Article(id=1307013449213567637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307013104081068276, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.02.034, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1746547200000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789545889427, onlineDateStr=2026-09-16, pubDate=1771776000000, pubDateStr=2026-02-23, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789545889427, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789545889427, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789545889427, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1307013104081068276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, year='2026', volume='57', issue='2', pageStart='569', pageEnd='1176', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771776000000', pubDateStr='2026-02-23', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789545807142, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789609910854, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1307281975350419753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307013104081068276, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1307281975350419754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307013104081068276, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=979, endPage=993, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1307013449440060054, articleId=1307013449213567637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, language=EN, title=Selection of DNA Aptamers Targeting Nectin1 and Their Inhibitory Effect on Adsorption of Pseudorabies Virus to Host Cells in vitro, columnId=1307007432299930010, journalTitle=Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, columnName=PREVENTIVE VETERINARY MEDICINE, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study aimed to achieve soluble prokaryotic expression of the N-terminal extracellular domain of the pseudorabies virus (PRV) receptor Nectin1 protein, and to screen high-affinity, high-specificity DNA aptamers targeting it, thereby providing a novel molecular tool for blocking PRV adsorption. The porcine Nectin1 gene was cloned into the prokaryotic expression vector pET28a containing a maltose-binding protein (MBP) solubility-enhancing tag to construct the recombinant plasmid pET28a-MBP-Nectin1. The correctly digested and sequenced recombinant plasmid was transformed into Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) for induced expression. The recombinant protein was validated by Western blot and pull-down assays. A DNA aptamer specifically targeting rMBP-Nectin1 was selected using magnetic bead-coupled Systematic Evolution of Ligands by EXponential enrichment (SELEX). The affinity and specificity of the selected aptamer Apt-Nectin1-6 were evaluated by magnetic bead-based ELASA. Nectin1 knockdown cell lines (sh-Nectin1-1 and sh-Nectin1-2) were used as controls to verify the binding ability of Apt-Nectin1-6 to cell surface Nectin1 by flow cytometry. Additionally, the inhibitory effect of the aptamer on on adsorption of pseudorabies virus to host cells was assessed by flow cytometry and viral genome copy number analysis. Western blot and pull-down assays confirmed the correct expression and biological activity of the recombinant MBP-Nectin1 protein. Through SELEX, the DNA aptamer Apt-Nectin1-6, exhibiting high affinity to rMBP-Nectin1 with an equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) of (0.11±0.02) nmol and no cross-reactivity with rMBP-gD, rMBP-S1, rMBP-CD163, or rMBP alone, was successfully screened. Molecular docking analysis indicated that Apt-Nectin1-6 binds to Nectin1 via hydrogen bonds. Further flow cytometry, viral genome copy number quantification, and virus titration collectively demonstrated that Apt-Nectin1-6 inhibits PRV adsorption to host cells in a dose-dependent manner. (P<0.05). In this study, a DNA aptamer Apt-Nectin1-6 with high specificity and affinity for the Nectin1 protein was successfully screened and verified to effectively block PRV adsorption, providing a foundation for developing novel anti-PRV strategies.

, authors=Yan QIAO, Jiafu ZHAO, Xiaotian CHANG, Zheng CHEN, Yingqian HAN, Chao ZHANG, authorsList=Yan QIAO, Jiafu ZHAO, Xiaotian CHANG, Zheng CHEN, Yingqian HAN, Chao ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Chao ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
ZHANG Chao, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1307013451793064619, articleId=1307013449213567637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, language=CN, title=靶向Nectin1的DNA适配体筛选及其对伪狂犬病病毒体外感染细胞的吸附阻断效应, columnId=1307007432459313564, journalTitle=畜牧兽医学报, columnName=预防兽医, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究旨在可溶性原核表达伪狂犬病病毒(PRV)受体Nectin1蛋白的N端胞外结构域,并以此为靶标,筛选出高亲和力、高特异性的DNA适配体,为阻断伪狂犬病病毒吸附宿主细胞提供新的分子工具。将猪源Nectin1基因克隆至带有麦芽糖结合蛋白(MBP)促溶标签的原核表达载体pET28a中,构建重组质粒pET28a-MBP-Nectin1,将双酶切鉴定和测序正确的重组质粒转入大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)进行诱导表达,使用Western blot和Pull-down试验验证重组蛋白。采用基于磁珠偶联的系统进化适配体筛选技术(SELEX)筛选特异性靶向rMBP-Nectin1的DNA适配体,并利用磁珠ELASA检测筛选所得适配体Apt-Nectin1-6的亲和力与特异性。以敲减Nectin1蛋白的细胞系(sh-Nectin1-1、sh-Nectin1-2)为对照,应用流式细胞术验证Apt-Nectin1-6对细胞表面Nectin1蛋白的结合能力,同时通过流式细胞术和基因组拷贝数试验评估其对PRV吸附细胞的抑制作用。Western blot和Pull-down结果表明重组MBP-Nectin1蛋白正确表达且具有生物学活性。通过SELEX技术筛选获得的适配体Apt-Nectin1-6对rMBP-Nectin1具有高亲和力,平衡解离常数(Kd)为(0.11±0.02) nmol,且不与rMBP-gD、rMBP-S1、rMBP-CD163及rMBP蛋白发生交叉反应。分子对接结果显示,Apt-Nectin1-6通过氢键与Nectin1结合。进一步流式细胞术、基因组拷贝数检测和病毒滴度测定结果显示,Apt-Nectin1-6可剂量依赖性地抑制PRV对细胞的吸附(P<0.05)。本研究成功筛选得到可高特异性、高亲和力结合Nectin1蛋白的DNA适配体Apt-Nectin1-6,并证实其可有效阻断PRV对细胞的吸附,为开发新的抗PRV策略奠定基础。

, authors=乔岩, 赵家富, 常潇天, 陈征, 韩莹倩, 张超, authorsList=乔岩, 赵家富, 常潇天, 陈征, 韩莹倩, 张超, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张超, authorNote=

乔岩,主要从事动物生物技术研究,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
张超,主要从事动物生物技术研究,E-mail:
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Reference(id=1307282521926951323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013449213567637, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=32, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王 巍,贾凌云.适配体筛选方法研究进展[J].分析化学,2009,37(3):454-460., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307282522279272861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013449213567637, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=33, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG W,JIA L Y.Research progress on aptamer selection methods [J].Chinese Journal of Analytical Chemistry,2009,37(3):454-460.(in Chinese), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307282523088773535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013449213567637, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=34, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张冬萱,王智豪,乔岩,等.猪流行性腹泻病毒S1蛋白的原核表达及其核酸适配体的筛选[J].畜牧兽医学报,2025,56(2):839-850., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307282523214602656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013449213567637, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=35, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG D X,WANG Z H,QIAO Y,et al.Prokaryotic expression of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus S1 protein and selection of its nucleic acid aptamers[J].Journal of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine,2025,56(2):839-850.(in Chinese), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307282523596284321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013449213567637, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=36, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GELINAS A D,DAVIES D R,JANJIC N.Embracing proteins:structural themes in aptamer-protein complexes[J].Curr Opin Struct Biol,2016,36:122-132., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1307282509838967160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013449213567637, awardId=252300420197, language=CN, fundingSource=河南省自然科学基金(252300420197), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1307282510149345657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013449213567637, awardId=31972672, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(31972672), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1307282500674412847, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013449213567637, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1307282500682801456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013449213567637, companyId=1307282500674412847, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,College of Veterinary Medicine,Henan Agricultural University,Zhengzhou 450046,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1307282500691190065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013449213567637, companyId=1307282500674412847, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=河南农业大学动物医学院,农业农村部动物生化与营养重点开放实验室,郑州 450046)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1307282504826773854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013449213567637, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Verification of the pET28a-MBP-Nectin1 recombinant plasmid

The pET28a-MBP-Nectin1 recombinant plasmid was digested at 37 ℃ for 3 h; M. DL5000 DNA marker; 1. Double digestion with BamHⅠ and XhoⅠ; 2. Uncut control

, figureFileSmall=Rq1AdSeRz5eWx4cejJF1dg==, figureFileBig=zeaLqCaoc5kpPO1XW/O/cg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282504898077023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013449213567637, language=CN, label=图1, caption=pET28a-MBP-Nectin1重组质粒酶切验证

取pET28a-MBP-Nectin1重组质粒,在37 ℃酶切3 h;M. DL5000 DNA 相对分子质量标准;1. Bam HⅠ和XhoⅠ双酶切;2. 未酶切对照组

, figureFileSmall=Rq1AdSeRz5eWx4cejJF1dg==, figureFileBig=zeaLqCaoc5kpPO1XW/O/cg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282505145540960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013449213567637, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Purification and identification of rMBP-Nectin1 and rMBP proteins

A. SDS-PAGE analysis of the purified rMBP-Nectin1 (80 ku) and rMBP (45 ku) proteins; B. Western blot identification of rMBP-Nectin1 and rMBP proteins using an anti-MBP monoclonal antibody; C. Western blot identification of rMBP-Nectin1 and rMBP proteins using an anti-Nectin1 polyclonal antibody; D. Purified rMBP-Nectin1 protein was incubated with magnetic beads at 4 ℃, followed by incubation with PRV overnight for Pull-down assays. rMBP protein was used as a control. Detection was performed by Western blot using an anti-gB monoclonal antibody

, figureFileSmall=C7uzynwy3AVH2MTDwehYKQ==, figureFileBig=Fw/mn/7R2W6GnYglcuMzkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282505212649825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013449213567637, language=CN, label=图2, caption=rMBP-Nectin1和rMBP蛋白的纯化及鉴定

A.纯化后的rMBP-Nectin1(80 ku)和rMBP(45 ku)蛋白的SDS-PAGE分析;B.使用MBP单抗对rMBP-Nectin1和rMBP蛋白进行Western blot鉴定;C.使用Nectin1多抗对rMBP-Nectin1和rMBP蛋白进行Western blot鉴定;D.将纯化的rMBP-Nectin1蛋白与磁珠在4 ℃孵育后,加入PRV病毒液过夜孵育,利用Pull-down方法捕获PRV病毒,rMBP蛋白作为对照,使用gB单抗进行Western blot鉴定

, figureFileSmall=C7uzynwy3AVH2MTDwehYKQ==, figureFileBig=Fw/mn/7R2W6GnYglcuMzkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282505640468834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013449213567637, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Analysis of enrichment efficiency by qPCR and flow cytometry

A. qPCR analysis of library enrichment. The 4th-round library (green), 8th-round library (brown), 12th-round library (yellow), and 13th-round library (light blue) were selected as templates for qPCR, with the random library (dark blue) as the control. Melting temperature curves were analyzed, where higher melting temperatures indicated lower library complexity. B. Flow cytometry analysis of library enrichment. Libraries from the 4th round (light green), 8th round (orange), 12th round (blue), 13th round (red), and random library (dark green) were amplified using FAM-labeled primers. The amplified products were prepared as single-stranded DNA and incubated with Nectin1-conjugated magnetic beads, with blank magnetic beads serving as the control

, figureFileSmall=chOAfU5dza/HdKMW8CU3Gg==, figureFileBig=dvg7IG8m2BI7fHBxraYyuA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282505724354915, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013449213567637, language=CN, label=图3, caption=qPCR及流式细胞术检测筛选适配体富集情况

A. qPCR检测富集结果。选取第4轮文库(绿色)、第8轮文库(褐色)、第12轮文库(黄色)、第13轮文库(浅蓝色)作为模板,进行qPCR,随机文库(深蓝色)为对照,分析其熔炼温度曲线,熔链温度越高,文库复杂性越低;B.流失细胞术检测富集结果。用FAM标记的引物扩增第4轮文库(浅绿色)、第8轮文库(橙色)、第12轮文库(蓝色)、第13轮文库(红色)文库和随机文库(深绿色),将扩增产物制备成单链后,分别与Nectin1-磁珠孵育,使用空白磁珠作为对照

, figureFileSmall=chOAfU5dza/HdKMW8CU3Gg==, figureFileBig=dvg7IG8m2BI7fHBxraYyuA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282505904709988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013449213567637, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Detection of binding between candidate aptamers and Nectin1-conjugated magnetic beads

FAM-labeled candidate aptamers were incubated with Nectin1-conjugated magnetic beads for 1 h, with magnetic beads without Nectin1 serving as the control. Fluorescence signals on the surfaces of magnetic beads were observed under a fluorescence microscope

, figureFileSmall=qO40EVHnjOXwazIQJMkgVA==, figureFileBig=ddJ73qmOfuhwVtLQy3mL9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282506009567589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013449213567637, language=CN, label=图4, caption=候选核酸适配体与Nectin1结合效果分析

取FAM标记的候选适配体与Nectin1偶联磁珠孵育1 h,以未结合Nectin1的磁珠作为对照,通过荧光显微镜观察各组磁珠表面的荧光信号

, figureFileSmall=qO40EVHnjOXwazIQJMkgVA==, figureFileBig=ddJ73qmOfuhwVtLQy3mL9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282506072482150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013449213567637, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Specificity and affinity analysis of candidate aptamers for Nectin1 protein

A. The binding specificity of Apt-Nectin1-1, Apt-Nectin1-5, and Apt-Nectin1-6 to rMBP-Nectin1, rMBP-gD, rMBP-S1, rMBP-CD163, and rMBP proteins was evaluated by magnetic bead-based ELISA; B. The affinity of Apt-Nectin1-6 for rMBP-Nectin1 was determined by magnetic bead-based ELISA, and the equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) was calculated

, figureFileSmall=a60p7V6lQjMaStn4AEPLgw==, figureFileBig=YoaSb3sWVybMVZ80xkgw4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282506319946087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013449213567637, language=CN, label=图5, caption=候选核酸适配体与Nectin1蛋白的特异性及亲和力检测

A. 采用磁珠ELISA法检测Apt-Nectin1-1、Apt-Nectin1-5和Apt-Nectin1-6与rMBP-Nectin1、rMBP-gD、rMBP-S1、rMBP-CD163及rMBP蛋白的结合特异性;B. 采用磁珠ELISA法测定Apt-Nectin1-6与rMBP-Nectin1的亲和力,计算平衡解离常数(Kd)

, figureFileSmall=a60p7V6lQjMaStn4AEPLgw==, figureFileBig=YoaSb3sWVybMVZ80xkgw4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282506395443560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013449213567637, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Secondary structure prediction of Apt-Nectin1-6 aptamer and molecular docking analysis with Nectin1 protein

A. Predicted secondary structure of the Apt-Nectin1-6 aptamer; B. Molecular docking result showing the interaction between the Apt-Nectin1-6 aptamer (green) and the Nectin1 protein (orange), with yellow dashed lines representing hydrogen bonds

, figureFileSmall=m1u39HR4WQGObhmlnp/KXg==, figureFileBig=xDCRiKUDgUnvjCs4LG2o/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282506458358121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013449213567637, language=CN, label=图6, caption=Apt-Nectin1-6适配体的二级结构预测及与Nectin1蛋白的分子对接分析

A. Apt-Nectin1-6适配体的二级结构预测结果;B. Apt-Nectin1-6适配体(绿色)与Nectin1蛋白(橙色)的分子对接结果,黄色虚线表示形成的氢键

, figureFileSmall=m1u39HR4WQGObhmlnp/KXg==, figureFileBig=xDCRiKUDgUnvjCs4LG2o/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282506542244202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013449213567637, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Validation of Apt-Nectin1-6 aptamer recognition of cell surface Nectin1 in multiple cell lines

A. FAM-labeled Apt-Nectin1-6 was incubated with Vero, PK15, BHK21, and 293T cells. A random library was used as a negative control. Fluorescence intensity was analyzed by flow cytometry to evaluate the recognition ability of the aptamer for cell surface Nectin1. B. Sequence fragments of Nectin1 derived from pig, African green monkey, hamster, and human were analyzed for homology using MEGA6 software. Conserved amino acid residues potentially involved in binding with Apt-Nectin1-6 were highlighted with red boxes

, figureFileSmall=6J5BJ5uCBKne6QRqN4ZElA==, figureFileBig=Eys2+reLd6H0XPKngRrc7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282506621935979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013449213567637, language=CN, label=图7, caption=Apt-Nectin1-6适配体对多种细胞表面Nectin1蛋白的识别能力验证

A.采用FAM荧光标记的Apt-Nectin1-6分别与Vero、PK15、BHK21和293T细胞共孵育,以随机文库作为阴性对照组,流式细胞术检测荧光强度,评估适配体对细胞表面Nectin1的识别能力;B.对来源于猪、非洲绿候、仓鼠和人的Nectin1片段利用MEGA6软件进行同源性分析,与Apt-Nectin1-6结合的保守氨基酸位点用红色方框标示

, figureFileSmall=6J5BJ5uCBKne6QRqN4ZElA==, figureFileBig=Eys2+reLd6H0XPKngRrc7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282506735182188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013449213567637, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Construction of Nectin1-knockdown PK15 cells and specificity validation of Apt-Nectin1-6 aptamer recognition

A. Construction of Nectin1-specific shRNA stable knockdown PK15 cell lines (sh-Nectin1-1 and sh-Nectin1-2) by lentiviral transduction and puromycin selection for 24 h. Nectin1 mRNA expression was detected by qRT-PCR, using GAPDH as the internal control. Untransfected PK15 cells were used as the blank control; B. Cells were incubated with PRV-GFP at 4℃ for 1 h for viral adsorption, then cultured in DMEM containing 1% FBS at 37 ℃with 5% CO₂ for 8 h. Fluorescence intensity was analyzed by flow cytometry. Normal PK15 cells served as control; C. FAM-labeled Apt-Nectin1-6 was incubated with PK15 and shRNA-Nectin1-1/2 cells. The random library incubated with PK15 cells was used as a negative control. Binding ability was assessed by flow cytometry. ***.P<0.001

, figureFileSmall=zsnZ1hQqJr4ZVTevWYym/Q==, figureFileBig=TgL+duHLhK/Jy526+rHs1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282506823262573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013449213567637, language=CN, label=图8, caption=Nectin1敲减PK15细胞的构建及Apt-Nectin1-6适配体识别能力的特异性验证

A.通过慢病毒包装系统转染PK15细胞并经嘌呤霉素筛选24 h,构建Nectin1基因特异性shRNA稳定敲减细胞系(sh-Nectin1-1和sh-Nectin1-2),以GAPDH为内参基因,使用qRT-PCR检测Nectin1 mRNA表达水平,未转染细胞作为空白对照;B.将敲减细胞与PRV-GFP在4 ℃条件下孵育1 h完成病毒吸附,随后更换含1% FBS的DMEM维持液,在37 ℃、5% CO₂条件下培养8 h,使用流式细胞术检测荧光强度,正常PK15细胞作为对照;C.FAM标记的Apt-Nectin1-6分别与正常PK15及敲减细胞(sh-Nectin1-1/2)共孵育,随机文库与PK15细胞孵育作为阴性对照,流式细胞术检测结合能力。***.P<0.001

, figureFileSmall=zsnZ1hQqJr4ZVTevWYym/Q==, figureFileBig=TgL+duHLhK/Jy526+rHs1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282506898760046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013449213567637, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Cytotoxicity of Apt-Nectin1-6 and its blocking effect on the adsorption of virus to cells

A. PK15 and Vero cells were treated with varying concentrations (0,3,5,7, and 10 μmol·L- ¹) of Apt-Nectin1-6, and cell viability was assessed using the CCK-8 assay to evaluate cytotoxicity; B. The antiviral effect of Apt-Nectin1-6 was analyzed by flow cytometry, detecting PRV infection in treated PK15 and Vero cells; C. Quantitative PCR was performed to detect viral genome copy numbers after PRV adsorption, evaluating the aptamer’s ability to block virus attachment; D. Culture supernatants were collected at 24 hours post-infection, and viral titers were determined using the TCID50 method to further evaluate the inhibitory effect of the aptamer on PRV replication. ns. Not significant; *.P< 0.05; **.P< 0.01;***.P< 0.001

, figureFileSmall=IufbHAlPC18+DZ1tEhY25w==, figureFileBig=ABA5+OU3XY06TtelXgdy6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282508530344304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013449213567637, language=CN, label=图9, caption=Apt-Nectin1-6适配体的细胞毒性与体外感染细胞的吸附阻断效应

A. 不同浓度(0、3、5、7、10 μmol·L-¹)的 Apt-Nectin1-6 处理 PK15 和 Vero 细胞后,采用 CCK-8 法检测细胞活力,评估适配体的细胞毒性;B. 用流式细胞术检测适配体处理对 PRV 感染 PK15 和 Vero 细胞的影响,分析其抑制病毒感染的能力;C. 采用qPCR 方法检测细胞吸附病毒后的基因组拷贝数,评价适配体阻断 PRV 吸附的效果;D. 感染后 24 h 收集细胞上清,采用TCID50法检测病毒滴度,进一步分析适配体对病毒复制的抑制作用。ns. 差异不显著;*.P< 0.05; **.P< 0.01;***.P< 0.001

, figureFileSmall=IufbHAlPC18+DZ1tEhY25w==, figureFileBig=ABA5+OU3XY06TtelXgdy6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282508610036082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013449213567637, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

shRNA interference sequence

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 Name序列(5′→3′) Sequence
Nectin1-1FCCGGAGCATCCTGCTGGTGCTATTTCTCGAGAAATAGCACCAGCAGGATGCTTTTTTG
Nectin1-1RAATTCAAAAAAGCATCCTGCTGGTGCTATTTCTCGAGAAATAGCACCAGCAGGATGCT
Nectin1-2FCCGGAGAACGACGGGTCTTTCATTTCTCGAGAAATGAAAGACCCGTCGTTCTTTTTTG
Nectin1-2RAATTCAAAAAAGAACGACGGGTCTTTCATTTCTCGAGAAATGAAAGACCCGTCGTTCT
), ArticleFig(id=1307282508672950643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013449213567637, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

shRNA干扰序列

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 Name序列(5′→3′) Sequence
Nectin1-1FCCGGAGCATCCTGCTGGTGCTATTTCTCGAGAAATAGCACCAGCAGGATGCTTTTTTG
Nectin1-1RAATTCAAAAAAGCATCCTGCTGGTGCTATTTCTCGAGAAATAGCACCAGCAGGATGCT
Nectin1-2FCCGGAGAACGACGGGTCTTTCATTTCTCGAGAAATGAAAGACCCGTCGTTCTTTTTTG
Nectin1-2RAATTCAAAAAAGAACGACGGGTCTTTCATTTCTCGAGAAATGAAAGACCCGTCGTTCT
), ArticleFig(id=1307282508836528500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013449213567637, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Absolutequantification primer sequences

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 Name序列(5′→3′) Sequence
PRV-gH-FCTCGCCATCGTCAGCAA
PRV-gH-RGCTGCTCCTCCATGTCCTT
), ArticleFig(id=1307282508924608885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013449213567637, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

绝对定量引物序列

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 Name序列(5′→3′) Sequence
PRV-gH-FCTCGCCATCGTCAGCAA
PRV-gH-RGCTGCTCCTCCATGTCCTT
), ArticleFig(id=1307282509335650678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013449213567637, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Candidate aptamer sequences

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名称 Name序列(5′→3′) Sequence

占比/%

Percent

Apt-Nectin1-1AGTTGACGCTGGTGTGGGACCATCGTGACAGCTATGACTGCCTTGAGTTAATA-TCCGTGGTCAATCTGCGTGCGTCCAGT38.54
Apt-Nectin1-2AGTTGACGCTGGTGTGGGACGTCTACACCCCAGGGAATGCAGACCCCAGGTGG-CACAGTATCAATCTGCGTGCGTCCAGT17.70
Apt-Nectin1-3AGTTGACGCTGGTGTGGGACATGATTGTCGCCGTCTGAGGCCCATAGATCCGC-AGGATGATCAATCTGCGTGCGTCCAGT9.37
Apt-Nectin1-4AGTTGACGCTGGTGTGGGACGACGACGATAACCCCAGGAATGCAGCCCCAGAG-TTACCGTTCAATCTGCGTGCGTCCAGT9.37
Apt-Nectin1-5AGTTGACGCTGGTGTGGGACCATCGTGACAGCTGTGACTGCCTTGAGTTAATA-TCCGTGGTCAATCTGCGTGCGTCCAGT8.33
Apt-Nectin1-6AGTTGACGCTGGTGTGGGACCGACAAAATACAAGGTTATTTTTGCATCCGTCT-GAGGATCTCAATCTGCGTGCGTCCAGT7.29
), ArticleFig(id=1307282509679583607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013449213567637, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

候选核酸适配体序列

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名称 Name序列(5′→3′) Sequence

占比/%

Percent

Apt-Nectin1-1AGTTGACGCTGGTGTGGGACCATCGTGACAGCTATGACTGCCTTGAGTTAATA-TCCGTGGTCAATCTGCGTGCGTCCAGT38.54
Apt-Nectin1-2AGTTGACGCTGGTGTGGGACGTCTACACCCCAGGGAATGCAGACCCCAGGTGG-CACAGTATCAATCTGCGTGCGTCCAGT17.70
Apt-Nectin1-3AGTTGACGCTGGTGTGGGACATGATTGTCGCCGTCTGAGGCCCATAGATCCGC-AGGATGATCAATCTGCGTGCGTCCAGT9.37
Apt-Nectin1-4AGTTGACGCTGGTGTGGGACGACGACGATAACCCCAGGAATGCAGCCCCAGAG-TTACCGTTCAATCTGCGTGCGTCCAGT9.37
Apt-Nectin1-5AGTTGACGCTGGTGTGGGACCATCGTGACAGCTGTGACTGCCTTGAGTTAATA-TCCGTGGTCAATCTGCGTGCGTCCAGT8.33
Apt-Nectin1-6AGTTGACGCTGGTGTGGGACCGACAAAATACAAGGTTATTTTTGCATCCGTCT-GAGGATCTCAATCTGCGTGCGTCCAGT7.29
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靶向Nectin1的DNA适配体筛选及其对伪狂犬病病毒体外感染细胞的吸附阻断效应
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乔岩 , 赵家富 , 常潇天 , 陈征 , 韩莹倩 , 张超
畜牧兽医学报 | 预防兽医 2026,57(2): 979-993
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畜牧兽医学报 |预防兽医 2026 , 57 (2) : 979 -993
靶向Nectin1的DNA适配体筛选及其对伪狂犬病病毒体外感染细胞的吸附阻断效应
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乔岩 , 赵家富, 常潇天, 陈征, 韩莹倩, 张超
作者信息
  • 河南农业大学动物医学院,农业农村部动物生化与营养重点开放实验室,郑州 450046
通讯作者:
张超,主要从事动物生物技术研究,E-mail:
作者简介:

乔岩,主要从事动物生物技术研究,E-mail:

Selection of DNA Aptamers Targeting Nectin1 and Their Inhibitory Effect on Adsorption of Pseudorabies Virus to Host Cells in vitro
Yan QIAO , Jiafu ZHAO, Xiaotian CHANG, Zheng CHEN, Yingqian HAN, Chao ZHANG
Affiliations
  • Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,College of Veterinary Medicine,Henan Agricultural University,Zhengzhou 450046,China
  • Corresponding Author:
    ZHANG Chao, E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-02-23 doi: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.02.034
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本研究旨在可溶性原核表达伪狂犬病病毒(PRV)受体Nectin1蛋白的N端胞外结构域,并以此为靶标,筛选出高亲和力、高特异性的DNA适配体,为阻断伪狂犬病病毒吸附宿主细胞提供新的分子工具。将猪源Nectin1基因克隆至带有麦芽糖结合蛋白(MBP)促溶标签的原核表达载体pET28a中,构建重组质粒pET28a-MBP-Nectin1,将双酶切鉴定和测序正确的重组质粒转入大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)进行诱导表达,使用Western blot和Pull-down试验验证重组蛋白。采用基于磁珠偶联的系统进化适配体筛选技术(SELEX)筛选特异性靶向rMBP-Nectin1的DNA适配体,并利用磁珠ELASA检测筛选所得适配体Apt-Nectin1-6的亲和力与特异性。以敲减Nectin1蛋白的细胞系(sh-Nectin1-1、sh-Nectin1-2)为对照,应用流式细胞术验证Apt-Nectin1-6对细胞表面Nectin1蛋白的结合能力,同时通过流式细胞术和基因组拷贝数试验评估其对PRV吸附细胞的抑制作用。Western blot和Pull-down结果表明重组MBP-Nectin1蛋白正确表达且具有生物学活性。通过SELEX技术筛选获得的适配体Apt-Nectin1-6对rMBP-Nectin1具有高亲和力,平衡解离常数(Kd)为(0.11±0.02) nmol,且不与rMBP-gD、rMBP-S1、rMBP-CD163及rMBP蛋白发生交叉反应。分子对接结果显示,Apt-Nectin1-6通过氢键与Nectin1结合。进一步流式细胞术、基因组拷贝数检测和病毒滴度测定结果显示,Apt-Nectin1-6可剂量依赖性地抑制PRV对细胞的吸附(P<0.05)。本研究成功筛选得到可高特异性、高亲和力结合Nectin1蛋白的DNA适配体Apt-Nectin1-6,并证实其可有效阻断PRV对细胞的吸附,为开发新的抗PRV策略奠定基础。

伪狂犬病病毒  /  Nectin1  /  SELEX  /  DNA适配体  /  病毒吸附阻断

This study aimed to achieve soluble prokaryotic expression of the N-terminal extracellular domain of the pseudorabies virus (PRV) receptor Nectin1 protein, and to screen high-affinity, high-specificity DNA aptamers targeting it, thereby providing a novel molecular tool for blocking PRV adsorption. The porcine Nectin1 gene was cloned into the prokaryotic expression vector pET28a containing a maltose-binding protein (MBP) solubility-enhancing tag to construct the recombinant plasmid pET28a-MBP-Nectin1. The correctly digested and sequenced recombinant plasmid was transformed into Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) for induced expression. The recombinant protein was validated by Western blot and pull-down assays. A DNA aptamer specifically targeting rMBP-Nectin1 was selected using magnetic bead-coupled Systematic Evolution of Ligands by EXponential enrichment (SELEX). The affinity and specificity of the selected aptamer Apt-Nectin1-6 were evaluated by magnetic bead-based ELASA. Nectin1 knockdown cell lines (sh-Nectin1-1 and sh-Nectin1-2) were used as controls to verify the binding ability of Apt-Nectin1-6 to cell surface Nectin1 by flow cytometry. Additionally, the inhibitory effect of the aptamer on on adsorption of pseudorabies virus to host cells was assessed by flow cytometry and viral genome copy number analysis. Western blot and pull-down assays confirmed the correct expression and biological activity of the recombinant MBP-Nectin1 protein. Through SELEX, the DNA aptamer Apt-Nectin1-6, exhibiting high affinity to rMBP-Nectin1 with an equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) of (0.11±0.02) nmol and no cross-reactivity with rMBP-gD, rMBP-S1, rMBP-CD163, or rMBP alone, was successfully screened. Molecular docking analysis indicated that Apt-Nectin1-6 binds to Nectin1 via hydrogen bonds. Further flow cytometry, viral genome copy number quantification, and virus titration collectively demonstrated that Apt-Nectin1-6 inhibits PRV adsorption to host cells in a dose-dependent manner. (P<0.05). In this study, a DNA aptamer Apt-Nectin1-6 with high specificity and affinity for the Nectin1 protein was successfully screened and verified to effectively block PRV adsorption, providing a foundation for developing novel anti-PRV strategies.

pseudorabies virus  /  Nectin1  /  SELEX  /  DNA aptamer  /  viral adsorption blocking
乔岩, 赵家富, 常潇天, 陈征, 韩莹倩, 张超. 靶向Nectin1的DNA适配体筛选及其对伪狂犬病病毒体外感染细胞的吸附阻断效应. 畜牧兽医学报, 2026 , 57 (2) : 979 -993 . DOI: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.02.034
Yan QIAO, Jiafu ZHAO, Xiaotian CHANG, Zheng CHEN, Yingqian HAN, Chao ZHANG. Selection of DNA Aptamers Targeting Nectin1 and Their Inhibitory Effect on Adsorption of Pseudorabies Virus to Host Cells in vitro[J]. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, 2026 , 57 (2) : 979 -993 . DOI: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.02.034
伪狂犬病(pseudorabies,PR)是由伪狂犬病病毒(pseudorabies virus,PRV)引起的一种急性、高度接触性传染病,最早于1813年被发现[1]。PRV宿主范围广,可感染猪、牛、犬、猫、羊、鼠等多种哺乳动物,其中以猪为天然宿主和主要传播宿主[2]。在猪群中,PRV感染可引起妊娠母猪流产、种猪不育以及仔猪神经系统紊乱、呕吐、腹泻、兴奋不安等严重症状,给养猪业造成了重大经济损失[3⁃5]。近年来,PRV的跨种传播问题日益受到关注。2017年,我国首次报道PRV感染引发的人眼内炎病例[6]。2019年,又有研究发现其可导致病毒性脑炎[7],提示PRV具有潜在的人畜共患风险,对公共卫生安全构成潜在威胁。
PRV属于疱疹病毒科(Herpesviridae),α疱疹病毒亚科(Alphaherpesvirinae),病毒粒子结构由核心DNA、衣壳、包膜及外膜组成,具有较强的环境抵抗能力[8⁃10]。其基因组约编码70~100种蛋白质,其中至少10种糖蛋白被证实参与病毒复制、免疫逃逸及致病性调控[11]。其中,糖蛋白gD是PRV感染过程中介导病毒与宿主细胞膜融合的关键因子,能够与宿主细胞表面的受体分子如3-O-硫乙酰肝素、Nectin1和Nectin2等结合,促进病毒侵入细胞[12⁃14]。
Nectin1是一种广泛分布于多种哺乳动物细胞表面的免疫球蛋白样细胞黏附分子,最初被认为是脊髓灰质炎病毒的辅助受体,亦被称为脊髓灰质炎病毒受体相关蛋白1[15]。目前已证实其为PRV和HSV(单纯疱疹病毒)的共同受体,参与病毒吸附和进入过程。研究表明,Nectin1中F129位点的突变几乎可完全阻断PRV对该蛋白的识别[16],而Nectin1的点突变或基因敲除均能显著提高宿主对PRV的抵抗力[17⁃19]。因此,Nectin1被认为是阻断PRV吸附宿主细胞的重要靶标。
核酸适配体(aptamer)是利用SELEX(systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment)技术从随机单链DNA或RNA文库中筛选获得的一类高亲和力、高特异性的小分子寡核苷酸,其空间三维结构可与目标蛋白形成特异结合[20⁃22]。相比抗体,核酸适配体具有合成周期短、免疫原性低、修饰灵活、热稳定性强等优势,已广泛应用于病毒检测、靶向递送及抗病毒治疗等研究中,展现出良好的应用前景[23]。
本研究通过构建融合MBP标签的Nectin1胞外结构域重组蛋白,实现其在原核系统中的可溶性表达和纯化,并以其为靶标,通过磁珠-SELEX技术筛选获得能够高亲和力、高特异性识别Nectin1的DNA适配体Apt-Nectin1-6。通过流式细胞术、病毒基因组拷贝数和病毒滴度分析,证实该适配体可结合细胞表面的Nectin1蛋白并有效抑制PRV吸附宿主细胞,为后续开发新型抗PRV分子工具和靶向抗病毒策略提供了实验依据和理论支撑。
猪肾细胞(PK15)、非洲绿猴肾细胞(Vero)、人胚肾细胞(293T)、仓鼠肾成纤维细胞(BHK21)、PRV-gH基因的标准质粒(pT-PRV-gH,以pMD-18T为骨架构建)由河南农业大学农业农村部动物生化与营养重点实验室保存;PRV毒株QXX(PRV-QXX)和重组PRV毒株PRV-GFP毒株由河南农业大学动物医学院李永涛教授惠赠;BL21(DE3)感受态细胞购自TOLOBIO;Ni磁珠购自金斯瑞公司;Ni-NTA亲和层析填料购自GenScript公司;HRP标记的链霉亲和素购自生工生物公司;T4连接酶购自TaKaRa公司;限制性核酸内切酶XhoⅠ和BamHⅠ购自Thermo Fisher Scientific;初始寡核苷酸随机文库、适配体筛选引物由金斯瑞公司合成;针对Nectin1的shRNA干扰序列和PRV-gH基因引物由生工生物公司合成。
参考NCBI上Nectin1基因(NC_010451.4),将Nectin1 N端胞外域的密码子进行优化,并在序列两端引入XhoⅠ和BamHⅠ酶切位点,该序列由金斯瑞公司合成,得到pET21b-Nectin1质粒。使用XhoⅠ和BamHⅠ分别酶切pET21b-Nectin1质粒和pET28a-MBP载体质粒,对目的条带进行胶回收。将回收得到的目的基因与载体通过T4 DNA连接酶连接,得到pET28a-MBP-Nectin1重组质粒,将连接产物转化至TOP10感受态细胞中,采用双酶切分析及基因测序鉴定重组质粒构建的正确性。
将构建好的质粒转入到BL21(DE3)感受态细胞中,在18 ℃下用1 mmol·L-1 IPTG诱导蛋白表达过夜。并通过Ni-NTA亲和层析纯化rMBP-Nectin1重组蛋白。使用BCA蛋白定量试剂盒测定重组Nectin1蛋白的浓度,并采用SDS-PAGE和Western blot方法对表达产物进行鉴定和纯度分析。
将纯化后的Nectin1蛋白与磁珠混合,在4 ℃下孵育9 h。随后,加入伪狂犬病病毒(PRV)溶液,并继续在4 ℃下孵育过夜。通过Pull-down试验捕获PRV,设置rMBP蛋白为阴性对照。最终采用Western blot方法检测PRV的gB蛋白表达情况,以验证重组Nectin1蛋白是否具备结合PRV的生物学活性。
随机单链DNA文库由一段40个碱基的随机序列(N40)和两侧各20个碱基的固定序列组成,其序列为5'-AGTT- GACGCTGGTGTGGGAC-N40-TCAATCTGCG- TGCGTCCAGT-3',其中N代表任意碱基(A、T、C或G),文库理论复杂度约为1014。筛选过程中使用5'-FAM标记的正向引物(5'-FAM-AGTTGACG- CTGGTGTGGGAC-3')与5'-磷酸化的反向引物(5'-Phosphate-ACTGGACGCACGCAGATTGA-3')进行PCR扩增。
将ssDNA文库溶解于500 μL结合缓冲液(PBS中含3 mmol·L-1 MgCl2),于95 ℃变性5 min,立即置于冰上冷却10 min,室温静置10 min形成合适的空间结构。将rMBP-Nectin1融合蛋白与Ni磁珠在4 ℃孵育过夜以形成靶蛋白复合物。随后将处理后的文库与Nectin1-磁珠复合物在室温下孵育,孵育后使用洗涤缓冲液清洗磁珠,加入200 μL 1×TE缓冲液,95 ℃加热5 min使结合序列解链,收集上清,获得与靶蛋白特异结合的适配体序列。
为剔除非特异性结合rMBP蛋白的序列,在每轮筛选前加入MBP-磁珠作为负筛选靶标,去除可能识别rMBP的序列,提升适配体的特异性。
为监测筛选过程中适配体库的富集程度与特异性变化,分别采用qPCR与流式细胞术进行评估。利用文库复杂性降低导致熔解温度升高的特性,选择第4、8、12和13轮筛选文库作为模板,采用qPCR检测其熔解曲线,并以初始随机文库为对照,间接评估文库复杂性的变化。
同时,采用流式细胞术检测适配体富集程度。取第4、8、12和13轮的FAM标记ssDNA文库,溶解于500 μL结合缓冲液(含3 mmol·L-1 MgCl2的PBS)中,95 ℃加热5 min后立即冰浴10 min,再于室温静置5 min。随后与Nectin1-磁珠在室温孵育1 h,弃去未结合的文库并用结合缓冲液洗涤3次,重悬于500 μL结合缓冲液中,利用流式细胞仪采集1 000个事件并测定荧光强度。以FAM标记的初始随机文库作为阴性对照。
将第12轮和第13轮筛选获得的ssDNA文库作为模板,进行PCR扩增,产物经2.5%琼脂糖凝胶电泳(80 V,40 min)分离,回收约80 bp的目标条带。回收产物连接至pMD18-T载体,并转化至TOP10感受态大肠杆菌中,转化产物接种于含氨苄青霉素的LB固体培养基上,37 ℃恒温培养过夜(16 h)。挑取单克隆菌落进行培养,并通过菌液PCR进行初步鉴定。鉴定阳性的克隆送往擎科生物公司进行测序。
将Ni磁珠与重组rMBP-Nectin1蛋白按2 μg蛋白/1 μL磁珠的比例,在4 ℃下孵育过夜进行包被。用于荧光显微观察时,加入处理后的FAM标记候选适配体(终浓度10 nmol·L-¹),25 ℃孵育1 h,设空白磁珠作为对照,通过荧光显微镜观察其结合情况。
亲和力检测采用磁珠ELISA法。将包被好的磁珠混匀并分装至ELISA板中(100 μL·孔-1),每组设置3个重复。分别加入不同浓度的生物素标记适配体(10、5、1、0.5、0.1、0.05、0.01、0 nmol·L-1),作为一抗,室温孵育1 h;随后加入稀释比例为1∶10 000的HRP标记链霉亲和素作为二抗,显色并测定OD值,根据信号强度绘制结合曲线计算亲和力(Kd值)。
特异性分析中,将rMBP-Nectin1、rMBP-gD、rMBP-S1、rMBP-CD163以及标签蛋白rMBP分别与Ni磁珠在4 ℃孵育过夜,洗涤后加入10 nmol·L-1生物素标记候选适配体,继而加入HRP标记的链霉亲和素(1∶10 000),通过ELISA法检测不同蛋白对适配体的结合能力,评估其特异性识别能力。
利用在线预测工具Mfold(http://www.unafold.org/)对筛选获得的Apt-Nectin1-6适配体进行二级结构预测,分析其可能形成的发夹和茎环结构。随后使用3dRNA/DNA在线平台对其三维空间结构进行建模。将该适配体三维结构与经SWISS-MODEL同源建模获得的Nectin1蛋白结构进行分子对接,模拟二者形成稳定复合物的过程,并分析其可能的氢键作用位点与结合区域。
将Vero、PK15、BHK21及293T细胞接种于24孔板中,待细胞生长至约80%融合度时,使用无酶细胞消化液收集细胞。随后加入1 μmol·L-1 FAM标记的Apt-Nectin1-6适配体,在25℃孵育1 h,以FAM标记的随机寡核苷酸文库作为阴性对照。孵育结束后,使用流式细胞术检测细胞表面的荧光强度,以评估适配体的结合能力。
为验证Apt-Nectin1-6是否可特异性识别细胞表面Nectin1蛋白,通过参考NCBI数据库中猪Nectin1基因CDS区序列,设计两条shRNA干扰序列(sh-Nectin1-1与sh-Nectin1-2,见表1),并克隆至pLKO.1-TRC慢病毒载体中。采用XhoⅠ和EcoRⅠ进行双酶切并连接重组质粒,在第二代慢病毒包装系统(psPAX2/pMD2.G)辅助下,转染293T细胞实现病毒包装。收集病毒液感染PK15细胞,构建稳定敲减细胞株。
待细胞生长至90%融合度后,使用Trizol法提取总RNA,反转录为cDNA后进行qRT-PCR检测敲减效率,GAPDH为内参基因。以未感染慢病毒的PK15细胞作为对照。
进一步将sh-Nectin1-1和sh-Nectin1-2细胞接种于24孔板,感染MOI=0.2的PRV-GFP病毒,4 ℃孵育1 h完成病毒吸附后更换含1% FBS的DMEM维持液,于37 ℃培养8 h,使用流式细胞仪检测荧光强度,分析敲减是否影响PRV吸附细胞。
将PK15细胞接种于24孔板中,待细胞生长至约80%融合度后,分别加入1 μmol·L-1 FAM标记的Apt-Nectin1-6适配体孵育1 h,以sh-Nectin1-1、sh-Nectin1-2细胞以及FAM标记的随机文库为对照组。孵育结束后使用流式细胞术检测荧光强度,以验证Apt-Nectin1-6是否特异性结合细胞表面的Nectin1蛋白。
为评估适配体对细胞的毒性作用,将PK15和Vero细胞接种于96孔板中,待细胞生长至60%融合度时,分别加入0、3、5、7、10 μmol·L-1的Apt-Nectin1-6适配体,先后在25和4 ℃条件下各孵育1 h,随后更换为含1% FBS的DMEM维持液,继续培养16 h。按照CCK-8检测试剂盒说明书操作(Beyotime Biotech, Beijing, China),在37 ℃孵育3 h后,用酶标仪在450 nm波长下读取吸光值,评估细胞活力。
将PK15和Vero细胞分别接种于24孔板中培养过夜,次日计数后,加入0、3、5、7 μmol·L-¹ FAM标记的Apt-Nectin1-6适配体,并设置FAM标记的随机文库为阴性对照。25 ℃孵育1 h后,加入MOI=0.2的PRV-GFP病毒,于4 ℃孵育1 h完成病毒吸附。随后更换为含1% FBS的DMEM维持液,在37 ℃条件下继续培养8 h。使用流式细胞术检测荧光强度,评估适配体对病毒吸附细胞的影响。
接着通过病毒基因组拷贝数检测适配体的阻断作用。将PK15和Vero细胞接种于12孔板中,培养过夜并计数后,加入0、3、5、7 μmol·L-¹ Apt-Nectin1-6适配体,设置随机文库为阴性对照。适配体预处理后,加入MOI=0.2的PRV-QXX病毒于4 ℃孵育1 h,提取病毒DNA基因组。利用PRV-gH基因的标准质粒和特异引物(表2)进行荧光定量PCR,采用绝对定量法测定样品中病毒基因组拷贝数,从而评价适配体对病毒吸附过程的抑制能力。
为进一步检测适配体对子代病毒产生的影响,将PK15和Vero细胞接种于24孔板,培养过夜并计数后,按上述浓度添加Apt-Nectin1-6适配体,随机文库为阴性对照。适配体预处理1 h后,加入MOI为0.2的PRV-QXX毒株,于4 ℃吸附1 h,随后更换为含1% FBS的DMEM维持液,于37 ℃继续培养24 h。经三次冻融循环裂解细胞,5 000 r·min-1离心10 min,收集上清液作为病毒样品。将Vero细胞接种于96孔板,培养过夜。将病毒样品按10-¹至10-¹²梯度以DMEM稀释,每个稀释度设8个重复孔。弃去旧培养基,加入100 μL稀释病毒液,37 ℃吸附1 h后弃去病毒液,补加含1% FBS的维持液。继续培养约5 d,观察细胞病变(CPE)情况,记录各稀释度下CPE阳性孔数,并按Reed-Muench法计算病毒TCID50。
为验证pET28a-MBP-Nectin1是否构建成功,采用BamHⅠ和Xho Ⅰ双酶切体系进行限制性酶切验证,结果如图1,酶切获得930 bp的目的条带,与预期大小一致。
采用Ni-NTA亲和层析法纯化原核表达的rMBP-Nectin1重组蛋白。SDS-PAGE检测结果显示,在80 ku位置处出现单一清晰的目的条带(图2A)。随后,采用MBP抗体对rMBP-Nectin1蛋白及rMBP蛋白进行Western blot鉴定,结果在预期分子量位置均检测到目的条带(图2B)。进一步使用Nectin1抗体对纯化的rMBP-Nectin1及rMBP蛋白进行鉴定,与负对照MBP蛋白相比,Nectin1抗体能特异性识别rMBP-Nectin1蛋白(图2C)。
为验证rMBP-Nectin1蛋白的生物学活性,采用Pull-down试验评估其与PRV病毒的结合能力。Western blot结果显示,rMBP-Nectin1蛋白能够特异性结合PRV病毒颗粒(图2D),表明所纯化的rMBP-Nectin1蛋白具有良好的生物学活性。
使用qPCR和流式细胞术对第4、8、12、13轮文库进行分析,qPCR结果显示,随着筛选轮数的增加,熔链温度逐渐增加(图3A),表明文库复杂度下降。流式结果显示,随着筛选的进行,荧光强度增加(图3B),表明文库中能与Nectin1蛋白特异性结合的适配体得到富集。
将第12、13轮筛选的ssDNA经PCR扩增后与T载体(pMD-18T)连接,连接产物转化至Top l0感受态细胞中,涂板培养后,各挑取60个单菌落培养,并进行菌液PCR鉴定。将鉴定正确的菌液进行测序,测序结果显示,共得到96个测序大小正确的结果,整理后得到20条核酸适配体,选择其中重复率高的前6条为候选核酸适配体,其中Apt-Nectin1-1与Apt-Nectin1-5仅在5'到3'第34位碱基不同。详细序列见表3。
为验证候选核酸适配体与靶标蛋白Nectin1的结合能力,将FAM标记的候选适配体与Nectin1偶联的磁珠孵育,并以空白磁珠作为阴性对照,通过荧光显微镜观察结合情况。结果如图4所示,Apt-Nectin1-1、Apt-Nectin1-5和Apt-Nectin1-6能够明显结合Nectin1磁珠,而在空白磁珠上无明显荧光信号,表明其具有良好的特异性。相比之下,Apt-Nectin1-2在空白磁珠上亦观察到荧光信号,提示其存在非特异性结合;Apt-Nectin1-3和Apt-Nectin1-4则未能与Nectin1磁珠结合。综上,选择Apt-Nectin1-1、Apt-Nectin1-5和Apt-Nectin1-6作为后续研究对象。
采用磁珠ELISA法检测候选核酸适配体与Nectin1蛋白的特异性。将FAM标记的适配体分别与rMBP-Nectin1、rMBP-gD、rMBP-S1、rMBP-CD163及rMBP蛋白孵育,通过检测荧光信号评估其结合能力。结果显示,与Apt-Nectin1-1和Apt-Nectin1-5相比,Apt-Nectin1-6能够特异性结合rMBP-Nectin1,而与其他重组蛋白无明显结合(图5A)。进一步采用磁珠ELISA法测定Apt-Nectin1-6与rMBP-Nectin1的亲和力,结果显示其平衡解离常数(Kd)为0.11 nmol±0.02 nmol(图5B),表明Apt-Nectin1-6具有较高的亲和力。
利用在线核酸结构预测软件Mfold对Apt-Nectin1-6适配体的二级结构进行预测。结果显示,Apt-Nectin1-6具有稳定的发夹结构和茎环结构,为其与Nectin1蛋白结合提供了结构基础(图6A)。进一步通过分子对接分析发现,Apt-Nectin1-6能够与Nectin1蛋白形成氢键相互作用,例如适配体的DG-18位点与Nectin1蛋白的氨基酸残基GLY-123之间形成氢键(图6B),表明Apt-Nectin1-6在分子水平上具有良好的结合能力。
为系统评估Apt-Nectin1-6适配体对细胞表面Nectin1蛋白的识别能力,选择了PRV易感的Vero、PK15、BHK21和293T四种细胞系进行流式细胞术分析。试验结果显示,在上述四种细胞系中,Apt-Nectin1-6组的荧光强度均显著高于随机文库阴性对照组(图7A),提示Apt-Nectin1-6能够有效识别并结合细胞表面的Nectin1蛋白。进一步对这四种细胞来源的Nectin1氨基酸序列进行同源性比对分析,发现各来源间Nectin1序列高度保守,尤其是与Apt-Nectin1-6相互作用的关键氨基酸位点也呈现良好保守性(图7B)。
为了进一步验证Apt-Nectin1-6适配体与细胞表面Nectin1蛋白结合的特异性,进行了后续的敲减试验。
通过shRNA干扰技术,分别构建了Nectin1基因稳定敲减的PK15细胞系(sh-Nectin1-1和sh-Nectin1-2)。qRT-PCR检测结果表明,与正常PK15细胞相比,sh-Nectin1-1和sh-Nectin1-2细胞中Nectin1 mRNA转录水平显著下降(图8A)。进一步通过流式细胞术检测PRV-GFP复制效率,发现敲减细胞中病毒复制能力明显降低(图8B),说明Nectin1基因敲减细胞系构建成功。
随后,利用流式细胞术检测适配体与细胞的结合能力。结果显示,Nectin1表达量降低后,Apt-Nectin1-6与细胞表面的结合能力亦显著下降(图8C),而随机文库对照组无明显变化。上述结果表明,Apt-Nectin1-6能够特异性识别细胞表面的Nectin1蛋白。
为系统评估Apt-Nectin1-6适配体在细胞水平的生物安全性及其对伪狂犬病病毒(PRV)细胞吸附的抑制能力,分别对其细胞毒性和抗病毒活性进行验证。首先,采用CCK-8试剂检测不同浓度适配体(终浓度为0、3、5、7、10 μmol·L-¹)对PK15和Vero细胞活性的影响。结果显示,Apt-Nectin1-6在上述浓度范围内对两种细胞系的存活率无显著影响,提示其具有良好的生物相容性(图9A)。
(图9Fig.9)
进一步评估Apt-Nectin1-6对PRV体外感染细胞的吸附阻断效应,采用PK15和Vero两种PRV易感细胞建立感染模型,并进行适配体干预。流式细胞术检测结果表明,Apt-Nectin1-6处理后细胞中PRV-GFP的荧光信号明显减弱,且抑制效果随适配体浓度升高而增强,呈现明确的剂量依赖关系(图9B)。同时,通过荧光定量PCR检测病毒基因组拷贝数,结果显示Apt-Nectin1-6在3~7 μmol·L-1浓度范围内可有效阻断PRV-QXX的吸附过程,并显著降低病毒基因组在细胞内的水平(图9C)。此基础上,进一步采用病毒滴度(TCID50)检测技术评估Apt-Nectin1-6对PRV复制产物的影响。结果表明,Apt-Nectin1-6处理组的病毒滴度较对照组显著降低,提示其能够有效抑制子代病毒粒子的产生(图9D)。综上结果表明,Apt-Nectin1-6适配体在无明显细胞毒性的前提下,能够有效抑制PRV吸附细胞,具有良好的抗病毒潜力。
伪狂犬病病毒(PRV)是一种α疱疹病毒,具有广泛的宿主范围,以猪为天然宿主,感染后可造成繁殖障碍、神经系统症状及高致死率,给全球养猪业带来严重经济损失。PRV还具有潜伏感染能力,且近年来逐渐被证实具有人畜共患的潜力。此外,自2011年起我国出现f的PRV变异毒株使得传统的Bartha K61疫苗保护力下降,难以实现有效免疫[24]。因此,亟需开发新型、安全、有效的抗病毒策略。
PRV的糖蛋白gD是介导病毒侵入的关键因子,能够与宿主细胞表面的3-O-硫乙酰肝素、Nectin1、Nectin2等受体结合,诱导膜融合和病毒进入[25]。其中,Nectin1作为一种免疫球蛋白样细胞黏附分子,被证实是PRV及单纯疱疹病毒(HSV)gD蛋白的重要受体,广泛表达于多种细胞表面[26⁃28]。已有研究表明,Nectin1功能缺失(如基因敲除或关键氨基酸突变)可显著降低PRV感染能力[29]。因此,靶向Nectin1受体成为抑制PRV感染的潜在策略。
核酸适配体是一类能够通过空间结构与靶标蛋白高特异性、高亲和力结合的小分子DNA或RNA片段,被誉为“化学抗体”[30]。其稳定性强、合成简便、修饰灵活、无免疫原性,在病毒检测和治疗中展现出广阔应用前景[31]。
本研究以原核表达的rMBP-Nectin1融合蛋白为靶标,采用磁珠-SELEX技术成功筛选得到具有高亲和力和高特异性的DNA适配体Apt-Nectin1-6,其Kd值为0.11 nmol±0.02 nmol。Mfold分析显示该适配体具有稳定的发夹和茎环结构,为与靶蛋白结合提供了构象基础[32]。分子对接进一步揭示了Apt-Nectin1-6可通过多个氢键位点与Nectin1特异性结合,验证了其结构基础上的结合机制。本研究中筛选得到的核酸适配体Apt-Nectin1-3与Apt-Nectin1-4并未表现出与Nectin-1的明显结合能力,推测其主要原因可能包括:1)适配体自身的二级结构不稳定,不能形成稳定的茎环结构,导致其空间构象无法维持关键结合区域的呈现;2)其结合区位未能覆盖Nectin-1的功能性结构域,尤其是Ig-like V型结构域中与PRV gD相互作用的关键残基位点。因此,虽然Apt-Nectin1-3和Apt-Nectin1-4在SELEX筛选中富集,但可能因构象或结合位点原因未具备有效的生物学功能。后续可考虑对其进行结构优化或延伸序列以增强其稳定性和靶向性。
功能验证试验发现,Apt-Nectin1-6能够与Vero、PK15、BHK21、293T等多种细胞系表面的Nectin1结合,提示其不仅具有跨细胞类型识别能力,也间接证明这些细胞系中存在Nectin1表达,可作为适配体识别的靶标。更重要的是,利用Nectin1基因敲减的PK15细胞进一步证实了Apt-Nectin1-6对Nectin1的结合具有良好的特异性。细胞水平的功能评估也表明,Apt-Nectin1-6在无明显细胞毒性的前提下,可剂量依赖性地抑制PRV吸附细胞。需要指出的是,Nectin1虽然是PRV gD的高亲和力受体,但并非唯一的受体,靶向其可能存在特异性有限的问题。然而,本研究的意义不仅在于阻断感染本身,更在于解析Nectin1介导PRV感染过程中的作用机制。未来可以尝试以PRV gD为直接靶点筛选DNA适配体,有望获得更高效的抗病毒工具。此外,我们对不同细胞来源的Nectin1蛋白序列进行了比对,发现Apt-Nectin1-6结合的预测区域在多个物种中具有高度保守性(图7B),支持其具有广谱结合潜力。
综上所述,本研究筛选获得了可特异结合PRV受体Nectin1的DNA适配体Apt-Nectin1-6,证实其可用于识别细胞表面Nectin1并有效阻断病毒吸附宿主细胞。该研究为适配体在病毒识别、吸附阻断等方面的应用提供了思路,未来可进一步拓展其在诊断试剂、抗病毒递送体系等领域的研究与应用。
本研究以PRV主要受体蛋白Nectin1为靶标,采用磁珠-SELEX技术成功筛选获得了高亲和力、高特异性的核酸适配体Apt-Nectin1-6。该适配体与Nectin1蛋白的结合解离常数为0.11 nmol±0.02 nmol,具备稳定的二级结构,并可通过氢键与Nectin1实现特异性结合。体外试验表明,Apt-Nectin1-6能够识别多种细胞表面表达的Nectin1蛋白,并在无明显细胞毒性的前提下显著抑制PRV的细胞吸附能力,具有良好的抗病毒潜力。该研究为开发靶向Nectin1的抗PRV新型分子工具提供了理论依据和实验基础。
  • 河南省自然科学基金(252300420197)
  • 国家自然科学基金(31972672)
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2026年第57卷第2期
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doi: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.02.034
  • 接收时间:2025-05-07
  • 首发时间:2026-09-16
  • 出版时间:2026-02-23
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-07
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河南省自然科学基金(252300420197)
国家自然科学基金(31972672)
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    河南农业大学动物医学院,农业农村部动物生化与营养重点开放实验室,郑州 450046

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张超,主要从事动物生物技术研究,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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