Article(id=1307013539680510243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307013423896753139, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.03.021, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1756137600000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789545910996, onlineDateStr=2026-09-16, pubDate=1774195200000, pubDateStr=2026-03-23, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789545910996, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789545910996, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789545910996, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1307013423896753139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, year='2026', volume='57', issue='3', pageStart='1177', pageEnd='1776', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774195200000', pubDateStr='2026-03-23', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789545883392, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789609930841, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1307282058464743901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307013423896753139, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1307282058464743902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307013423896753139, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1413, endPage=1422, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1307013539940557092, articleId=1307013539680510243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, language=EN, title=Estimation of Genetic Parameters for Reproductive Traits of Holstein Cattle in Jiangsu Province, columnId=1307007413870158054, journalTitle=Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, columnName=ANIMAL GENETICS AND BREEDING, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The objective of this study was to estimate the genetic parameters of reproductive traits in heifers and adult cows and to elucidate the genetic correlations of these traits between heifers and adult cows as well as across different parities. This study collected a total of 84 061 reproductive records, including calving, insemination, and pregnancy diagnosis, from 37 329 Holstein cows in 6 large-scale dairy farms in Jiangsu Province between 2020 and 2024. Among these, 31 689 records were from heifers and 52 372 records were from cows. Genetic parameters were estimated using the average information restricted maximum likelihood (AI-REML) procedure implemented in the DMU software based on animal and repeatability models. The results showed that the heritability estimates of reproductive traits in heifers ranged from 0.04 to 0.52, with the highest value observed for age at first service (0.52±0.01), while the heritability of the other traits ranged from 0.04 to 0.22. In heifers, the genetic correlations among age at first service, age at last service, and age at first calving were high, ranging from 0.73 to 0.98. In cows, the highest genetic correlations were observed between days open and the number of services and interval between first and last service, with values ranging from 0.95 to 0.96. The genetic correlations of reproductive traits between adjacent parities were relatively high, with values ranging from 0.62 to 0.68 between heifers and primiparous cows. By contrast, the correlations between heifers and multiparous cows were low (0.05-0.15). Furthermore, phenotypic correlations across different parities were generally low, ranging from 0.01 to 0.18. In addition, the absolute genetic correlations of number of services and interval between first and last service with other traits were relatively high, ranging from 0.28 to 0.97, suggesting that these traits could serve as important indicators of reproductive performance in both heifers and cows. This study systematically elucidated the genetic parameters of reproductive traits in Holstein cattle in Jiangsu Province, providing a theoretical basis for the genetic improvement of reproductive traits in this population.

, authors=Yiyang YAO1, Ziyi CHANG1, Hongliang LI1, Honghong XU1, Wanting ZHANG1, Zichen WANG1, Yu TIAN2, Xubin LU1, Zhangping YANG1, Yachun WANG3, Yongjiang MAO1, authorsList=Yiyang YAO, Ziyi CHANG, Hongliang LI, Honghong XU, Wanting ZHANG, Zichen WANG, Yu TIAN, Xubin LU, Zhangping YANG, Yachun WANG, Yongjiang MAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yachun WANG, Yongjiang MAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
WANG Yachun, E-mail:
MAO Yongjiang, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1307013543702847783, articleId=1307013539680510243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, language=CN, title=江苏地区荷斯坦牛繁殖性状遗传参数估计, columnId=1307007414092456168, journalTitle=畜牧兽医学报, columnName=遗传育种, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

旨在评估青年牛与成母牛繁殖性状的遗传参数,解析青年牛与成母牛及不同胎次间繁殖性状的遗传相关性。本研究收集江苏地区6个规模化牧场2020—2024年期间37 329头荷斯坦牛的产犊、配种和妊娠诊断等繁殖记录共84 061条,其中青年牛记录31 689条,成母牛记录52 372条。基于DMU软件中的平均信息约束估计最大似然法模块并配合动物模型与重复力模型进行遗传参数估计,采用双性状和多性状模型进行遗传相关分析。结果显示:青年牛繁殖性状遗传力估计值范围为0.04~0.52之间,其中初配日龄的遗传力最高为0.52±0.01,其余性状遗传力为0.04~0.22之间。青年牛的初配日龄、末配日龄和初产日龄之间遗传相关性较高为0.73~0.98;在成母牛中,空怀天数与配种次数及首末配种间隔之间的遗传相关性最高0.95~0.96。相邻胎次间繁殖性状的遗传相关性较高,青年牛与初产牛的相关性为0.62~0.68,但青年牛与经产牛之间的相关性较低为0.05~0.15,且不同胎次间表型相关性普遍较低为0.01~0.18。此外,配种次数和首末配种间隔与其他性状的遗传相关绝对值相对较高为0.28~0.97,可作为青年牛和成母牛繁殖力的重要指标。本研究系统地解析了江苏地区荷斯坦牛繁殖性状的遗传参数,为该地区荷斯坦牛繁殖性状遗传改良提供了理论依据。

, authors=姚毅扬1, 常梓翊1, 李洪亮1, 徐红红1, 张琬婷1, 王子晨1, 田雨2, 卢徐斌1, 杨章平1, 王雅春3, 毛永江1, authorsList=姚毅扬, 常梓翊, 李洪亮, 徐红红, 张琬婷, 王子晨, 田雨, 卢徐斌, 杨章平, 王雅春, 毛永江, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王雅春, 毛永江, authorNote=

姚毅扬,博士生,主要从事奶牛遗传育种研究,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
王雅春,主要从事动物分子数量遗传学研究,E-mail:
毛永江,主要从事奶牛遗传育种研究,E-mail:
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姚毅扬,博士生,主要从事奶牛遗传育种研究,E-mail:

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姚毅扬,博士生,主要从事奶牛遗传育种研究,E-mail:

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DOI:10.1093/jas/skac220, articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1307281483375341761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013539680510243, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=国家农业重大科技项目, fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1307281483459227842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013539680510243, awardId=CARS-36, language=CN, fundingSource=国家现代农业产业技术体系(CARS-36), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1307281485329887427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013539680510243, awardId=2023ZD0406805, language=CN, fundingSource=农业生物育种国家科技重大专项(2023ZD0406805), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1307281485443133636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013539680510243, awardId=2023BCF01004, language=CN, fundingSource=宁夏回族自治区重点研发项目(2023BCF01004), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1307281474206593125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013539680510243, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1307281474219176038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013539680510243, companyId=1307281474206593125, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.College of Animal Science and Technology,Yangzhou University,Yangzhou 225009,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1307281474231758951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013539680510243, companyId=1307281474206593125, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.扬州大学动物科学与技术学院,扬州 225009)]), AuthorCompany(id=1307281475884314728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013539680510243, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1307281475892703337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013539680510243, companyId=1307281475884314728, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Nanjing Weigang Dairy Co. ,Ltd. ,Nanjing 211113,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1307281475901091946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013539680510243, companyId=1307281475884314728, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.南京卫岗乳业有限公司,南京 211113)]), AuthorCompany(id=1307281475993366635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013539680510243, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1307281476001755244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013539680510243, companyId=1307281475993366635, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.College of Animal Science and Technology,China Agricultural University,Beijing 100193,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1307281476014338157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013539680510243, companyId=1307281475993366635, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.中国农业大学动物科学技术学院,北京 100193)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1307281481685037233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013539680510243, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Reproductive trait names, abbreviations, and definitions for heifers and cows

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

组别

Group

性状

Trait

缩写

Abbreviation

定义

Definition

青年牛

Heifer

初配日龄 Age at first serviceAFS首次配种日期与其出生日期之间的间隔天数
末配日龄 Age at last serviceALS末次配种日期与其出生日期之间的间隔天数
初产日龄 Age at first calvingAFC首次产犊的日期与其出生日期之间的间隔天数

成母牛

Cow

产后首次配种间隔 Interval to first service after calvingIFSC产后首次配种日期与其产犊日期之间的间隔天数
产犊间隔 Calving intervalCI本次产犊日期与上一次产犊日期之间的间隔天数
空怀天数 Days openDO受孕日期与上一次产犊日期之间的间隔天数

青年牛和成母牛

Heifer and cow

首末配种间隔 Interval from first to last inseminationIFL末次配种日期与其首次配种日期之间的间隔天数
配种次数 Number of servicesNS同一胎次内,从第一次配种到成功受孕期间,所经历的所有配种次数
首次配种受胎率 Conception rate at first inseminationCR在首次配种后是否成功妊娠。为二分类性状,若首次配种后成功妊娠,记录为1;未妊娠,记录为0
), ArticleFig(id=1307281481777311922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013539680510243, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

青年牛与成母牛繁殖性状名称、缩写及定义

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

组别

Group

性状

Trait

缩写

Abbreviation

定义

Definition

青年牛

Heifer

初配日龄 Age at first serviceAFS首次配种日期与其出生日期之间的间隔天数
末配日龄 Age at last serviceALS末次配种日期与其出生日期之间的间隔天数
初产日龄 Age at first calvingAFC首次产犊的日期与其出生日期之间的间隔天数

成母牛

Cow

产后首次配种间隔 Interval to first service after calvingIFSC产后首次配种日期与其产犊日期之间的间隔天数
产犊间隔 Calving intervalCI本次产犊日期与上一次产犊日期之间的间隔天数
空怀天数 Days openDO受孕日期与上一次产犊日期之间的间隔天数

青年牛和成母牛

Heifer and cow

首末配种间隔 Interval from first to last inseminationIFL末次配种日期与其首次配种日期之间的间隔天数
配种次数 Number of servicesNS同一胎次内,从第一次配种到成功受孕期间,所经历的所有配种次数
首次配种受胎率 Conception rate at first inseminationCR在首次配种后是否成功妊娠。为二分类性状,若首次配种后成功妊娠,记录为1;未妊娠,记录为0
), ArticleFig(id=1307281481961861299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013539680510243, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Descriptive statistics on reproductive traits of Holstein heifers in Jiangsu

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

性状

Trait

记录数

Number

平均值

Mean

标准差

SD

最小值

Min

最大值

Max

初配日龄/d AFS27 765437.8938.01342.00900.00
末配日龄/d ALS27 860478.4582.82342.00960.00
初产日龄/d AFC29 330750.9871.75536.001 080.00
首末配种间隔/d IFL28 86132.5152.720.00280.00
配种次数/次 NS29 2121.921.341.0010.00
首次配种受胎率 CR29 3300.510.500.001.00
), ArticleFig(id=1307281482054135988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013539680510243, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

江苏地区荷斯坦青年牛繁殖性状描述性统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

性状

Trait

记录数

Number

平均值

Mean

标准差

SD

最小值

Min

最大值

Max

初配日龄/d AFS27 765437.8938.01342.00900.00
末配日龄/d ALS27 860478.4582.82342.00960.00
初产日龄/d AFC29 330750.9871.75536.001 080.00
首末配种间隔/d IFL28 86132.5152.720.00280.00
配种次数/次 NS29 2121.921.341.0010.00
首次配种受胎率 CR29 3300.510.500.001.00
), ArticleFig(id=1307281482146410677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013539680510243, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Descriptive statistics on reproductive traits of Chinese Holstein cows in Jiangsu

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

性状

Trait

记录数

Number

平均值

Mean

标准差

SD

最小值

Min

最大值

Max

产后首次配种间隔/d IFSC42 03469.5313.4330.00210.00
产犊间隔/d CI26 557386.7564.59280.00640.00
空怀天数/d DO39 967111.5458.5630.00305.00
首末配种间隔/d IFL41 05247.0666.030.00280.00
配种次数/次 NS42 0032.301.751.0010.00
首次配种受胎率 CR42 2490.450.500.001.00
), ArticleFig(id=1307281482230296758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013539680510243, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

江苏地区荷斯坦成母牛繁殖性状描述性统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

性状

Trait

记录数

Number

平均值

Mean

标准差

SD

最小值

Min

最大值

Max

产后首次配种间隔/d IFSC42 03469.5313.4330.00210.00
产犊间隔/d CI26 557386.7564.59280.00640.00
空怀天数/d DO39 967111.5458.5630.00305.00
首末配种间隔/d IFL41 05247.0666.030.00280.00
配种次数/次 NS42 0032.301.751.0010.00
首次配种受胎率 CR42 2490.450.500.001.00
), ArticleFig(id=1307281482389680311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013539680510243, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Variance components and heritability estimates of reproductive traits in Holstein heifers

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

性状

Trait

加性遗传方差

σ2 a

残差方差

σ2e

遗传力

h2

标准误

SE

初配日龄 AFS476.87431.640.520.01
末配日龄 ALS828.255446.260.130.01
初产日龄 AFC1 058.573 655.790.220.02
首末配种间隔 IFL188.452 479.860.070.01
配种次数 NS0.192.030.060.01
首次配种受胎率 CR0.020.230.080.01
), ArticleFig(id=1307281482448400568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013539680510243, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

荷斯坦青年牛繁殖性状的方差组分和遗传力

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

性状

Trait

加性遗传方差

σ2 a

残差方差

σ2e

遗传力

h2

标准误

SE

初配日龄 AFS476.87431.640.520.01
末配日龄 ALS828.255446.260.130.01
初产日龄 AFC1 058.573 655.790.220.02
首末配种间隔 IFL188.452 479.860.070.01
配种次数 NS0.192.030.060.01
首次配种受胎率 CR0.020.230.080.01
), ArticleFig(id=1307281482502926521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013539680510243, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Variance components and heritability estimates of reproductive traits in Holstein cows

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

性状

Trait

加性遗传方差

σ2a

永久环境方差

σ2pe

残差方差

σ2e

遗传力

h2

标准误

SE

重复力

re

产后首次配种间隔 IFSC5.122.27131.470.040.010.05
产犊间隔 CI60.230.98412.870.130.010.13
空怀天数 DO138.72151.232 959.190.040.010.09
首末配种间隔 IFL192.9149.523 806.740.050.010.08
配种次数 NS0.150.132.690.050.010.09
首次配种受胎率 CR0.020.030.220.070.010.19
), ArticleFig(id=1307281482574229690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013539680510243, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

荷斯坦成母牛繁殖性状的方差组分和遗传力

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

性状

Trait

加性遗传方差

σ2a

永久环境方差

σ2pe

残差方差

σ2e

遗传力

h2

标准误

SE

重复力

re

产后首次配种间隔 IFSC5.122.27131.470.040.010.05
产犊间隔 CI60.230.98412.870.130.010.13
空怀天数 DO138.72151.232 959.190.040.010.09
首末配种间隔 IFL192.9149.523 806.740.050.010.08
配种次数 NS0.150.132.690.050.010.09
首次配种受胎率 CR0.020.030.220.070.010.19
), ArticleFig(id=1307281482632949947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013539680510243, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Genetic and phenotypic correlations among reproductive traits in Holstein heifers

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

性状

Trait

初配日龄AFS

末配日龄

ALS

初产日龄

AFC

首末配种间隔

IFL

配种次数

NS

首次配种

受胎率

CR

初配日龄 AFS1.000.97(0.04)0.73(0.03)-0.28(0.05)-0.47(0.05)0.39(0.05)
末配日龄 ALS0.43**1.000.98(0.01)0.53(0.05)0.37(0.07)-0.50(0.06)
初产日龄 AFC0.27**0.94**1.000.58(0.04)0.44(0.06)-0.46(0.09)
首末配种间隔IFL-0.02**0.81**0.76**1.000.86(0.03)-0.38(0.05)
配种次数 NS-0.07**0.68**0.60**0.80**1.00-0.56(0.02)
首次配种受胎率CR0.06**-0.48**-0.47**-0.65**-0.70**1.00
), ArticleFig(id=1307281482813305020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013539680510243, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

青年牛繁殖性状指标之间的遗传相关和表型相关

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

性状

Trait

初配日龄AFS

末配日龄

ALS

初产日龄

AFC

首末配种间隔

IFL

配种次数

NS

首次配种

受胎率

CR

初配日龄 AFS1.000.97(0.04)0.73(0.03)-0.28(0.05)-0.47(0.05)0.39(0.05)
末配日龄 ALS0.43**1.000.98(0.01)0.53(0.05)0.37(0.07)-0.50(0.06)
初产日龄 AFC0.27**0.94**1.000.58(0.04)0.44(0.06)-0.46(0.09)
首末配种间隔IFL-0.02**0.81**0.76**1.000.86(0.03)-0.38(0.05)
配种次数 NS-0.07**0.68**0.60**0.80**1.00-0.56(0.02)
首次配种受胎率CR0.06**-0.48**-0.47**-0.65**-0.70**1.00
), ArticleFig(id=1307281482901385405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013539680510243, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Genetic and phenotypic correlations among reproductive traits in Holstein cows

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

性状

Trait

产后首次配种间隔IFSC

产犊间隔

CI

空怀天数

DO

首末配种间隔 IFL

配种次数

NS

首次配种受胎率 CR
产后首次配种间隔IFSC1.000.65(0.04)0.43(0.03)0.36(0.05)0.12(0.06)0.14(0.06)
产犊间隔 CI0.05**1.000.94(0.07)0.93(0.05)0.52(0.10)-0.24(0.06)
空怀天数 DO0.15**0.13**1.000.95(0.01)0.96(0.01)-0.84(0.09)
首末配种间隔IFL-0.11**0.12**0.97**1.000.96(0.01)-0.97(0.01)
配种次数 NS-0.15**0.10**0.86**0.88**1.00-0.95(0.01)
首次配种受胎率 CR0.06**-0.09**-0.67**-0.67**-0.68**1.00
), ArticleFig(id=1307281482981077182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013539680510243, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

成母牛繁殖性状指标之间的遗传相关和表型相关

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

性状

Trait

产后首次配种间隔IFSC

产犊间隔

CI

空怀天数

DO

首末配种间隔 IFL

配种次数

NS

首次配种受胎率 CR
产后首次配种间隔IFSC1.000.65(0.04)0.43(0.03)0.36(0.05)0.12(0.06)0.14(0.06)
产犊间隔 CI0.05**1.000.94(0.07)0.93(0.05)0.52(0.10)-0.24(0.06)
空怀天数 DO0.15**0.13**1.000.95(0.01)0.96(0.01)-0.84(0.09)
首末配种间隔IFL-0.11**0.12**0.97**1.000.96(0.01)-0.97(0.01)
配种次数 NS-0.15**0.10**0.86**0.88**1.00-0.95(0.01)
首次配种受胎率 CR0.06**-0.09**-0.67**-0.67**-0.68**1.00
), ArticleFig(id=1307281483060768959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013539680510243, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Genetic and phenotypic correlations of the same trait between different parities

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

性状

Trait

首末配种间隔

IFL

配种次数

NS

首次配种受胎率

CR

产后首次配种间隔

IFSC

产犊间隔

CI

空怀天数

DO

ra0, a10.68(0.01)0.62(0.01)0.64(0.10)
ra0, a20.15(0.07)0.10(0.08)0.13(0.07)
ra0, a30.13(0.08)0.05(0.02)0.12(0.08)
ra1, a20.94(0.03)0.98(0.03)0.98(0.03)0.30(0.07)0.96(0.04)
ra1, a30.56(0.12)0.72(0.10)0.86(0.15)0.10(0.08)0.48(0.15)
ra2, a30.67(0.10)0.84(0.08)0.93(0.14)0.24(0.13)0.65(0.10)0.71(0.12)
rp0, p10.05**0.06**0.04**
rp0, p20.030.05**0.03
rp0, p30.010.030.01
rp1, p20.11**0.10**0.10**0.18**0.15**
rp1, p30.07**0.07**0.07**0.13**0.07**
rp2, p30.10**0.11**0.11**0.15**0.10**0.10**
), ArticleFig(id=1307281483224346816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013539680510243, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

同一性状在不同胎次之间的遗传相关和表型相关

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

性状

Trait

首末配种间隔

IFL

配种次数

NS

首次配种受胎率

CR

产后首次配种间隔

IFSC

产犊间隔

CI

空怀天数

DO

ra0, a10.68(0.01)0.62(0.01)0.64(0.10)
ra0, a20.15(0.07)0.10(0.08)0.13(0.07)
ra0, a30.13(0.08)0.05(0.02)0.12(0.08)
ra1, a20.94(0.03)0.98(0.03)0.98(0.03)0.30(0.07)0.96(0.04)
ra1, a30.56(0.12)0.72(0.10)0.86(0.15)0.10(0.08)0.48(0.15)
ra2, a30.67(0.10)0.84(0.08)0.93(0.14)0.24(0.13)0.65(0.10)0.71(0.12)
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rp0, p20.030.05**0.03
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江苏地区荷斯坦牛繁殖性状遗传参数估计
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姚毅扬 1 , 常梓翊 1 , 李洪亮 1 , 徐红红 1 , 张琬婷 1 , 王子晨 1 , 田雨 2 , 卢徐斌 1 , 杨章平 1 , 王雅春 3 , 毛永江 1
畜牧兽医学报 | 遗传育种 2026,57(3): 1413-1422
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畜牧兽医学报 |遗传育种 2026 , 57 (3) : 1413 -1422
江苏地区荷斯坦牛繁殖性状遗传参数估计
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姚毅扬1 , 常梓翊1, 李洪亮1, 徐红红1, 张琬婷1, 王子晨1, 田雨2, 卢徐斌1, 杨章平1, 王雅春3 , 毛永江1
作者信息
  • 1.扬州大学动物科学与技术学院,扬州 225009
  • 2.南京卫岗乳业有限公司,南京 211113
  • 3.中国农业大学动物科学技术学院,北京 100193
通讯作者:
王雅春,主要从事动物分子数量遗传学研究,E-mail:
毛永江,主要从事奶牛遗传育种研究,E-mail:
作者简介:

姚毅扬,博士生,主要从事奶牛遗传育种研究,E-mail:

Estimation of Genetic Parameters for Reproductive Traits of Holstein Cattle in Jiangsu Province
Yiyang YAO1 , Ziyi CHANG1, Hongliang LI1, Honghong XU1, Wanting ZHANG1, Zichen WANG1, Yu TIAN2, Xubin LU1, Zhangping YANG1, Yachun WANG3 , Yongjiang MAO1
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Animal Science and Technology,Yangzhou University,Yangzhou 225009,China
  • 2.Nanjing Weigang Dairy Co. ,Ltd. ,Nanjing 211113,China
  • 3.College of Animal Science and Technology,China Agricultural University,Beijing 100193,China
  • Corresponding Author:
    WANG Yachun, E-mail:
    MAO Yongjiang, E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-03-23 doi: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.03.021
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旨在评估青年牛与成母牛繁殖性状的遗传参数,解析青年牛与成母牛及不同胎次间繁殖性状的遗传相关性。本研究收集江苏地区6个规模化牧场2020—2024年期间37 329头荷斯坦牛的产犊、配种和妊娠诊断等繁殖记录共84 061条,其中青年牛记录31 689条,成母牛记录52 372条。基于DMU软件中的平均信息约束估计最大似然法模块并配合动物模型与重复力模型进行遗传参数估计,采用双性状和多性状模型进行遗传相关分析。结果显示:青年牛繁殖性状遗传力估计值范围为0.04~0.52之间,其中初配日龄的遗传力最高为0.52±0.01,其余性状遗传力为0.04~0.22之间。青年牛的初配日龄、末配日龄和初产日龄之间遗传相关性较高为0.73~0.98;在成母牛中,空怀天数与配种次数及首末配种间隔之间的遗传相关性最高0.95~0.96。相邻胎次间繁殖性状的遗传相关性较高,青年牛与初产牛的相关性为0.62~0.68,但青年牛与经产牛之间的相关性较低为0.05~0.15,且不同胎次间表型相关性普遍较低为0.01~0.18。此外,配种次数和首末配种间隔与其他性状的遗传相关绝对值相对较高为0.28~0.97,可作为青年牛和成母牛繁殖力的重要指标。本研究系统地解析了江苏地区荷斯坦牛繁殖性状的遗传参数,为该地区荷斯坦牛繁殖性状遗传改良提供了理论依据。

青年牛  /  成母牛  /  繁殖性状  /  遗传力  /  遗传相关  /  表型相关

The objective of this study was to estimate the genetic parameters of reproductive traits in heifers and adult cows and to elucidate the genetic correlations of these traits between heifers and adult cows as well as across different parities. This study collected a total of 84 061 reproductive records, including calving, insemination, and pregnancy diagnosis, from 37 329 Holstein cows in 6 large-scale dairy farms in Jiangsu Province between 2020 and 2024. Among these, 31 689 records were from heifers and 52 372 records were from cows. Genetic parameters were estimated using the average information restricted maximum likelihood (AI-REML) procedure implemented in the DMU software based on animal and repeatability models. The results showed that the heritability estimates of reproductive traits in heifers ranged from 0.04 to 0.52, with the highest value observed for age at first service (0.52±0.01), while the heritability of the other traits ranged from 0.04 to 0.22. In heifers, the genetic correlations among age at first service, age at last service, and age at first calving were high, ranging from 0.73 to 0.98. In cows, the highest genetic correlations were observed between days open and the number of services and interval between first and last service, with values ranging from 0.95 to 0.96. The genetic correlations of reproductive traits between adjacent parities were relatively high, with values ranging from 0.62 to 0.68 between heifers and primiparous cows. By contrast, the correlations between heifers and multiparous cows were low (0.05-0.15). Furthermore, phenotypic correlations across different parities were generally low, ranging from 0.01 to 0.18. In addition, the absolute genetic correlations of number of services and interval between first and last service with other traits were relatively high, ranging from 0.28 to 0.97, suggesting that these traits could serve as important indicators of reproductive performance in both heifers and cows. This study systematically elucidated the genetic parameters of reproductive traits in Holstein cattle in Jiangsu Province, providing a theoretical basis for the genetic improvement of reproductive traits in this population.

heifer  /  cow  /  reproductive traits  /  heritability  /  genetic correlation  /  phenotypic correlation
姚毅扬, 常梓翊, 李洪亮, 徐红红, 张琬婷, 王子晨, 田雨, 卢徐斌, 杨章平, 王雅春, 毛永江. 江苏地区荷斯坦牛繁殖性状遗传参数估计. 畜牧兽医学报, 2026 , 57 (3) : 1413 -1422 . DOI: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.03.021
Yiyang YAO, Ziyi CHANG, Hongliang LI, Honghong XU, Wanting ZHANG, Zichen WANG, Yu TIAN, Xubin LU, Zhangping YANG, Yachun WANG, Yongjiang MAO. Estimation of Genetic Parameters for Reproductive Traits of Holstein Cattle in Jiangsu Province[J]. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, 2026 , 57 (3) : 1413 -1422 . DOI: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.03.021
繁殖性状是一类由多基因共同控制并受环境因素显著影响的复杂功能性状。包括首次配种受胎率、空怀天数和不返情率等在内的多种繁殖性状已被纳入奶牛育种计划的综合育种值指数[1⁃3]。然而,这些性状的遗传力通常较低并且表现出明显的群体特异性。研究表明,宁夏地区荷斯坦牛繁殖性状的遗传力估计范围为0.031~0.483[4],新疆地区荷斯坦牛繁殖性状遗传力估计值为0.04~0.15[5]。这种差异不仅与种群的遗传背景有关,还与饲养管理的差异密切相关。因此,针对不同区域制定育种计划是有必要的,并在综合育种指数中赋予其适当的选择权重,以改善群体的遗传进展和繁殖效率[6,7]。
已有研究表明,繁殖性状与产奶性状通常呈现显著的负相关,主要是由于长期针对产奶量的高强度选育导致奶牛繁殖性能逐渐下降[8,9],增加奶牛淘汰风险的同时也给牧场造成巨大的经济损失[10]。因此,提升奶牛繁殖性能已成为奶牛育种的关键目标之一。此外,在针对繁殖性状选育时,应将青年牛和成母牛的繁殖性状视为相对独立的性状进行分析与评估。已有研究表明,两者在发情表现[11]、受胎率[12]等方面存在显著差异。与成母牛相比,青年牛繁殖性状的早期选育更具有意义,既可以缩短世代间隔,还可以创造更多的经济价值[13,14]。同样的,成母牛的繁殖性能也不容忽视,因为其更能反映奶牛终生泌乳潜力。此外,繁殖性状在不同胎次间也存在显著的遗传差异[15,16]。
本试验以江苏地区荷斯坦牛为研究对象,旨在系统评估青年牛与成母牛9种主要繁殖性状的遗传参数,明确其遗传变异水平;分析青年牛与成母牛之间以及成母牛不同胎次间的繁殖性状遗传相关性,揭示性状间的遗传联系与差异,为区域化精准育种策略制定和奶牛群体繁殖性能的提升提供科学指导。
本研究收集了江苏省6个规模化牧场2020至2024年间37 329头荷斯坦牛繁殖数据共84 061条,主要包括产犊、配种和妊娠诊断等,其中青年牛31 689条,成母牛52 372条。根据青年牛与成母牛在生理发育和繁殖管理上的差异,分别对其繁殖性状进行了定义,具体内容见表1。
为确保数据的完整性与分析结果的可靠性,本研究针对出生日期、产犊日期、产犊间隔等缺失记录,结合DHI(dairy herd improvement)报告进行匹配与补充。同时对收集到的繁殖性状数据进行严格质控,具体标准如下[17]:初配日龄330~900 d、末配日龄330~960 d、初产日龄510~1 080 d、配种次数1~10次、首末配种间隔0~280 d、产后首次配种间隔30~210 d、产犊间隔280~640 d、空怀天数30~305 d。此外,成母牛至少包含2次产犊记录。
系谱信息由牧场提供。追溯有表型记录个体的三代系谱(父母、祖父母、外祖父母),并剔除无系谱记录的无效数据,对于系谱记录缺失的个体,结合中国奶牛数据中心(https://pt.holstein.org.cn/home/home)数据库对试验奶牛的系谱信息进行补充。最终形成一份包含72 354头荷斯坦牛的系谱文件,其中公牛2 327头,母牛70 027头。
本研究基于DMU软件[18]中的平均信息约束估计最大似然法(average information restricted maximum likelihood,AI-REML)模块,结合单性状动物模型和单性状重复力动物模型分别对青年牛(AFS、ALS、AFC、IFL、NS、CR,模型1)和成母牛(IFSC、CI、DO、IFL、NS、CR,模型2)繁殖性状的遗传参数进行估计,模型如下:
y=Xb+Za+e (模型1)
式中,y为青年牛各繁殖性状观察值;b为固定效应向量,固定效应包括:牧场(每个牧场为1个水平)6个水平、首配年(2020—2024每年为1个水平)5个水平,首配季节(春季3~5月、夏季6~8月、秋季9~11月、冬季12月至次年2月,每个季节为1个水平)4个水平;a为个体加性遗传效应向量;e为随机残差效应向量;X、Z分别为固定效应和加性遗传效应的关系矩阵。
y=Xb+Za+Wpe+e (模型2)
式中,y为成母牛表型向量观察值;b为固定效应向量,固定效应包括:胎次(1~4胎每个胎次为1个水平,5胎及以上为1个水平)5个水平,产犊季节(划分标准同首配季节)4个水平,其余固定效应同模型1;a为个体加性遗传效应向量;pe为个体永久环境效应向量;e为随机残差效应向量;X、Z、W分别为固定效应、加性遗传效应、永久环境效应的关系矩阵。
基于双性状动物模型和双性状重复力动物模型分别对青年牛(模型3)和成母牛(模型4)的繁殖性状进行遗传相关分析,模型如下:
y1y2=X100X2b1b2+Z100Z2a1a2+e1e2 (模型3)
式中,yi为青年牛繁殖性状的表型观察值;bi为性状i的固定效应向量,固定效应同模型1;ai为性状i加性遗传效应向量;ei为性状i随机残差效应向量;Xi、Zi分别为对应的关系矩阵。
y1y2=X100X2b1b2+Z100Z2a1a2+W100W2p1p2+e1e2 (模型4)
式中,yi为成母牛繁殖性状的表型观察值;bi为性状i的固定效应向量,固定效应同模型2;ai为性状i加性遗传效应向量;pi为性状i的永久环境效应;ei为性状i随机残差效应;Xi、Zi、Wi分别为对应的关系矩阵。
对于多胎次数据,采用多性状模型,将同一繁殖性状在不同胎次分别作为独立性状进行分析。对于同时含有青年牛和成母牛记录的繁殖性状(NS、CR、IFL),应用四性状动物模型进行遗传相关估计,模型如下:
y0y1y2y3=X00000X10000X20000X3b1b2b3b4+Z00000Z10000Z20000Z3a0a1a2a3+e0e1e2e3 (模型5)
对于成母牛特有的繁殖性状(IFSC、CI、DO),使用三性状动物模型进行遗传相关估计,模型如下:
y1y2y3=X1000X2000X3b1b2b3+Z1000Z2000Z3a1a2a3+e1e2e3 (模型6)
式中,yi为第i个性状/胎次的表型观察值;bi为第i个性状/胎次的固定效应向量,其中模型5的出生年(2018—2022年,每年为1个水平)5个水平,模型6的出生年(2016—2020年,每年为1个水平)5个水平,其余的固定效应相同分别为,牧场6个水平,初产月龄(17~22、23~25、26~28、29~31、32~36月)5个水平;ai为第i个性状/胎次个体加性遗传效应向量;ei为第i个性状/胎次随机残差效应向量;Xi、Zi为对应的关系矩阵。
根据DMU软件估计得到的方差和协方差组分,分别按照下列公式计算各性状的遗传力、重复力和遗传相关性。其中,遗传力和相关系数的标准误采用泰勒(Taylor)展开法进行估算[19]。
青年遗传力:h2=σa2σa2+σe2;
成母牛遗传力:h2=σa2σa2+σpe2+σe2;
重复力:re=σa2+σpe2σa2+σpe2+σe2;
遗传相关:rg=covai,ajσai2σaj2
式中,h2表示各繁殖性状遗传力估计值;re表示各繁殖性状重复力;σa2表示各繁殖性状的加性方差;σpe2表示各繁殖性状的永久环境效应方差;σe2表示各繁殖性状指标的随机残差效应方差。rg表示各繁殖性状之间的遗传相关;其中covai,aj为性状i和性状j的加性协方差;σai2是性状i的加性方差;σaj2是性状j的加性方差。
江苏地区荷斯坦青年牛和成母牛主要繁殖性状描述性统计结果分别见表2和表3。其中青年牛的首末配种间隔平均为32.51 d,短于成母牛的47.06 d;青年牛的平均首次配种受胎率为51.0%,高于成母牛的45.0%;平均配种次数为1.92次,低于成母牛的2.30次。此外,青年牛平均初配日龄和平均初产日龄分别为437.89 d和750.98 d,成母牛的平均产后首次配种间隔和平均产犊间隔分别为69.53 d和386.75 d,平均空怀天数为111.54 d。总体来看,无论是配种间隔、受胎率还是配种次数,青年牛的繁殖能力均优于成母牛,并且各性状在两类牛群中均表现出较大表型变异。
基于单性状动物模型和单性状重复力模型计算的青年牛和成母牛的各个繁殖性状的方差组分和遗传力如表4和表5所示。青年牛中初配日龄的遗传力最高为0.52±0.01,初产日龄、末配日龄分别为0.22±0.02和0.13±0.01。此外,青年牛的首末配种间隔、配种次数和首次配种受胎率的遗传力略高于成母牛,但这些性状的遗传力较低为0.05~0.08。成母牛的产后首次配种间隔、空怀天数和产犊间隔的遗传力分别为0.04±0.01、0.04±0.01和0.13±0.01。除了首次配种受胎率的重复力较高为0.19以外,成母牛其余繁殖性状的重复力较低为0.05~0.13。
如表6所示,荷斯坦青年牛各繁殖性状间遗传相关范围为-0.56(配种次数与首次配种受胎率)~0.98(末配日龄与初产日龄),表型相关系数范围为-0.65(首次配种受胎率与首末配种间隔)~0.94(末配日龄与初产日龄)。其中,初配日龄、末配日龄和初产日龄三者之间遗传相关性较高(初配日龄与末配日龄为0.97、末配日龄与初产日龄为0.98、初配日龄与初产日龄为0.73),表型相关性为0.27~0.94;首次配种受胎率与初配日龄呈正遗传相关(0.39),而与其他繁殖性状均呈负遗传相关(-0.38~-0.65)。
如表7所示,荷斯坦成母牛各繁殖性状间的表型相关系数范围为-0.68(首次配种受胎率与配种次数)~0.97(空怀天数与首末配种间隔),遗传相关性范围为-0.97(首次配种受胎率与首末配种间隔)~0.96(空怀天数与配种次数)。其中,空怀天数、首末配种间隔和配种次数三者之间表现出极高的表型和遗传相关,均在0.86以上。相反,首次配种受胎率与上述性状均呈较强的负相关(-0.84~-0.97)。产犊间隔与其他繁殖性状之间的表型相关性较低(-0.09~0.13)。除首次配种受胎率外,产犊间隔与其他繁殖性状均表现出较高的正遗传相关(0.52~0.94)。产后首次配种间隔与各繁殖性状均呈现正遗传相关为0.12~0.65。
同一繁殖性状在不同胎次之间的遗传相关和表型相关系数如表8所示。结果显示,青年牛与成母牛及成母牛各胎次之间繁殖性状的遗传相关绝对值范围为0.05~0.98,表型相关系数整体较低,范围为0.01~0.18。青年牛与1胎牛在首末配种间隔、配种次数和首次配种受胎率等性状上的遗传相关性最高,分别为0.68、0.62和0.64,且随着胎次增加逐渐减弱。成母牛各胎次间的繁殖性状遗传范围为0.10~0.98,相邻两个胎次间的相关性较强,且1胎次和2胎次之间遗传相关高于2胎次和3胎次之间,表型相关性也呈现出相似的变化趋势。
本研究对江苏地区荷斯坦牛群的繁殖性状展开了系统评估,结果显示青年牛与成母牛在繁殖性状上存在显著差异。与成母牛相比,青年牛的首末配种间隔平均缩短14.55 d,配种次数平均减少0.38次,首次配种受胎率平均提高6%。整体来看,青年牛的繁殖性状优于成母牛,造成该差异的原因可能与青年牛首次分娩引起的生殖系统生理环境变化以及产后泌乳期的负能量平衡密切相关[20]。
本研究发现,江苏地区青年牛初配日龄与宁夏地区[4]较为接近,初产日龄和首次配种受胎率则低于华南地区[21],但配种次数和首末配种间隔则表现出较高的水平。在成母牛方面,产后首次配种间隔、空怀天数及产犊间隔均优于日本群体[22],但首末配种间隔偏长。配种次数、首次配种受胎率与之前报道相似[21,23]。有研究表明,青年牛在450~480日龄时受胎率最高[24],初产日龄在690~750 d时奶牛表现出较高的泌乳性能和较长的利用年限[25],母牛的最佳产犊间隔范围是360~390 d[26],产后首次配种间隔在65~88 d时能保持较高的繁殖性能[27,28],由此可见该地区的青年牛和成母牛的繁殖性能较佳。
除青年牛初配日龄遗传力较高外,其余繁殖性状在青年牛和成母牛中遗传力均呈现中低水平,遗传力范围为0.04~0.17,与之前的报道相似[22,29]。此外,由于不同国家和地区对青年牛的饲养管理和育种计划的不同,导致了青年牛繁殖性状存在显著差异。如,泰国[16]和伊朗[30]青年牛初配日龄的遗传力分别为0.26和0.11,均低于本研究结果;泰国青年牛的初产日龄高于本研究结果。青年牛的首末配种间隔、配种次数和首次配种受胎率的遗传力均显著高于成母牛,这与中国北方[17]和华南地区[21]的研究结果一致。成母牛空怀天数的遗传力为0.04,与南非[31]的报道较为接近,产后首次配种间隔的遗传力与之前报道的结果基本一致[32,33]。成母牛产犊间隔的遗传力为0.13,远高于现有的报道[34,35],这可能反映了本研究群体中成母牛在繁殖节律上的遗传差异更为明显。青年牛和成母牛首次配种受胎率的遗传力分别为0.08和0.07,与现有的报道存在较大差异[4,17],可能源于群体遗传背景差异、管理等诸多因素。
总体来看,江苏地区荷斯坦牛大部分繁殖性状遗传力处于较低水平,意味着这些性状受环境因素影响较大、遗传改良速度较慢。然而,与成母牛相比,青年牛表现出较佳的繁殖性能。因此,青年牛繁殖性状的早期选育对于改善群体的繁殖潜力至关重要。
本研究结果显示,青年牛的初配日龄、末配日龄与初产日龄在表型和遗传水平上均呈高度相关,这更符合奶牛繁殖生理规律[22,36]。三者在时间顺序上具有紧密的依存关系,并受相似的遗传与管理因素影响。首末配种间隔和配种次数之间是高度正遗传相关,二者与首次配种受胎率存在负相关,这种相关关系在成母牛群体中更为显著,类似的结果也在其他国家有所报道[37,38]。这似乎更好地解释了成母牛在整个泌乳期内,由于高产奶量带来的能量负平衡对繁殖性能产生了不利的影响。首次配种受胎率除了与产后首次配种间隔呈正相关外,与其他繁殖性状均呈负相关,提示产后适宜的间隔有利于子宫的恢复,同时也提高首次配种受胎率。多项研究表明,首末配种间隔与空怀天数具有较高的相关性[22,36]。这表明在一定条件下二者具有较高的替代参考价值,当其中一项记录缺失时,可利用另一项进行补充,从而提高繁殖性能评估的完整性与准确性。产后首次配种间隔与其他繁殖性状均呈正相关,尤其是与产犊间隔(0.65)和空怀天数(0.43)的相关性较强,这与Wall等[32]的研究结果相符合。此外,本研究也发现,延长空怀天数通常伴随繁殖性状的下降。然而,也有研究指出,对于高产奶牛,适度延长空怀天数有利于提高牛群整体的经济效益[39],这与本研究结论存在一定差异。因此,应结合牧场生产水平、繁殖计划及经济目标,制定最优的繁殖管理方案。
大量研究表明,同一繁殖性状在相邻胎次间的遗传相关较强,而在青年牛与成母牛之间较弱,这更好地证明了将两者视为相关但不相同的性状进行评估与选择的必要性。例如,Tiezzi等[15]研究发现,1胎次和2胎次奶牛的繁殖性状遗传相关均在0.92以上,青年牛与1胎牛的遗传相关为0.35~0.55,与本研究结果较为接近,但青年牛与2胎牛的相关性高于本研究结果,在日本的一项研究中也观察到了同样的结果[22]。Liu等[17]发现,相邻两个胎次之间繁殖性状的相关性较强,这与本研究结果一致,但青年牛与2胎和3胎之间的相关性高于本研究结果。这一差异主要源于本研究样本量不足及各国奶牛利用年限差异。在我国,由于奶牛的平均利用胎次较低,部分个体在2胎或更高胎次时被淘汰,导致其后续胎次的数据缺失,从而导致相关分析结果的偏差。此外,本研究也发现,不同胎次间各繁殖性状的表型相关性普遍较低,尤其是青年牛与成母牛之间的表型相关性极低(0.01~0.05),这提示某一胎次的繁殖性状表现并不能作为预测后续胎次繁殖表现的可靠依据。相反,即便在某一胎次中繁殖性能较差,通过后续更科学的繁殖管理,仍有可能在后续胎次中显著改善其繁殖表现。
江苏地区荷斯坦牛多数繁殖性状遗传力处于低水平,但仍具有一定的选育潜力。其中,首末配种间隔和配种次数与其他繁殖性状呈现中高水平的遗传相关,建议将其作为重要的繁殖性状育种指标纳入育种方案。不同繁殖性状在青年牛与成母牛之间以及成母牛各胎次间的遗传相关性差异显著。大多数性状在相邻胎次之间表现为中高水平的遗传相关,而青年牛与成母牛之间的相关性相对较低,提示应将不同胎次视为相关但不完全相同的性状进行独立评估与选择。此外,各胎次间繁殖性状的整体表型相关性普遍较低,说明仅依赖表型数据难以准确预测后续胎次的繁殖表现。同时,由于繁殖性状遗传力较低,在制定育种计划时应优先建立综合选择指数,适当提高繁殖性状的权重,在保证繁殖性能的前提下促进整体经济效益的提升。
  • 国家农业重大科技项目
  • 国家现代农业产业技术体系(CARS-36)
  • 农业生物育种国家科技重大专项(2023ZD0406805)
  • 宁夏回族自治区重点研发项目(2023BCF01004)
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2026年第57卷第3期
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doi: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.03.021
  • 接收时间:2025-08-26
  • 首发时间:2026-09-16
  • 出版时间:2026-03-23
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-26
基金
国家农业重大科技项目
国家现代农业产业技术体系(CARS-36)
农业生物育种国家科技重大专项(2023ZD0406805)
宁夏回族自治区重点研发项目(2023BCF01004)
作者信息
    1.扬州大学动物科学与技术学院,扬州 225009
    2.南京卫岗乳业有限公司,南京 211113
    3.中国农业大学动物科学技术学院,北京 100193

通讯作者:

王雅春,主要从事动物分子数量遗传学研究,E-mail:
毛永江,主要从事奶牛遗传育种研究,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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