夜变化及组间差异,具体操作按照说明书操作步骤进行。
分别将上述特定时间点采集分离的奶牛血液白细胞样品使用TRIzol试剂裂解提取总RNA,再根据反转录试剂盒说明书进行逆转录获得cDNA。根据GenBank上奶牛白细胞介素-10(Interleukin-10,IL-10)、白细胞介素-6(Interleukin-6,IL-6)、白细胞介素-8(Interleukin-8,IL-8)、白细胞介素-1β(Interleukin-1β,IL-1β)、趋化因子配体5(C-C motif chemokines ligand 5,CCL5)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(Tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、脑肌类芳香烃受体核转位蛋白1脑和肌肉ARNT样蛋白1(Brain muscle aromatic hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocation protein 1,BMAL1)、核受体亚家族1 D组成员1(Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1 Group D Member 1,NR1D1)、D-位点结合蛋白(D-site Binding Protein,DBP)、维甲酸相关孤儿受体α(Retinoic Acid-Related Orphan Receptor Alpha,RORα)、生物钟相关基因Period2蛋白(Period2,PER2)、牛酸性核糖体磷蛋白P0(36b4)核苷酸登录号查询的序列,利用Primer Premier 5.0软件设计实时荧光定量PCR引物,引物序列信息见表1。最后根据ChamQ sybr qPCR Master Mix试剂盒的说明书进行RT-qPCR试验。反转录反应条件:37 ℃ 15 min,50 ℃ 5 min,98 ℃ 5 min,4 ℃ hold;qPCR反应条件:预变性一个循环98 ℃ 30 s,40个循环反应95 ℃ 10 s、60 ℃ 30 s,熔解曲线采集程序一次95 ℃ 15 s、60 ℃ 60 s、95 ℃ 15 s。以牛36B4基因为内参基因,数据处理使用2-∆∆Ct法计算不同样品相应基因的相对表达量。
本试验使用SPSS 26、Excel 2016和GraphPad Prism 8软件对所收集的数据进行整理、统计学分析和图片绘制。文章中所有数据均以“Mean±SE”表示,并使用t检验或双因素方差分析(事后多重检验:Sidak)进行差异性统计学分析。星号表示在相应时间点两组间存在显著性差异,*表示P<0.05,**表示P<0.01,***表示P<0.001,****表示P<0.000 1。
使用血糖血酮仪和试纸条检测健康组奶牛和亚临床型酮病组奶牛血液中BHBA含量的昼夜变化规律。结果显示,健康组和亚临床型酮病组奶牛血液BHBA含量变化均无显著昼夜差异(图1A,P>0.05);双因素方差分析结果显示,健康组和亚临床型酮病组奶牛血液BHBA含量组间差异显著(图1A,P<0.000 1);与健康组相比,亚临床型酮病组BHBA含量整体显著升高(图1B,P<0.000 1)。
使用血糖血酮仪和试纸条检测健康组奶牛和亚临床型酮病组奶牛血液中葡萄糖含量的昼夜变化规律。如图2A所示,健康组与亚临床型酮病组奶牛血液葡萄糖含量整体呈现先下降再上升的昼夜变化规律,统计学分析结果显示,健康组奶牛血液葡萄糖含量变化无显著昼夜差异,但亚临床型酮病组奶牛血液葡萄糖含量变化具有显著昼夜差异(图2A,P<0.05);双因素方差分析结果显示,健康组和亚临床型酮病组血液葡萄糖含量组间差异显著(图2A,P=0.040 8);与健康组相比,亚临床型酮病组奶牛血液葡萄糖含量显著低于健康组奶牛(图2B,P<0.01)。
使用T-CHO试剂盒检测健康组奶牛和亚临床型酮病组奶牛血浆胆固醇含量的昼夜变化规律,结果如图3所示。健康组血浆胆固醇含量在一个昼夜周期不同时间点的变化呈现整体下降的趋势,亚临床型酮病组血浆胆固醇含量则相对稳定,统计学结果分析显示两组均无显著的昼夜差异(图3A,P>0.05);双因素方差分析结果显示,健康组和亚临床型酮病组血浆胆固醇含量组间差异显著(图3A,P=0.000 9);与健康组相比,酮病组奶牛血浆胆固醇含量整体显著下降(图3B,P<0.000 1),且亚临床型酮病组奶牛09:00的血浆胆固醇含量显著低于健康组奶牛(图3A,P<0.05)。
使用试剂盒检测健康组奶牛与亚临床型酮病组奶牛血浆氧化应激指标的昼夜变化规律,结果如图4所示。健康组血浆H2O2含量(图4A,P<0.05)、CAT活力(图4C,P<0.05)、SOD活力(图4D,P<0.05)与NAG含量(图4F,P<0.05)均具有显著的昼夜差异;亚临床型酮病组血浆H2O2含量(图4A,P<0.05)与CAT活力(图4C,P<0.01)具有显著昼夜差异,而SOD活力与NAG含量不具有显著的昼夜差异;双因素方差分析结果显示,与健康组相比,亚临床型酮病组血浆H2O2含量(图4A,P=0.001 1)、MDA含量(图4B,P<0.000 1)、CAT活力(图4C,P=0.007 2)、GSH-Px活力(图4E,P=0.021 1)与NAG活力(图4F,P=0.000 2)具有显著差异,并且亚临床型酮病组09:00的血浆H2O2含量(图4A,P<0.05)显著高于健康组,17:00和01:00的血浆MDA(图4B,P<0.001,P<0.05)、NAG(图4F,P<0.05,P<0.05)含量均显著高于健康组;24 h不同时间点汇总平均量的t检验分析结果显示,亚临床型酮病组血浆H2O2含量(图4A,P<0.01)、MDA含量(图4B,P<0.000 1)、GSH-PX活力(图4E,P<0.05)与NAG活力(图4F,P<0.000 1)均显著高于健康组。
进一步使用RT-qPCR技术检测了健康组奶牛和亚临床型酮病组奶牛血液白细胞生物钟基因mRNA表达量的昼夜变化规律,结果如图5所示。健康组奶牛血液白细胞生物钟基因BMAL1(图5A,P<0.01)、RORα(图5C,P<0.05)、PER2(图5D,P<0.01)mRNA的表达量变化均具有显著的昼夜差异,但DBP的mRNA表达量无显著昼夜差异;亚临床型酮病组奶牛血液白细胞生物钟基因BMAL1(图5A,P<0.05)、NR1D1(图5B,P<0.05)、RORα(图5C,P<0.01)与PER2(图5D,P<0.05)mRNA的表达量均具有显著的昼夜差异,DBP的mRNA相对表达量无显著昼夜差异;双因素方差分析结果显示,与健康组相比,亚临床型酮病组奶牛血液生物钟基因BMAL1(图5A,P=0.024 9)、RORα(图5C,P=0.002 5)与PER2(图5D,P=0.005 6)mRNA表达量具有显著差异;并且,亚临床型酮病组奶牛血液白细胞中09:00的BMAL1 mRNA表达量显著低于健康组奶牛(图5A,P<0.05),17:00的BMAL1(图5A,P<0.01)、RORα(图5C,P<0.01)的mRNA表达量显著高于健康组奶牛。
使用RT-qPCR技术检测了健康组奶牛和亚临床型酮病组奶牛血液白细胞炎性因子基因mRNA表达量的昼夜变化规律,结果如图6所示。健康组奶牛血液白细胞炎性因子IL-6(图6A,P<0.000 1)、IL-8(图6B,P=0.010 7)、IL-10(图6C,P=0.011 4)、IL-1β(图6D,P=0.001 7)、CCL5(图6F,P=0.003 9)mRNA的表达量具有显著的昼夜差异;亚临床型酮病组IL-6(图6A,P=0.002 5)、IL-10(图6C,P=0.004 6)、IL-1β(图6D,P<0.000 1)mRNA的表达量同样具有显著的昼夜差异,IL-8的表达量不具有显著的昼夜差异;双因素方差分析结果显示,与健康组相比,亚临床型酮病组奶牛血液炎性因子基因IL-6(图6A,P=0.013 7)、IL-8(图6B,P=0.022 6)、IL-10(图6C,P=0.026 3)、IL-1β(图6D,P=0.045 1)mRNA的表达量具有显著的组间差异;亚临床型酮病组奶牛血液白细胞09:00的IL-6(图6A,P<0.001)和01:00的IL-10(图6C,P<0.001)、IL-1β(图6D,P<0.01)、TNF-α(图6E,P<0.01)、CCL5(图6F,P<0.05)mRNA的表达量显著高于健康组,而亚临床型酮病组奶牛血液白细胞01:00的IL-6(图6A,P<0.000 1)、IL-8(图6B,P=0.015 8)和09:00的CCL5 mRNA表达量显著低于健康组(图6F,P<0.05)。
酮病是奶牛产后常见的营养代谢性疾病[1],其发病的核心环节是糖与脂代谢紊乱[20],并可影响奶牛的免疫功能和氧化应激水平,导致奶牛生产性能下降,严重危害牧场经济效益[5, 21⁃22]。研究表明,昼夜节律生物钟在哺乳动物能量代谢、免疫及氧化应激功能调控过程中发挥重要作用[15]。基于此,本研究从昼夜节律生物钟的角度探究了奶牛酮病对机体能量代谢、免疫与氧化应激等相关生理机能的影响,测定并比较分析了产后健康奶牛和酮病奶牛血液糖与脂代谢相关指标、血浆氧化应激水平与血液白细胞相关基因的昼夜变化规律,发现产后酮病的奶牛血液中BHBA含量显著升高,血糖、血浆胆固醇含量显著降低。同时发现,奶牛血浆中免疫氧化应激指标、血液白细胞中生物钟基因和炎性因子基因的mRNA表达量均具有显著的昼夜变化。酮病发生后,奶牛血浆中生物钟核心基因BMAL1和RORα基因的表达量发生改变,且亚临床型酮病组奶牛血液白细胞中的炎性因子基因表达的昼夜变化趋势也发生显著改变。
产后奶牛需要大量葡萄糖供应机体泌乳,一旦饲粮中的碳水化合物所提供的能量不足以供应机体需求,就会导致奶牛体内的葡萄糖缺乏。为维持机体组织细胞及泌乳的能量需求,机体需要分解大量脂肪组织,而过度的脂肪动员会导致血液循环中游离脂肪酸含量急剧升高[23]。反刍动物肝氧化脂肪酸的能力较差,且以极低密度脂蛋白的(very low-density lipoprotein,VLDL)形式将甘油三酯输出到肝外组织的能力有限[24⁃25]。当肝负荷过度后,会发生脂肪酸不完全氧化从而形成酮体,血液中酮体含量升高会抑制胰高血糖素的分泌及其作用,进一步降低血糖水平,形成了一个恶性循环,最终导致奶牛酮病的发生[26]。本研究发现,09:00、17:00和01:00三个时间点亚临床型酮病组奶牛血液中葡萄糖含量呈现显著的昼夜变化,这与小鼠及人类的研究结果相似。Dupuis等[27]研究发现,生物钟通过调控哺乳动物胰岛β细胞胰岛素分泌功能的昼夜节律进而调控哺乳动物血液葡萄糖含量的昼夜节律稳态[28]。另一方面,对血液胆固醇含量进行检测发现,健康组奶牛血液胆固醇含量无显著昼夜差异,而亚临床型酮病组奶牛呈现出显著的昼夜差异。以上结果表明,产后患酮病的奶牛体内糖与脂代谢的昼夜节律稳态失衡。最近的一项研究发现,发生酮病的奶牛体内过度的脂肪分解可能会导致总胆固醇水平下降[29],本研究中三个时间点血液胆固醇总含量显著降低也证实这一研究结果。值得注意的是,相较于健康组奶牛,09:00亚临床型酮病组奶牛血液BHBA含量显著升高,胆固醇含量均显著降低,提示进行临床酮病诊断时,09:00这个时间点可能更容易发现健康奶牛与酮病奶牛的血清学指标差异。
有研究发现,围产期奶牛在分娩前后外周血中单核细胞中的脂质过氧化物和GSH-Px的浓度均有显著的增加,而硒蛋白含量未能像GSH-Px那样迅速增加[30]。与健康组奶牛相比,本研究发现亚临床型酮病组奶牛血浆中H2O2、MDA、NAG、GSH-Px含量显著升高,表明亚临床型酮病组奶牛体内脂质过氧化,线粒体功能受损,导致活性氧(Reactive oxygen species,ROS)产生过量,进而导致机体氧化水平升高。与健康组奶牛相比,本研究同时发现亚临床型酮病组奶牛体内CAT活性下降,说明ROS增加的速度超过了酶类抗氧化剂的清除能力[31],患酮病的产后奶牛体内出现一定程度的氧化应激,导致机体内氧化和抗氧化作用处于不平衡状态[32]。本研究进一步发现,09:00、17:00与01:00三个时间点健康组和亚临床型酮病组奶牛血浆中H2O2、CAT含量均具有显著的昼夜差异,表明奶牛体内的抗氧化酶调节代谢功能可能受到生物钟系统的调控。健康奶牛中,9:00时CAT活力最高,H2O2含量最低,氧化应激水平最低;但随着奶牛白天活动增强,氧化应激负担加重,CAT活力逐渐下降,H2O2含量逐渐升高。然而,在酮病组奶牛中,相比较9:00,17:00时虽然CAT活力下降,但是血浆H2O2含量也下降,这似乎是矛盾的。但是本研究发现,酮病组奶牛9:00时H2O2含量是健康组的十多倍,氧化应激水平极高,至17:00时H2O2含量下降,这可能是由于过高的H2O2促进了机体的代偿作用,因为除CAT之外,机体还存在多种非CAT途径以清除H₂O₂,例如GSH-Px和SOD等还原酶系统,这类酶的活性在酮病状态下可能发生了代偿性上调。因此,酮病组奶牛在CAT活性下降的同时,其他抗氧化系统可能提高了H₂O₂的清除速度,从而导致血浆H₂O₂浓度下降。
本研究的结果与前期在小鼠和人类上的研究一致。Wilking等[33]的研究发现,许多保护细胞免受氧化应激的抗氧化剂和酶的活性水平存在昼夜周期性变化,如谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶、超氧化物歧化酶、脂质过氧化物等蛋白的表达在早晨达到峰值;且氧化应激副产物(如DNA损伤、蛋白质氧化程度或脂质过氧化)的水平也会随着昼夜节律而波动[33⁃35]。同时,利用小鼠研究模型,Kobayashi等[36]研究发现,核心生物钟基因BMAL1可以通过调控NRF2/IL-1β信号途径影响机体的ROS水平。综上所述,酮病导致奶牛血浆氧化应激水平升高,氧化与抗氧化功能的昼夜变化异常,提示生物钟可能参与了酮病奶牛的氧化应激。
本研究发现一个昼夜周期三个时间点健康组和亚临床型酮病组奶牛血液白细胞生物钟基因(BMAL1、RORα、PER2)和促炎因子(IL-10、IL-1β、IL-6)基因mRNA的表达量均具有显著的昼夜差异,亚临床型酮病组奶牛血液白细胞IL-10在01:00的表达量显著高于健康组,而IL-6在09:00的表达量显著高于健康组,在01:00表达量则显著低于健康组,这些结果提示酮病奶牛血液白细胞促炎因子的变化可能受到生物钟的调控。前期研究报道,当哺乳动物机体发生炎症时,生物钟系统会发生紊乱,进而破坏机体内在的生理稳态[37⁃38]。在人和啮齿类动物的研究中,Morgan和Liu[39]发现,核因子-κB(NF-κB)信号通路可以调节几种炎性细胞因子基因的转录(TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β)。Shi等[40]还通过对奶牛肝细胞进行高水平的NEFA处理,发现NF-κB信号通路被激活[41],增加了促炎细胞因子IL-6、IL-8和TNF-α表达和释放,本研究发现,亚临床型酮病组奶牛血液白细胞IL-8、TNF-α基因mRNA表达量含量高于健康组奶牛,与上述结果类似。此外,有研究还报道了生物钟反馈环路中重要的PER2基因可以通过调控IFN-γ以及IL-1β的产生影响NK细胞的生理功能,在宿主炎症反应过程中发挥重要作用,进一步参与调控宿主免疫系统[32,36]。结合上述研究证据,可推测奶牛体内生物钟基因BMAL1、RORα、PER2可能参与调控奶牛氧化应激水平继而引发酮病,在酮病的发生发展过程中发挥重要作用。
本研究系统性检测并比较分析了健康组奶牛与亚临床型酮病组奶牛不同时间点的糖脂代谢、炎症因子以及氧化应激相关指标的昼夜变化规律。结果显示,亚临床型酮病组奶牛的血糖具有显著的昼夜差异,表现为早(9:00)晚(1:00)高、下午(17:00)低的趋势,这提示在奶牛酮病的治疗中,要关注血糖的昼夜动态变化,在最需要补充葡萄糖的时间段合理补糖,有研究指出合理补充葡萄糖可有效治疗奶牛酮病[42]。本研究同时发现,亚临床型酮病组奶牛与健康血液BHBA虽均未分析出显著昼夜差异,但亚临床型酮病组奶牛血液BHBA的均值呈现早晨(9:00)最高,下午(17:00)和晚上(1:00)逐渐降低的趋势,这提示上午采集血样进行酮病筛查可能更容易发现奶牛BHBA指标的异常。有研究发现,在生物钟的调控下,机体胰岛素敏感性、葡萄糖耐量呈昼夜波动,一般在上午较高,晚上较低,因此,一些胰岛素敏感性的测试(如口服葡萄糖耐量测试)推荐在上午进行,以减少误诊风险[43]。此外,本研究还发现,炎症指标(如TNF-α、IL-6)及氧化应激水平(如MDA)也在24 h周期内表现出特异的波动,这表明酮病奶牛的炎症和氧化应激具有独特的昼夜变化规律。奶牛酮病的治疗可能会用到抗炎药物[44]和抗氧化药物[45],因此未来在用药过程中应综合考虑炎症和氧化应激的昼夜变化规律,合理精准使用抗炎药物和抗氧化药物。在人类的类风湿性关节炎等炎症性疾病的治疗中,也常需要考虑炎症反应的昼夜节律特点,清晨炎症反应最强,因此在夜间给予缓释的皮质激素类药物可有效在睡醒前提高皮质激素的血药浓度,缓解清晨的炎症反应[46]。总之,亚临床型酮病不仅是代谢紊乱的表现,其发病过程可能还与昼夜节律的破坏密切相关,生物钟系统可能不仅仅是调节器,其失衡很可能是驱动或加剧这些代谢、炎症和氧化应激紊乱在特定时段恶化或呈现特定模式的上游因素之一。本研究的结果为临床上优化亚临床型酮病奶牛的诊断时机提供了新思路,也为研发基于昼夜节律调控的干预措施(如定时营养补给、激素调节、光照管理等)提供了前期基础。
本研究发现,酮病奶牛血液中糖与脂代谢指标发生显著改变,同时糖与脂代谢相关指标昼夜变化规律异常;健康奶牛与亚临床型酮病奶牛血液中氧化与抗氧化指标在不同时间点均呈现出显著昼夜差异,且亚临床型酮病奶牛与健康奶牛的昼夜变化趋势具有显著的组间差异;健康组与亚临床型酮病组奶牛血液中生物钟基因及炎症相关基因的mRNA表达量均呈现显著昼夜差异,且与健康组奶牛相比,酮病组奶牛血液白细胞中生物钟基因与炎症相关基因表达的昼夜变化趋势发生显著改变。综上所述,亚临床型酮病奶牛体内糖与脂代谢、氧化与抗氧化功能、免疫功能及生物钟基因表达的昼夜变化趋势异常,酮病可能影响了奶牛机体多项生理功能的昼夜节律稳态,机体昼夜节律紊乱可能参与了奶牛亚临床型酮病的发生发展。本研究不仅丰富了对奶牛亚临床型酮病发病机制的理解,也为该病精准诊断与防治相关技术的研发提供了新思路与前期基础。
  • 国家重点研发计划子课题(2023YFD130060306)
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(32373088)
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2026年第57卷第3期
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doi: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.03.047
  • 接收时间:2025-04-07
  • 首发时间:2026-09-16
  • 出版时间:2026-03-23
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-07
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国家重点研发计划子课题(2023YFD130060306)
国家自然科学基金面上项目(32373088)
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    1.西北农林科技大学动物医学院,杨凌 712100
    2.西北农林科技大学农业农村部动物生物技术重点实验室,杨凌 712100
    3.西北农林科技大学,杨凌 712100

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陈华涛,主要从事反刍动物生物钟调控生殖与代谢机制研究,E-mail: ,
张海森,主要从事生物钟调控奶牛生殖机制研究,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
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genus
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Percentage of
total species (%)
属
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种数
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species
占总种数比例
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species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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