Article(id=1307013544222946203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307013423896753139, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.03.031, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1742400000000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789545912079, onlineDateStr=2026-09-16, pubDate=1774195200000, pubDateStr=2026-03-23, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789545912079, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789545912079, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789545912079, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1307013423896753139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, year='2026', volume='57', issue='3', pageStart='1177', pageEnd='1776', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774195200000', pubDateStr='2026-03-23', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789545883392, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789609930841, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1307282058464743901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307013423896753139, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1307282058464743902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307013423896753139, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1549, endPage=1558, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1307013544466215836, articleId=1307013544222946203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, language=EN, title=Study on the Technology of Feed Utilization of Table Leftovers by Enzyme Bacteria Combined with Solid-state Fermentation, columnId=1307007400746176631, journalTitle=Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, columnName=ANIMAL NUTRITION AND FEEDS, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The purpose of this study is to provide a solution for the feed utilization of table leftover food by studying the mixed solid-state fermentation technology of table leftover food and corn germ meal. The detection indicators were dry matter disappearance rate and reducing sugar content. The single factor and response surface and other experimental methods were used to optimize the process parameters of solid-state fermentation of table leftover food-corn germ meal enzyme, and the effects of cellulase addition amount and enzyme preparation X1 addition amount on the dry matter disappearancerate and sugar content of solid-state fermentation products were investigated by single factor method based on the initial fermentation conditions. The optimum addition amount of cellulase and enzyme preparation X1 and fermentation time were obtained by response surface method. Twenty-four 22-day-old Arbor Acres (AA) cockerels of similar body weight and in good health condition were randomly divided into 3 groups, which were fed the basal diet and the two experimental diets, respectively, and the metabolizable energy value was measured. The results showed that as the addition amount of cellulase increased, the content of reducing sugar and the disappearance rate of dry matter increased. When the addition amount was 10.5 g·kg-1, the increase of dry disappearance slowed down (P>0.05), and when the addition amount was 13.5 g·kg-1, the increase of reducing sugar slowed. As the addition amount of enzyme preparation X1 increased, the content of reducing sugar and the disappearance rate of dry matter tended to increase as a whole. When the addition amount was 6.0 g·kg-1, the content of reducing sugar and the disappearance rate of dry matter both showed a downward trend. With dry matter degradation rate R1 as the value, the response surface recommended the best fermentation conditions as cellulase: 10.154 g·kg-1; Enzyme preparation X1: 90 g·kg-1, solid fermentation time of lactic acid bacteria was 96 h. With reducing sugar R2 as the response value, the response surface recommended the fermentation conditions as cellulase: 7.842 g·kg-1; Enzyme preparation X1: 9.0 g·kg-1, fermentation was 96 h. The solid-state fermentation of mixing table leftover food and corn germ meal, fermenting for 72 h at 37 ℃ with moisture content of 55%, the dry matter disappearance rate increased by 19.84%, the reducing sugar content increased by 162.44·g-1, and the metabolizable energy value increased by 17.8% compared with the control group. The results suggested that the utilization of solid-state fermentation with enzyme and bacteria not only solves the problem of difficult drying of high-moisture table leftover food but also greatly improves its nutritional value, providing a scientific basis for its feed utilization.

, authors=Huixin ZHANG1, 2, Mengli ZHENG2, Tieying ZHANG2, Yuchang QIN2, Ying MA3, Junmin ZHANG2, authorsList=Huixin ZHANG, Mengli ZHENG, Tieying ZHANG, Yuchang QIN, Ying MA, Junmin ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ying MA, Junmin ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
MA Ying, E-mail:
ZHANG Junmin, E-mail:
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旨在通过对餐桌剩余食物与玉米胚芽粕混合固态发酵技术的研究,为餐桌剩余食物饲料化利用提供解决方案。以干物质消失率、还原糖含量为检测指标,采用单因素和响应面等试验方法对餐桌剩余食物-玉米胚芽粕酶、菌协同固态发酵工艺参数进行优化,基于初始发酵条件,采用单因素法分别研究纤维素酶添加量、酶制剂X1添加量对固态发酵产物干物质消失率还原糖含量的影响。采用响应面法优化获得固态发酵纤维素酶和酶制剂X1的最适添加量和发酵时间。选择24只体重相近、健康的22日龄爱拔益加(AA)肉公鸡随机分为3组分别饲喂基础日粮和两种试验日粮,对代谢能值进行测定。结果表明,随纤维素酶添加量提高,还原糖含量和干物质降解率呈上升趋势。当添加量为10.5 g·kg-1时,干物质消失率提升幅度减缓(P>0.05),当添加量为13.5 g·kg-1时,还原糖提高幅度减缓。随着酶制剂X1添加量的提高,还原糖含量和干物质消失率总体呈现上升趋势。在6.0 g·kg-1时,还原糖含量与干物质消失率均有下降趋势。以干物质消失率R1为响应值,响应面推荐最佳发酵条件为纤维素酶:10.154 g·kg-1;酶制剂X1:9.0 g·kg-1,乳酸菌固态发酵时间为96 h。以还原性糖R2为响应值,响应面推荐最佳发酵条件为纤维素酶:7.842 g·kg-1;酶制剂X1:9.0 g·kg-1,发酵时间为96 h。餐桌剩余食物和玉米胚芽粕混合固态发酵,在含水率55%,37 ℃下发酵72 h,与对照组相比,发酵处理后干物质降解率提高了19.84%,还原糖含量提高了162.44 mg·g-1,代谢能值提高 17.8%。结果提示,利用酶、菌协同固态发酵技术既解决了高水分餐桌剩余食物烘干难的问题,也大幅提升了其营养价值,为其饲料化资源利用提供科学依据。

, authors=张慧新1, 2, 郑梦莉2, 张铁鹰2, 秦玉昌2, 马莹3, 张军民2, authorsList=张慧新, 郑梦莉, 张铁鹰, 秦玉昌, 马莹, 张军民, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=马莹, 张军民, authorNote=

张慧新,硕士,主要从事酶与固态生物发酵研究,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
马莹,主要从事饲料、畜牧产业经济研究和畜牧业管理工作,E-mail:
张军民,主要从事饲料安全风险评估与新植提产品开发、优质功能畜禽肉蛋生产相关研究,E-mail:
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A. Vitamin enzyme single factor optimization of reducing sugar content; B. Cellulase single factor optimization of dry matter disappearance rate; C.X1 single factor optimization of reducing sugar effect; D. X1 single factor optimization of dry matter disappearance rate

, figureFileSmall=rbbYV9qi74eFmvG1C56lsQ==, figureFileBig=Tb/YykvCPDh5fNcglsLyCw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307281720911352015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013544222946203, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同纤维素酶和X1添加量对餐桌剩余食物-玉米胚芽粕中纤维降解的影响

A.维素酶单因素优化还原糖含量;B.纤维素酶单因素优化干物质降解率;C. X1单因素优化还原糖影响;D. X1单因素优化干物质降解率

, figureFileSmall=rbbYV9qi74eFmvG1C56lsQ==, figureFileBig=Tb/YykvCPDh5fNcglsLyCw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307281720995238096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013544222946203, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Response surface interaction of two factors

A. The interaction between cellulase addition and X1 addition with R1 as the response value; B. The interaction between cellulase addition and time with R1 as the response value; C. With R1 as the response value, X1 addition amount and time interaction; D. The interaction between cellulase addition and X1 addition with R2 as the response value; E. The interaction between cellulase addition and time with R2 as the response value; F. Interaction between X1 addition and time with R2 as the response value

, figureFileSmall=/0B/N6EK+NMYvR4x5FFfKQ==, figureFileBig=TAiyohxwgqoX8U6jHkLR0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307281721058152657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013544222946203, language=CN, label=图2, caption=响应面两两因素交互作用

A.以R1为响应值纤维素酶添加量与X1添加量交互作用;B.以R1为响应值纤维素酶添加量与时间交互作用;C.以R1为响应值X1添加量与时间交互作用;D.以R2为响应值纤维素酶添加量与X1添加量交互作用;E.以R2为响应值纤维素酶添加量与时间交互作用;F.以R2为响应值X1添加量与时间交互作用

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Factors and levels of experimental design

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

因素

Considerations

A-纤维素酶添加量/(g·kg-1)

A-Cellulase addition

B-X1添加量/(g·kg-1)

B-X1 addition

C-发酵时间/h

C-Fermentation time

水平-1 Level-17.53.048
水平0 Level 010.56.072
水平1 Level 113.59.096
), ArticleFig(id=1307281721196564691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013544222946203, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

试验设计的因素及水平

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

因素

Considerations

A-纤维素酶添加量/(g·kg-1)

A-Cellulase addition

B-X1添加量/(g·kg-1)

B-X1 addition

C-发酵时间/h

C-Fermentation time

水平-1 Level-17.53.048
水平0 Level 010.56.072
水平1 Level 113.59.096
), ArticleFig(id=1307281721280450772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013544222946203, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Composition and nutritional level of basic diet

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 Item1-21 d22-42 d
玉米 Corn51.8353.09
豆粕 Soybean meal36.5033.00
面粉Flours3.005.00
大豆油 Soybean oil4.005.50
磷酸氢钙 CaHPO41.901.65
石粉 Limestone1.200.90
氯化钠 NaCl0.300.30
赖氨酸 Lys0.570.15
蛋氨酸 Met0.180.10
缬氨酸 Val0.110.00
复合矿物预混料 Mineral premix a0.200.10
抗氧化剂Antioxidant0.030.03
氯化胆碱 Choline chloride0.150.15
维生素预混料Vitamin premix b0.0350.035
合计 Total100.00100.00
营养水平Nutrient levelc
代谢能/(MJ·kg-1) ME12.66513.193
粗蛋白质 CP21.4219.86
钙 Ca0.990.81
有效磷 P0.450.40
赖氨酸 Lys1.421.11
蛋氨酸 Met0.510.41
苏氨酸 Thr0.930.78
精氨酸 Arg1.461.36
缬氨酸 Val0.950.90
蛋氨酸+胱氨酸 Met+Cys0.680.65
), ArticleFig(id=1307281721368531157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013544222946203, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

基础饲粮成分组成与营养水平 (%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 Item1-21 d22-42 d
玉米 Corn51.8353.09
豆粕 Soybean meal36.5033.00
面粉Flours3.005.00
大豆油 Soybean oil4.005.50
磷酸氢钙 CaHPO41.901.65
石粉 Limestone1.200.90
氯化钠 NaCl0.300.30
赖氨酸 Lys0.570.15
蛋氨酸 Met0.180.10
缬氨酸 Val0.110.00
复合矿物预混料 Mineral premix a0.200.10
抗氧化剂Antioxidant0.030.03
氯化胆碱 Choline chloride0.150.15
维生素预混料Vitamin premix b0.0350.035
合计 Total100.00100.00
营养水平Nutrient levelc
代谢能/(MJ·kg-1) ME12.66513.193
粗蛋白质 CP21.4219.86
钙 Ca0.990.81
有效磷 P0.450.40
赖氨酸 Lys1.421.11
蛋氨酸 Met0.510.41
苏氨酸 Thr0.930.78
精氨酸 Arg1.461.36
缬氨酸 Val0.950.90
蛋氨酸+胱氨酸 Met+Cys0.680.65
), ArticleFig(id=1307281721444028630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013544222946203, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Regression equation analysis of variance (R1)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

变异来源

Source of variation

平方和

Sum of Squares

自由度

Df

均方

Mean Square

F值

F-value

P值

P-value

显著性

Significance

模型 Model0.013 490.001 510.710.002 5Significant

A-纤维素酶添加量

A-Cellulase addition

0.000 110.000 10.085 90.778 0

B-X1添加量

B-X1 addition

0.002 810.002 820.480.002 7

C-发酵时间

C-Fermentation time

0.000 810.000 86.030.043 8
AB0.000 610.000 64.050.084 2
AC0.000 810.000 86.070.043 3
BC0.000 210.000 21.330.286 5
A²0.001 210.001 28.600.022 0
B²0.001 110.001 17.710.027 4
C²0.005 910.005 942.690.000 3
残差 Residual0.001 070.000 1
失拟项 Lack of Fit0.000 730.000 22.710.179 6Not significant

误差

Pure Error

0.000 340.000 1

总和

Cor Total

0.014 416
), ArticleFig(id=1307281721532109015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013544222946203, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

回归方程方差分析(R1)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

变异来源

Source of variation

平方和

Sum of Squares

自由度

Df

均方

Mean Square

F值

F-value

P值

P-value

显著性

Significance

模型 Model0.013 490.001 510.710.002 5Significant

A-纤维素酶添加量

A-Cellulase addition

0.000 110.000 10.085 90.778 0

B-X1添加量

B-X1 addition

0.002 810.002 820.480.002 7

C-发酵时间

C-Fermentation time

0.000 810.000 86.030.043 8
AB0.000 610.000 64.050.084 2
AC0.000 810.000 86.070.043 3
BC0.000 210.000 21.330.286 5
A²0.001 210.001 28.600.022 0
B²0.001 110.001 17.710.027 4
C²0.005 910.005 942.690.000 3
残差 Residual0.001 070.000 1
失拟项 Lack of Fit0.000 730.000 22.710.179 6Not significant

误差

Pure Error

0.000 340.000 1

总和

Cor Total

0.014 416
), ArticleFig(id=1307281721599217880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013544222946203, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Regression equation analysis of variance (R2)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

变异来源

Source of variation

平方和

Sum of Squares

自由度

Df

均方

Mean Square

F值

F-value

P值

P-value

显著性

Significance

模型 Model7 654.139850.467.010.008 8Significant

A-纤维素酶添加量

A-Cellulase addition

75.10175.100.619 30.457 1

B-X1添加量

B-X1 addition

1 315.0211 315.0210.850.013 2

C-发酵时间

C-Fermentation time

4 385.1314 385.1336.160.000 5
AB125.551125.551.040.342 8
AC496.991496.994.100.082 6
BC67.53167.530.556 90.479 8
A²258.371258.372.130.187 7
B²195.891195.891.620.244 3
C²619.451619.455.110.058 3

残差

Residual

848.797121.26

失拟项

Lack of Fit

601.963200.653.250.1422Not significant

误差

Pure Error

246.83461.71

总和

Cor Total

8 502.9216
), ArticleFig(id=1307281721691492569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013544222946203, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

回归方程方差分析(R2)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

变异来源

Source of variation

平方和

Sum of Squares

自由度

Df

均方

Mean Square

F值

F-value

P值

P-value

显著性

Significance

模型 Model7 654.139850.467.010.008 8Significant

A-纤维素酶添加量

A-Cellulase addition

75.10175.100.619 30.457 1

B-X1添加量

B-X1 addition

1 315.0211 315.0210.850.013 2

C-发酵时间

C-Fermentation time

4 385.1314 385.1336.160.000 5
AB125.551125.551.040.342 8
AC496.991496.994.100.082 6
BC67.53167.530.556 90.479 8
A²258.371258.372.130.187 7
B²195.891195.891.620.244 3
C²619.451619.455.110.058 3

残差

Residual

848.797121.26

失拟项

Lack of Fit

601.963200.653.250.1422Not significant

误差

Pure Error

246.83461.71

总和

Cor Total

8 502.9216
), ArticleFig(id=1307281721771184346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013544222946203, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Model reliability analysis (R1)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
标准差 Std. Dev.0.011 8决定系数 R²0.932 3
平均值 Mean0.443 0调整决定系数 Adjusted R²0.845 2
变异系数/% CV2.66预测决定系数 Predicted R²0.238 6
精密度 Adeq Precision12.013 2
), ArticleFig(id=1307281721825710299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013544222946203, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

模型可信度分析(R1)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
标准差 Std. Dev.0.011 8决定系数 R²0.932 3
平均值 Mean0.443 0调整决定系数 Adjusted R²0.845 2
变异系数/% CV2.66预测决定系数 Predicted R²0.238 6
精密度 Adeq Precision12.013 2
), ArticleFig(id=1307281721888624860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013544222946203, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Model reliability analysis (R2)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
标准差 Std. Dev.11.01决定系数 R²0.900 2
平均值 Mean196.98调整决定系数 Adjusted R²0.771 8
变异系数/% CV5.59预测决定系数 Predicted R²-0.178 1
精密度 Adeq Precision9.351 4
), ArticleFig(id=1307281721951539421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013544222946203, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

模型可信度分析(R2)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
标准差 Std. Dev.11.01决定系数 R²0.900 2
平均值 Mean196.98调整决定系数 Adjusted R²0.771 8
变异系数/% CV5.59预测决定系数 Predicted R²-0.178 1
精密度 Adeq Precision9.351 4
), ArticleFig(id=1307281722043814110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013544222946203, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Metabolizable energy of white feather broilers fed solid-state fermented table leftovers-germ meal diet

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

项目

Item

表观代谢能/(MJ·kg-1)

AME

SEM

P值

P-value

基础饲粮

Basic feeding grain

13.51a0.198<0.001

餐桌剩余食物-玉米胚芽粕

Table leftovers-germ meal diet

12.14b0.174<0.001

发酵餐桌剩余食物-玉米胚芽粕

Fermented table leftovers-germ meal diet

12.62b0.121<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1307281722136088799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013544222946203, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

肉鸡饲喂固态发酵餐桌剩余食物-玉米胚芽粕饲粮的表观代谢能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

项目

Item

表观代谢能/(MJ·kg-1)

AME

SEM

P值

P-value

基础饲粮

Basic feeding grain

13.51a0.198<0.001

餐桌剩余食物-玉米胚芽粕

Table leftovers-germ meal diet

12.14b0.174<0.001

发酵餐桌剩余食物-玉米胚芽粕

Fermented table leftovers-germ meal diet

12.62b0.121<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1307281722199003360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013544222946203, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

AME of diets to be tested

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

待测饲粮

Item

表观代谢能/(MJ·kg-1)

AME

SEM

P值

P-value

餐桌剩余食物-玉米胚芽粕

Table leftovers-germ meal diet

8.940.0500.059

发酵餐桌剩余食物-玉米胚芽粕

Fermented table leftovers-germ meal diet

10.530.341
), ArticleFig(id=1307281722274500833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013544222946203, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

待测饲粮的表观代谢能值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

待测饲粮

Item

表观代谢能/(MJ·kg-1)

AME

SEM

P值

P-value

餐桌剩余食物-玉米胚芽粕

Table leftovers-germ meal diet

8.940.0500.059

发酵餐桌剩余食物-玉米胚芽粕

Fermented table leftovers-germ meal diet

10.530.341
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餐桌剩余食物酶菌协同固态发酵饲料化利用工艺研究
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张慧新 1, 2 , 郑梦莉 2 , 张铁鹰 2 , 秦玉昌 2 , 马莹 3 , 张军民 2
畜牧兽医学报 | 营养与饲料 2026,57(3): 1549-1558
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畜牧兽医学报 |营养与饲料 2026 , 57 (3) : 1549 -1558
餐桌剩余食物酶菌协同固态发酵饲料化利用工艺研究
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张慧新1, 2 , 郑梦莉2, 张铁鹰2, 秦玉昌2, 马莹3 , 张军民2
作者信息
  • 1.青岛农业大学食品科学与工程学院,青岛 266109
  • 2.中国农业科学院北京畜牧兽医研究所,北京 100193
  • 3.中国农业科学院饲料研究所 北京 100081
通讯作者:
马莹,主要从事饲料、畜牧产业经济研究和畜牧业管理工作,E-mail:
张军民,主要从事饲料安全风险评估与新植提产品开发、优质功能畜禽肉蛋生产相关研究,E-mail:
作者简介:

张慧新,硕士,主要从事酶与固态生物发酵研究,E-mail:

Study on the Technology of Feed Utilization of Table Leftovers by Enzyme Bacteria Combined with Solid-state Fermentation
Huixin ZHANG1, 2 , Mengli ZHENG2, Tieying ZHANG2, Yuchang QIN2, Ying MA3 , Junmin ZHANG2
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Food Science and Engineering,Qingdao Agricultural University,Qingdao 266109,China
  • 2.Institute of Animal Sciences,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Beijing 100193,China
  • 3.Institute of Feed Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Beijing 100081,China
  • Corresponding Author:
    MA Ying, E-mail:
    ZHANG Junmin, E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-03-23 doi: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.03.031
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旨在通过对餐桌剩余食物与玉米胚芽粕混合固态发酵技术的研究,为餐桌剩余食物饲料化利用提供解决方案。以干物质消失率、还原糖含量为检测指标,采用单因素和响应面等试验方法对餐桌剩余食物-玉米胚芽粕酶、菌协同固态发酵工艺参数进行优化,基于初始发酵条件,采用单因素法分别研究纤维素酶添加量、酶制剂X1添加量对固态发酵产物干物质消失率还原糖含量的影响。采用响应面法优化获得固态发酵纤维素酶和酶制剂X1的最适添加量和发酵时间。选择24只体重相近、健康的22日龄爱拔益加(AA)肉公鸡随机分为3组分别饲喂基础日粮和两种试验日粮,对代谢能值进行测定。结果表明,随纤维素酶添加量提高,还原糖含量和干物质降解率呈上升趋势。当添加量为10.5 g·kg-1时,干物质消失率提升幅度减缓(P>0.05),当添加量为13.5 g·kg-1时,还原糖提高幅度减缓。随着酶制剂X1添加量的提高,还原糖含量和干物质消失率总体呈现上升趋势。在6.0 g·kg-1时,还原糖含量与干物质消失率均有下降趋势。以干物质消失率R1为响应值,响应面推荐最佳发酵条件为纤维素酶:10.154 g·kg-1;酶制剂X1:9.0 g·kg-1,乳酸菌固态发酵时间为96 h。以还原性糖R2为响应值,响应面推荐最佳发酵条件为纤维素酶:7.842 g·kg-1;酶制剂X1:9.0 g·kg-1,发酵时间为96 h。餐桌剩余食物和玉米胚芽粕混合固态发酵,在含水率55%,37 ℃下发酵72 h,与对照组相比,发酵处理后干物质降解率提高了19.84%,还原糖含量提高了162.44 mg·g-1,代谢能值提高 17.8%。结果提示,利用酶、菌协同固态发酵技术既解决了高水分餐桌剩余食物烘干难的问题,也大幅提升了其营养价值,为其饲料化资源利用提供科学依据。

餐桌剩余食物  /  玉米胚芽粕  /  酶菌协同  /  固态发酵  /  代谢能

The purpose of this study is to provide a solution for the feed utilization of table leftover food by studying the mixed solid-state fermentation technology of table leftover food and corn germ meal. The detection indicators were dry matter disappearance rate and reducing sugar content. The single factor and response surface and other experimental methods were used to optimize the process parameters of solid-state fermentation of table leftover food-corn germ meal enzyme, and the effects of cellulase addition amount and enzyme preparation X1 addition amount on the dry matter disappearancerate and sugar content of solid-state fermentation products were investigated by single factor method based on the initial fermentation conditions. The optimum addition amount of cellulase and enzyme preparation X1 and fermentation time were obtained by response surface method. Twenty-four 22-day-old Arbor Acres (AA) cockerels of similar body weight and in good health condition were randomly divided into 3 groups, which were fed the basal diet and the two experimental diets, respectively, and the metabolizable energy value was measured. The results showed that as the addition amount of cellulase increased, the content of reducing sugar and the disappearance rate of dry matter increased. When the addition amount was 10.5 g·kg-1, the increase of dry disappearance slowed down (P>0.05), and when the addition amount was 13.5 g·kg-1, the increase of reducing sugar slowed. As the addition amount of enzyme preparation X1 increased, the content of reducing sugar and the disappearance rate of dry matter tended to increase as a whole. When the addition amount was 6.0 g·kg-1, the content of reducing sugar and the disappearance rate of dry matter both showed a downward trend. With dry matter degradation rate R1 as the value, the response surface recommended the best fermentation conditions as cellulase: 10.154 g·kg-1; Enzyme preparation X1: 90 g·kg-1, solid fermentation time of lactic acid bacteria was 96 h. With reducing sugar R2 as the response value, the response surface recommended the fermentation conditions as cellulase: 7.842 g·kg-1; Enzyme preparation X1: 9.0 g·kg-1, fermentation was 96 h. The solid-state fermentation of mixing table leftover food and corn germ meal, fermenting for 72 h at 37 ℃ with moisture content of 55%, the dry matter disappearance rate increased by 19.84%, the reducing sugar content increased by 162.44·g-1, and the metabolizable energy value increased by 17.8% compared with the control group. The results suggested that the utilization of solid-state fermentation with enzyme and bacteria not only solves the problem of difficult drying of high-moisture table leftover food but also greatly improves its nutritional value, providing a scientific basis for its feed utilization.

table leftovers  /  corn germ meal  /  enzyme bacteria synergy  /  solid-state fermentation  /  metabolic energy
张慧新, 郑梦莉, 张铁鹰, 秦玉昌, 马莹, 张军民. 餐桌剩余食物酶菌协同固态发酵饲料化利用工艺研究. 畜牧兽医学报, 2026 , 57 (3) : 1549 -1558 . DOI: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.03.031
Huixin ZHANG, Mengli ZHENG, Tieying ZHANG, Yuchang QIN, Ying MA, Junmin ZHANG. Study on the Technology of Feed Utilization of Table Leftovers by Enzyme Bacteria Combined with Solid-state Fermentation[J]. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, 2026 , 57 (3) : 1549 -1558 . DOI: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.03.031
随着我国饲料工业的发展,蛋白质和能量饲料原料的供需矛盾日益突出。我国作为全球最大的畜牧业生产国和消费国,蛋白质和能量饲料原料的对外依存度一直居高不下,多渠道开发饲料资源是缓解我国饲料资源供需矛盾的有效途径。据统计,我国城市餐饮业每年产生的餐桌剩余食物高达3 300万吨[1⁃2],产量集中、营养丰富,饲料化潜力巨大。但是因其含水量高和易腐败的特性严重制约其饲料化应用。因此,开发安全、高效、低能耗的饲料化利用技术是其增值利用的有效途径。其重点在于安全贮存,防止发霉变质,同时选择适宜的辅料,解决其高黏性,降低烘干成本的协同处理技术成为突破瓶颈的关键。
生物发酵饲料具有营养价值高、安全性好、环境友好[3]等特点,已得到广泛认可和应用。玉米胚芽粕(corn germ meal,CGM)富含纤维[4],吸水性较强,是高湿物料适宜的发酵饲料辅料。同时,玉米胚芽粕中的纤维组成以半纤维素为主(约57%),其次是纤维素(约16%)和木质素(约2%)。基于餐桌剩余食物水分高、黏度大和不易储存的特点,以CGM为辅料,采用酶菌协同发酵技术,使之富含寡糖、有机酸和有益菌等功能性物质,并降低烘干成本,是提高发酵辅料营养价值的关键。
因此,本研究拟通过对单因素和响应面设计方法,对餐桌剩余食物与玉米胚芽粕酶菌协同固态发酵工艺参数进行优化,并测定发酵饲料的肉鸡代谢能值,为餐桌剩余食物饲料化利用技术提供科学依据。
原料:餐桌剩余食物和玉米胚芽粕35∶65混合(以干物质含量计);试验菌株:本实验室筛选的乳酸菌(HX-31,植物乳杆菌);试验酶:实验室自制纤维素酶(来源毕赤酵母,酶活性:15 000 U·g-1)、固态发酵酶制剂X1(来源黑曲霉,主要酶活性物质木聚糖酶:5 000 U·g-1)。固态发酵产物:称取餐桌剩余食物、玉米胚芽粕以及上述酶液和菌经混匀后,含水率55%,置于培养箱中37 ℃进行固态发酵。
初始发酵工艺:称取140 g餐桌剩余食物和72 g玉米胚芽粕,添加维素酶和固态发酵酶制剂X1后混合均匀,置于3个50 mL塑料离心管中,乳酸菌(>108 CFU·mL-1)接种量5%,含水率55%,密封,37 ℃培养24 h。发酵后检测发酵产物干物质降解率和还原糖产量。基于初始发酵条件,采用单因素法分别研究纤维素酶添加量(0、1.5、4.5、7.5、10.5、13.5、16.5 g·kg-1)、酶制剂X1添加量(1.5、3.0、4.5、6.0、7.5、9.0 g·kg-1)对固态发酵产物干物质降解率和还原糖含量的影响。
根据单因素试验结果,以干物质降解率R1和还原糖含量R2为响应值,通过Box-Behnken法进行响应面试验设计(表1),以进一步得到酶菌协同餐桌剩余食物玉米胚芽粕混合固态发酵的最优条件。
按照国家标准方法GB/T 6435—2014测定干物质含量。
干物质降解率(%)=(样品预处理前干物质含量-样品预处理后干物质含量)/样品预处理前干物质含量。
DNS法即二硝基水杨酸法:配置DNS试剂,称取7.5 g 3,5-二硝基水杨酸,14.0 g氢氧化钠,充分溶解于1 000 mL经煮沸冷却后的蒸馏水中。再加入酒石酸钾钠216.0 g,苯酚(在50℃水浴中融化)5.5 mL,偏重亚硫酸钠6.0 g,完全溶解后转入棕色细口瓶中,4 ℃贮存备用。
分别取0.2 mL标准糖液和0.2 mL待测样品(使其pH为5~7,含糖量为0.2~2.0 g·L-1),加入5 mL刻度试管中,再加入0.5 mL DNS试剂,沸水中显色5 min后冷却至室温,加水至2.5 mL,充分摇匀。以7230型分光光度计在540 nm处测定上述各溶液的吸光度A值。以木糖或葡萄糖浓度为纵坐标,以A值为横坐标,作出标准曲线并回归出标准方程。利用标准方程由被测样品的A值即可求得其还原糖浓度。
按照农业农村部《白羽肉鸡饲料原料代谢能和净能测定技术规程》,选择24只体重相近、健康的22日龄爱拔益加(AA)肉公鸡随机分为3组,每组8个重复,每个重复1只鸡。处理分别为:基础饲粮组;未发酵餐桌剩余食物-玉米胚芽粕组;发酵餐桌剩余食物-玉米胚芽粕组。在25~28日龄,按照AA肉鸡营养标准(Aviagen公司《AA肉鸡营养手册-2019》)推荐的营养需要量配制基础饲粮(表2)和试验饲粮。其中,试验饲粮为2种待测原料分别替代30%的基础饲粮。用于测定肉鸡的基础饲粮及2个试验组的AME。预饲期3 d,肉鸡22日龄起,停料17 h后,继续按要求饲喂上述饲粮,同时开始收集全部粪便;饲喂55 h后停料,计算耗料量;继续收集粪便17 h(总共72 h)。肉鸡3层笼养,舍内通风、免疫程序等按照《AA肉鸡管理手册》进行,试验期间自由采食和饮水。
饲粮及排泄物于65℃鼓风干燥箱中烘干,冷却后放置24 h称重,粉碎过0.42 mm筛,同步测定干物质(DM)含量。饲粮及饲料原料采样后,用于测定纤维含量的样品粉碎过0.84 mm筛粉,测定其他化学成分的样品碎过0.42 mm筛。
指标测定方法:饲粮及排泄物水分(GB/T 6435—2014)、粗蛋白质(CP,GB/T 6432—2018)含量及总能(GE,ISO 9831:1998)、饲料原料水分(GB/T 6435—2014)、CP(GB/T 6432—2018)、EE(GB/T 6433—2006)、粗灰分(Ash,GB/T 6438—2007)、粗纤维(CF,GB/T 6434—2022)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF,NY/T 1459—2022)含量及GE(ISO 9831:1998)。
试验数据经Excel 2021(Microsoft Co.,Redmond,USA)初步处理后,采用SPSS 20.0(International Business Machines Co.,Armonk,USA)统计软件进行单因素方差分析(ANOVA)和Duncan’s多重比较。结果以Mean和SEM表示,P<0.05代表各组之间具有显著性差异,P>0.05代表各组差异不显著。
由图1A、图1B可知,随纤维素酶添加量提高,还原糖含量和干物质降解率呈上升趋势。当添加量为10.5 g·kg-1时,干物质降解率提升幅度减缓(P>0.05),当添加量为13.5 g·kg-1时,还原糖含量提高幅度减缓。基于纤维素酶单因素优化结果与成本综合考虑,以7.5、10.5、13.5 g·kg-1三个添加量作为响应面试验优化纤维素酶适宜添加量的3个水平。
由图1C、图1D可知随酶制剂X1添加量的提高,还原糖含量和干物质降解率总体呈现上升趋势。在6.0 g·kg-1时,还原糖含量与干物质降解率均有下降趋势。根据X1单因素优化结果与成本的考虑,选取3.0、6.0、9.0 g·kg-1,作为响应面试验优化X1适宜添加量的3个水平。
由表3、表4可知,对R1干物质降解率模型P值(prob>F)<0.002 5、R2还原糖含量模型P值(prob>F)<0.008 8,说明该模型的显著性较好。由表5、表6可知,R1干物质降解率模型的决定系数R2>0.932 3、R2还原糖含量模型的决定系数R2>0.900 2,失拟项不显著,这表明方程的拟合性较好,可用于分析和预测干物质降解率和还原糖含量。
根据试验结果,以干物质降解率R1、还原糖R2含量为响应值,进行二次回归方程拟合,得到干物质降解率R1对各影响因素A(纤维素酶添加量)、B(酶制剂X1添加量)、C(发酵时间)的三元二次回归方程:
R1=0.425 8-0.001 2 A+0.018 9 B+
0.010 2 C+0.011 9 AB-0.014 5 AC-0.006 8 BC-
0.016 8 A2+0.016 0 B2+0.037 5 C2;
R2=209.586+3.063 9 A+12.821 0 B+23.412 4 C-
5.602 5 AB-11.146 6 AC+4.108 8 BC-
7.833 5 A2-6.820 87 B2-12.129 3 C2。
根据回归方程做响应面图,图2所示为分别以响应值R1、R2的响应面两两因素交互作用。
以干物质降解率R1为响应值时最佳发酵条件:纤维素酶添加量10.154 g·kg-1、X1添加量9.0 g·kg-1、发酵时间96 h。以还原性糖R2为响应值时最佳发酵条件:纤维素酶添加量7.842 g·kg-1、X1添加量9.0 g·kg-1、发酵时间96 h。
餐桌剩余食物和玉米胚芽粕混合固态发酵,在含水率55%、温度37 ℃、发酵72 h条件下。对照组干物质降解率为23.61%,试验组干物质降解率为43.45%,较对照组提高了19.84%;对照组还原糖含量为45.65 mg·g-1,试验组还原糖含量为208.09 mg·g-1,较对照组提高了162.44 mg·g-1。
由表7可知,基础饲粮肉鸡AME为13.51 MJ·kg-1,未发酵餐桌剩余食物-玉米胚芽粕组AME为12.14 MJ·kg-1,发酵餐桌剩余食物-玉米胚芽粕组AME为12.62 MJ·kg-1。从表8得出未发酵餐桌剩余食物-玉米胚芽粕组待测饲粮AME为8.94 MJ·kg-1,发酵餐桌剩余食物-玉米胚芽粕组待测饲粮AME为10.53 MJ·kg-1。与未发酵组相比,餐桌剩余食物-玉米胚芽粕经固态发酵后的发酵饲粮比未发酵的饲粮AME提高17.8%。
国内外研究表明,餐桌剩余食物作为动物饲料潜力巨大。但因其高含水量(70%~90%)和易腐败等特性,严重制约了其饲料化利用。采用酶菌协同发酵处理物料,需要一定的水来满足酶的底物水解和微生物生长的需要[5]。本试验以餐桌剩余食物为基础,将其与干基玉米胚芽粕混合进行酶菌协同固态发酵,充分利用餐桌剩余食物高水分特性,满足酶菌协同发酵处理对水分的需要。餐桌剩余食物自身富含高蛋白、高能量等营养物质,且消化利用率高。因此,酶菌协同发酵工艺的重点在于提高发酵辅料的营养价值,增加餐桌剩余食物饲料化产品的附加值。
通过酶菌协同发酵将植物纤维转变为还原糖或有机酸,是挖掘高纤维物料潜在能值的重要手段。邓生青[6]研究发现,在混菌固态发酵体系中加入纤维素酶、果胶酶和α-半乳糖苷酶等酶菌协同发酵菜籽饼,显著降低了菜籽饼中NDF、ADF含量,使菜籽饼表面结构发生改变,蛋白质分子质量变小。王卫卫[7]研究发现,利用植物乳杆菌、酿酒酵母协同甘露聚糖酶、纤维素酶和α-半乳糖苷酶混合固态发酵棕榈粕,显著降低了粗纤维和NDF的含量。朱龙博[8]研究发现,采用菌酶协同固态发酵芦苇秸秆与混菌固态发酵芦苇秸秆相比,纤维素含量显著降低,蛋白含量明显提升。由此可见,纤维素酶在发酵处理高纤维物料时,对降解纤维发挥着关键作用。同时纤维素酶水解纤维素产生的葡萄糖可直接被动物利用,而木聚糖酶水解产物木寡糖动物利用率较低。因而,纤维素酶是生物发酵处理高纤维物料的首选酶制剂。
玉米胚芽粕的纤维组成以半纤维素为主(约57%),其次是纤维素(约16%)和木质素(约2%),其中的半纤维素和纤维素可以通过酶解或发酵转化为可发酵糖,用于生产高附加值产品。Chen等[9]研究表明,与对照组、纤维素酶组相比,菌酶组合发酵显著改善了玉米胚芽粕的营养特性。经过固态发酵48 h后,发酵产物中粗蛋白和酸溶性蛋白的含量均增加,纤维素降解率从5.02%增加至50.74%。
本研究中,随着纤维素酶剂量增加,干物质降解率和还原糖含量提高,证明纤维素酶在水解玉米胚芽粕纤维中发挥着重要作用。本研究中纤维素酶与酶制剂X1协同乳酸菌固态发酵餐桌剩余食物与玉米胚芽粕,干物质降解率提高了15.62%,还原糖含量提高了114.85 mg·g-1。植物纤维会通过阿魏酸酯键相互交联,形成稳定的空间结构,且纤维素通常被半纤维素和木质素包裹,影响其降解效率。因此,要实现大幅度降解纤维,深度挖掘其潜在能值,需多酶组合。固态发酵环境中,微生物通常会分泌多种酶类以降解复杂的固态基质,而固态发酵酶制剂具有酶谱广[10]、成分稳定的特点。通过添加固态发酵酶制剂X1,解构纤维的空间结构,可提高降解效率。本研究发现,在纤维素酶的基础上添加固态发酵酶制剂X1可进一步提高干物质降解率和还原糖产量。
可见,餐桌剩余食物玉米胚芽粕经酶菌协同固态发酵后干物质降解率和还原糖含量显著提高,酶菌协同固态发酵处理是提高高纤维饲料原料营养价值的有效方法。
采用酶菌协同发酵处理饲料原料可大幅提高代谢能值。邓生青[6]研究发现,采用酶菌协同发酵菜籽饼粕的肉鸡AME较未发酵显著提高。吴正可[11]研究发现,菜籽粕经发酵处理后,肉鸡AME由7.41 MJ·kg-1增至8.51MJ·g-1。邱良伟等[12]研究发现,一些营养价值较差的饲料原料,如菜籽粕和棉籽粕,其抗营养因子种类多,蛋白质分子较大,生物学利用率低,营养价值改善空间大。不同饲料原料经发酵处理后,其代谢能提升幅度存在较大差异,这可能与饲料原料的种类,发酵菌种以及发酵工艺有关。本研究利用纤维素酶、固态发酵酶X1及乳酸菌协同兼性厌氧发酵处理餐桌剩余食物与玉米胚芽粕混合物,大幅度提高了发酵产物的干物质降解率和还原糖含量,改善了其纤维的可利用性。同时与兼性厌氧发酵工艺相结合,减少发酵过程能量损失,最终使其代谢能值提升17.8%。这说明通过多种纤维水解酶组合及结合乳酸菌兼性厌氧发酵工艺,是挖掘高纤维素饲料能值潜力的有效技术途径。
综上,餐桌剩余食物开发利用价值高,营养价值提升空间大,玉米胚芽粕作为辅料与餐桌剩余食物协同发酵能够显著提高肉鸡代谢能,为餐桌剩余食物饲料化利用提供科学依据。
  • “十四五”国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFD1300301)
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2026年第57卷第3期
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doi: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.03.031
  • 接收时间:2025-03-20
  • 首发时间:2026-09-16
  • 出版时间:2026-03-23
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-20
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“十四五”国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFD1300301)
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    1.青岛农业大学食品科学与工程学院,青岛 266109
    2.中国农业科学院北京畜牧兽医研究所,北京 100193
    3.中国农业科学院饲料研究所 北京 100081

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马莹,主要从事饲料、畜牧产业经济研究和畜牧业管理工作,E-mail:
张军民,主要从事饲料安全风险评估与新植提产品开发、优质功能畜禽肉蛋生产相关研究,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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