Article(id=1307013705863033735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307013423896753139, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.03.023, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1751299200000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789545950618, onlineDateStr=2026-09-16, pubDate=1774195200000, pubDateStr=2026-03-23, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789545950618, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789545950618, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789545950618, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1307013423896753139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, year='2026', volume='57', issue='3', pageStart='1177', pageEnd='1776', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774195200000', pubDateStr='2026-03-23', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789545883392, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789609930841, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1307282058464743901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307013423896753139, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1307282058464743902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307013423896753139, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1435, endPage=1457, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1307013706035000200, articleId=1307013705863033735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, language=EN, title=Effects of Feeding Linseed and Schizochytrium on Rumen Microbiota and Fatty Acid Metabolism in Yaks Based on 16S rRNA Sequencing and Untargeted Metabolomic Profiling, columnId=1307007399437562052, journalTitle=Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, columnName=ANIMAL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND REPRODUCTION, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study aimed to analyze the effects of dietary supplementation with flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum) and Schizochytrium on rumen microorganisms and meat fatty acid profiles in yaks.Twenty-one 12-month-old male healthy yaks weighing (95.00±5.20) kg were selected and divided into 3 groups according to the test requirements, with 7 replicates in each group. Supplementary feeding group (S) served as the control group, and the 2 experimental groups were fed with flaxseed (Y) and Schizochytrium (L) respectively for 210 days to analyze the effects on the microbial community structure and differential metabolites in the rumen of housed yaks, in conjunction with 16S rRNA sequencing and non-target metabolomes. Flaxseed and Schizochytrium supplementation significantly affected growth performance, muscle fatty acid composition, and rumen microbiota. Both treatment groups showed significantly lower dry matter intake (P<0.05) but improved feed conversion ratio (P<0.05). The Schizochytrium group exhibited significantly higher muscle docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content (0.35% vs. control 0.04%, P<0.05) and lower n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio (5.42 vs. control 36.28). The flaxseed group showed increased total fatty acids (1.44 g vs. control 0.85 g, P<0.05). Rumen analysis revealed significantly higher Firmicutes phylum abundance (69% vs. control 57%, P<0.05) and significantly lower Bacteroidota abundance (21% vs. control 27%,P<0.05) in the flaxseed group. The Schizochytrium group demonstrated increased Prevotella genus abundance (7.5% vs. control 3.9%, P<0.05). α-diversity decreased in treatment groups versus control, while β-diversity differed significantly among groups. Muscle metabolomics analysis results indicated the downregulated phospholipid and acylcarnitine metabolism (P<0.05) and upregulated fatty acid derivatives in both treatment groups. Rumen microbiota correlated significantly with muscle metabolism (e.g., Patescibacteria positively correlated with succinic acid metabolism, P<0.05). Flaxseed and Schizochytrium promote lipid deposition in yaks by affecting rumen microbes and muscle metabolism, providing a theoretical basis for precision feeding strategies in alpine regions.

, authors=Zhengjun QI, Guowen WANG, Changqi FU, Shi SHU, Xiuying SHEN, Jun ZHANG, authorsList=Zhengjun QI, Guowen WANG, Changqi FU, Shi SHU, Xiuying SHEN, Jun ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiuying SHEN, Jun ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
SHEN Xiuying, E-mail:
ZHANG Jun, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1307013714004177832, articleId=1307013705863033735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, language=CN, title=基于16S rRNA测序与非靶向代谢组解析饲喂亚麻籽与裂殖壶藻对牦牛瘤胃微生物群及脂肪酸代谢的影响, columnId=1307007399861186759, journalTitle=畜牧兽医学报, columnName=生物技术与繁殖, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

旨在通过对牦牛饲喂亚麻籽(Linum usitatissimum)与裂殖壶藻(Schizochytrium),分析其对瘤胃微生物和肉质脂肪酸的影响。本研究选用21头12月龄的雄性健康牦牛,体重在(95.00±5.20)kg,按照试验要求分为3组,每组重复7只,补饲组(S)作为对照组,2组试验组分别饲喂亚麻籽(Y)和裂殖壶藻(L),试验时间为210 d,结合16S rRNA测序和非靶向代谢组,解析其对舍饲牦牛瘤胃微生物群落结构以及差异代谢物的影响。结果显示,饲喂亚麻籽和裂殖壶藻显著影响牦牛生长性能、肌肉脂肪酸组成及瘤胃微生物。两处理组干物质采食量显著降低(P<0.05),但料重比显著下降(P<0.05)。裂殖壶藻组肌肉二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)含量显著提高(0.35% vs 补饲组0.04%,P<0.05),n-6/n-3比值降低(5.42 vs 补饲组36.28);亚麻籽组总脂肪酸含量显著增加(1.44 g vs 补饲组0.85 g,P<0.05)。瘤胃微生物分析显示,亚麻籽组厚壁菌门丰度显著升高(69% vs 补饲组57%,P<0.05),拟杆菌门显著降低(21% vs 补饲组27%,P<0.05),裂殖壶藻组普雷沃菌属显著增加(7.5% vs 补饲组3.9%,P<0.05)。α多样性显示处理组菌群多样性低于补饲组,β多样性3组之间差异显著。肌肉代谢组分析表明,两处理组下调磷脂类和酰基肉碱代谢(P<0.05),上调脂肪酸衍生物。相关性分析显示瘤胃菌群与肌肉代谢显著关联(如候选菌门与丁二酸代谢正相关,P<0.05)。亚麻籽和裂殖壶藻通过影响瘤胃微生物及肌肉代谢促进牦牛脂质沉积。本研究为高寒地区牦牛舍饲方法提供了理论与技术支撑。

, authors=漆政君, 王国文, 付长其, 舒适, 沈秀英, 张君, authorsList=漆政君, 王国文, 付长其, 舒适, 沈秀英, 张君, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=沈秀英, 张君, authorNote=

漆政君,硕士,主要从事动物遗传育种与繁殖研究,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
沈秀英,主要从事人畜共患病致病机理和防控技术研究及高原动物生殖生理研究,E-mail:
张 君,主要从事动物遗传育种与繁殖研究,E-mail:
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The supplementary feeding group (S) exclusively contained 15 692 OTUs, the flaxseed group (Y) exclusively contained 12 479 OTUs, and the Schizochytrium group (L) exclusively contained 13 741 OTUs

, figureFileSmall=DGWN0YGdVjyOesFyXVQjDw==, figureFileBig=KLbHNI59yoIyu1iwrcq31Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307281576191086806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013705863033735, language=CN, label=图2, caption=韦恩图

补饲组(S)独占OTU 15 692个,亚麻籽组(Y)独占12 479个,裂殖壶藻组(L)独占13 741个

, figureFileSmall=DGWN0YGdVjyOesFyXVQjDw==, figureFileBig=KLbHNI59yoIyu1iwrcq31Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307281576258195671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013705863033735, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Heatmap of relative abundance clustering of genus-level species in the flaxseed group (A) and the Schizochytrium group (B)

Y7, Y9, and Y11 are the rumen fluid sample groupings of the flaxseed group in July, September, and November, respectively; L7, L9, and L11 are the rumen fluid sample groupings of the Schizochytrium group in July, September, and November, respectively

, figureFileSmall=CjmsCPxM6NCQx/blNwLOsw==, figureFileBig=g/FgqOOmSCVNB9QvurvCDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307281576472105176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013705863033735, language=CN, label=图3, caption=亚麻籽组(A)和裂殖壶藻组(B)属水平物种相对丰度聚类热图

Y7、Y9、Y11分别为7、9、11月的亚麻籽组瘤胃液样品分组;L7、L9、L11分别为7、9、11月裂殖壶藻组瘤胃液样品分组

, figureFileSmall=CjmsCPxM6NCQx/blNwLOsw==, figureFileBig=g/FgqOOmSCVNB9QvurvCDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307281576539214041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013705863033735, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=PCoA diagram, figureFileSmall=KN4Sw9emCtwTCzdq27mvHw==, figureFileBig=9CjOjT3CFZPKOQvGTUqSWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307281576593739994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013705863033735, language=CN, label=图4, caption=主坐标分析图, figureFileSmall=KN4Sw9emCtwTCzdq27mvHw==, figureFileBig=9CjOjT3CFZPKOQvGTUqSWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307281576648265947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013705863033735, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=NMDS diagram, figureFileSmall=9/gAYPWibgAoQhKjE6dfdQ==, figureFileBig=tHoMnb4MuhN8PgxsAjB33g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307281576711180508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013705863033735, language=CN, label=图5, caption=NMDS分析图, figureFileSmall=9/gAYPWibgAoQhKjE6dfdQ==, figureFileBig=tHoMnb4MuhN8PgxsAjB33g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307281576774095069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013705863033735, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Histogram of the distribution of LDA values, figureFileSmall=YNCAnXXs85a/N+fvtw+zgw==, figureFileBig=82ASx3LMwY+7S3tQoA+XbQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307281576887341278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013705863033735, language=CN, label=图6, caption=LDA值分布柱图, figureFileSmall=YNCAnXXs85a/N+fvtw+zgw==, figureFileBig=82ASx3LMwY+7S3tQoA+XbQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307281576958644447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013705863033735, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=KEGG enrichment pathway

Y7, Y9, and Y11 are the rumen fluid sample groupings of the flaxseed group in July, September, and November, respectively; L7, L9, and L11 are the rumen fluid sample groupings of the Schizochytrium group in July, September, and November, respectively

, figureFileSmall=1dnvi+fKjJ8CoZXfpRuWJw==, figureFileBig=K6WqRO+zZNoPQkqrXpGfxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307281577025753312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013705863033735, language=CN, label=图7, caption=KEGG富集通路

Y7、Y9、Y11分别为7、9、11月的亚麻籽组瘤胃液样品分组;L7、L9、L11分别为7、9、11月裂殖壶藻组瘤胃液样品分组

, figureFileSmall=1dnvi+fKjJ8CoZXfpRuWJw==, figureFileBig=K6WqRO+zZNoPQkqrXpGfxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307281577092862177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013705863033735, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=PCA plots of the supplementation group, flaxseed and Schizochytrium groups, figureFileSmall=GoiYiXKFx0DW/zpt55i0Gg==, figureFileBig=saBEB6nvyt1F3uMRwA2S+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307281577172553954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013705863033735, language=CN, label=图8, caption=补饲、亚麻籽和裂殖壶藻组肌肉代谢组PCA图, figureFileSmall=GoiYiXKFx0DW/zpt55i0Gg==, figureFileBig=saBEB6nvyt1F3uMRwA2S+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307281577231274211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013705863033735, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=OPLS-DA plots of the muscle metabolome of supplemented (A), flaxseed (B) and Schizochytrium (C) groups, figureFileSmall=SBXA7HEP4qmSt//rw1yXgQ==, figureFileBig=5l+Jc5Yp065OcLJFVUjiIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307281577361297636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013705863033735, language=CN, label=图9, caption=补饲(A)、亚麻籽(B)和裂殖壶藻(C)组肌肉代谢组OPLS-DA图, figureFileSmall=SBXA7HEP4qmSt//rw1yXgQ==, figureFileBig=5l+Jc5Yp065OcLJFVUjiIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307281577436795109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013705863033735, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Plot of the OPLS-DA model replacement test for muscle metabolome of supplemented (A), flaxseed (B) and Schizochytrium (C) groups, figureFileSmall=flHCM/Wqg2vpvAu6KMPVbw==, figureFileBig=D67Z0Jk4K8fkrB/Hl2XmDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307281577499709670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013705863033735, language=CN, label=图10, caption=补饲(A)、亚麻籽(B)和裂殖壶藻(C)组肌肉代谢组OPLS-DA模型置换检验图, figureFileSmall=flHCM/Wqg2vpvAu6KMPVbw==, figureFileBig=D67Z0Jk4K8fkrB/Hl2XmDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307281577558429927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013705863033735, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Classification of differential metabolites of supplementation, flaxseed and Schizochytrium groups, figureFileSmall=o3osz73GTiVXXq5MvWCxfw==, figureFileBig=szoFPgFMdPyFfrvYJUVnNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307281577617150184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013705863033735, language=CN, label=图11, caption=补饲、亚麻籽和裂殖壶藻组差异代谢物分类, figureFileSmall=o3osz73GTiVXXq5MvWCxfw==, figureFileBig=szoFPgFMdPyFfrvYJUVnNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307281577776533737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013705863033735, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Differential metabolic pathway bubble plots between the supplemented group (A), the flaxseed group (B), and the Schizochytrium group (C), figureFileSmall=9fExJoQa74mW0ckSv5M+2g==, figureFileBig=7Zv3yRCn6M0NFzpYwV/rqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307281577839448298, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013705863033735, language=CN, label=图12, caption=补饲组(A)、亚麻籽组(B)和裂殖壶藻组(C)之间差异代谢通路气泡图, figureFileSmall=9fExJoQa74mW0ckSv5M+2g==, figureFileBig=7Zv3yRCn6M0NFzpYwV/rqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307281577902362859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013705863033735, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Correlation of relative abundance of rumen bacterial phylum levels with muscle metabolic differentials, figureFileSmall=7xQeGdc94CuSliDjpHcxaQ==, figureFileBig=MKw5Jfxo7Ns1a+7kSZYygg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307281577969471724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013705863033735, language=CN, label=图13, caption=瘤胃细菌门水平相对丰度与肌肉代谢差异物的相关性, figureFileSmall=7xQeGdc94CuSliDjpHcxaQ==, figureFileBig=MKw5Jfxo7Ns1a+7kSZYygg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307281579852714221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013705863033735, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=Correlation of relative abundance of rumen bacterial genus levels with muscle metabolic differentials, figureFileSmall=pn/2byIgxIEP3AaHa2hhvg==, figureFileBig=Egfzfo1qtq7Z32IcgyG4aQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307281579944988910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013705863033735, language=CN, label=图14, caption=瘤胃细菌属水平相对丰度与肌肉代谢差异物的相关性, figureFileSmall=pn/2byIgxIEP3AaHa2hhvg==, figureFileBig=Egfzfo1qtq7Z32IcgyG4aQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307281580024680687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013705863033735, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Nutritional levels of diets for housed yaks

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

饲料原料

Feed ingredient

组别 Group
SYL
玉米/% Maize14.112.812.8
玉米皮/% Corn bran444
麸皮/% Wheat bran444
小麦秸秆/% Wheat straw525252
小麦/% Wheat333
菜粕/% Rapeseed meal6.33.83.8
亚麻籽饼/% Flaxseed cake04.84.8
棉粕/% Cottonseed meal4.61.61.6
豆粕/% Soybean meal555
膨化亚麻籽/% Extruded flaxseed020
裂殖壶藻籽/% Schizochytrium algae meal002
可溶性酒槽/% Soluble distillers grains555
预混料/% Premix1)222
合计 Total100100100
营养水平 Nutrient levels 2)
干物质/% DM87.9988.0190.01
代谢能/(MJ·kg-1) ME9.499.629.74
消化能/(MJ·kg-1) DE11.5811.7111.88
粗蛋白质/% CP12.6812.6412.56
粗脂肪/% CE1.762.502.54
酸性洗涤纤维/% ADF24.925.0724.9
中性洗涤纤维/% NDF37.6338.0137.63
钙/% Ca0.080.080.08
总磷/% TP0.270.260.26
), ArticleFig(id=1307281580116955376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013705863033735, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

舍饲牦牛日粮营养水平

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

饲料原料

Feed ingredient

组别 Group
SYL
玉米/% Maize14.112.812.8
玉米皮/% Corn bran444
麸皮/% Wheat bran444
小麦秸秆/% Wheat straw525252
小麦/% Wheat333
菜粕/% Rapeseed meal6.33.83.8
亚麻籽饼/% Flaxseed cake04.84.8
棉粕/% Cottonseed meal4.61.61.6
豆粕/% Soybean meal555
膨化亚麻籽/% Extruded flaxseed020
裂殖壶藻籽/% Schizochytrium algae meal002
可溶性酒槽/% Soluble distillers grains555
预混料/% Premix1)222
合计 Total100100100
营养水平 Nutrient levels 2)
干物质/% DM87.9988.0190.01
代谢能/(MJ·kg-1) ME9.499.629.74
消化能/(MJ·kg-1) DE11.5811.7111.88
粗蛋白质/% CP12.6812.6412.56
粗脂肪/% CE1.762.502.54
酸性洗涤纤维/% ADF24.925.0724.9
中性洗涤纤维/% NDF37.6338.0137.63
钙/% Ca0.080.080.08
总磷/% TP0.270.260.26
), ArticleFig(id=1307281580267950321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013705863033735, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Effect of flaxseed and Schizochytrium on growth performance of yaks (Bos grunniens)[11]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 Item组别 Group
SYL
初始体重/kg IBW97.51±4.7494.22±4.2891.88±6.76
终末体重/kg FBW194.63±8.67199.19±6.45193.69±8.08
总增重/kg TWG97.12±5.62104.95±4.47101.80±5.26
平均日增重/(kg·d-1) ADG0.54±0.020.58±0.020.57±0.01
干物质采食量/(kg·d-1) DMI2.01±0.23a1.74±0.23b1.71±0.23b
料重比 F/G4.10±0.50a3.95±0.55b3.98±0.54b
), ArticleFig(id=1307281580351836402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013705863033735, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

亚麻籽和裂殖壶藻对牦牛生长性能的影响[11]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 Item组别 Group
SYL
初始体重/kg IBW97.51±4.7494.22±4.2891.88±6.76
终末体重/kg FBW194.63±8.67199.19±6.45193.69±8.08
总增重/kg TWG97.12±5.62104.95±4.47101.80±5.26
平均日增重/(kg·d-1) ADG0.54±0.020.58±0.020.57±0.01
干物质采食量/(kg·d-1) DMI2.01±0.23a1.74±0.23b1.71±0.23b
料重比 F/G4.10±0.50a3.95±0.55b3.98±0.54b
), ArticleFig(id=1307281580427333875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013705863033735, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Effect of flaxseed and Schizochytrium on fatty acid content of yak muscle

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
脂肪酸 Fatty acid组别 Group
SYL
肌内脂肪/(g·100g-1) Intramuscular fat0.85±0.05b1.44±0.12a1.18±0.06ab
α-亚麻酸/% ALA0.27±0.120.15±0.040.15±0.02
二十碳五烯酸/% EPA0.09±0.04b0.03±0.01b0.50±0.11a
二十二碳六烯酸/% DHA0.04±0.02b0.06±0.01b0.35±0.29a
LA-亚油酸/%8.10±0.95a3.30±0.49b4.05±0.47b
花生四烯酸/% ARA1.53±0.44a0.26±0.08b0.79±0.17ab
棕榈酸/% Palmitic acid25.70±1.8722.06±1.6425.98±0.69
硬脂酸/% Stearic acid24.74±1.33a24.47±0.84a18.13±0.81b
肉豆蔻酸/% Myristic acid1.31±0.121.45±0.111.59±0.11
油酸/% Oleic acid35.33±2.81a31.94±2.44ab23.55±1.18b
棕榈油酸/% Palmitoleic acid3.01±0.202.81±0.252.89±0.25
十五烷酸/% Pentadecanoic acid0.39±0.040.39±0.020.43±0.02
十七烷酸/% Heptadecanoic acid0.93±0.09a0.81±0.01b0.87±0.02a
癸酸/% Decanoic acid0.09±0.010.08±0.010.08±0.01
月桂酸/% Lauric acid0.06±0.020.07±0.010.07±0.01
肉豆蔻油酸/% Myristoleic acid0.09±0.010.11±0.010.12±0.02
十七碳烯酸/% Heptadecenoic acid0.74±0.04a0.48±0.01b0.43±0.02b
花生酸/% Arachidic acid0.28±0.020.23±0.010.20±0.01
鳕油酸/% Gadoleic acid0.29±0.040.19±0.030.13±0.01
山嵛酸/% Behenic acid0.13±0.01ab0.18±0.01a0.10±0.01b
11,14-二十碳二烯酸/% 11,14-eicosadienoic acid0.09±0.020.03±0.010.07±0.01
二十二烷酸/% Docosanoic Acid0.54±0.05a0.27±0.01b0.28±0.01b
二高-γ-亚麻酸/% Dihomo-γ-linolenic acid0.22±0.050.06±0.010.15±0.02
二十三酸/% Tricosanoic acid0.22±0.040.14±0.040.13±0.02
木蜡酸/% Lignoceric acid0.37±0.05a0.18±0.02b0.19±0.01b
神经酸/% Nervonic acid0.17±0.030.08±0.010.09±0.01
n-6/n-3 多不饱和脂肪酸 n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids36.28±10.89a16.15±2.87ab5.42±0.89b
), ArticleFig(id=1307281580498637044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013705863033735, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

亚麻籽和裂殖壶藻对牦牛肌肉脂肪酸含量的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
脂肪酸 Fatty acid组别 Group
SYL
肌内脂肪/(g·100g-1) Intramuscular fat0.85±0.05b1.44±0.12a1.18±0.06ab
α-亚麻酸/% ALA0.27±0.120.15±0.040.15±0.02
二十碳五烯酸/% EPA0.09±0.04b0.03±0.01b0.50±0.11a
二十二碳六烯酸/% DHA0.04±0.02b0.06±0.01b0.35±0.29a
LA-亚油酸/%8.10±0.95a3.30±0.49b4.05±0.47b
花生四烯酸/% ARA1.53±0.44a0.26±0.08b0.79±0.17ab
棕榈酸/% Palmitic acid25.70±1.8722.06±1.6425.98±0.69
硬脂酸/% Stearic acid24.74±1.33a24.47±0.84a18.13±0.81b
肉豆蔻酸/% Myristic acid1.31±0.121.45±0.111.59±0.11
油酸/% Oleic acid35.33±2.81a31.94±2.44ab23.55±1.18b
棕榈油酸/% Palmitoleic acid3.01±0.202.81±0.252.89±0.25
十五烷酸/% Pentadecanoic acid0.39±0.040.39±0.020.43±0.02
十七烷酸/% Heptadecanoic acid0.93±0.09a0.81±0.01b0.87±0.02a
癸酸/% Decanoic acid0.09±0.010.08±0.010.08±0.01
月桂酸/% Lauric acid0.06±0.020.07±0.010.07±0.01
肉豆蔻油酸/% Myristoleic acid0.09±0.010.11±0.010.12±0.02
十七碳烯酸/% Heptadecenoic acid0.74±0.04a0.48±0.01b0.43±0.02b
花生酸/% Arachidic acid0.28±0.020.23±0.010.20±0.01
鳕油酸/% Gadoleic acid0.29±0.040.19±0.030.13±0.01
山嵛酸/% Behenic acid0.13±0.01ab0.18±0.01a0.10±0.01b
11,14-二十碳二烯酸/% 11,14-eicosadienoic acid0.09±0.020.03±0.010.07±0.01
二十二烷酸/% Docosanoic Acid0.54±0.05a0.27±0.01b0.28±0.01b
二高-γ-亚麻酸/% Dihomo-γ-linolenic acid0.22±0.050.06±0.010.15±0.02
二十三酸/% Tricosanoic acid0.22±0.040.14±0.040.13±0.02
木蜡酸/% Lignoceric acid0.37±0.05a0.18±0.02b0.19±0.01b
神经酸/% Nervonic acid0.17±0.030.08±0.010.09±0.01
n-6/n-3 多不饱和脂肪酸 n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids36.28±10.89a16.15±2.87ab5.42±0.89b
), ArticleFig(id=1307281580741906677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013705863033735, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Effect of flaxseed and Schizochytrium on the relative abundance of microbial phylum levels in the rumen of yak (top 10)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 Item组别 Group
SYL
厚壁菌门Firmicutes57.52±0.012b69.05±0.008a65.75±0.012a
拟杆菌门Bacteroidota27.79±0.014a21.27±0.009b25.18±0.012ab
放线菌门Actinobacteriota0.10±0.0010.13±0.0010.12±0.005
广古菌门Euryarchaeota5.26±0.003a2.48±0.003b2.64±0.004b
候选菌门Patescibacteria6.11±0.003a3.43±0.003b2.46±0.003b
脱硫杆菌门Desulfobacterota0.89±0.0011.06±0.0010.92±0.001
疣微菌门Verrucomicrobiota0.68±0.0010.84±0.0010.97±0.002
绿湾菌门Chloroflexi0.01±0.0010.01±0.0010.08±0.001
蓝菌门Cyanobacteria0.22±0.001a0.08±0.001b0.13±0.001ab
浮霉菌门Planctomycetota0.07±0.0010.08±0.0010.06±0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1307281580846764278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013705863033735, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

亚麻籽和裂殖壶藻对牦牛瘤胃微生物门水平相对丰度的影响(前10)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 Item组别 Group
SYL
厚壁菌门Firmicutes57.52±0.012b69.05±0.008a65.75±0.012a
拟杆菌门Bacteroidota27.79±0.014a21.27±0.009b25.18±0.012ab
放线菌门Actinobacteriota0.10±0.0010.13±0.0010.12±0.005
广古菌门Euryarchaeota5.26±0.003a2.48±0.003b2.64±0.004b
候选菌门Patescibacteria6.11±0.003a3.43±0.003b2.46±0.003b
脱硫杆菌门Desulfobacterota0.89±0.0011.06±0.0010.92±0.001
疣微菌门Verrucomicrobiota0.68±0.0010.84±0.0010.97±0.002
绿湾菌门Chloroflexi0.01±0.0010.01±0.0010.08±0.001
蓝菌门Cyanobacteria0.22±0.001a0.08±0.001b0.13±0.001ab
浮霉菌门Planctomycetota0.07±0.0010.08±0.0010.06±0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1307281581085839607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013705863033735, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Effect of flaxseed and Schizochytrium on the relative abundance of microbial genus levels in the rumen of yaks (top 10)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 Item组别 Group
SYL
普雷沃菌属 Prevotella3.99±0.007b3.93±0.005b7.35±0.009a
克里斯滕森菌科_R-7群 Christensenellaceae_R-7_group17.13±0.007a12.84±0.009b12.70±0.009b
糖发酵菌属 Succiniclasticum1.19±0.002c4.96±0.005b8.41±0.007a
NK4A214菌群 NK4A214_group7.18±0.003a6.75±0.006a2.79±0.002b
普雷沃菌科_UCG-001属 Prevotellaceae UCG-0011.00±0.002b2.86±0.004a3.46±0.004a
韦荣球菌科_UCG-001 Veillonellaceae_UCG-0011.22±0.002b2.24±0.002a3.03±0.003a
甲烷短杆菌属 Methanobrevibacter4.95±0.004a2.19±0.003b2.40±0.003b
候选糖菌属 Candidatus_Saccharimonas5.76±0.003a2.43±0.002b1.98±0.002b
理研菌科_RC9肠道群 Rikenellaceae_Rc9_gut_group4.76±0.003a3.57±0.002b2.63±0.004b
未鉴定F082菌属 Unidentified F0820.99±0.001a0.11±0.001b0.16±0.001b
), ArticleFig(id=1307281581182308600, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013705863033735, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

亚麻籽和裂殖壶藻对牦牛瘤胃微生物属水平相对丰度的影响(前10)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 Item组别 Group
SYL
普雷沃菌属 Prevotella3.99±0.007b3.93±0.005b7.35±0.009a
克里斯滕森菌科_R-7群 Christensenellaceae_R-7_group17.13±0.007a12.84±0.009b12.70±0.009b
糖发酵菌属 Succiniclasticum1.19±0.002c4.96±0.005b8.41±0.007a
NK4A214菌群 NK4A214_group7.18±0.003a6.75±0.006a2.79±0.002b
普雷沃菌科_UCG-001属 Prevotellaceae UCG-0011.00±0.002b2.86±0.004a3.46±0.004a
韦荣球菌科_UCG-001 Veillonellaceae_UCG-0011.22±0.002b2.24±0.002a3.03±0.003a
甲烷短杆菌属 Methanobrevibacter4.95±0.004a2.19±0.003b2.40±0.003b
候选糖菌属 Candidatus_Saccharimonas5.76±0.003a2.43±0.002b1.98±0.002b
理研菌科_RC9肠道群 Rikenellaceae_Rc9_gut_group4.76±0.003a3.57±0.002b2.63±0.004b
未鉴定F082菌属 Unidentified F0820.99±0.001a0.11±0.001b0.16±0.001b
), ArticleFig(id=1307281581266194681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013705863033735, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Alpha diversity indices analysis of 3 groups

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 Item组别 Group
SYL
观察到的物种数 Observed_features1 425.42±20.49a1 283.49±21.62b1 087.93±23.36c
Chao1指数 Chao1 index1 495.65±21.75a1 345.43±22.90b1 158.21±25.34c
Shannon指数 Shannon index8.52±0.051a8.42±0.059a7.80±0.073b
Simpson指数 Simpson index0.98±0.001 20.98±0.000 70.97±0.002
覆盖率 Goods_coverage0.99±0.000 1a0.99±0.000 1b0.99±0.000 1ab
), ArticleFig(id=1307281581337497850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013705863033735, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

3组Alpha多样性指数分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 Item组别 Group
SYL
观察到的物种数 Observed_features1 425.42±20.49a1 283.49±21.62b1 087.93±23.36c
Chao1指数 Chao1 index1 495.65±21.75a1 345.43±22.90b1 158.21±25.34c
Shannon指数 Shannon index8.52±0.051a8.42±0.059a7.80±0.073b
Simpson指数 Simpson index0.98±0.001 20.98±0.000 70.97±0.002
覆盖率 Goods_coverage0.99±0.000 1a0.99±0.000 1b0.99±0.000 1ab
), ArticleFig(id=1307281581505270011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013705863033735, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Monthly comparison of rumen microbial alpha diversity indices in yaks under different treatments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别Group项目 Item7月 July9月 September11月 November
S观察到的物种数 Observed_features1 554.00±33.45a1 302.10±27.62b1 573.00±53.17a
Chao1指数 Chao1 index1 646.95±35.37a1 382.83±33.52b1 596.60±58.50a
Shannon指数 Shannon index8.61±0.09a8.34±0.11b8.81±0.14a
Simpson指数 Simpson index0.98±0.0020.98±0.0010.98±0.003
覆盖率 Goods_coverage0.99±0.000 20.99±0.000 20.99±0.000 3
Y观察到的物种数 Observed_features1 265.41±34.08b1 242.33±16.30b1 477.42±40.79a
Chao1指数 Chao1 index1 341.13±33.86b1 295.78±19.35b1 530.10±45.30a
Shannon指数 Shannon index8.34±0.08b8.45±0.05b8.96±0.05a
Simpson指数 Simpson index0.98±0.0010.99±0.0010.99±0.000 4
覆盖率 Goods_coverage0.99±0.000 20.99±0.0020.99±0.000 3
L观察到的物种数 Observed_features1 225.83±33.87a1 203.44±31.28a1 057.58±16.26b
Chao1指数 Chao1 index1 290.01±37.381 335.53±38.811 141.88±18.24
Shannon指数 Shannon index8.26±0.11a7.99±0.10a7.29±0.09b
Simpson指数 Simpson index0.98±0.003a0.97±0.003a0.96±0.002b
覆盖率 Goods_coverage0.99±0.000 30.99±0.000 30.99±0.000 1
), ArticleFig(id=1307281581580767484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013705863033735, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

不同处理组牦牛瘤胃微生物Alpha多样性指数的月份间比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别Group项目 Item7月 July9月 September11月 November
S观察到的物种数 Observed_features1 554.00±33.45a1 302.10±27.62b1 573.00±53.17a
Chao1指数 Chao1 index1 646.95±35.37a1 382.83±33.52b1 596.60±58.50a
Shannon指数 Shannon index8.61±0.09a8.34±0.11b8.81±0.14a
Simpson指数 Simpson index0.98±0.0020.98±0.0010.98±0.003
覆盖率 Goods_coverage0.99±0.000 20.99±0.000 20.99±0.000 3
Y观察到的物种数 Observed_features1 265.41±34.08b1 242.33±16.30b1 477.42±40.79a
Chao1指数 Chao1 index1 341.13±33.86b1 295.78±19.35b1 530.10±45.30a
Shannon指数 Shannon index8.34±0.08b8.45±0.05b8.96±0.05a
Simpson指数 Simpson index0.98±0.0010.99±0.0010.99±0.000 4
覆盖率 Goods_coverage0.99±0.000 20.99±0.0020.99±0.000 3
L观察到的物种数 Observed_features1 225.83±33.87a1 203.44±31.28a1 057.58±16.26b
Chao1指数 Chao1 index1 290.01±37.381 335.53±38.811 141.88±18.24
Shannon指数 Shannon index8.26±0.11a7.99±0.10a7.29±0.09b
Simpson指数 Simpson index0.98±0.003a0.97±0.003a0.96±0.002b
覆盖率 Goods_coverage0.99±0.000 30.99±0.000 30.99±0.000 1
), ArticleFig(id=1307281581656264957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013705863033735, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Determination of differential metabolites in the supplemented, flaxseed and Schizochytrium groups

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
代谢物名称Metabolite直接父类Direct_parentY vs SL vs SL vs Y
VIPPFCVIPPFCVIPPFC
磷脂酰胆碱 (22:0/10:0) PC(22∶0/10∶0)磷脂酰胆碱22.91<0.0010.5917.28<0.0010.78
顺式-ε-辛烯酸 Cis-Epsilon-Octenoic Acid中链脂肪酸5.880.0031.624.980.0011.89
1-(8-[5]-梯烷辛基)-2-(8-[3]-梯烷辛基)-Sn-甘油-3-磷酸-(1'-Sn-甘油)1-(8-[5]-Ladderane-Octanyl)-2-(8-[3]-Ladderane-Octanyl)-Sn-Glycero-3-Phospho-(1'-Sn-Glycerol)二烷基甘油磷酸酯5.030.0071.501.730.0270.885.520.0010.58
磷脂酰乙醇胺(18:0/0:0) PE(18∶0/0∶0)1-酰基-sn -甘油-3-磷酸乙醇胺3.880.0490.583.730.0070.42
N,N-二乙基甘氨酸 N,N-Diethylglycineα-氨基酸3.620.0291.232.380.0141.20
醚键磷脂酰胆碱(O-16:0/0:0) PC(O-16∶0/0∶0)单烷基甘油磷酸胆碱3.530.0060.475.070.0033.72
钙离子载体 Calcium Ionophore脂肪酸酯3.49<0.0011.253.23<0.0011.452.44<0.0011.15
磷脂酰胆碱(20:4(Δ8,11,14,17)/0:0) PC(20∶4(8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)/0∶0)脂肪酸酯3.74<0.0011.443.09<0.0011.661.700.0421.15
磷脂酰乙醇胺(22:2(13顺,16顺)/前列腺素D2) PE(22∶2(13Z,16Z)/PGD2)1-酰基-sn-甘油-3-磷酸胆碱3.490.0050.802.830.0131.25
鞘磷脂(d17:2(4反,8顺)/5-异前列腺素F2VI) SM(d17∶2(4E,8Z)/5-iso PGF2VI)前列腺素及相关化合物3.31<0.0013.363.08<0.0010.17
1-甲基环己烷-1,2-二甲酸 1-Methylcyclohexane-1,2-Dicarboxylic Acid二羧酸及其衍生物18.020.0330.78
磷脂酰胆碱(16:0/20:2(11顺,14顺)) PC(16∶0/20∶2(11Z,14Z))磷脂酰胆碱10.80<0.0010.8013.47<0.0010.81
O-丁酰基肉碱 O-Butanoyl-Carnitine酰基肉碱10.260.0420.5712.650.0210.59
乙酰-D-肉碱 Acetyl-D-Carnitine酰基肉碱8.430.0260.798.750.0290.84
L-缬氨酸 L-Valine缬氨酸及其衍生物7.330.0050.678.430.0060.70
4-[(羟甲基)亚硝基氨基]-1-(3-吡啶基)-1-丁酮 4-[(Hydroxymethyl)Nitrosoamino]-1-(3-Pyridinyl)-1-Butanone芳基烷基酮5.880.0190.766.650.0220.78
3-巯基-2-甲基-1-丁醇 3-Mercapto-2-Methyl-1-Butanol烷基硫醇5.850.0080.735.900.0290.77
N-乙酰基-1-甲基组氨酸 N-Acetyl-1-Methylhistidine组氨酸及其衍生物4.980.0060.704.790.0250.77
脯氨酰-亮氨酸 Pro-Leu二肽6.520.0081.34
3-羟基丁酰基肉碱 3-Hydroxybutyrylcarnitine酰基肉碱6.460.0470.40
), ArticleFig(id=1307281581731762430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013705863033735, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

补饲组、亚麻籽组和裂殖壶藻组差异代谢物的确定

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
代谢物名称Metabolite直接父类Direct_parentY vs SL vs SL vs Y
VIPPFCVIPPFCVIPPFC
磷脂酰胆碱 (22:0/10:0) PC(22∶0/10∶0)磷脂酰胆碱22.91<0.0010.5917.28<0.0010.78
顺式-ε-辛烯酸 Cis-Epsilon-Octenoic Acid中链脂肪酸5.880.0031.624.980.0011.89
1-(8-[5]-梯烷辛基)-2-(8-[3]-梯烷辛基)-Sn-甘油-3-磷酸-(1'-Sn-甘油)1-(8-[5]-Ladderane-Octanyl)-2-(8-[3]-Ladderane-Octanyl)-Sn-Glycero-3-Phospho-(1'-Sn-Glycerol)二烷基甘油磷酸酯5.030.0071.501.730.0270.885.520.0010.58
磷脂酰乙醇胺(18:0/0:0) PE(18∶0/0∶0)1-酰基-sn -甘油-3-磷酸乙醇胺3.880.0490.583.730.0070.42
N,N-二乙基甘氨酸 N,N-Diethylglycineα-氨基酸3.620.0291.232.380.0141.20
醚键磷脂酰胆碱(O-16:0/0:0) PC(O-16∶0/0∶0)单烷基甘油磷酸胆碱3.530.0060.475.070.0033.72
钙离子载体 Calcium Ionophore脂肪酸酯3.49<0.0011.253.23<0.0011.452.44<0.0011.15
磷脂酰胆碱(20:4(Δ8,11,14,17)/0:0) PC(20∶4(8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)/0∶0)脂肪酸酯3.74<0.0011.443.09<0.0011.661.700.0421.15
磷脂酰乙醇胺(22:2(13顺,16顺)/前列腺素D2) PE(22∶2(13Z,16Z)/PGD2)1-酰基-sn-甘油-3-磷酸胆碱3.490.0050.802.830.0131.25
鞘磷脂(d17:2(4反,8顺)/5-异前列腺素F2VI) SM(d17∶2(4E,8Z)/5-iso PGF2VI)前列腺素及相关化合物3.31<0.0013.363.08<0.0010.17
1-甲基环己烷-1,2-二甲酸 1-Methylcyclohexane-1,2-Dicarboxylic Acid二羧酸及其衍生物18.020.0330.78
磷脂酰胆碱(16:0/20:2(11顺,14顺)) PC(16∶0/20∶2(11Z,14Z))磷脂酰胆碱10.80<0.0010.8013.47<0.0010.81
O-丁酰基肉碱 O-Butanoyl-Carnitine酰基肉碱10.260.0420.5712.650.0210.59
乙酰-D-肉碱 Acetyl-D-Carnitine酰基肉碱8.430.0260.798.750.0290.84
L-缬氨酸 L-Valine缬氨酸及其衍生物7.330.0050.678.430.0060.70
4-[(羟甲基)亚硝基氨基]-1-(3-吡啶基)-1-丁酮 4-[(Hydroxymethyl)Nitrosoamino]-1-(3-Pyridinyl)-1-Butanone芳基烷基酮5.880.0190.766.650.0220.78
3-巯基-2-甲基-1-丁醇 3-Mercapto-2-Methyl-1-Butanol烷基硫醇5.850.0080.735.900.0290.77
N-乙酰基-1-甲基组氨酸 N-Acetyl-1-Methylhistidine组氨酸及其衍生物4.980.0060.704.790.0250.77
脯氨酰-亮氨酸 Pro-Leu二肽6.520.0081.34
3-羟基丁酰基肉碱 3-Hydroxybutyrylcarnitine酰基肉碱6.460.0470.40
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基于16S rRNA测序与非靶向代谢组解析饲喂亚麻籽与裂殖壶藻对牦牛瘤胃微生物群及脂肪酸代谢的影响
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漆政君 , 王国文 , 付长其 , 舒适 , 沈秀英 , 张君
畜牧兽医学报 | 生物技术与繁殖 2026,57(3): 1435-1457
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畜牧兽医学报 |生物技术与繁殖 2026 , 57 (3) : 1435 -1457
基于16S rRNA测序与非靶向代谢组解析饲喂亚麻籽与裂殖壶藻对牦牛瘤胃微生物群及脂肪酸代谢的影响
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漆政君 , 王国文, 付长其, 舒适, 沈秀英 , 张君
作者信息
  • 青海大学畜牧兽医科学院,西宁 810016
通讯作者:
沈秀英,主要从事人畜共患病致病机理和防控技术研究及高原动物生殖生理研究,E-mail:
张 君,主要从事动物遗传育种与繁殖研究,E-mail:
作者简介:

漆政君,硕士,主要从事动物遗传育种与繁殖研究,E-mail:

Effects of Feeding Linseed and Schizochytrium on Rumen Microbiota and Fatty Acid Metabolism in Yaks Based on 16S rRNA Sequencing and Untargeted Metabolomic Profiling
Zhengjun QI , Guowen WANG, Changqi FU, Shi SHU, Xiuying SHEN , Jun ZHANG
Affiliations
  • Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary,Qinghai University,Xining 810016,China
  • Corresponding Author:
    SHEN Xiuying, E-mail:
    ZHANG Jun, E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-03-23 doi: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.03.023
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旨在通过对牦牛饲喂亚麻籽(Linum usitatissimum)与裂殖壶藻(Schizochytrium),分析其对瘤胃微生物和肉质脂肪酸的影响。本研究选用21头12月龄的雄性健康牦牛,体重在(95.00±5.20)kg,按照试验要求分为3组,每组重复7只,补饲组(S)作为对照组,2组试验组分别饲喂亚麻籽(Y)和裂殖壶藻(L),试验时间为210 d,结合16S rRNA测序和非靶向代谢组,解析其对舍饲牦牛瘤胃微生物群落结构以及差异代谢物的影响。结果显示,饲喂亚麻籽和裂殖壶藻显著影响牦牛生长性能、肌肉脂肪酸组成及瘤胃微生物。两处理组干物质采食量显著降低(P<0.05),但料重比显著下降(P<0.05)。裂殖壶藻组肌肉二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)含量显著提高(0.35% vs 补饲组0.04%,P<0.05),n-6/n-3比值降低(5.42 vs 补饲组36.28);亚麻籽组总脂肪酸含量显著增加(1.44 g vs 补饲组0.85 g,P<0.05)。瘤胃微生物分析显示,亚麻籽组厚壁菌门丰度显著升高(69% vs 补饲组57%,P<0.05),拟杆菌门显著降低(21% vs 补饲组27%,P<0.05),裂殖壶藻组普雷沃菌属显著增加(7.5% vs 补饲组3.9%,P<0.05)。α多样性显示处理组菌群多样性低于补饲组,β多样性3组之间差异显著。肌肉代谢组分析表明,两处理组下调磷脂类和酰基肉碱代谢(P<0.05),上调脂肪酸衍生物。相关性分析显示瘤胃菌群与肌肉代谢显著关联(如候选菌门与丁二酸代谢正相关,P<0.05)。亚麻籽和裂殖壶藻通过影响瘤胃微生物及肌肉代谢促进牦牛脂质沉积。本研究为高寒地区牦牛舍饲方法提供了理论与技术支撑。

牦牛  /  瘤胃微生物  /  亚麻籽  /  裂殖壶藻  /  16S rRNA测序  /  非靶向代谢组学

This study aimed to analyze the effects of dietary supplementation with flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum) and Schizochytrium on rumen microorganisms and meat fatty acid profiles in yaks.Twenty-one 12-month-old male healthy yaks weighing (95.00±5.20) kg were selected and divided into 3 groups according to the test requirements, with 7 replicates in each group. Supplementary feeding group (S) served as the control group, and the 2 experimental groups were fed with flaxseed (Y) and Schizochytrium (L) respectively for 210 days to analyze the effects on the microbial community structure and differential metabolites in the rumen of housed yaks, in conjunction with 16S rRNA sequencing and non-target metabolomes. Flaxseed and Schizochytrium supplementation significantly affected growth performance, muscle fatty acid composition, and rumen microbiota. Both treatment groups showed significantly lower dry matter intake (P<0.05) but improved feed conversion ratio (P<0.05). The Schizochytrium group exhibited significantly higher muscle docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content (0.35% vs. control 0.04%, P<0.05) and lower n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio (5.42 vs. control 36.28). The flaxseed group showed increased total fatty acids (1.44 g vs. control 0.85 g, P<0.05). Rumen analysis revealed significantly higher Firmicutes phylum abundance (69% vs. control 57%, P<0.05) and significantly lower Bacteroidota abundance (21% vs. control 27%,P<0.05) in the flaxseed group. The Schizochytrium group demonstrated increased Prevotella genus abundance (7.5% vs. control 3.9%, P<0.05). α-diversity decreased in treatment groups versus control, while β-diversity differed significantly among groups. Muscle metabolomics analysis results indicated the downregulated phospholipid and acylcarnitine metabolism (P<0.05) and upregulated fatty acid derivatives in both treatment groups. Rumen microbiota correlated significantly with muscle metabolism (e.g., Patescibacteria positively correlated with succinic acid metabolism, P<0.05). Flaxseed and Schizochytrium promote lipid deposition in yaks by affecting rumen microbes and muscle metabolism, providing a theoretical basis for precision feeding strategies in alpine regions.

yak  /  rumen microorganisms  /  flaxseed  /  Schizochytrium  /  16S rRNA sequencing  /  non-targeted metabolomics
漆政君, 王国文, 付长其, 舒适, 沈秀英, 张君. 基于16S rRNA测序与非靶向代谢组解析饲喂亚麻籽与裂殖壶藻对牦牛瘤胃微生物群及脂肪酸代谢的影响. 畜牧兽医学报, 2026 , 57 (3) : 1435 -1457 . DOI: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.03.023
Zhengjun QI, Guowen WANG, Changqi FU, Shi SHU, Xiuying SHEN, Jun ZHANG. Effects of Feeding Linseed and Schizochytrium on Rumen Microbiota and Fatty Acid Metabolism in Yaks Based on 16S rRNA Sequencing and Untargeted Metabolomic Profiling[J]. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, 2026 , 57 (3) : 1435 -1457 . DOI: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.03.023
牦牛作为国家重要经济动物且具有重要生态价值的种质资源,为青藏地区经济文化发展作出重要贡献[1]。研究表明,经过完全放牧、放牧补饲和全舍饲3种处理方法的牦牛,补饲和舍饲方法会得到更符合绿色食品标准的肉质和相对更好的理化性质[2]。但是舍饲和放牧两种处理方法目前都无法使牦牛的不饱和脂肪酸与饱和脂肪酸的比值(P∶S)满足世界卫生组织推荐的0.4[3],所以在日粮中添加亚麻籽等富含不饱和脂肪酸的饲料原料可以提高牦牛生产性能。
亚麻籽(Linum usitatissimum)是亚麻的种子,作为一种优良饲料原料,其富含营养物质,主要包含丰富的油脂和蛋白质,而油脂中的n-3多不饱和脂肪酸对反刍动物生产性能和肉质嫩度有明显影响。研究发现,在奶牛日粮中添加亚麻籽会显著提高牛奶中不饱和脂肪酸的含量,并且经过添加亚麻籽比例试验,建议10%的亚麻籽比例会相对来说能够提高牛奶中不饱和脂肪酸并且不浪费日粮中不饱和脂肪酸[4]。还有研究发现,在舍饲牦牛日粮中添加5%比例的亚麻籽,会提高日增重以及瘤胃微生物丰度[5]。裂殖壶藻(Schizochytrium)是一种单细胞海洋真菌,近年来因为其富含二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)进行开发利用,由于DHA也属于多不饱和脂肪酸,可以作为饲料添加剂补充不饱和脂肪酸。研究表明,裂殖壶藻能通过提高生长激素含量,促进牦牛生长性能和屠宰率等重要指标,并且裂殖壶藻中的DHA可能通过调控瘤胃菌群结构间接影响脂质代谢[6]。
牦牛是生活于青藏高原地带的特有牛种,能够有效利用高原草原资源,但是高海拔、低温、氧气含量低等高原地区的环境特点使高原生物生理特性随季节发生变化,出现“夏饱、秋肥、冬肥、春死”的现象。有研究表明,放牧牦牛在冷季由于牧草质量和摄入原因,使纤维分解菌含量降低,影响营养物质吸收[7]。也有研究表明,对牦牛采取放牧和舍饲两种管理方式在冷季会对瘤胃生物群落造成一定影响,但是对瘤胃功能影响不显著[8]。为了改善牦牛肌肉脂肪酸,对牦牛饲喂亚麻籽和裂殖壶藻进行试验,以观察其对肌肉脂肪酸组成及瘤胃微生物群落的影响。
所用饲粮购于青海河湟青牧科技开发有限公司;膨化亚麻籽由河南神农膨化饲料科技有限公司提供;成品裂殖壶藻粉用铝箔袋分装密封避光运输,由山东无棣绿奇生物工程有限公司提供。
随机挑选了21头健康、体重在(95.00±5.20) kg范围内、体况条件相近的12月龄雄性高原牦牛,并对其进行编号,然后将它们随机分为3个小组,每组包含7头牦牛。3组分别为补饲组(S组)、亚麻籽组(Y组)和裂殖壶藻组(L组)全舍饲组。分别饲喂粗脂肪含量为1.76%、2.50%、2.54%的饲粮。经过预试期试验效果和饲粮成本考虑,试验选择在亚麻籽组和裂殖壶藻组的饲粮中分别添加含有2%的膨化亚麻籽和裂殖壶藻粉。整个饲喂试验共计225 d,其中预试期15 d,正试期210 d。试验开始前先对圈养场所彻底打扫及消毒,用伊维菌素进行驱虫。每天饲喂全混合饲料,自由采食,提供清洁水供自由饮水。试验饲粮参照中华人民共和国农业行业标准肉牛营养需要量(NY/T815—2004)并根据实际生产情况,按照等能原则配制出基础日粮。饲料营养水平详见表1。
试验每60 d,早晨饲喂前抽取瘤胃液,每头牦牛的瘤胃液分装3管,通过4层纱布过滤,保存于-80 ℃的环境中,用于16S rRNA分析。
试验最后1 d对牦牛进行屠宰采样,牦牛屠宰后分离背最长肌,立即置于液氮中快速冷冻,后于-80 ℃冰箱保存。
试验期间记录每天的饲料量和剩料量,计算干物质采食量(DMI)。试验开始和结束时对所有牦牛称重,计算总增重(TWG)、平均日增重(ADG)和料重比(F/G)。
将肌肉样本称取一定质量(0.5 g),加入氯仿与甲醇(比例为2∶1),充分混匀后在室温条件下于摇床上孵育1 h,确保脂质充分提取。随后,加入蒸馏水,比例为样品体积的0.5倍,充分振荡混合后,再次离心(8 000×g,10 min)分层,将上层极性水相弃去,底层有机相即为脂质提取物,随即加入甲醇-氢氧化钾混合液(比例为4∶1)进行甲酯化反应,在60 ℃下孵育30 min。反应结束后,用石油醚提取脂肪酸甲酯,并用无水硫酸钠去除残留水分。最终,将甲酯化脂肪酸用气相色谱仪(如安捷伦7820A)进行分析,采用内标法确保定量的准确性。
瘤胃液样品经液氮速冻后委托天津诺禾生物信息技术有限公司进行16S rRNA基因测序,基于Illumina NovaSeq PE250平台(2×250 bp双端测序模式)获取原始序列,采用QIIME 2进行标准化分析[9]:首先通过DADA2算法去除低质量序列及嵌合体[10],并以97%相似性阈值对非重复序列进行OTUs(operational taxonomic units)聚类;随后利用RDP Classifier算法结合Silva 138数据库对代表性序列进行物种分类注释(置信度阈值≥70%)。α多样性分析涵盖Observed OTUs、Shannon指数、Simpson指数、Chao1指数、Goods_coverage、Dominance及Pielou_e均匀度指数,以评估菌群丰富度与多样性;β多样性基于Bray-Curtis距离矩阵通过主坐标分析(PCoA)可视化组间差异,并采用Adonis检验群落结构显著性(P<0.05)。通过线性判别分析效应量法(LEfSe,LDA Score>3.5)筛选组间标志性差异分类单元,结合R软件的t检验分析门至属水平的物种丰度差异(P<0.05为显著,P<0.01为极显著,数据以“均值±标准误”表示)。最后基于PICRUSt2预测瘤胃微生物功能,参照KEGG数据库(Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes)注释代谢通路,解析饲料干预对菌群功能的潜在调控机制。试验最后1 d与上次采集间隔不满60 d,因此最后一次采样不作为其中一个时间点进行分析。
取30 mg样品置于EP管中,加入预冷的小钢球和等体积的甲醇-水混合溶液(比例为4∶1),在低温条件下迅速研磨均匀以破碎细胞结构。随后,利用超声波进行萃取(超声参数:功率30 W,时间10 min,温度保持在4 ℃),提取液经冷冻离心(8 000×g,10 min,4 ℃)后,取上清液,经过0.22 μm过滤器过滤,存放于-80 ℃备用。所有试剂在使用前均提前预冷,确保操作的一致性。为控制样品的重复性,制作质量控制样品(QC)时,取等体积的不同样品提取液进行混合。样品分析采用ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3色谱柱,柱温设置为45 ℃,流动相为含0.1%甲醛的超纯水(A液)和乙腈(B液),进样体积为4 μL,流速为0.35 mL·min-1。利用内标样品及OC样品,进行主成分分析(PCA)评估样品前处理、衍生化反应以及质谱系统的稳定性。原始数据通过Progenesis QI v3.0软件进行峰值检测、基线筛除及数据归一化等处理,关键参数包括前体离子容差(precursor tolerance)和碎片离子容差(product tolerance),采用这些参数结合保留时间、质量精度、二级裂解信息和同位素分布比对HMDB、LipidMaps、METLIN及LuMet-Animal数据库,实现代谢物鉴定和定量分析。
利用Excel 2021程序对数据进行整理,使用单因素方差分析对补饲组、亚麻籽组和裂殖壶藻组之间的生长性能、肌肉脂肪酸含量、瘤胃微生物中门和属水平优势菌群等进行差异分析,并用图基法进行组间多重比较,P<0.01表示差异极显著,P<0.05表示差异显著,P>0.05表示差异不显著。运用R Studio软件进行热图生成、相关性分析等操作。
由表2可知,各组之间初始体重、终末体重、总增重和平均日增重之间无明显差异。补饲组的干物质采食量和料重比显著高于亚麻籽组和裂殖壶藻组(P<0.05)。
由表3可知,亚麻籽组和裂殖壶藻组的脂肪酸总量显著高于补饲组(P<0.05)。裂殖壶藻组的二十五烯酸(EPA)和DHA显著高于补饲组和亚麻籽组(P<0.05)。亚麻籽组和裂殖壶藻组的LA-亚油酸显著低于补饲组(P<0.05)。亚麻籽组的花生四烯酸(ARA)显著低于补饲组(P<0.05)。裂殖壶藻组的硬脂酸和油酸显著低于补饲组和亚麻籽组(P<0.05)。亚麻籽组和裂殖壶藻组的十七碳烯酸、二十二烷酸、木蜡酸显著低于补饲组(P<0.05)。亚麻籽组的山嵛酸显著高于裂殖壶藻组(P<0.05)。
由图1可知,瘤胃稀释曲线图中3组曲线趋于平滑,该结果表明测序合理,可以反映试验日粮对瘤胃影响的详细情况。
由图2可知,3组牦牛共鉴定出51 410种OTUs,共有4 876种OTUs,占总数的9.48%。补饲组鉴定出23 941种OTUs,其中独占15 692种OTSs;亚麻籽组鉴定出20 747种OTUs,其中独占12 479种OTUs;裂殖壶藻组鉴定出21 096种OTUs,其中独占13 741种OTUs。
由表4可知,亚麻籽组和裂殖壶藻组的厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)丰度显著高于补饲组(P<0.05);亚麻籽组的拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)丰度占比显著低于补饲组(P<0.05);亚麻籽组和裂殖壶藻组的广古菌门(Euryarchaeota)丰度显著低于补饲组(P<0.05);3组饲料的脱硫杆菌门(Desulfobacterota)无显著性差异;亚麻籽组的蓝菌门(Cyanobacteria)显著低于补饲组(P<0.05)。
由表5可知,对于普雷沃菌属(Prevotella),裂殖壶藻组相对丰度占比显著高于补饲组和亚麻籽组(P<0.05);对于克里斯滕森菌科R-7菌群(Christensenellaceae_R-7_group)、甲烷短杆菌属(Methanobrevibacter)、候选糖菌属(Candidatus_Saccharimonas)、理研菌科RC9肠道组(Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group)和未鉴定F082菌属(unidentified F082),亚麻籽组和裂殖壶藻组丰度占比显著低于补饲组(P<0.05);对于琥珀酸分解菌属(Succiniclasticum),裂殖壶藻组丰度占比显著高于补饲组和亚麻籽组(P<0.05);对于普雷沃菌科_UCG-001属(Prevotellaceae UCG-001)、韦荣球菌科_UCG-001(Veillonellaceae_UCG-001),亚麻籽组和裂殖壶藻组丰度占比显著高于补饲组(P<0.05)。
由图3A可知,亚麻籽组7月的优势菌属包括丁酸杆菌属(Butyribrio)、拉克诺螺旋菌科AC2044组(Lachnospiraceae_AC2044_group)、普雷沃菌科UCG-003(Prevotellaceae_UCG-003)、单球菌属(Monoglobus)等;9月的优势菌属包括琥珀酸裂解菌属(Succiniclasticum)、糖发酵菌属(Saccharofermentans)等;11月优势菌属包括脱硫弧菌属(Desulfovibrio)、假丁酸杆菌属(Pseudobutyrivibrio)、普雷沃菌属。
由图3B可知,裂殖壶藻组7月的优势菌属包括脱硫弧菌属(Desulfovibrio)、甲烷短杆菌属、普雷沃菌科UCG-001(Prevotellaceae_UCG-001)等;9月的优势菌属包括克里斯滕森菌科R-7组、琥珀酸裂解菌、糖发酵菌属等;11月的优势菌属包括乳头菌属(Papillibacter)、丁酸杆菌属、瘤胃球菌属(Ruminococcus)等。
由表6可知,通过Alpha多样性分析得出观察到的物种数、Chao1、Shannon、Simpson和覆盖率结果,补饲组、亚麻籽组和裂殖壶藻组3组之间的观察到的物种数和Chao1指数均有显著差异(P<0.05);裂殖壶藻组与补饲组和亚麻籽组之间的Shannon指数均有显著差异(P<0.05);补饲组和亚麻籽组之间的覆盖率有显著差异(P<0.05)。
由表7可知,补饲组中观察到的物种数、Chao1指数和Shannon指数在9月与7月和11月之间有显著差异(P<0.05),覆盖率在7月与9月和11月有显著差异(P<0.05);亚麻籽组观察到的物种数、Chao1指数和Shannon指数在11月与7月和9月有显著差异(P<0.05);裂殖壶藻组观察到的物种数、Shannon指数和Simpson指数在11月与7月和9月有显著差异(P<0.05),覆盖率在7月和9月之间有显著差异(P<0.05)。
由图4和图5可知,PCoA分析显示了补饲组、亚麻籽组和裂殖壶藻组之间的分离。图中亚麻籽组和裂殖壶藻组重合部分较多,而与补饲组重合部分相对较少,且在PC2坐标上与亚麻籽组和裂殖壶藻组更加分离。NMDS图得到的结果也如出一辙,亚麻籽组样本分布更加紧密,裂殖壶藻组分布较为分散。
通过Adonis检验,结果表明补饲组和亚麻籽组之间有13%群落变异(R2=0.13,P<0.01),补饲组和裂殖壶藻组之间有12%群落变异(R2=0.12,P<0.01),亚麻籽组和裂殖壶藻组之间有2.6%的群落变异(R2=0.026,P<0.01)。组间差异解释度较低(R2<0.2),可能与牦牛个体差异或饲喂周期相关。
如图6所示,以LDA score阈值为4进行LEfSe分析,比较出差异菌。在门水平上,补饲组的优势菌群为广古菌门、候选菌门、拟杆菌门;亚麻籽组的优势菌群为厚壁菌门。在纲水平上,补饲组的优势菌群为拟杆菌纲、糖菌纲(Saccharimonadia)、甲烷杆菌纲(Methanobacteria);亚麻籽优势菌群为梭菌纲(Clostridia);裂殖壶藻组的优势菌群为革兰氏阴性菌纲(Negativicutes)。在目水平上,补饲组的优势菌群为拟杆菌目(Bacteroidales)、克里斯藤森菌目(Christensenellales)、糖菌目(Saccharimonadales)、甲烷杆菌目(Methanobacteriales);亚麻籽组的优势菌群为毛螺旋菌目(Lachnospirales)、挥发螺旋菌目(Oscillospirales);裂殖壶藻组的优势菌群为酸氨基酸球菌目(Acidaminococcales)、韦荣球菌目_变形菌目(Veillonellales_Selenomonadales)。在科水平上,补饲组的优势菌群为F082科、克里斯滕森菌科(Christensenellaceae)、糖菌科(Saccharimonadaceae)、甲烷杆菌科(Methanobacteriaceae)、里肯菌科(Rikenellaceae)、拟杆菌目RF6组(Bacteroidales_RF6_group);亚麻籽组的优势菌群为毛螺旋菌科(Lachnospiraceae)、挥发螺旋菌科(Oscillospiraceae)、瘤胃球菌科(Ruminococcaceae)、厚壁菌科(Muribaculaceae);裂殖壶藻组的优势菌群为酸氨基酸球菌科(Acidaminococcaceae)、普雷沃菌科(Prevotellaceae)、江盖特梭菌科(Hungateiclostridiaceae)、肠杆菌科coprostanoligenes组([Eubacterium]_coprostanoligenes_group)、变形菌科(Selenomonadaceae)。在属水平上,亚麻籽组的优势菌群为毛螺旋菌属(Lachnospiraceae)和普雷沃菌属,裂殖壶藻组的优势菌群为琥珀酸菌属和糖发酵菌属(Saccharofermentans)。
如图7所示,通过PICRUSt2对亚麻籽组和裂殖壶藻组进行KEGG功能预测分析,得到饲料组之间相比较中具有优势的通路。其中,绝大多数通路均属ABC转运系统的ATP-结合、底物结合或通道组分。除此之外,还有蔗糖-6-磷酸酯酶,参与蔗糖分解;Lacl家族转录抑制/激活因子,调控糖类及代谢基因;参与RNA聚合酶,参与转录功能。
由图8可知,主成分分析可以初步判断3组试验之间是否有显著差异,在PCA图中可以看到3组之间没有完全分离,需要进一步通过正交偏最小二乘判别分析寻找更有效的模型研究3组之间的显著差异。
由图9A、9B和9C可知,通过OPLS-DA进行分析,结果显示补饲组和亚麻籽组以及补饲组和裂殖壶藻组之间代谢物存在差异。
由图10A、10B和10C可知,肌肉样本的评价参数R2Y和Q2在补饲组和亚麻籽组之间为0.992和0.707,补饲组和裂殖壶藻组之间为0.989和0.781,两组模型的R2Y和Q2均大于0.5,表示模型稳定可靠,具有较好的预测能力,构建的OPLS-DA分析模型符合要求。
如图11所示,通过汇总正、负离子检测数据后,共鉴定出 2 031个独特的代谢物。分别计算,通过正离子监测模式检测到1 039个代谢物,负离子模式鉴别出992个代谢物,根据他们的化学物质进行划分,数量最多的前3大类依次是脂质与类脂化合物、有机酸类化合物和它们的衍生物、杂环有机化合物。
如表8所示,通过补饲组、亚麻籽组和裂殖壶藻组之间差异物两两对比分析,运用VIP(variable importance in projection)值、P值和FC(Fold Change)值表示其差异物对比水平,筛选标准为VIP>1且P<0.05,因差异物较多所以列出每两组之间差异显著前10的物质。在亚麻籽组和补饲组比较中,PC(22:0/10:0)等磷脂类物质在亚麻籽组中显著下调,SM(d17:2(4E,8Z)/5-iso PGF2VI)在亚麻籽组种显著上调,Calcium Ionophore等脂肪酸物质显著上调,N,N- Diethylglycine氨基酸类物质显著上调;在裂殖壶藻组和补饲组的比较中,1-Methylcyclohexane-1,2-Dicarboxylic Acid在裂殖壶藻组显著下调,PC(22∶0/10∶0)等磷脂类物质也在裂殖壶藻组中显著下调,O-Butanoyl-Carnitine等酰基肉碱类物质在裂殖壶藻组中显著下调,L-Valine等氨基酸类物质在裂殖壶藻组中显著下调;在裂殖壶藻组和亚麻籽组比较中,Calcium Ionophore等脂肪酸类物质在裂殖壶藻组显著上调,O-Butanoyl-Carnitine等酰基肉碱类物质在裂殖壶藻组中显著下调,L-Valine等氨基酸类物质在裂殖壶藻组中显著下调。
由图12所示,利用KEGG数据库进行分析,通过影响系数和P值对差异代谢物进行富集分析,筛选出相关代谢通路。补饲组和亚麻籽组之间相关的是胆碱在癌症中的代谢、吞噬作用、牛磺酸和次牛黄酸代谢、丙酮酸代谢、甘油磷酸代谢、赖氨酸降解、嘌呤代谢。补饲组和裂殖壶藻组之间相关的是胆碱在癌症中的代谢、氧化磷酸化、GABA能突触、钙信号通路、癌症中的中央碳代谢、丙酮酸代谢、柠檬酸循环、丙酸循环、醛固酮合成与分泌、吞噬作用、产热作用、缬氨酸、亮氨酸和异亮氨酸生物合成、胰高血糖素信号通路、cAMP信号通路、氨酰-tRNA生物合成、亚油酸代谢、丙氨酸、天冬氨酸和谷氨酸代谢、甘油磷酸代谢、蛋白质消化与吸收、维生素B6代谢。亚麻籽组与裂殖壶藻组之间相关的是FoxO信号通路、胆碱在癌症中的代谢、亨廷顿病通路、尼古丁成瘾、脊髓小脑性共济失调、长时程增强作用、可卡因成瘾、谷氨酸能突触长时程抑制作用、GABA能突触、昼夜节律调控、苯丙胺成瘾、磷酸戊糖途径、癌症中的中央碳代谢、泛酸和辅酶A生物合成、谷胱甘肽代谢、精氨酸和脯氨酸代谢、氨酰-tRNA生物合成、甘油磷酸代谢、乙醛酸和二羧酸代谢。
由图13所示,选取3组间门水平丰度前10瘤胃微生物和3组间差异显著前10的代谢物质进行关联性分析,通过Spearman相关系数发现,瘤胃门水平菌群和肌肉代谢差异物之间一共有2个正相关和3个负相关。候选菌门相对丰度与丁二酸和丙酮醛代谢呈显著正相关(P<0.05),与溶血磷脂酰乙醇胺代谢呈现显著负相关(P<0.05)。蓝菌门相对丰度与柠檬酸尿素代谢呈现显著负相关(P<0.05)。
由图14所示,选取3组间属水平丰度前10瘤胃微生物和3组间差异显著前10的代谢物质进行关联性分析,通过Spearman相关系数发现,瘤胃属水平菌群和肌肉代谢前10的代谢差异物之间一共有13个正相关和10个负相关。普雷沃菌属和琥珀酸菌属的相对丰度与缩醛磷脂酰胆碱P-18∶1(9Z)/0∶0、磷脂酰胆碱 16∶0/3∶0、辅酶Q4代谢呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。普雷沃菌科_UCG-001属相对丰度与磷脂酰胆碱 16∶0/3∶0、辅酶Q4代谢呈显著正相关(P<0.05),而与5-氧代己酰肉碱代谢呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。未鉴定_F082菌属相对丰度与5-氧代己酰肉碱代谢呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。甲烷短杆菌属相对丰度与5-氧代己酰肉碱代谢呈显著正相关(P<0.05),与磷脂酰胆碱 16∶0/3∶0、辅酶Q4代谢呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。NK4A214菌群相对丰度与缩醛磷脂酰胆碱P-18∶1(9Z)/0∶0、磷脂酰胆碱16∶0/3∶0、辅酶Q4代谢呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。候选糖菌属相对丰度与5-甲基二十一烷酰肉碱和5-氧代己酰肉碱代谢呈显著正相关(P<0.05),而与磷脂酰胆碱16∶0/3∶0呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。理研菌科RC9肠道组相对丰度与3-羟基丁酰肉碱代谢呈显著正相关(P<0.05),而与缩醛磷脂酰胆碱P-18∶1(9Z)/0∶0、磷脂酰胆碱16∶0/3∶0、辅酶Q4代谢呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。
本试验结果表明,日粮中添加亚麻籽和裂殖壶藻使干物质采食量显著降低。在日粮中提高脂肪含量有助于提高机体热量,尤其是为了抵御北方的严寒[12]。干物质采食量对于动物来说能体现它的采食意愿、生理状态、瘤胃发酵和肠道蠕动状态,对于饲料来说也能有效体现出其适口性、营养状况[13]。有研究表明,随着日粮中亚麻籽水平的添加,奶牛干物质采食量会显著降低[14],与本试验结果一致。可能原因是日粮中添加脂肪会使采食量受到影响,但并不会影响生长性能。料重比与生产水平和经济效益有关,本试验中亚麻籽组和裂殖壶藻组料重比显著降低。亚麻籽和裂殖壶藻中的多不饱和脂肪酸可能通过影响瘤胃发酵模式和微生物代谢,优化能量利用途径,进而提高饲料转化率。这为高寒地区牦牛精准饲养提供了实践依据,尤其在冷季能量需求较高时更具应用价值。
本试验中补饲组和亚麻籽组n-3多不饱和脂肪酸之间无明显差异,但是亚麻籽组脂肪酸总量相对补饲组显著提高,可能是由于亚麻籽抑制n-6多不饱和脂肪酸沉积在肌肉中。牦牛肌肉脂肪酸质量高于其他牛肉,因为其富含n-3多不饱和脂肪酸[15, 16]。有研究表明,舍饲牦牛的多不饱和脂肪酸含量低于放牧牦牛[17]。亚麻籽富含α-亚麻酸,有研究表明亚麻籽对α-亚麻酸和n-3多不饱和脂肪酸的肌肉沉积作用促进明显[18],裂殖壶藻富含DHA,本试验中裂殖壶藻组的n-3多不饱和脂肪酸显著高于补饲组,与高昌鹏[19]的研究结果一致。n-6/n-3多不饱和脂肪酸比值能够说明肉质是否健康,本试验中裂殖壶藻组n-6/n-3多不饱和脂肪酸比值显著低于补饲组,说明其能够有效降低n-6多不饱和脂肪酸的生成并且促进n-3多不饱和脂肪酸的生成。亚麻籽可能通过抑制n-6 PUFA代谢途径,促进n-3 PUFA富集;裂殖壶藻则可能直接提供DHA,并可能通过抗氧化成分保护PUFA免受瘤胃氢化。这为生产功能性肉制品(如高DHA牛肉)提供了营养调控策略。
亚麻籽中富含n-3多不饱和脂肪酸,主要代表成分是亚麻酸。不饱和脂肪酸会影响瘤胃微生物,有研究表明,补充亚麻籽会使奶牛瘤胃分岐杆菌降低50%,相关产甲烷菌丰度也会相对减少[20];也有研究表明,添加亚麻籽油会影响短链脂肪酸的生成,促进琥珀酸代谢生成丙酸,并且减少甲烷的排放[21];还有研究表明,给奶牛饲喂富含亚麻酸的日粮后,奶牛瘤胃会有较少量的纤维素分解细菌和原虫,蛋白质分解细菌的数量也会增加[22]。裂殖壶藻中DHA含量高,有研究表明,通过体外试验,在奶牛瘤胃液中添加含有DHA的添加剂,导致门类细菌相对丰度发生变化,增加厚壁菌门的相对丰度,减少拟杆菌门相对丰度[23];也有研究表明,给滩羊饲喂裂殖壶藻发现其改变了瘤胃环境,增了加甘油磷脂通路的细菌并呈现显著正相关,说明裂殖壶藻可能通过影响瘤胃微生物进而影响脂质代谢途径[19]。
反刍动物瘤胃微生物中,厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门占门水平绝大部分[24, 25],由产琥珀酸纤维杆菌、黄瘤胃球菌和白色瘤胃球菌等纤维素降解菌组成,还由普雷沃菌属、丁酸弧菌属和假丁酸弧菌属等一些高效降解半纤维素的细菌物种组成[26]。对于反刍动物,厚壁菌参与纤维素、半纤维素、淀粉和寡糖的降解,并且通过对能量代谢有关的酶进行影响,达到能量收集的作用,生产乙酸盐、丙酸盐和丁酸盐[27],并且有研究表明,纤维素、低聚糖和淀粉的消化与厚壁菌门占比呈现正相关[28]。消化系统中的拟杆菌门大多被认为是有益的,能够共同和厚壁菌门降解瘤胃中淀粉和多糖,产生短链脂肪酸[29]。因此,厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门能够有效提高宿主能量利用率。并且有试验提出厚壁菌门与拟杆菌门比值与脂质代谢密切相关,比值越高越促进脂质沉积[30]。本试验中,亚麻籽组和裂殖壶藻组厚壁菌门占比高于补饲组且与补饲组有极显著差异,而亚麻籽组和裂殖壶藻拟杆菌门低于补饲组,亚麻籽组与补饲组有显著差异。广古菌门中包括所有产甲烷菌,其中甲烷杆菌纲、甲烷微生物纲、甲烷纤毛菌纲和甲烷弧菌纲是瘤胃生态系统中常见的纲,而甲烷杆菌目中的甲烷杆菌属是最主要的甲烷杆菌[31]。根据生理学和生态学,可以将甲烷杆菌分为3类:养氢类,利用氢将二氧化碳、一氧化碳或者甲酸盐还原成甲烷;养甲类,利用甲醇或甲基胺等甲基化合物;乙酰甲烷菌,在此过程中利用乙酸盐[32]。本试验中,亚麻籽组和裂殖壶藻组广古菌门显著低于补饲组,与Boland[20]的结果一致。候选菌门是基于序列信息定义的菌门,但尚未分离出具有代表性的菌株。候选菌门参与短链脂肪酸的生成,它具有表面蛋白,有利于附着到细菌和甲烷菌等其他微生物[33,34]。
属水平方面,以普雷沃菌属、克里斯滕森菌科R-7组、琥珀酸分解菌属、NK4A214组为优势菌群,张曼等[5]采用不同比例的亚麻籽加入日粮饲喂牦牛,得到的优势菌群为普雷沃菌属、克里斯滕森菌科R-7群、NK4A214属和瘤胃球菌属,与本试验基本一致。普雷沃菌属属于拟杆菌门,可以利用一些底物(如纤维素、淀粉和蛋白质)产生乙酸盐和琥珀酸盐[35]。克里斯滕森菌科R-7组属于厚壁菌门,主要分解纤维物质[36]。琥珀酸分解菌属属于厚壁菌门,可以将琥珀酸分解为丙酸[37]。NK4A214组属于厚壁菌门,参与瘤胃发酵过程,生成挥发性脂肪酸[38]。补饲组、亚麻籽组和裂殖壶藻中丰度最高皆为克里斯滕森菌科R-7组,可能是因为日粮中粗饲料占比较多。普雷沃菌属在裂殖壶藻组中丰度最高,可能是因为裂殖壶藻中含有更多的多不饱和脂肪酸和抗氧化物质(如DHA、虾青素等),保护普雷沃菌属[39]。而NK2A214组在裂殖壶藻中丰度最低,可能是因为裂殖壶藻中纤维含量较少,亚麻籽中含有较多纤维[40]。
瘤胃中含有大量细菌、真菌、古菌等微生物,其微生物会受到日粮、饲养环境、遗传因素等影响,进而对宿主的生长发育、消化吸收、免疫功能等产生影响[41,42]。研究发现,日粮中添加亚麻籽和裂殖壶藻后,α多样性分析表明补饲组的Chao1指数显著高于亚麻籽组和裂殖壶藻组,但是Shannon指数和Simpson指数在补饲组与亚麻籽组和裂殖壶藻组中无明显差异,说明亚麻籽和裂殖壶藻可能会降低瘤胃物种多样性。但是与张曼等[5]的研究结果不一致,张曼等的试验中饲喂亚麻籽60 d,瘤胃物种多样性升高,而本试验饲喂210 d多样性降低,推测饲喂时长可能是关键差异因素。饲料成分会改变牦牛的瘤胃发酵和微生物区系组成[43],这说明在本试验日粮中添加亚麻籽和裂殖壶藻显著影响牦牛瘤胃细菌群落组成。
本试验采用β多样性分析以探究补饲组、亚麻籽组和裂殖壶藻组牦牛瘤胃微生物群落间的相似性。结果显示,亚麻籽组与裂殖壶藻组重合较多,组间相似差异较小;补饲组与亚麻籽组和裂殖壶藻组重合较少,组间差异较大;补饲组相对亚麻籽组和裂殖壶藻组更加分散,组内差异也相对更大。
由于青藏高原的特殊环境,不同季节之间环境条件有较大差异,有研究表明,季节性放牧对瘤胃液中脂肪酸含量有显著影响,尤其是夏季时含有更多的多不饱和脂肪酸[44]。也有研究表明,在冷季时牦牛瘤胃微生物降解菌群数量和效率低于暖季[7]。本试验中α多样性分析表明,补饲组和亚麻籽组在7、9、11三个月中具有显著差异,说明温度等客观因素对其有一定影响,但是裂殖壶藻组3个月之间的α多样性指数无显著差异,说明裂殖壶藻可能会维持瘤胃微生物内环境稳定。
有研究表明,牦牛在暖季代谢率会显著高于冷季,在冷季会减少体内代谢[45]。本试验通过PICRUSt2功能预测分析,表明亚麻籽组和裂殖壶藻组在冷季富集转录功能通路,可能是因为冷季低温会影响菌群进行转录调控通路[46];而亚麻籽组在暖季富集运输通路,可能是由于亚麻籽中富含纤维素,代谢加强,其纤维成分更易被纤维降解菌分解,在高能量需求下瘤胃微生物需要高效转运和降解糖类;裂殖壶藻组在冷季富集运输通路,可能由于DHA在低温下稳定性高,瘤胃微生物菌群相对稳定,DHA运输至微生物细胞膜磷脂中改变细胞膜的生物物理特性,增强膜流动性及稳定性,从而提升运输效率和转录复合物的活性[47]。
在日粮中添加未保护脂肪酸会导致牦牛肌肉中代谢物发生变化,脂质在牦牛体内不仅可作为能量储存形式和供能物质,同时也是生物膜的重要组成成分,脂质代谢主要包括甘油三酯的合成与分解以及线粒体内脂肪酸的β-氧化[48]。饲料中添加多不饱和脂肪酸会使瘤胃内乳酸含量增加,乳酸作为线粒体β-氧化的抑制剂,可转化为丙二酰辅酶A(CoA)调控肉碱棕榈酰基转移酶1(CPT1)活性,抑制棕榈酰肉碱生成[49]。长链酰基CoA需通过肉碱循环转化为长链酰肉碱,由CPT1运输进入线粒体,L-棕榈酰肉碱是脂质转移和利用的关键中间产物,也是脂质氧化的标志物[50]。研究发现,日粮中添加亚麻籽和裂殖壶藻使牦牛背最长肌中肉碱类物质水平降低,可能是乳酸浓度增加抑制棕榈肉碱等物质生成,表明多不饱和脂肪酸添加可能因乳酸增加抑制肌肉内脂肪酸β - 氧化,增加肌内脂肪沉积。
本试验发现,饲料中添加多不饱和脂肪酸后,牦牛背最长肌中TCA循环通路相对增加,推测是因更多柠檬酸从线粒体输出,α-酮戊二酸的补充可能通过谷氨酰胺和谷氨酸途径完成,促进了肌内脂肪显著沉积,整体结果表明TCA循环加速,柠檬酸合成增加,进一步促进脂肪合成。线粒体脂肪酸β-氧化生成的乙酰辅酶A是三羧酸循环(TCA循环)的核心能量来源,TCA循环是细胞代谢枢纽,其代谢产物在信号转导和细胞功能调节中起重要作用[51]。柠檬酸从线粒体输出到胞质后可转化为乙酰辅酶A促进脂肪合成,TCA循环中间产物用于生物合成离开线粒体时需补充,如谷氨酰胺转化为谷氨酸,再依次转换为琥珀酸和α-酮戊二酸[52]。
本试验中,日粮中添加裂殖壶藻的牦牛肌肉细胞内二酰甘油、胆固醇酯化酶磷脂、环状磷酸胆碱含量不足,预示甘油磷酰胆碱代谢过程可能受抑制,促使更多二酰甘油流向脂质合成途径。动物细胞中甘油磷酰胆碱代谢途径涉及甘油磷酰胆碱、胆碱、磷脂酰胆碱、胞苷二磷酸胆碱、二酰甘油和磷酸胆碱等多种重要化合物,与肌肉细胞中甘油三酯的生产密切相关,经1,2-双酰甘油的中间物质转化而形成[53]。如Zhou等[54]研究发现,胆碱制造路径中磷脂酰胆碱形成被阻断,使肌细胞中胆碱成分减少,进一步增加二酰甘油与脂肪酸转为生成甘油三酯的概率,此甘油磷酰胆碱代谢过程在脂肪组织中同样有效。
脂肪酸代谢由合成与分解两种机制主导,其动态平衡决定牦牛的脂肪分布及脂肪酸构成。肠道微生物群在脂质代谢中很重要,它们合成的短链脂肪酸如醋酸、丙酸和丁酸是宿主体内重要能量来源,这些短链脂肪酸不仅在肠道中被利用,还能通过血液循环影响全身能量代谢,并被传输至特定内脏器官,延伸和进一步转换后储存于脂肪细胞中[55]。本研究发现,肌肉组织中脂肪酸类物质水平降低,暗示这些脂肪酸消耗可能是因脂肪合成过程导致的,与Song等[56]的研究结果一致。
已有众多研究表明,人类与动物肥胖和脂肪沉积与胃肠道菌群密切相关[57]。反刍动物瘤胃微生物与脂肪沉积之间关系的研究较少,早前的研究成果主要揭示,反刍动物胃肠道微生物及其代谢产物或许作为脂肪合成的原料,也可能介入脂肪沉积信号通路,进而对肌内脂肪的生成产生影响[58,59]。上述讨论中提及三羧酸循环的乙酰辅酶A是脂肪合成的重要原料,并且减少磷脂的生成能够促进肌肉中甘油三酯的生成,而丁二酸和丙酮醛作为糖酵解产物和三羧酸循环中间产物[60,61],溶血磷脂酰乙醇胺参与磷脂重塑,候选菌门能够提高能量代谢促进丁二酸和丙酮酸代谢途径以及抑制磷脂生成来促进脂肪沉积。5-氧代己酰肉碱参与将脂肪酸运送到线粒体进行氧化分解,有助于脂肪的利用,抑制脂肪积累[62],普雷沃菌科_UCG-001属通过抑制其代谢途径来促进脂肪沉积。
本研究结果表明,日粮中添加亚麻籽和裂殖壶藻会对生长性能、肌肉脂肪酸含量、瘤胃微生物和肌肉代谢产生影响。亚麻籽能够促进肌肉脂肪酸合成,富集瘤胃厚壁菌门与抑制产甲烷菌,提升粗饲料降解效率并减少甲烷排放,其微生物群落通过抑制肌肉脂肪酸β-氧化,促进肌内脂肪沉积;裂殖壶藻能够促进n-3多不饱和脂肪酸在肌肉中合成,富集普雷沃菌属与琥珀酸分解菌属,且含有较多抗氧化成分,菌群丰度相对稳定,其微生物抑制甘油磷脂合成,减少脂质氧化而改善肉质。亚麻籽组夏季运输功能活跃,冬季转向转录调控;裂殖壶藻可维持瘤胃微生物群落稳定性(7~11月α多样性无显著差异),其冬季富集运输通路可能与 DHA 的低温适应性调控相关,可能是DHA缓释运输与低温适应性调控。
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2026年第57卷第3期
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doi: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.03.023
  • 接收时间:2025-07-01
  • 首发时间:2026-09-16
  • 出版时间:2026-03-23
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-01
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青海省科技厅项目(2022-NK-167)
2024 年青海省“昆仑英才·高端创新创业人才”培养团队项目
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    青海大学畜牧兽医科学院,西宁 810016

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沈秀英,主要从事人畜共患病致病机理和防控技术研究及高原动物生殖生理研究,E-mail:
张 君,主要从事动物遗传育种与繁殖研究,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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