Article(id=1307013558466798004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307013423896753139, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.03.025, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1745942400000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789545915476, onlineDateStr=2026-09-16, pubDate=1774195200000, pubDateStr=2026-03-23, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789545915476, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789545915476, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789545915476, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1307013423896753139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, year='2026', volume='57', issue='3', pageStart='1177', pageEnd='1776', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774195200000', pubDateStr='2026-03-23', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789545883392, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789609930841, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1307282058464743901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307013423896753139, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1307282058464743902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307013423896753139, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1470, endPage=1482, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1307013560291320245, articleId=1307013558466798004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, language=EN, title=Effects of Different Photoperiods on Reproductive Axis Hormone Regulation and Follicle Development in Xinghua Hens, columnId=1307007399437562052, journalTitle=Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, columnName=ANIMAL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND REPRODUCTION, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study aimed to explore the impact of different photoperiods on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis in poultry, to reveal the mechanisms by which light regulates the follicles development and egg production performance of hen, and to provide a theoretical basis for the development of technologies to regulate the reproduction of female poultry and enhance the reproductive performance of breeding poultry. A total of 860 healthy Xinghua hens, aged 290 days and in the egg-laying period, were randomly divided into a control group and a treatment group. The experiment lasted for 61 days, with the control group maintained on a lighting schedule of 16.5L:7.5D throughout the experimental period. The lighting schedule for the treatment group was 16.5L:7.5D from day 1 to day 7, 12L:12D from day 8 to day 42, 18L:6D from day 43 to day 50, and 16.5L:7.5D from day 51 to day 61. Egg production was recorded throughout the experiment, and ovarian development, blood hormone levels, and reproductive axis factor expression were measured on days 8, 43, and 61, respectively. The results showed that under 16.5 hours of light exposure, there was no significant difference in egg production between the two groups. Shortening the light exposure to 12 hours significantly suppressed egg production, while extending it to 18 hours rapidly increased the egg production rate, which remained higher than that of the control group after restoring 16.5 hours of light exposure. Consistent with egg production, reducing light exposure significantly decreased the number of LYF and SYF in the ovaries, while extending light exposure quickly increased the number of LYF. However, changes in light exposure had no significant effect on the ovarian index or the number of LWF. Results showed that shortened photoperiod significantly reduced GnRH levels in the treatment group (P<0.05), while extended photoperiod restored hormone levels to those comparable with the control group, though the differences were not significant (P>0.05). Furthermore, shortened photoperiod significantly downregulated the expression of hypothalamic GnRH and TRH (P<0.01). In contrast, extended photoperiod increased the expression of GnIH, GnRH, VIP, and TRH in the hypothalamus, though these changes were not significantly different (P>0.05). GnRH protein expression followed a trend consistent with that of GnRH.In the pituitary gland, shortened photoperiod led to a significant reduction in the expression of GnRHR, FSH, and PRL (P<0.01), and a moderate decrease in TSH and LH expression. Under extended photoperiod, the expression of GnRHR, TSH, FSH, and LH recovered to levels similar to the control group.In the ovaries, shortened photoperiod resulted in decreased expression of LHR, FSHR, GnRHR, and PRLR, with significant reductions in LHR and GnRHR (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Extended photoperiod restored the expression of these factors to control levels. Protein expression levels of FSHR, LHR, and PRLR were generally consistent with their corresponding gene expression trends, though none of the differences reached statistical significance (P>0.05).In summary, these findings demonstrate that photoperiod regulates follicular development and laying performance in Xinghua chickens by modulating the expression of key factors along the reproductive axis. Shortened photoperiod downregulates the expression of reproductive-promoting factors and gonadal receptors, thereby reducing serum reproductive hormone levels and inhibiting both follicular development and egg production. Conversely, extended photoperiod upregulates reproductive factor expression, promoting follicular development and enhancing laying performance.

, authors=Shangui HUANG, Siyue PENG, Zhuoshen ZHANG, Danli JIANG, Xu SHEN, Hongjia OUYANG, Jianqiu PAN, Zhongping WU, Yunbo TIAN, Yunmao HUANG, authorsList=Shangui HUANG, Siyue PENG, Zhuoshen ZHANG, Danli JIANG, Xu SHEN, Hongjia OUYANG, Jianqiu PAN, Zhongping WU, Yunbo TIAN, Yunmao HUANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yunmao HUANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
HUANG Yunmao, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1307013565022495170, articleId=1307013558466798004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, language=CN, title=不同光周期对杏花鸡生殖轴激素调控及卵泡发育的影响, columnId=1307007399861186759, journalTitle=畜牧兽医学报, columnName=生物技术与繁殖, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究不同光周期对家禽下丘脑-垂体-性腺生殖轴(HPG轴)调控的影响,揭示光照调控母鸡卵泡发育和产蛋性能的机制,为研发调控母禽繁殖和促进种禽繁殖性能的技术提供理论依据。本试验选取860只290日龄处于产蛋期的健康杏花鸡,平均分为对照组和处理组。试验期为期61 d,对照组在试验期光照程序为16.5L:7.5D,处理组的光照程序在d1~d7为16.5L:7.5D,d8~d42为12L:12D,d43~d50为18L:6D,d51~d61为16.5L:7.5D。试验期记录产蛋数,并在d8、d43、d61检测卵巢发育、血液激素水平和生殖轴因子表达。结果显示,在16.5 h光照下,两组产蛋无明显差异,缩短光照至12 h会明显抑制产蛋,延长光照至18 h会快速拉升产蛋率,并在恢复16.5 h光照后保持比对照组高的产蛋率。与产蛋相一致,缩短光照明显减少卵巢中LYF和SYF数,延长光照会快速增加LYF数,光照变化对卵巢指数和LWF数无明显影响。缩短光照会显著降低处理组GnRH水平(P<0.05),延长光照会升高处理组各激素水平至与对照组相当,但差异均不显著(P>0.05)。缩短光照极显著降低下丘脑GnRH和TRH表达(P<0.01),延长光照会升高下丘脑GnIH、GnRH、VIP和TRH的表达,但差异不显著(P>0.05),GnRH蛋白表达水平与GnRH表达趋势一致。缩短光照会极显著降低垂体GnRHR、FSH和PRL的表达(P<0.01),一定程度降低垂体TSH和LH的表达;延长光照则使GnRHR、TSH、FSH和LH表达上升至与对照组相当水平。缩短光照使卵巢中LHR、FSHR、GnRHR和PRLR的表达下降,其中LHR 和GnRHR显著降低(P<0.05或P<0.01);延长光照使以上因子表达上升至与对照组相当水平;FSHR、LHR 和 PRLR的蛋白表达水平与相关基因的表达趋势基本一致,均无显著差异(P>0.05)。结果表明,光周期会通过影响生殖轴主要因子的表达调控杏花鸡卵泡发育和产蛋性能,缩短光照会下调生殖轴促进生殖类因子和性腺上受体的表达,进而调控血清中各生殖激素的水平,从而抑制母鸡卵泡发育和产蛋;延长光照则升高生殖因子表达,促进卵泡发育和提高产蛋。

, authors=黄善贵, 彭思跃, 张焯深, 江丹莉, 沈栩, 欧阳宏佳, 潘建秋, 伍仲平, 田允波, 黄运茂, authorsList=黄善贵, 彭思跃, 张焯深, 江丹莉, 沈栩, 欧阳宏佳, 潘建秋, 伍仲平, 田允波, 黄运茂, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=黄运茂, authorNote=

黄善贵,硕士,主要从事动物遗传育种与繁殖研究,E-mail:

黄善贵和彭思跃为同等贡献作者

彭思跃,硕士,主要从事动物遗传育种与繁殖学研究,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
黄运茂,主要从事动物繁殖生理、基因工程、畜禽健康养殖研究,E-mail:
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黄善贵和彭思跃为同等贡献作者

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彭思跃,硕士,主要从事动物遗传育种与繁殖学研究,E-mail:

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彭思跃,硕士,主要从事动物遗传育种与繁殖学研究,E-mail:

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DOI:10.15414/afz.2015.18.01.6-9, articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307281617270100459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013558466798004, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[50], rfOrder=59, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SHARP P J.Photoperiodic control of reproduction in the domestic hen[J].Poult Sci,1993,72(5):897-905. 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DOI:10.1080/10495398.2023.2196551, articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307281617400123885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013558466798004, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[52], rfOrder=61, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=TAJIMA K,ORISAKA M,MORI T,et al.Ovarian theca cells in follicular function[J].Reprod Biomed Online,2007,15(5):591-609. DOI:10.1016/s1472-6483(10)60392-6, articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307281617463038446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013558466798004, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[53], rfOrder=62, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CUI Y,WANG J,HAI-JUN Z,et al.Effect of photoperiod on ovarian morphology,reproductive hormone secretion,and hormone receptor mRNA expression in layer ducks during the pullet phase[J].Poult Sci,2019,98(6):2439-2447. DOI:10.3382/ps/pey601, articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1307281609405780398, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013558466798004, awardId=2024ZDZX4013, language=CN, fundingSource=广东省普通高校重点领域项目(2024ZDZX4013), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1307281611070919087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013558466798004, awardId=2024CXTD20, language=CN, fundingSource=广东省现代农业家禽产业技术体系创新团队(2024CXTD20), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1307281603043021151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013558466798004, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1307281603051409760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013558466798004, companyId=1307281603043021151, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Animal Science and Technology,Zhongkai University of Agricultural Engineering,Guangzhou 510225,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1307281603059798369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013558466798004, companyId=1307281603043021151, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=仲恺农业工程学院动物科技学院,广州 510225)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1307281608076186014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013558466798004, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Changes of daily laying rate of hens, figureFileSmall=gF8Cd1CSx2RRo2sC9HCaOg==, figureFileBig=5BrajbhpnjMemlDCigrpLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307281608151683487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013558466798004, language=CN, label=图1, caption=母鸡日产蛋率变化, figureFileSmall=gF8Cd1CSx2RRo2sC9HCaOg==, figureFileBig=5BrajbhpnjMemlDCigrpLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307281608260735392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013558466798004, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Serum reproductive hormone levels

a-f. Serum GnRH, FSH, LH, PRL, E2, P4 hormone levels.In the figure, * indicates significant difference (P<0.05), * * indicates extremely significant difference (P<0.01), the same as below

, figureFileSmall=6u8EzSWIYD/ohpwiMipR3Q==, figureFileBig=bygrHMjcF8lXCkkHhIQBpw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307281608336232865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013558466798004, language=CN, label=图2, caption=血清生殖激素水平

a-f.血清GnRH、FSH、LH、PRL、E2、P4激素水平。图中*表示差异显著(P<0.05),**表示差异极显著(P<0.01),下同

, figureFileSmall=6u8EzSWIYD/ohpwiMipR3Q==, figureFileBig=bygrHMjcF8lXCkkHhIQBpw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307281608415924642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013558466798004, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Expression levels of hypothalamus-related factors, figureFileSmall=YfEtqHnqbiAiRBNbI5SNKg==, figureFileBig=/LXyopKuJ3JueeGQocRnOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307281608495616419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013558466798004, language=CN, label=图3, caption=下丘脑相关因子表达水平, figureFileSmall=YfEtqHnqbiAiRBNbI5SNKg==, figureFileBig=/LXyopKuJ3JueeGQocRnOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307281608583696804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013558466798004, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Expression level of pituitary-related genes

a-f. Expression levels of GnIHR, GnRHR, TSH, FSH, LH and PRL in pituitary

, figureFileSmall=VXDdcI+XURMycbZ33OcvNQ==, figureFileBig=DIKM9iiEfXV1FAjpJSeqmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307281608659194277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013558466798004, language=CN, label=图4, caption=垂体相关基因表达水平

a-f.垂体中GnIHR、GnRHR、TSH、FSH、LH、PRL基因表达水平

, figureFileSmall=VXDdcI+XURMycbZ33OcvNQ==, figureFileBig=DIKM9iiEfXV1FAjpJSeqmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307281608743080358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013558466798004, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Expression level of gonadal-related factors

a-e. Expression levels of GnRHR, GnIHR, FSHR, LHR and PRLR genes in ovaries;f-i.Expression levels of FSHR, LHR and PRLR proteins in ovaries

, figureFileSmall=mDfgjjB2gcgr2nxYILw/jA==, figureFileBig=1ovmrJSpDdncCB/XoVTjPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307281608835355047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013558466798004, language=CN, label=图5, caption=性腺相关因子表达水平

a-e.卵巢GnRHR、GnIHR、FSHR、LHR、PRLR基因表达水平;f-i.卵巢FSHR、LHR、PRLR蛋白表达水平

, figureFileSmall=mDfgjjB2gcgr2nxYILw/jA==, figureFileBig=1ovmrJSpDdncCB/XoVTjPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307281608902463912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013558466798004, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR primers information

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

基因

Gene

引物序列(5′→3′)

Primer sequence

退火温度/℃

Tm

长度/bp

Length

序列号

GenBank No.

β-actinF: TGAATCCGGACCCTCCATTG60195>NM_205518.2
R: AGACTGCTGCTGACACCTTC
GnIHF: ACAAAGTGCCAAATTCAGTTGC60231>NM_204363.1
R: GCACTGACTTCCCGAATCTC
GnRHF: CTTGGCTCAACACTGGTCTT60191>NM_001080877.1
R: CTTCGATCAGGCTTGCCATG
VIPF: GGAAACAGACTGCCCTTTGA60172>NM_001177309.2
R: CATCAGAGTGGCGTTTGACA
TRHF: AACCAGTTGCAGAAAATCACAA60242>NM_001030383.2
R: CATTGTGGCAGAGGCATGTT
GnIHRF: CGTGGACAACCTCATCACGG60136>NM_204362.1
R: GACGATGCAGCGAAACCTCTC
GnRHRF: GGCACGAGACCCTCTACAAC60139>XM_046924978.1
R: ACGTCCCTGGAGGAGAAGAG
PRLF: CGGGTTCATTCTGGTGATGC60173>NM_205466.3
R: AGGCGGCACTTCAAAACTTT
PRLRF: ATCGTTTTGGGTGTCTTATC60252>XM_046934786.1
R: ATCCTCGCTGTCCTCTACTT
LHF: CCATAAACGTAACGGTGGCG60133>NM_001080877.1
R: CCCAAAGGGCTGCGATACAC
FSHF: TGCGGTGACCATCCTGAATC60144>NM_204257.2
R: TTGATTGCTTCCATTGTGACTGA
TSHF: CATCAACACCACCATCTGCG60143>NM_205063.4
R: GAGGACAGCCCGGAATCAGT
FSHRF: ATGTCCTTGGGTCTCACCTG60202>XM_046913182.1
R: CTGTGAAAGCTCCCTTCGGA
LHRF: AACCTCAGGCGGATACACAA60200>NM_204936.2
R: TAGGTCAGAACGGCTTCCAG
), ArticleFig(id=1307281608973767081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013558466798004, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

实时荧光定量 PCR引物信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

基因

Gene

引物序列(5′→3′)

Primer sequence

退火温度/℃

Tm

长度/bp

Length

序列号

GenBank No.

β-actinF: TGAATCCGGACCCTCCATTG60195>NM_205518.2
R: AGACTGCTGCTGACACCTTC
GnIHF: ACAAAGTGCCAAATTCAGTTGC60231>NM_204363.1
R: GCACTGACTTCCCGAATCTC
GnRHF: CTTGGCTCAACACTGGTCTT60191>NM_001080877.1
R: CTTCGATCAGGCTTGCCATG
VIPF: GGAAACAGACTGCCCTTTGA60172>NM_001177309.2
R: CATCAGAGTGGCGTTTGACA
TRHF: AACCAGTTGCAGAAAATCACAA60242>NM_001030383.2
R: CATTGTGGCAGAGGCATGTT
GnIHRF: CGTGGACAACCTCATCACGG60136>NM_204362.1
R: GACGATGCAGCGAAACCTCTC
GnRHRF: GGCACGAGACCCTCTACAAC60139>XM_046924978.1
R: ACGTCCCTGGAGGAGAAGAG
PRLF: CGGGTTCATTCTGGTGATGC60173>NM_205466.3
R: AGGCGGCACTTCAAAACTTT
PRLRF: ATCGTTTTGGGTGTCTTATC60252>XM_046934786.1
R: ATCCTCGCTGTCCTCTACTT
LHF: CCATAAACGTAACGGTGGCG60133>NM_001080877.1
R: CCCAAAGGGCTGCGATACAC
FSHF: TGCGGTGACCATCCTGAATC60144>NM_204257.2
R: TTGATTGCTTCCATTGTGACTGA
TSHF: CATCAACACCACCATCTGCG60143>NM_205063.4
R: GAGGACAGCCCGGAATCAGT
FSHRF: ATGTCCTTGGGTCTCACCTG60202>XM_046913182.1
R: CTGTGAAAGCTCCCTTCGGA
LHRF: AACCTCAGGCGGATACACAA60200>NM_204936.2
R: TAGGTCAGAACGGCTTCCAG
), ArticleFig(id=1307281609049264554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013558466798004, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Egg laying rate of hens at different production stages

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别 Group对照组/% Control处理组/% Treat
d1-d757.57±1.7156.43±1.99
d8-d4354.81±2.17A49.18±5.53B
d44-d5152.60±2.44A41.83±3.31B
d52-d6150.96±3.3352.57±3.03
), ArticleFig(id=1307281609128956331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013558466798004, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

母鸡各阶段产蛋率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别 Group对照组/% Control处理组/% Treat
d1-d757.57±1.7156.43±1.99
d8-d4354.81±2.17A49.18±5.53B
d44-d5152.60±2.44A41.83±3.31B
d52-d6150.96±3.3352.57±3.03
), ArticleFig(id=1307281609191870892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013558466798004, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Changes of follicle type and number in hens

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

时间

Time

性腺指数/% GSI大黄卵泡 LYF小黄卵泡 SYF大白卵泡 LWF

对照组

Control

处理组

Treat

对照组

Control

处理组

Treat

对照组

Control

处理组

Treat

对照组

Control

处理组

Treat

d81.74±0.321.83±0.295.67±0.825.50±0.557.00±4.474.83±3.6631.33±10.4126.17±8.98
d431.68±0.361.66±0.365.83±0.984.50±2.355.67±1.033.50±2.8822.17±7.1424.17±10.53
d611.72±0.341.80±0.574.67±1.035.67±0.8210.67±4.508.00±4.0023.83±9.3021.17±5.78
), ArticleFig(id=1307281609263174061, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013558466798004, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

母鸡卵泡类型及数量变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

时间

Time

性腺指数/% GSI大黄卵泡 LYF小黄卵泡 SYF大白卵泡 LWF

对照组

Control

处理组

Treat

对照组

Control

处理组

Treat

对照组

Control

处理组

Treat

对照组

Control

处理组

Treat

d81.74±0.321.83±0.295.67±0.825.50±0.557.00±4.474.83±3.6631.33±10.4126.17±8.98
d431.68±0.361.66±0.365.83±0.984.50±2.355.67±1.033.50±2.8822.17±7.1424.17±10.53
d611.72±0.341.80±0.574.67±1.035.67±0.8210.67±4.508.00±4.0023.83±9.3021.17±5.78
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不同光周期对杏花鸡生殖轴激素调控及卵泡发育的影响
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黄善贵 , 彭思跃 , 张焯深 , 江丹莉 , 沈栩 , 欧阳宏佳 , 潘建秋 , 伍仲平 , 田允波 , 黄运茂
畜牧兽医学报 | 生物技术与繁殖 2026,57(3): 1470-1482
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畜牧兽医学报 |生物技术与繁殖 2026 , 57 (3) : 1470 -1482
不同光周期对杏花鸡生殖轴激素调控及卵泡发育的影响
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黄善贵, 彭思跃 , 张焯深, 江丹莉, 沈栩, 欧阳宏佳, 潘建秋, 伍仲平, 田允波, 黄运茂
作者信息
  • 仲恺农业工程学院动物科技学院,广州 510225
通讯作者:
黄运茂,主要从事动物繁殖生理、基因工程、畜禽健康养殖研究,E-mail:
作者简介:

黄善贵,硕士,主要从事动物遗传育种与繁殖研究,E-mail:

黄善贵和彭思跃为同等贡献作者

彭思跃,硕士,主要从事动物遗传育种与繁殖学研究,E-mail:

Effects of Different Photoperiods on Reproductive Axis Hormone Regulation and Follicle Development in Xinghua Hens
Shangui HUANG, Siyue PENG , Zhuoshen ZHANG, Danli JIANG, Xu SHEN, Hongjia OUYANG, Jianqiu PAN, Zhongping WU, Yunbo TIAN, Yunmao HUANG
Affiliations
  • College of Animal Science and Technology,Zhongkai University of Agricultural Engineering,Guangzhou 510225,China
  • Corresponding Author:
    HUANG Yunmao, E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-03-23 doi: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.03.025
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为探究不同光周期对家禽下丘脑-垂体-性腺生殖轴(HPG轴)调控的影响,揭示光照调控母鸡卵泡发育和产蛋性能的机制,为研发调控母禽繁殖和促进种禽繁殖性能的技术提供理论依据。本试验选取860只290日龄处于产蛋期的健康杏花鸡,平均分为对照组和处理组。试验期为期61 d,对照组在试验期光照程序为16.5L:7.5D,处理组的光照程序在d1~d7为16.5L:7.5D,d8~d42为12L:12D,d43~d50为18L:6D,d51~d61为16.5L:7.5D。试验期记录产蛋数,并在d8、d43、d61检测卵巢发育、血液激素水平和生殖轴因子表达。结果显示,在16.5 h光照下,两组产蛋无明显差异,缩短光照至12 h会明显抑制产蛋,延长光照至18 h会快速拉升产蛋率,并在恢复16.5 h光照后保持比对照组高的产蛋率。与产蛋相一致,缩短光照明显减少卵巢中LYF和SYF数,延长光照会快速增加LYF数,光照变化对卵巢指数和LWF数无明显影响。缩短光照会显著降低处理组GnRH水平(P<0.05),延长光照会升高处理组各激素水平至与对照组相当,但差异均不显著(P>0.05)。缩短光照极显著降低下丘脑GnRH和TRH表达(P<0.01),延长光照会升高下丘脑GnIH、GnRH、VIP和TRH的表达,但差异不显著(P>0.05),GnRH蛋白表达水平与GnRH表达趋势一致。缩短光照会极显著降低垂体GnRHR、FSH和PRL的表达(P<0.01),一定程度降低垂体TSH和LH的表达;延长光照则使GnRHR、TSH、FSH和LH表达上升至与对照组相当水平。缩短光照使卵巢中LHR、FSHR、GnRHR和PRLR的表达下降,其中LHR 和GnRHR显著降低(P<0.05或P<0.01);延长光照使以上因子表达上升至与对照组相当水平;FSHR、LHR 和 PRLR的蛋白表达水平与相关基因的表达趋势基本一致,均无显著差异(P>0.05)。结果表明,光周期会通过影响生殖轴主要因子的表达调控杏花鸡卵泡发育和产蛋性能,缩短光照会下调生殖轴促进生殖类因子和性腺上受体的表达,进而调控血清中各生殖激素的水平,从而抑制母鸡卵泡发育和产蛋;延长光照则升高生殖因子表达,促进卵泡发育和提高产蛋。

光照  /  杏花鸡  /  HPG轴  /  卵泡发育  /  产蛋性能

This study aimed to explore the impact of different photoperiods on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis in poultry, to reveal the mechanisms by which light regulates the follicles development and egg production performance of hen, and to provide a theoretical basis for the development of technologies to regulate the reproduction of female poultry and enhance the reproductive performance of breeding poultry. A total of 860 healthy Xinghua hens, aged 290 days and in the egg-laying period, were randomly divided into a control group and a treatment group. The experiment lasted for 61 days, with the control group maintained on a lighting schedule of 16.5L:7.5D throughout the experimental period. The lighting schedule for the treatment group was 16.5L:7.5D from day 1 to day 7, 12L:12D from day 8 to day 42, 18L:6D from day 43 to day 50, and 16.5L:7.5D from day 51 to day 61. Egg production was recorded throughout the experiment, and ovarian development, blood hormone levels, and reproductive axis factor expression were measured on days 8, 43, and 61, respectively. The results showed that under 16.5 hours of light exposure, there was no significant difference in egg production between the two groups. Shortening the light exposure to 12 hours significantly suppressed egg production, while extending it to 18 hours rapidly increased the egg production rate, which remained higher than that of the control group after restoring 16.5 hours of light exposure. Consistent with egg production, reducing light exposure significantly decreased the number of LYF and SYF in the ovaries, while extending light exposure quickly increased the number of LYF. However, changes in light exposure had no significant effect on the ovarian index or the number of LWF. Results showed that shortened photoperiod significantly reduced GnRH levels in the treatment group (P<0.05), while extended photoperiod restored hormone levels to those comparable with the control group, though the differences were not significant (P>0.05). Furthermore, shortened photoperiod significantly downregulated the expression of hypothalamic GnRH and TRH (P<0.01). In contrast, extended photoperiod increased the expression of GnIH, GnRH, VIP, and TRH in the hypothalamus, though these changes were not significantly different (P>0.05). GnRH protein expression followed a trend consistent with that of GnRH.In the pituitary gland, shortened photoperiod led to a significant reduction in the expression of GnRHR, FSH, and PRL (P<0.01), and a moderate decrease in TSH and LH expression. Under extended photoperiod, the expression of GnRHR, TSH, FSH, and LH recovered to levels similar to the control group.In the ovaries, shortened photoperiod resulted in decreased expression of LHR, FSHR, GnRHR, and PRLR, with significant reductions in LHR and GnRHR (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Extended photoperiod restored the expression of these factors to control levels. Protein expression levels of FSHR, LHR, and PRLR were generally consistent with their corresponding gene expression trends, though none of the differences reached statistical significance (P>0.05).In summary, these findings demonstrate that photoperiod regulates follicular development and laying performance in Xinghua chickens by modulating the expression of key factors along the reproductive axis. Shortened photoperiod downregulates the expression of reproductive-promoting factors and gonadal receptors, thereby reducing serum reproductive hormone levels and inhibiting both follicular development and egg production. Conversely, extended photoperiod upregulates reproductive factor expression, promoting follicular development and enhancing laying performance.

lighting  /  Xinghua chicken  /  HPG axis  /  follicular development  /  egg production performance
黄善贵, 彭思跃, 张焯深, 江丹莉, 沈栩, 欧阳宏佳, 潘建秋, 伍仲平, 田允波, 黄运茂. 不同光周期对杏花鸡生殖轴激素调控及卵泡发育的影响. 畜牧兽医学报, 2026 , 57 (3) : 1470 -1482 . DOI: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.03.025
Shangui HUANG, Siyue PENG, Zhuoshen ZHANG, Danli JIANG, Xu SHEN, Hongjia OUYANG, Jianqiu PAN, Zhongping WU, Yunbo TIAN, Yunmao HUANG. Effects of Different Photoperiods on Reproductive Axis Hormone Regulation and Follicle Development in Xinghua Hens[J]. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, 2026 , 57 (3) : 1470 -1482 . DOI: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.03.025
自然环境因子会对动物生长发育和繁殖活动产生重要影响,其中光照对于禽(鸟)类的繁殖活动有着关键调控作用,包括影响禽(鸟)类的卵泡发育、精子生成、受精等生殖发育功能[1⁃4]。对于季节性繁殖禽(鸟)类,光周期在其繁殖活动季节性变化过程中更是发挥关键调控作用[5]。通常情况下,光照对禽(鸟)类繁殖活动的影响主要包括光照强度、光色和光照持续时间3个方面[6⁃10]。研究表明,0.1~10 lx范围内随着光照强度的增强肉鸡体重和采食量会得到改善[11],并且与5 lx和10 lx相比,肉鸡更喜欢在20 lx的光照条件下采食[7]。除此之外,光照强度能显著提高种公鸡的采精量、精子活力、精子密度,受精率也有所提高[12]。当光照强度提升至15 lx时,鸭的性腺功能得到更好的维持,而鹅的性腺功能在冬季要维持则需要20 lx以上的光照强度[3]。光色同样会对家禽生产性能产生显著影响,有研究显示,绿色和黄色等较短波长可刺激促性腺激素抑制激素的分泌,从而抑制繁殖性能[13];在红光照射下,蛋鸡性腺GnRH 的基因水平升高,其繁殖性能得到提升,蓝光与绿光则显著促进GnIH的表达[6]。Baxter等[14]发现,与绿光相比,红光和白光使母鸡卵巢活性更强,E2浓度更高,产蛋峰值越高,维持时间越长,且总产蛋量明显提高,绿光则促进母鸡性腺快速退化。Chang等[8]也发现,在30 lx光照强度下,红色LED灯相比于白光与蓝光对种禽繁殖性能具有最佳效果,其中红>白>蓝。光照时长对禽(鸟)类的繁殖性能也影响明显。研究表明,在鹅、鸭和鹌鹑等禽(鸟)类上,不同的光照时间会明显影响繁殖活性和卵泡发育,最终影响产蛋性能,其中光照时间过长或过短均会抑制卵泡发育和产蛋,适度光照时长才会获得最佳产蛋性能,但不同物种所需的最佳光照时长不同。研究显示,光照时间延长至24 h能显著提升山麻鸭的产蛋[15,16],光照时长16 h能更好促进鹌鹑产蛋[2],而在马冈鹅上保持最佳产蛋的光照时长为11~13 h[17]。Cui等[18]发现,光周期延长能改善蛋鸭卵巢活性并促进产蛋,且以16.56~16.93 h为最佳光周期;Lewis等[19]观察到,在8~13 h光周期下,光周期每增加1 h,蛋鸡产蛋量会提高1%左右;Molino等[20]发现,在15 h的光周期下,日本鹌鹑可获得最佳产蛋量和蛋品质;Geng等[21]也发现,16 h的光照处理比12和14 h更能促进北京油鸡产蛋。在养禽生产中,光照被广泛用于家禽生产,用于控制禽类卵泡发育和提高产蛋性能以及控制季节性繁殖,如在种鸡和蛋鸡生成中普遍采用16 h左右的光照时长策略和利用变光程序控制种鹅进行反季节繁殖[22]。由于不同物种或品种的禽(鸟)类对光照的反应不同,因此繁殖所需的最佳光照程序也有所不同。在实际生产中,由于缺乏相关的研究支撑,导致很多家禽生产普通套用鸡上的光照程序,而且绝大数为恒定光照程序,这很大程度上限制了家禽繁殖潜能的发挥。
光照对禽(鸟)类繁殖活动的调控主要通过下丘脑-垂体-性腺(hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal, HPG)轴,其中下丘脑分泌的GnRH和GnIH是重要调控因子,分别对禽类繁殖起着正、负调控作用[23,24],直接调控FSH、LH的合成与释放[25⁃27],进而调控禽类繁殖活动[28,29]。与其他动物不同,光照对禽(鸟)类的影响除了视网膜,还可以通过下丘脑光感受器(deep-brain photoreceptors,DBPs)将光信号转化为神经冲动来影响HPG轴。研究表明,光照可以通过下丘脑DBPs影响TSH-DIO2/DIO3系统,调控下丘脑GnRH的分泌,对家禽繁殖产生影响[30⁃33];对于不同繁殖类型的禽(鸟)类,光照变化对TSH-DIO2/DIO3影响不同,因此对繁殖活动影响也不同。在长日照繁殖型鹌鹑上,延长光照导致OPN5表达上升,会提升TSH-DIO2/DIO3通路效率,促进山麻鸭和鹌鹑卵泡发育和产蛋性能[15,34];在短日照繁殖型马冈鹅上,延长光照也会导致OPN5表达上升,但会抑制TSH-DIO2/DIO3通路效率,进而抑制种鹅繁殖性能[17]。PRL是禽类就巢的关键启动和维持因子,同时与季节性繁殖禽(鸟)类的繁殖活动变化紧密相关。光照在影响禽(鸟)类繁殖活动过程中,对PRL的表达和分泌也发挥着重要影响,在禽(鸟)类繁殖活动季节性变化过程中呈现出明显的季节性特征[10,35]。这些提示,VIP-PRL通路在光照调控禽类繁殖活动的过程中同样发挥了重要作用。
在现代家禽生产上,如何提高种禽和蛋禽的产蛋性能一直是产业面临的重要难题,包括提升产蛋峰值和维持产蛋高峰时间。光照作为调控禽(鸟)类繁殖活动的重要因子,需要深入系统研究不同光照程序对不同禽(鸟)类卵巢活性、卵泡发育和产蛋性能的影响,通过揭示光照对生殖轴及卵巢活性的调控机理,为研发能促进禽(鸟)类产蛋的光照调控技术提供理论支撑。本试验以岭南优质地方鸡种杏花鸡为研究对象,研究变光程序对种鸡卵泡发育、产蛋及生殖轴内分泌的影响,以期在揭示光照调控杏花鸡卵泡发育及产蛋机制的同时,为开发提高杏花鸡产蛋性能的最佳光照程序提供依据,同时也为其他家禽最佳光照程序的研发提供借鉴。
本试验选择860只290日龄处于正常产蛋期的健康杏花鸡,由广东省肇庆封开县智诚家禽育种有限公司提供,并在该场开展试验。所有试验均由仲恺农业工程学院动物伦理委员会批准。将杏花鸡随机平均分成对照组和处理组(n=430),对照组在试验期接受16.5 h的光照(16.5L:7.5D);处理组在d1~d7接受16.5 h光照(16.5L:7.5D),d8~d42将光照时间缩短至12 h(12L:12D),d43将光照时间延长至18 h(18L:6D),d51再次将光照时间缩短至16.5 h(16.5L:7.5D),直至试验结束。试验为期61 d,试验期动物均采取单笼饲养、限饲(110 (g·只)·d-1)和自由饮水。记录每组每天的产蛋数,在d8、d43、d61对每组进行翅下静脉采血(n=9),分离血清留待激素测定,并解剖动物检查卵泡发育情况(n=6),记录各级卵泡数量,按直径划分为大黄卵泡,其中包括等级卵泡(LYF,9~12 mm)、小黄卵泡(SYF,6~8 mm)、大白卵泡(LWF,3~5 mm)3种,测定性腺重并计算性腺指数,采集下丘脑、垂体和卵巢等样品留待基因和蛋白表达水平检测。
TRIzol Reagent购于中国上海玉博生物科技有限公司;PrimeScriptr RT reagent Kit with gDNA Eraser购于中国北京宝日医生物技术有限公司;2×RealStar Fast SYBR qPCR Mix购于中国北京康润诚业生物有限公司;Chicken LH ELISA Kit、Chicken FSH ELISA Kit、Chicken E2 ELISA Kit购于美国马里兰州Signalway Antibody公司;GnRH ELISA酶联免疫试剂盒购于中国江苏酶免实业有限公司;鸡Pg酶联免疫试剂盒购于中国武汉伊莱瑞特生物科技股份有限公司;HRP, Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG、HRP, Goat Anti-Mouse IgG、Beta Actin Mouse McAb、FSHR Rabbit PolyAb购于美国Proteintech公司;PRLR Ab、LHR Ab购于美国Affinity公司。
全波长酶标仪Multiskan GO、实时荧光定量PCR仪QuantStudio 7 Flex、梯度PCR仪Veriti 96-well Thermal Cycler、微孔板恒温振荡器TS200、低温高速离心机Micro 21R购于中国上海赛默飞世尔科技有限公司;全自动组织破碎仪JXFSTPRP购于上海净信实业发展有限公司;化学发光成像系统Tanon-5200购于中国上海天能科技有限公司。
血清中生殖激素的检测均按照试剂盒说明书进行,检测血清中 GnRH、FSH、LH、E2和P4的激素水平。GnRH检测灵敏度为5 mIU·mL-1;FSH的检测灵敏度为1 mIU·mL-1;LH的检测灵敏度为0.5 mIU·mL-1;E2的检测灵敏度为0.062 ng·mL-1;P4的检测灵敏度为0.06 ng·mL-1。试验内和试验间的变异系数均小于15%,标准曲线的r值均大于0.99。PRL激素检测试剂盒由江苏省农业科学院提供,参考Chen等[36]开发的家禽血浆PRL浓度检测方法,检测血清中PRL的激素水平。
TRIzol法提取下丘脑、垂体及卵巢的总 RNA,使用 TaKaRa反转录试剂盒将 RNA 反转录为cDNA,然后通过qRT-PCR定量检测下丘脑中GnIH、GnRH、VIP、TRH;垂体中GnIHR、GnRHR、TSH、FSH、LH、PRL;卵巢中GnIHR、GnRHR、LHR、PRLR、FSHR的基因表达水平。根据NCBI上参考序列,利用Primer5.0设计目的基因和内参基因ACTB的引物(表1),送由中国上海生工股份有限公司合成,以cDNA为模板,配制10 μL反应体系:MasterMix 5 μL,上、下游引物各0.1 μL,ddH2O 4.5 μL,cDNA模板0.3 μL。反应条件设定:50 ℃预变性 2 min;95 ℃ 10 min,95 ℃ 15 s,Tm ℃ 1 min,40个循环。每个样品设3个重复,用ACTB作为内参基因进行校正。
所有数据均采用Graphpad prism 9.0软件进行双因素方差分析,并采用Tukey法进行显著性差异检验,P<0.05表示差异显著(用*表示),P<0.01表示差异极显著(用**表示),P>0.05表示差异不显著,数据表示为“平均值±标准误(mean±SEM)”。qRT-PCR结果采用相对定量法(ΔΔCt法),处理基因相对表达量用2-ΔΔCt表示。性腺指数计算公式为:
GSI=性腺重量体重×100%。
试验期两组的产蛋率结果显示(图1和表2),对照组在16.5L:7.5D的光照条件下产蛋率比较稳定,随着产蛋时间的延长稍有下降,日产蛋率维持50%~60%。处理组在d1-d7的产蛋率与对照组无明显差异;在d8-d43将光照缩短为12 h时,产蛋率逐步快速下降,由60%左右下降至低于40%,该阶段的日产蛋率显著低于对照组(P<0.01);d44-d51处理组光照时间延长至18 h后,产蛋率仍处于低水平,日产蛋率仍显著低于对照组(P<0.01),但日产蛋在光照延长3~5 d后快速上升与对照组相当水平;d52-d61将光照时间缩短至16.5 h后,处理组日产蛋率快速超过对照组,直到试验结束,该阶段日产蛋率明显高于对照组。
检查母鸡卵巢发育情况并统计卵泡类型与数量(表3),结果显示,在d8、d43和d61两组的性腺指数无明显变化,但在短光照处理后,处理组性腺指数要略低于对照组,延长光照后则略高于对照组。在卵泡发育方面,在d8两组的LYF数无明显区别,d43处理组的LYF数明显低于对照组,虽然差异不显著(P>0.05);d61两组的LYF数仍差异不显著(P>0.05),但处理组明显高于对照组。在3个时间点,处理组的SYF数明显低于对照组,但差异不显著(P>0.05);LWF数则与对照组无显著差异(P>0.05)。
检测血清生殖激素水平(图2),结果显示,d8时两组的各激素水平均无显著差异(P>0.05);缩短光照处理后,d43处理组的GnRH显著低于对照组(P<0.05),而FSH、LH、PRL和P4浓度低于对照组,但无显著差异(P>0.05);延长光照后恢复到16.5 h光照,d61处理组各激素水平恢复与对照组相当水平,其中FSH和P4略高于对照组,但两组均无显著差异(P>0.05)。
检测下脑主要生殖因子表达水平(图3)。结果显示,d8两组的GnIH、GnRH、VIP和TRH表达水平无明显差异(P>0.05)。缩短光照处理一段时间后,d43处理组的GnRH和TRH的表达极显著低于对照组(P<0.01),GnIH和VIP的表达虽略低于对照组,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。延长光照处理后,恢复到16.5 h光照,d61处理组的GnIH、GnRH、VIP和TRH表达水平与对照组相当,甚至都略高于对照组,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。GnRH蛋白表达趋势与GnRH基因表达水平基本一致,d8 处理组GnRH蛋白表达水平略高于对照组,缩短光照后处理组GnRH蛋白表达水平降低且低于对照组,延长光照处理一段时间后重新恢复16.5 h的光照后,处理组GnRH表达水平逐渐升高,但均无显著差异(P>0.05)。
检测垂体主要生殖因子基因表达水平(图4)。结果显示,在相同光照条件下,两组垂体主要生殖因子的表达在d8均无显著差异(P>0.05)。缩短光照处理一段时间后,d43处理组的GnRHR、TSH、FSH和LH的表达与对照组相比均有所下降,其中GnRHR、FSH和PRL的表达水平极显著或显著低于对照组(P<0.01);GnIHR的表达水平则略高于对照组,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。延长光照处理一段时间后重新恢复16.5 h的光照后,d61处理组的GnRHR、TSH、FSH和LH表达上升至与对照组相当水平,甚至前三者略高于对照组;GnIHR和PRL的表达水平与对照组相当略有升高。
检测卵巢生殖因子受体表达水平(图5)。结果显示,在相同光照下,GnIHR、GnRHR、FSHR、LHR和PRLR的表达水平在两组间无明显差异。在缩短光照处理后,与对照组相比,d43处理组的LHR、FSHR、GnRHR、PRLR表达均下降,其中LHR 和GnRHR显著或极显著低于对照组(P<0.05或P<0.01);GnIHR的表达则在两组间无明显差异。在延长光照处理一段时间后,重新恢复16.5 h光照后,处理组5个因子的表达水均与对照组相当,无明显差异,其中GnRHR的表达水平要高于对照组,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。在相同光照下,处理组FSHR、LHR和PRLR的蛋白表达水平略高于对照组,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。缩短光照处理后,FSHR和PRLR蛋白水平升高至略高于对照组,LHR蛋白则升高至与对照组相当。在延长光照处理一段时间后,重新恢复16.5 h光照后,处理组FSHR和PRLR水平与对照组相当,而处理组LHR蛋白水平则表现出略低于对照组的趋势,但无显著差异(P>0.05)。
光照作为禽类繁殖的重要调控因子,不同光周期会通过调控HPG轴影响禽类繁殖性能。在本试验中,当杏花鸡处在16.5L:7.5D的光照程序下,两组日产蛋率均为50%~60%,同实际生产一致。整个试验期,对照组均处于16.5L:7.5D光照程序下,日产蛋率随着产蛋时间的持续逐步稍有下降,与实际生产结果相符。究其原因,一方面可能是长时间高负荷产蛋导致母鸡卵巢氧化损伤[37],另一方面可能由于长时间长光照处理,导致光钝化现象[38⁃40]。处理组在接受12 h短光照处理后,日产蛋率快速下降,显著低于对照组,LYF和SYF数略微减少,但差异不显著;当经过1周18 h光照处理后恢复到16.5 h光照,处理组日产蛋率快速上升,并且在试验末高于对照组,LYF和SYF数也提升至与对照组相当水平。结果进一步证实,在适度范围内,长光照促进家禽繁殖性能,短光照则抑制繁殖性能[41],这与在其他禽(鸟)类上观察到的结果一致,只是不同禽(鸟)类对应的长短光照有所不同。有研究发现,长光照处理下的北京油鸡产蛋率更高,卵泡数更多[42];16 h以上光照时间比12 h光照更能促进蛋鸭产蛋,光照时间加至20 h能显著升高血液GnIH和PRL浓度[18];将光照程序由16L:8D改为8L:16D,鹌鹑产蛋率和卵泡数急剧下降,恢复至12L:12D则产蛋率和卵泡数得到恢复[34];在匈牙利白鹅上,11 h和14 h的光照比8 h更好促进母鹅产蛋[43]。
检测血液生殖激素水平,发现LH和PRL水平变化趋势与日产蛋率一致。在相同光照程序下,两组LH和PRL水平无明显差异;处理组在缩短光照后,PRL和LH水平低于对照组,虽差异不显著,恢复长光照后则上升至与对照组相当水平。这说明光照缩短会降低PRL分泌,抑制LH分泌和产蛋,与相关研究结果相符。有研究报道,长光照条件下FSH和LH浓度显著高于对照组[44],而将光照从14 h降至8 h会降低母鸡血清LH水平[45];这在其他禽类上也得到了验证,有研究表明,延长光照显著提高血清卵巢指数和GnRH、LH、E2、P4和PRL水平,促进山麻鸭产蛋[15],蛋鸭上也得到了相似结论[18,46]。也有研究报道,延长光照会升高山麻鸭、鹌鹑、鹅等禽鸟类血液PRL浓度,缩短光照则抑制LH、E2、P4和PRL合成与分泌[10,15,47⁃49]。但同时有研究表明,过高或过低浓度的PRL均会抑制家禽繁殖活性,适宜的PRL水平才是家禽繁殖所需,PRL对禽鸟繁殖呈现双向调节作用[12]。其中的作用机制以及是否介导了不同光照时间对禽鸟类繁殖的调控都不得而知,需要作进一步深入研究。
本试验检测了下丘脑-垂体层面主要生殖因子的表达水平,结果发现这些因子的表达趋势与产蛋、激素的变化相一致。缩短光照后,处理组下丘脑GnRH、TRH和VIP表达水平和GnRH的蛋白表达水平低于对照组,恢复长光照后,相关因子的表达水平上升至与对照组相当水平;垂体GnRHR、TSH、PRL、FSH和LH的表达也明显下降,均低于对照组,恢复长光照后则上升,且略高于对照组。所得结果与相关研究报道一致,缩短光照会导致家鸡产蛋下降和GnRH-I神经元活性迅速降低[50];长光照条件下母鸡GnRH、FSH和LH基因表达水平明显高于短光照[44];长光照处理山麻鸭,下丘脑GnRH基因和蛋白表达水平,TRH、VIP和垂体GnRHR、TSH、FSH和LH的基因表达水平明显高于短光照组,GnIH和GnIHR基因表达水平则低于短光照组[15],在鹌鹑上也发现类似结果[51]。而对于短日照繁殖型马冈鹅来说,延长光照则会降低下丘脑GnRH基因和蛋白表达水平[17]。
由于上游激素要与性腺上受体结合才能对卵泡发育发挥调控作用[28,29,52],本试验进一步检测性腺中主要生殖因子受体的基因表达。结果显示,缩短光照会明显降低卵巢LHR、FSHR、GnRHR和PRLR的基因表达水平,恢复长光照会使这些因子表达上升至与对照组相当水平。卵巢生殖相关蛋白表达趋势与该生殖因子基因表达的趋势基本一致。这些变化趋势与母鸡产蛋、卵泡发育、血液激素的变化趋势基本一致,与上游对应因子的表达也相呼应。这进一步证实,生殖轴上游激素要通过与性腺层面的受体结合才能发挥对卵泡发育的调控,这在其他禽鸟类上也得到了印证,缩短光照在抑制鹌鹑产蛋的同时,也明显降低性腺FSHR基因和蛋白表达水平,升高GnIH和GnIHR表达水平[2],缩短光照处理同样会明显降低山麻鸭FSHR、LHR和PRLR基因表达水平[47];也有研究报道,长光照条件下蛋鸡和蛋鸭FSHR和LHR水平明显高于短光照组[18,53]。因此,光照在调控禽鸟类繁殖活动的过程中,除了影响生殖轴上游激素的表达,同时也影响性腺层面相应受体的合成与表达,只是其中具体机制仍不清楚,有待进一步研究。
本研究结果表明,改变光照时长能明显影响杏花鸡种鸡生殖内分泌、卵泡发育和产蛋。缩短光照时间会显著下调GnRH和TRH的表达水平、垂体GnRHR、FSH和PRL的表达水平和卵巢GnRHR、LHR的表达,降低其它生殖因子的基因和蛋白表达水平,进而调控血清中各生殖激素的水平,从而抑制母鸡卵泡发育和产蛋性能;延长光照则提高促生殖因子表达以及促进母鸡卵泡发育和产蛋性能。
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2026年第57卷第3期
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doi: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.03.025
  • 接收时间:2025-04-30
  • 首发时间:2026-09-16
  • 出版时间:2026-03-23
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-30
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广东省普通高校重点领域项目(2024ZDZX4013)
广东省现代农业家禽产业技术体系创新团队(2024CXTD20)
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    仲恺农业工程学院动物科技学院,广州 510225

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黄运茂,主要从事动物繁殖生理、基因工程、畜禽健康养殖研究,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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