Article(id=1307013443656118457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307013423896753139, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.03.030, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1741795200000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789545888103, onlineDateStr=2026-09-16, pubDate=1774195200000, pubDateStr=2026-03-23, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789545888103, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789545888103, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789545888103, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1307013423896753139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, year='2026', volume='57', issue='3', pageStart='1177', pageEnd='1776', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774195200000', pubDateStr='2026-03-23', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789545883392, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789609930841, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1307282058464743901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307013423896753139, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1307282058464743902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307013423896753139, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1534, endPage=1548, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1307013443874222266, articleId=1307013443656118457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, language=EN, title=Effects of Bacillus subtilis, Chitosan Oligosaccharide and Their Combination on Growth Performance, Meat Quality and Cecal Microflora Diversity of Broilers, columnId=1307007400746176631, journalTitle=Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, columnName=ANIMAL NUTRITION AND FEEDS, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Bacillus subtilis (BS) and Chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) on growth performance, nutrient utilization, slaughter performance, meat quality and cecal microflora diversity of AA broilers. A total of 288 one-day-old broilers with similar body weight (46±0.64 g) were randomly divided into 6 treatment groups with 6 replicates per treatment and 8 chickens per replicate ( half male and half female ). The control group (CON) was fed a basal diet, and the experimental groups were fed a basal diet supplemented with 5×109 CFU·kg-1Bacillus subtilis (BS1 group), 6×109 CFU·kg-1Bacillus subtilis (BS2 group), 125 mg·kg-1 COS (COS group), 5×109 CFU·kg-1Bacillus subtilis+125 mg·kg-1 COS (MIX Ⅰ group), 6×109 CFU·kg-1Bacillus subtilis+125 mg·kg-1 COS (MIX Ⅱ group). The experiment lasted for 42 days. The results were showed as follows: 1) From 1 to 21 days of age, compared with CON, ADG in MIX Ⅱ group was significantly increased (P<0.01), and FCR in MIX Ⅱ group was significantly increased (P<0.01). At 22-42 days of age, compared with CON, ADG in MIX Ⅰ and MIX Ⅱ groups were significantly increased (P<0.01). From 1 to 42 days of age, compared with CON, the ADG of MIX Ⅰ and MIX Ⅱ groups were significantly increased (P<0.01), and the FCR of MIX Ⅱ group was significantly increased (P=0.01). 2) Compared with CON, the semi-eviscerated rate and eviscerated rate of BS2 group were significantly increased (P<0.05). 3) Compared with CON, the crude protein utilization rate of broilers in MIX I group and COS group was significantly increased (P<0.05). 4) Compared with CON, there was no significant difference in pH45 min, pH24 h, shear force, water loss rate, L*, a* or b* among groups (P>0.05). The drip loss of breast muscle in MIX Ⅰ group was significantly increased (P<0.01), but the drip loss of leg muscle showed a downward trend, and the difference was not significant (P>0.05). 5) Compared with CON, the Chao1, ACE and Shannon index of cecal flora in COS group increased by 0.13%, 0.52% and 1.56%, respectively, but the difference was not significant (P>0.05). The Simpson index of cecal flora in COS group decreased by 5.2%, but the overall difference was not significant (P>0.05). The BS2 group was significantly deviated from the other treatment groups on the PC1 axis. BS1 group, COS group, MIX Ⅰ group and MIX Ⅱ group were close to each other and tended to gather, with more overlapping parts, indicating that the composition of cecal flora was similar. At the phylum level, compared with CON, the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and Verrucomicrobia in the cecal flora of broilers in MIX Ⅱ group increased, and the relative abundance of Proteobacteria in the cecal flora of broilers in BS1 group increased; at the genus level, compared with CON, the relative abundance of Bacteroides and Akkermansia in the cecal flora of broilers in MIX Ⅱ group increased. In summary, dietary supplementation of Bacillus subtilis or Chitosan oligosaccharides alone or their combination can promote the growth performance, improve meat quality, enhance the diversity and richness of cecal flora, and ensure the healthy growth of broilers to a certain extent.

, authors=Guang YANG, Yahui ZHAO, Yeqing LIU, Gaowei ZHANG, Ke WANG, Xinyu LU, Xiangtan SU, Jiale SUN, Jiwei CHEN, Aiqin GAO, authorsList=Guang YANG, Yahui ZHAO, Yeqing LIU, Gaowei ZHANG, Ke WANG, Xinyu LU, Xiangtan SU, Jiale SUN, Jiwei CHEN, Aiqin GAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Aiqin GAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
GAO Aiqin, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1307013448190161091, articleId=1307013443656118457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, language=CN, title=枯草芽孢杆菌和壳寡糖及其联合添加对肉鸡生长性能、肉品质及盲肠菌群多样性的影响, columnId=1307007401962524793, journalTitle=畜牧兽医学报, columnName=营养与饲料, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

旨在探究枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis,BS)和壳寡糖(Chitosan oligosaccharides,COS)对AA肉鸡生长性能、营养物质利用率、屠宰性能、肉品质及盲肠菌群多样性的影响。选取体重相近(46±0.64 g)的1日龄肉仔鸡288只,随机分为6个处理组,每个处理6个重复,每个重复8只鸡(公母各半)。其中对照组(CON)饲喂基础日粮,试验组分别在饲喂基础饲粮的基础上添加5×109 CFU·kg-1枯草芽孢杆菌(BS1组)、6×109 CFU·kg-1枯草芽孢杆菌(BS2组)、125 mg·kg-1壳寡糖(COS组)、5×109 CFU·kg-1枯草芽孢杆菌+125 mg·kg-1壳寡糖(MIX Ⅰ组)、6×109 CFU·kg-1枯草芽孢杆菌+125 mg·kg-1壳寡糖(MIX Ⅱ组)。试验期42d。结果表明:1)1~21日龄,与CON相比,MIX Ⅱ组ADG极显著提高(P<0.01),同时MIX Ⅱ组FCR极显著提高(P <0.01)。22~42日龄,与CON相比,MIX Ⅰ组和MIX Ⅱ组ADG极显著提高(P<0.01)。1~42日龄,与CON相比,MIX Ⅰ组和MIX Ⅱ组的ADG极显著提高(P<0.01),且MIX Ⅱ组的FCR极显著提高(P=0.01)。2)与CON相比,BS2组半净膛率、全净膛率显著提高(P<0.05)。3)与CON相比,MIX Ⅰ组肉鸡的粗蛋白利用率显著提高(P<0.05)。4)与CON相比,pH45 min、pH24 h、剪切力、失水率、L*、a*、b*各组之间均无显著差异(P>0.05),MIX Ⅰ组胸肌滴水损失极显著增加(P<0.01),而其腿肌滴水损失虽呈下降趋势,但差异未达显著水平(P>0.05)。5)与CON相比,COS组盲肠菌群Chao1、ACE和Shannon指数分别提高了0.13%、0.52%和1.56%,但差异未达显著水平(P>0.05),COS组盲肠菌群Simpson指数降低了5.2%,但整体差异性不显著(P>0.05)。BS2组在PC1轴上显著偏离其他处理组。BS1组、COS组、MIX Ⅰ组与MIX Ⅱ组距离接近且倾向于聚集,重叠部分较多,表明盲肠菌群组成结构相似。在门水平上,与CON相比,MIX Ⅱ组肉鸡盲肠菌群中拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia)的相对丰度提高,BS1组肉鸡盲肠菌群中变形菌门(Proteobacteria)的相对丰度提高;在属水平上,与CON相比,MIX Ⅱ组肉鸡盲肠菌群中拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)和阿克曼菌属(Akkermansia)的相对丰度提高。综上所述,饲粮单独添加枯草芽孢杆菌或壳寡糖及二者联合添加在一定程度上可以促进肉鸡生长性能、改善肉品质,增强盲肠内菌群多样性和丰富度,保证肉鸡的健康生长。

, authors=杨光, 赵亚慧, 刘叶青, 张高威, 王科, 卢欣宇, 苏湘谭, 孙佳乐, 陈纪薇, 高爱琴, authorsList=杨光, 赵亚慧, 刘叶青, 张高威, 王科, 卢欣宇, 苏湘谭, 孙佳乐, 陈纪薇, 高爱琴, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=高爱琴, authorNote=

杨光,硕士生,主要从事动物生产学研究,E-mail:

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高爱琴,主要从事动物产品安全生产研究,E-mail:
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杨光,硕士生,主要从事动物生产学研究,E-mail:

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杨光,硕士生,主要从事动物生产学研究,E-mail:

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DOI:10.1016/j.apsb.2024.06.002, articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1307281598810972225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013443656118457, awardId=2023LHMS03064, language=CN, fundingSource=内蒙古自然科学基金(2023LHMS03064), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1307281599096184898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013443656118457, awardId=CG202436, language=CN, fundingSource=内蒙古农业大学动物科学学院高水平成果培育(CG202436), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1307281581173924833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013443656118457, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1307281581488497634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013443656118457, companyId=1307281581173924833, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Animal Science,Inner Mongolia Agricultural University,Hohhot 010018,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1307281581534634979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013443656118457, companyId=1307281581173924833, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=内蒙古农业大学动物科学学院,呼和浩特 010018)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1307281593341599782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013443656118457, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Bacillus subtilis and chito-oligosaccharide and their combined addition on the 42-day cecal microbial PCoA cluster analysis of broilers, figureFileSmall=WYBab/ymcOW7KMdTsdgZ0g==, figureFileBig=+WDrX4aG8XjxUYEC/NAmkA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307281593639395367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013443656118457, language=CN, label=图1, caption=枯草芽孢杆菌和壳寡糖及其联合添加对肉鸡42 d盲肠微生物PCoA聚类圈分析图, figureFileSmall=WYBab/ymcOW7KMdTsdgZ0g==, figureFileBig=+WDrX4aG8XjxUYEC/NAmkA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307281594046242857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013443656118457, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Histogram of the relative abundance of microorganisms at the phylum level of cecal microbiota in broilers with their combined addition at 42 days, figureFileSmall=D7hMmOOfSFto20/QkSYNZQ==, figureFileBig=zH1fstRz2dp9zBLjwNQ0tg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307281594130128938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013443656118457, language=CN, label=图2, caption=枯草芽孢杆菌和壳寡糖及其联合添加对肉鸡42 d盲肠菌群门水平上微生物相对丰度柱形图

Bacteroidetes.拟杆菌门;Firmicutes.厚壁菌门;Verrucomicrobia.疣微菌门;Proteobacteria.变形菌门;Tenericutes.无壁菌门;Cyanobacteria.蓝藻;Actinobacteria.放线菌门;Unclassified.未分类菌门;Fusobacteria.梭杆菌门;Saccharibacteria.糖杆菌门

, figureFileSmall=D7hMmOOfSFto20/QkSYNZQ==, figureFileBig=zH1fstRz2dp9zBLjwNQ0tg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307281594197237803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013443656118457, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Histogram of the relative abundance of microorganisms at the genus level of cecal flora in broilers with addition of Bacillus subtilis and chito-oligosaccharides and their combined additions at 42 d, figureFileSmall=Xy9y0/CpAV5J+dDYmdWvpw==, figureFileBig=gKfu+d/R/b8+YUH8IWVAwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307281594474061869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013443656118457, language=CN, label=图3, caption=枯草芽孢杆菌和壳寡糖及其联合添加对肉鸡42 d盲肠菌群属水平上微生物相对丰度柱形图

Bacteroides.拟杆菌属;Unclassified.未分类菌属;Alistipes.另枝菌属;Akkermansia.阿克曼菌属;Anaerotruncus.厌氧杆菌属;Lactobacillus.乳杆菌属;Bilophila.嗜胆菌属;Ruminiclostridium.瘤胃菌属;Lachnoclostridium.乳酸菌属;Odoribacter.臭杆菌属;Butyricicoccus.布特里球菌属;Faecalibacterium.粪杆菌属;Parasutterella.帕拉苏特氏菌属;Subdoligranulum.罕见小球菌属;Ruminococcus.瘤胃球菌属;Erysipelatoclostridium.丹毒杆菌属;Flavorifractor.解黄酮菌属;Anaerofilum.杆状细胞属;Bacillus.芽孢杆菌属

, figureFileSmall=Xy9y0/CpAV5J+dDYmdWvpw==, figureFileBig=gKfu+d/R/b8+YUH8IWVAwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307281594566336558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013443656118457, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Diet composition and nutrients

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

项目

Item

含量/% Content

1~21日龄

1-21 days

of age

22~42日龄

22-42 days

of age

原料 Ingredients
玉米 Corn58.9560.90
豆油Soybean oil3.003.00
豆粕 Soybean meal23.0020.00
棉籽饼 Cottonseed cake5.506.00
菜籽饼 Rapeseed cake5.506.00
石粉 Limestone1.071.22
食盐 NaCl0.370.37
磷酸氢钙 CaHPO41.901.80
胆碱 Choline0.110.11
复合多维 Vitamin premix10.100.10
矿物预混料 Mineral premix20.500.50
合计 Total100.00100.00
营养水平 Nutrient level3
代谢能/(MJ·kg-1) ME12.2612.64
粗蛋白质 CP21.0719.38
钙 Ca1.050.95
赖氨酸 L-Lysine0.230.26
蛋氨酸DL-Methionine0.270.24
总磷 P0.520.47
非植酸磷 NPP0.370.32
蛋氨酸+胱氨酸 Met+Cys0.820.71
), ArticleFig(id=1307281594654416943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013443656118457, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

日粮组成及营养成分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

项目

Item

含量/% Content

1~21日龄

1-21 days

of age

22~42日龄

22-42 days

of age

原料 Ingredients
玉米 Corn58.9560.90
豆油Soybean oil3.003.00
豆粕 Soybean meal23.0020.00
棉籽饼 Cottonseed cake5.506.00
菜籽饼 Rapeseed cake5.506.00
石粉 Limestone1.071.22
食盐 NaCl0.370.37
磷酸氢钙 CaHPO41.901.80
胆碱 Choline0.110.11
复合多维 Vitamin premix10.100.10
矿物预混料 Mineral premix20.500.50
合计 Total100.00100.00
营养水平 Nutrient level3
代谢能/(MJ·kg-1) ME12.2612.64
粗蛋白质 CP21.0719.38
钙 Ca1.050.95
赖氨酸 L-Lysine0.230.26
蛋氨酸DL-Methionine0.270.24
总磷 P0.520.47
非植酸磷 NPP0.370.32
蛋氨酸+胱氨酸 Met+Cys0.820.71
), ArticleFig(id=1307281594901880880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013443656118457, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Effects of Bacillus subtilis and chitosan oligosaccharide and their combined additions on the growth performance of broilers

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 Item对照组 CON枯草1组 BS1枯草2组 BS2壳寡糖组 COS混合Ⅰ组 MIX Ⅰ混合Ⅱ组 MIX ⅡP值P-value
1-21日龄 1-21 days
体重/g BW45.95±0.1145.95±0.0946.06±0.1345.99±0.1146.07±0.0746.00±0.080.180
平均日增重/(g·d-1) ADG42.92±1.04b43.32±0.34b44.05±0.66a44.06±0.54a44.87±0.59a44.32±0.49a0.005
平均日采食量/(g·d-1) ADFI59.20±0.76b62.26±1.34a61.26±1.29b62.20±0.93a62.02±1.19b56.95±1.12b0.002
饲料转化率FCR0.73±0.02b0.70±0.01b0.72±0.01b0.71±0.02b0.72±0.02b0.78±0.01a0.006
22~42日龄 22-42 days
体重/g BW947.31±21.93b955.73±7.14b971.12±13.62a976.23±11.21a988.29±12.47a976.63±10.23a0.003
平均日增重/(g·d-1) ADG84.26±1.42b84.57±1.75b83.60±3.25b82.55±1.18b85.71±3.51a85.68±7.64a0.005
平均日采食量/(g·d-1) ADFI167.39±2.37172.35±1.89166.71±1.89173.91±2.20177.48±2.25168.29±2.440.690
饲料转化率FCR0.50±0.010.49±0.010.50±0.020.47±0.010.48±0.020.51±0.050.160
1~42日龄1-42 days
体重/g BW2 716.77±29.322 731.67±35.172 726.79±62.542 704.73±24.322 788.12±78.212 775.91±163.270.420
平均日增重/(g·d-1) ADG63.59±0.70b63.95±0.83b63.83±1.48b63.30±0.59b65.29±1.86a65.00±3.88a0.006
平均日采食量/(g·d-1) ADFI114.78±1.83118.46±1.86115.29±1.95119.37±1.72121.16±1.77113.91±1.650.420
饲料转化率FCR0.54±0.01b0.55±0.01b0.55±0.02b0.53±0.01b0.54±0.01b0.57±0.03a0.010
), ArticleFig(id=1307281594973184049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013443656118457, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

枯草芽孢杆菌和壳寡糖及其联合添加对肉鸡生长性能的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 Item对照组 CON枯草1组 BS1枯草2组 BS2壳寡糖组 COS混合Ⅰ组 MIX Ⅰ混合Ⅱ组 MIX ⅡP值P-value
1-21日龄 1-21 days
体重/g BW45.95±0.1145.95±0.0946.06±0.1345.99±0.1146.07±0.0746.00±0.080.180
平均日增重/(g·d-1) ADG42.92±1.04b43.32±0.34b44.05±0.66a44.06±0.54a44.87±0.59a44.32±0.49a0.005
平均日采食量/(g·d-1) ADFI59.20±0.76b62.26±1.34a61.26±1.29b62.20±0.93a62.02±1.19b56.95±1.12b0.002
饲料转化率FCR0.73±0.02b0.70±0.01b0.72±0.01b0.71±0.02b0.72±0.02b0.78±0.01a0.006
22~42日龄 22-42 days
体重/g BW947.31±21.93b955.73±7.14b971.12±13.62a976.23±11.21a988.29±12.47a976.63±10.23a0.003
平均日增重/(g·d-1) ADG84.26±1.42b84.57±1.75b83.60±3.25b82.55±1.18b85.71±3.51a85.68±7.64a0.005
平均日采食量/(g·d-1) ADFI167.39±2.37172.35±1.89166.71±1.89173.91±2.20177.48±2.25168.29±2.440.690
饲料转化率FCR0.50±0.010.49±0.010.50±0.020.47±0.010.48±0.020.51±0.050.160
1~42日龄1-42 days
体重/g BW2 716.77±29.322 731.67±35.172 726.79±62.542 704.73±24.322 788.12±78.212 775.91±163.270.420
平均日增重/(g·d-1) ADG63.59±0.70b63.95±0.83b63.83±1.48b63.30±0.59b65.29±1.86a65.00±3.88a0.006
平均日采食量/(g·d-1) ADFI114.78±1.83118.46±1.86115.29±1.95119.37±1.72121.16±1.77113.91±1.650.420
饲料转化率FCR0.54±0.01b0.55±0.01b0.55±0.02b0.53±0.01b0.54±0.01b0.57±0.03a0.010
), ArticleFig(id=1307281595329699891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013443656118457, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Effects of Bacillus subtilis and chitosan oligosaccharide and their combined additions on the slaughter performance of broilers at 42 days

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目Item对照组CON枯草1组BS1枯草2组BS2壳寡糖组COS混合Ⅰ组MIX Ⅰ混合Ⅱ组MIX ⅡP值P-value
半净膛Half-eviscerated rate82.01±0.85a83.63±0.57b83.83±1.50b83.80±0.67bc83.30±1.99b83.77±0.76bc0.042
全净膛率Full-eviscerated rate68.86±0.64a69.36±0.83b69.74±0.89b69.09±0.89b69.45±0.90b69.67±0.83bc0.029
胸肌率Breast muscle rate27.46±1.0527.13±1.0327.83±1.2027.06±1.9327.15±1.7027.26±0.840.956
腿肌率Thigh muscle rate21.28±1.4321.29±1.4521.05±2.4821.70±1.7721.92±1.3321.30±1.590.942
腹脂率Abdominal fat rate1.61±0.831.74±0.812.22±1.131.49±0.551.27±0.671.47±0.910.479
), ArticleFig(id=1307281595401003060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013443656118457, language=CN, label=表 3, caption=

枯草芽孢杆菌和壳寡糖及其联合添加对肉鸡42 d屠宰性能的影响 (%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目Item对照组CON枯草1组BS1枯草2组BS2壳寡糖组COS混合Ⅰ组MIX Ⅰ混合Ⅱ组MIX ⅡP值P-value
半净膛Half-eviscerated rate82.01±0.85a83.63±0.57b83.83±1.50b83.80±0.67bc83.30±1.99b83.77±0.76bc0.042
全净膛率Full-eviscerated rate68.86±0.64a69.36±0.83b69.74±0.89b69.09±0.89b69.45±0.90b69.67±0.83bc0.029
胸肌率Breast muscle rate27.46±1.0527.13±1.0327.83±1.2027.06±1.9327.15±1.7027.26±0.840.956
腿肌率Thigh muscle rate21.28±1.4321.29±1.4521.05±2.4821.70±1.7721.92±1.3321.30±1.590.942
腹脂率Abdominal fat rate1.61±0.831.74±0.812.22±1.131.49±0.551.27±0.671.47±0.910.479
), ArticleFig(id=1307281595744935989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013443656118457, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Effects of Bacillus subtilis and chitosan oligosaccharide and their combined additions on the apparent metabolic rate of nutrients in broilers at 42 days

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

项目

Item

对照组

CON

枯草1组

BS1

枯草2组

BS2

壳寡糖组

COS

混合Ⅰ组

MIX Ⅰ

混合Ⅱ组

MIX Ⅱ

P值

P-value

粗蛋白

CP

65.20±0.90b66.92±0.73b66.57±0.62b67.31±0.78b67.50±0.46a66.55±1.12b0.023

粗脂肪

EE

63.35±0.0164.38±0.0263.27±0.0164.41±0.1662.34±0.0663.31±0.020.729

粗灰分

Ash

11.58±0.1610.70±0.6811.78±2511.66±0.1911.44±0.1111.36±0.090.154
), ArticleFig(id=1307281595812044854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013443656118457, language=CN, label=表 4, caption=

枯草芽孢杆菌和壳寡糖及其联合添加对肉鸡42 d营养物质利用率的影响 (%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

项目

Item

对照组

CON

枯草1组

BS1

枯草2组

BS2

壳寡糖组

COS

混合Ⅰ组

MIX Ⅰ

混合Ⅱ组

MIX Ⅱ

P值

P-value

粗蛋白

CP

65.20±0.90b66.92±0.73b66.57±0.62b67.31±0.78b67.50±0.46a66.55±1.12b0.023

粗脂肪

EE

63.35±0.0164.38±0.0263.27±0.0164.41±0.1662.34±0.0663.31±0.020.729

粗灰分

Ash

11.58±0.1610.70±0.6811.78±2511.66±0.1911.44±0.1111.36±0.090.154
), ArticleFig(id=1307281596164366391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013443656118457, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Effects of Bacillus subtilis and chito-oligosaccharide and their combined additions on the quality of broiler meat at 42 days

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

项目

Item

对照组

CON

枯草1组

BS1

枯草2组

BS2

壳寡糖组

COS

混合Ⅰ组

MIX Ⅰ

混合Ⅱ组

MIX Ⅱ

P值

P-value

胸肌 Pectoralis
pH45 min6.20±0.216.32±0.086.21±0.526.27±0.266.34±0.066.32±0.150.907
pH24 h6.07±0.086.18±0.186.10±0.176.06±0.156.01±0.175.96±0.080.242

剪切力/N

Shear force

2.68±0.172.53±0.062.46±0.242.57±0.172.45±0.232.38±0.210.216

失水率/%

Water loss rate

29.4±0.8327.5±0.5228.0±0.9627.6±0.9427.1±0.8927.1±0.640.185

滴水损失/%

Drip loss

2.24±0.40a2.44±0.65b2.49±0.71c2.56±0.53c2.35±0.46b2.41±0.41b0.005
亮度L*43.4±4.2545.0±3.8145.2±3.3447.6±2.6547.1±2.9546.9±2.760.992
红度a*6.62±0.326.55±0.556.34±0.436.77±0.926.63±0.856.50±0.430.754
黄度b*14.4±0.9714.5±0.7814.6±0.5814.3±0.9714.5±0.9616.2±0.670.691
腿肌 Thigh muscle
pH45 min6.27±0.206.32±0.056.29±0.116.29±0.116.33±0.066.27±0.230.978
pH24 h6.32±0.316.35±0.116.13±0.186.29±0.226.34±0.146.32±0.320.568

剪切力/N

Shear force

2.62±0.242.46±0.142.53±0.222.46±0.142.48±0.122.58±0.170.517

失水率/%

Water loss rate

28.1±0.8027.1±0.7327.8±0.9127.1±0.9326.7±0.9527.8±0.960.788

滴水损失/%

Drip loss

2.30±0.432.36±0.692.41±0.732.21±0.441.97±0.602.08±0.440.063
亮度L*47.3±3.2247.0±5.0148.5±3.6048.8±2.6248.4±1.9349.8±4.290.818
红度a*8.74±0.378.99±0.088.79±0.438.61±0.148.61±0.238.36±0.260.061
黄度b*15.4±0.8515.7±0.9415.6±0.6415.7±0.7015.4±0.9815.5±0.940.983
), ArticleFig(id=1307281597842087993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013443656118457, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

枯草芽孢杆菌和壳寡糖及其联合添加对42 d肉鸡肉品质的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

项目

Item

对照组

CON

枯草1组

BS1

枯草2组

BS2

壳寡糖组

COS

混合Ⅰ组

MIX Ⅰ

混合Ⅱ组

MIX Ⅱ

P值

P-value

胸肌 Pectoralis
pH45 min6.20±0.216.32±0.086.21±0.526.27±0.266.34±0.066.32±0.150.907
pH24 h6.07±0.086.18±0.186.10±0.176.06±0.156.01±0.175.96±0.080.242

剪切力/N

Shear force

2.68±0.172.53±0.062.46±0.242.57±0.172.45±0.232.38±0.210.216

失水率/%

Water loss rate

29.4±0.8327.5±0.5228.0±0.9627.6±0.9427.1±0.8927.1±0.640.185

滴水损失/%

Drip loss

2.24±0.40a2.44±0.65b2.49±0.71c2.56±0.53c2.35±0.46b2.41±0.41b0.005
亮度L*43.4±4.2545.0±3.8145.2±3.3447.6±2.6547.1±2.9546.9±2.760.992
红度a*6.62±0.326.55±0.556.34±0.436.77±0.926.63±0.856.50±0.430.754
黄度b*14.4±0.9714.5±0.7814.6±0.5814.3±0.9714.5±0.9616.2±0.670.691
腿肌 Thigh muscle
pH45 min6.27±0.206.32±0.056.29±0.116.29±0.116.33±0.066.27±0.230.978
pH24 h6.32±0.316.35±0.116.13±0.186.29±0.226.34±0.146.32±0.320.568

剪切力/N

Shear force

2.62±0.242.46±0.142.53±0.222.46±0.142.48±0.122.58±0.170.517

失水率/%

Water loss rate

28.1±0.8027.1±0.7327.8±0.9127.1±0.9326.7±0.9527.8±0.960.788

滴水损失/%

Drip loss

2.30±0.432.36±0.692.41±0.732.21±0.441.97±0.602.08±0.440.063
亮度L*47.3±3.2247.0±5.0148.5±3.6048.8±2.6248.4±1.9349.8±4.290.818
红度a*8.74±0.378.99±0.088.79±0.438.61±0.148.61±0.238.36±0.260.061
黄度b*15.4±0.8515.7±0.9415.6±0.6415.7±0.7015.4±0.9815.5±0.940.983
), ArticleFig(id=1307281597913391162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013443656118457, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Bacillus subtilis and chito-oligosaccharide and their combined addition on the microbial α-diversity index of the cecum in broilers at 42 days

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 Item对照组CON枯草1组BS1枯草2组BS2壳寡糖组COS混合Ⅰ组MIX Ⅰ混合Ⅱ组MIX Ⅱ

P值

P-value

Chao 1511.83486.76491.08512.51499.57495.020.613
ACE506.87473.79489.36509.53499.02488.150.324
Shannon3.813.553.813.873.753.750.405
Simpson0.060.080.060.060.070.070.503
), ArticleFig(id=1307281598009860156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013443656118457, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

枯草芽孢杆菌和壳寡糖及其联合添加对肉鸡42 d盲肠微生物α-多样性指数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 Item对照组CON枯草1组BS1枯草2组BS2壳寡糖组COS混合Ⅰ组MIX Ⅰ混合Ⅱ组MIX Ⅱ

P值

P-value

Chao 1511.83486.76491.08512.51499.57495.020.613
ACE506.87473.79489.36509.53499.02488.150.324
Shannon3.813.553.813.873.753.750.405
Simpson0.060.080.060.060.070.070.503
), ArticleFig(id=1307281598085357629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013443656118457, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Phylum horizontal species distribution histogram grouped mean

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

项目

Item

对照组

CON

枯草1组

BS1

枯草2组

BS2

壳寡糖组

COS

混合Ⅰ组

MIX Ⅰ

混合Ⅱ组

MIX Ⅱ

拟杆菌门 Bacteroidetes0.550.600.550.510.550.56
厚壁菌门 Firmicutes0.390.330.400.430.390.36
疣微菌门 Verrucomicrobia0.020.030.010.020.030.04
变形菌门 Proteobacteria0.020.030.020.020.020.02
无壁菌门 Tenericutes0.010.010.010.010.010.01
), ArticleFig(id=1307281598265712702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013443656118457, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

门水平物种分布柱状图分组均值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

项目

Item

对照组

CON

枯草1组

BS1

枯草2组

BS2

壳寡糖组

COS

混合Ⅰ组

MIX Ⅰ

混合Ⅱ组

MIX Ⅱ

拟杆菌门 Bacteroidetes0.550.600.550.510.550.56
厚壁菌门 Firmicutes0.390.330.400.430.390.36
疣微菌门 Verrucomicrobia0.020.030.010.020.030.04
变形菌门 Proteobacteria0.020.030.020.020.020.02
无壁菌门 Tenericutes0.010.010.010.010.010.01
), ArticleFig(id=1307281598357987391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013443656118457, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Histogram grouping mean of genus horizontal species distribution

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

项目

Item

对照组

CON

枯草1组

BS1

枯草2组

BS2

壳寡糖组

COS

混合Ⅰ组

MIX Ⅰ

混合Ⅱ组

MIX Ⅱ

拟杆菌属 Bacteroides0.400.400.400.390.420.45
未分类菌属 Unclassified0.300.250.310.330.290.28
另枝菌属 Alistipes0.140.180.150.120.120.11
阿克曼菌属 Akkermansia0.020.030.010.020.030.04
), ArticleFig(id=1307281598676754496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013443656118457, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

属水平物种分布柱状图分组均值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

项目

Item

对照组

CON

枯草1组

BS1

枯草2组

BS2

壳寡糖组

COS

混合Ⅰ组

MIX Ⅰ

混合Ⅱ组

MIX Ⅱ

拟杆菌属 Bacteroides0.400.400.400.390.420.45
未分类菌属 Unclassified0.300.250.310.330.290.28
另枝菌属 Alistipes0.140.180.150.120.120.11
阿克曼菌属 Akkermansia0.020.030.010.020.030.04
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枯草芽孢杆菌和壳寡糖及其联合添加对肉鸡生长性能、肉品质及盲肠菌群多样性的影响
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杨光 , 赵亚慧 , 刘叶青 , 张高威 , 王科 , 卢欣宇 , 苏湘谭 , 孙佳乐 , 陈纪薇 , 高爱琴
畜牧兽医学报 | 营养与饲料 2026,57(3): 1534-1548
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畜牧兽医学报 |营养与饲料 2026 , 57 (3) : 1534 -1548
枯草芽孢杆菌和壳寡糖及其联合添加对肉鸡生长性能、肉品质及盲肠菌群多样性的影响
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杨光 , 赵亚慧, 刘叶青, 张高威, 王科, 卢欣宇, 苏湘谭, 孙佳乐, 陈纪薇, 高爱琴
作者信息
  • 内蒙古农业大学动物科学学院,呼和浩特 010018
通讯作者:
高爱琴,主要从事动物产品安全生产研究,E-mail:
作者简介:

杨光,硕士生,主要从事动物生产学研究,E-mail:

Effects of Bacillus subtilis, Chitosan Oligosaccharide and Their Combination on Growth Performance, Meat Quality and Cecal Microflora Diversity of Broilers
Guang YANG , Yahui ZHAO, Yeqing LIU, Gaowei ZHANG, Ke WANG, Xinyu LU, Xiangtan SU, Jiale SUN, Jiwei CHEN, Aiqin GAO
Affiliations
  • College of Animal Science,Inner Mongolia Agricultural University,Hohhot 010018,China
  • Corresponding Author:
    GAO Aiqin, E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-03-23 doi: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.03.030
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旨在探究枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis,BS)和壳寡糖(Chitosan oligosaccharides,COS)对AA肉鸡生长性能、营养物质利用率、屠宰性能、肉品质及盲肠菌群多样性的影响。选取体重相近(46±0.64 g)的1日龄肉仔鸡288只,随机分为6个处理组,每个处理6个重复,每个重复8只鸡(公母各半)。其中对照组(CON)饲喂基础日粮,试验组分别在饲喂基础饲粮的基础上添加5×109 CFU·kg-1枯草芽孢杆菌(BS1组)、6×109 CFU·kg-1枯草芽孢杆菌(BS2组)、125 mg·kg-1壳寡糖(COS组)、5×109 CFU·kg-1枯草芽孢杆菌+125 mg·kg-1壳寡糖(MIX Ⅰ组)、6×109 CFU·kg-1枯草芽孢杆菌+125 mg·kg-1壳寡糖(MIX Ⅱ组)。试验期42d。结果表明:1)1~21日龄,与CON相比,MIX Ⅱ组ADG极显著提高(P<0.01),同时MIX Ⅱ组FCR极显著提高(P <0.01)。22~42日龄,与CON相比,MIX Ⅰ组和MIX Ⅱ组ADG极显著提高(P<0.01)。1~42日龄,与CON相比,MIX Ⅰ组和MIX Ⅱ组的ADG极显著提高(P<0.01),且MIX Ⅱ组的FCR极显著提高(P=0.01)。2)与CON相比,BS2组半净膛率、全净膛率显著提高(P<0.05)。3)与CON相比,MIX Ⅰ组肉鸡的粗蛋白利用率显著提高(P<0.05)。4)与CON相比,pH45 min、pH24 h、剪切力、失水率、L*、a*、b*各组之间均无显著差异(P>0.05),MIX Ⅰ组胸肌滴水损失极显著增加(P<0.01),而其腿肌滴水损失虽呈下降趋势,但差异未达显著水平(P>0.05)。5)与CON相比,COS组盲肠菌群Chao1、ACE和Shannon指数分别提高了0.13%、0.52%和1.56%,但差异未达显著水平(P>0.05),COS组盲肠菌群Simpson指数降低了5.2%,但整体差异性不显著(P>0.05)。BS2组在PC1轴上显著偏离其他处理组。BS1组、COS组、MIX Ⅰ组与MIX Ⅱ组距离接近且倾向于聚集,重叠部分较多,表明盲肠菌群组成结构相似。在门水平上,与CON相比,MIX Ⅱ组肉鸡盲肠菌群中拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia)的相对丰度提高,BS1组肉鸡盲肠菌群中变形菌门(Proteobacteria)的相对丰度提高;在属水平上,与CON相比,MIX Ⅱ组肉鸡盲肠菌群中拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)和阿克曼菌属(Akkermansia)的相对丰度提高。综上所述,饲粮单独添加枯草芽孢杆菌或壳寡糖及二者联合添加在一定程度上可以促进肉鸡生长性能、改善肉品质,增强盲肠内菌群多样性和丰富度,保证肉鸡的健康生长。

枯草芽孢杆菌  /  壳寡糖  /  营养物质利用率  /  肉品质  /  盲肠菌群

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Bacillus subtilis (BS) and Chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) on growth performance, nutrient utilization, slaughter performance, meat quality and cecal microflora diversity of AA broilers. A total of 288 one-day-old broilers with similar body weight (46±0.64 g) were randomly divided into 6 treatment groups with 6 replicates per treatment and 8 chickens per replicate ( half male and half female ). The control group (CON) was fed a basal diet, and the experimental groups were fed a basal diet supplemented with 5×109 CFU·kg-1Bacillus subtilis (BS1 group), 6×109 CFU·kg-1Bacillus subtilis (BS2 group), 125 mg·kg-1 COS (COS group), 5×109 CFU·kg-1Bacillus subtilis+125 mg·kg-1 COS (MIX Ⅰ group), 6×109 CFU·kg-1Bacillus subtilis+125 mg·kg-1 COS (MIX Ⅱ group). The experiment lasted for 42 days. The results were showed as follows: 1) From 1 to 21 days of age, compared with CON, ADG in MIX Ⅱ group was significantly increased (P<0.01), and FCR in MIX Ⅱ group was significantly increased (P<0.01). At 22-42 days of age, compared with CON, ADG in MIX Ⅰ and MIX Ⅱ groups were significantly increased (P<0.01). From 1 to 42 days of age, compared with CON, the ADG of MIX Ⅰ and MIX Ⅱ groups were significantly increased (P<0.01), and the FCR of MIX Ⅱ group was significantly increased (P=0.01). 2) Compared with CON, the semi-eviscerated rate and eviscerated rate of BS2 group were significantly increased (P<0.05). 3) Compared with CON, the crude protein utilization rate of broilers in MIX I group and COS group was significantly increased (P<0.05). 4) Compared with CON, there was no significant difference in pH45 min, pH24 h, shear force, water loss rate, L*, a* or b* among groups (P>0.05). The drip loss of breast muscle in MIX Ⅰ group was significantly increased (P<0.01), but the drip loss of leg muscle showed a downward trend, and the difference was not significant (P>0.05). 5) Compared with CON, the Chao1, ACE and Shannon index of cecal flora in COS group increased by 0.13%, 0.52% and 1.56%, respectively, but the difference was not significant (P>0.05). The Simpson index of cecal flora in COS group decreased by 5.2%, but the overall difference was not significant (P>0.05). The BS2 group was significantly deviated from the other treatment groups on the PC1 axis. BS1 group, COS group, MIX Ⅰ group and MIX Ⅱ group were close to each other and tended to gather, with more overlapping parts, indicating that the composition of cecal flora was similar. At the phylum level, compared with CON, the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and Verrucomicrobia in the cecal flora of broilers in MIX Ⅱ group increased, and the relative abundance of Proteobacteria in the cecal flora of broilers in BS1 group increased; at the genus level, compared with CON, the relative abundance of Bacteroides and Akkermansia in the cecal flora of broilers in MIX Ⅱ group increased. In summary, dietary supplementation of Bacillus subtilis or Chitosan oligosaccharides alone or their combination can promote the growth performance, improve meat quality, enhance the diversity and richness of cecal flora, and ensure the healthy growth of broilers to a certain extent.

Bacillus subtilis  /  Chitosan oligosaccharides  /  nutrients utilization  /  meat quality  /  cecal microbiota
杨光, 赵亚慧, 刘叶青, 张高威, 王科, 卢欣宇, 苏湘谭, 孙佳乐, 陈纪薇, 高爱琴. 枯草芽孢杆菌和壳寡糖及其联合添加对肉鸡生长性能、肉品质及盲肠菌群多样性的影响. 畜牧兽医学报, 2026 , 57 (3) : 1534 -1548 . DOI: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.03.030
Guang YANG, Yahui ZHAO, Yeqing LIU, Gaowei ZHANG, Ke WANG, Xinyu LU, Xiangtan SU, Jiale SUN, Jiwei CHEN, Aiqin GAO. Effects of Bacillus subtilis, Chitosan Oligosaccharide and Their Combination on Growth Performance, Meat Quality and Cecal Microflora Diversity of Broilers[J]. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, 2026 , 57 (3) : 1534 -1548 . DOI: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.03.030
近几十年来,抗生素的长期、大量且不规范使用,不仅导致畜禽体内及其产品中出现药物残留问题[1],还伴随着一系列耐药菌株的出现[2],严重威胁消费者的健康。自我国2020年7月颁布饲料端的“禁抗令”以来,一些具有类似抗生素功能的益生菌制剂因具有无毒、无害及无残留的优点成为目前研究的热点,并且已被证明具有代替饲用抗生素的潜力[3]。枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis,BS)是一种革兰阳性芽孢杆菌,能够作为益生菌参与生物体的氮代谢平衡调控[4]。其不仅能在机体肠道低氧环境中通过乙酸、乳酸等短链脂肪酸的合成快速供能,缓解因病原感染或环境突变引发的代谢压力[5],还能分泌中性蛋白酶、α-淀粉酶等消化酶,通过分解饲料中的抗营养因子(如非淀粉多糖)优化肠道pH环境,保证肠道健康[6]。壳寡糖(Chitosan Oligosaccharide,COS)又叫低聚壳聚糖、壳聚寡糖,是由甲壳素脱乙酰基的产物(壳聚糖)降解产生的物质[7],其不仅具有增强机体抗氧化和免疫力、促进动物生长、改善肠道内环境的作用[8],还可通过抑制线粒体ATP合酶活性及下调NF-κB炎症通路,实现代谢调控与免疫平衡。目前,BS在畜禽上的研究较为广泛,众多研究表明,BS能够改善小肠的形态结构,提高机体的消化吸收效能[9]。Al-Quwaie[10]的研究发现,BS作为饲料添加剂可以显著改善肉鸡的生长性能和肠道健康。Lan等[11]研究发现,在饲料中添加COS可以提高肉鸡的饲料转化率、增强肠道屏障功能。在植物领域,Yarullina等[12]研究发现,BS与COS联合使用可显著增强马铃薯对晚疫病的抗性,通过激活多种防御相关酶和基因表达,发挥协同保护作用。然而,尽管BS和COS在各自领域的研究已取得一定进展,但二者在肉鸡上的联用效果尚未见系统报道。因此,本试验以白羽肉鸡为研究对象,探究BS和COS及二者联合添加对其生长性能、屠宰性能、肉品质和盲肠菌群多样性的影响,以期为BS和COS在肉鸡生产中的应用提供参考。
本试验所用枯草芽孢杆菌和壳寡糖均为市售产品。壳寡糖购自陕西纽芙生物科技有限公司,浓度98%,分子量<1 500 u;枯草芽孢杆菌购自北海亦强生物科技有限公司,活菌数1×1011 CFU·g-1。
本试验采用单因素完全随机设计,选取体重相近(46±0.64 g)的健康1日龄爱拔益加(AA)白羽肉鸡288只,随机分成6个处理组,每个处理6个重复,每个重复8只鸡(公母各半)。其中对照组(CON)饲喂基础日粮,试验组分别在饲喂基础饲粮的基础上添加5×109 CFU·kg-1枯草芽孢杆菌(BS1)、6×109 CFU·kg-1枯草芽孢杆菌(BS2)、125 mg·kg-1壳寡糖(COS)、5×109 CFU·kg-1枯草芽孢杆菌+125 mg·kg-1壳寡糖(MIX Ⅰ)、6×109 CFU·kg-1枯草芽孢杆菌+125 mg·kg-1壳寡糖(MIX Ⅱ)。试验期42 d,分为1~21日龄和22~42日龄2个阶段。基础日粮按照NRC标准(1994)和《鸡饲养标准》(NY/T33—2004)配制,组成和营养水平见表1。
饲养试验于内蒙古农业大学动物科学学院肉鸡综合生产试验室进行,采用3层笼养,试验前对鸡舍设备进行打扫、消毒。试验第1周舍内温度维持33 ℃,随后每周降3 ℃至21 ℃时稳定温度,直至试验结束。舍内湿度保持50%~65%。所有肉鸡7日龄时接种新城疫疫苗,14日龄时接种传染性法氏囊和支气管二联苗。试验期间自由采食和饮水,保证通风和光照,每日监测鸡群健康状况并适时调整环境参数。
分别于试验第21和42天,以重复为单位进行称重,试验期间每日记录采食量,计算1~21日龄、22~42日龄和1~42日龄肉鸡体重(BW)、平均日增重(ADG)、平均日采食量(ADFI)和饲料转化率(FCR)。
代谢试验在肉鸡40~42日龄时进行,以每个处理组为单位进行试验,准确收集正试期3d的鸡排泄物,使用镊子剔除羽毛、饲料及其他杂质,暂放于密封袋中标记好,放在-20℃冰箱里保存。代谢试验结束后,将收集的样品进行混匀、烘干和粉碎,以便后续指标的测定。在干物质基础上测定饲料和粪便中粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗灰分含量,具体测定方法见张丽英《饲料分析及饲料质量检测技术 第4版》[13]。
养分表观代谢率(%)=100-
100×(粪中某养分含量×饲粮中酸不溶灰分含量)(饲粮中某养分含量×粪中酸不溶灰分含量)。
屠宰试验进行前禁食8 h,在42日龄时,每个重复随机选取1只肉鸡测定屠宰性能。屠宰性能参照杨宁主编的《家禽生产学》第二版[14]进行测定,具体计算方法如下:
屠宰率(%)=屠体重活重×100;
半净膛重(%)=半净膛重活重×100;
全净膛重(%)=全净膛重活重×100;
胸肌率(%)=胸肌重全净膛重×100;
腿肌率(%)=腿肌重全净膛重×100;
腹脂率(%)=
腹部脂肪重+肌胃外脂肪重全净膛重×100。
取“1.4.3”中屠宰后肉鸡的胸肌和腿肌,参考《畜禽肉质的测定》(NY/T 1333—2007)测定pH45min、pH24h、滴水损失、失水率、剪切力。使用色度仪SMY-2000sf测定肉色,肉色参数包括亮度(L*)、红度(a*)和黄度(b*)。
滴水损失(%)=
挂前肉样重-挂后肉样重挂前肉样重×100;
失水率(%)=总重-压后肉样重总重×100。
将盲肠内容物样本干冰储存送至上海微基生物有限公司,对样品进行DNA提取和PCR扩增及测序。采用引物357F5'- ACTCCTACGGRAGGCAGCAG-3'和806R5'GG- ACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT-3'对样本的16S rRNA 基因的16S V3-V4区域进行扩增。采用 Illumina 高通量测序平台对PCR产物进行高通量测序。采用Shannon指数、Simpson指数、Chao1指数和Observed_species指数计算α-多样性;利用相似性分析(ANOSIM)、多重响应置换法(MRPP)、置换多元方差分析(Adonis)和LEfSe等方法分析不同群体间群落结构的差异,得到β-多样性指数。
利用Excel(2016)对数据进行初步整理,运用SAS9.2软件对数据进行单因素方差分析,若差异显著,则采用LSD法进行多重比较。以P<0.05为差异显著标准。
由表2可知,1~21日龄,与CON相比,BS2组、COS组、MIX Ⅰ组和 MIX Ⅱ组ADG极显著提高(P<0.01),同时MIX Ⅱ组FCR极显著提高(P<0.01),BS1组和COS组的ADFI极显著提高(P<0.01)。22~42日龄,与CON相比,BS2组、COS组、MIX Ⅰ组和MIX Ⅱ组BW极显著提高(P<0.01),且MIX Ⅰ组和MIX Ⅱ组ADG极显著提高(P<0.01)。1~42日龄,与CON相比,MIX Ⅰ组和MIX Ⅱ组的ADG极显著提高(P<0.01),且MIX Ⅱ组的FCR极显著提高(P=0.01)。
由表3可知,与CON相比,BS2组半净膛率、全净膛率显著提高(P<0.05)。
由表4可知,与CON相比,MIX Ⅰ组肉鸡的粗蛋白利用率显著提高(P<0.05)。
由表5可知,与CON相比,pH45 min、pH24 h、剪切力、失水率、L*、a*、b*各组之间均无显著差异(P>0.05),MIX Ⅰ组胸肌滴水损失极显著提高(P<0.01),而其腿肌滴水损失虽呈下降趋势,但差异未达显著水平(P>0.05)。
由表6可知,与CON相比,COS组盲肠菌群Chao、ACE和Shannon指数分别提高了0.13%、0.52%和1.56%,但差异未达显著水平(P>0.05),COS组盲肠菌群Simpson指数降低了5.2%,但整体差异性不显著(P>0.05)。
由图1可知,根据主坐标分析(PCoA)发现其中主成分1(PC1)、主成分2(PC2)对样品差异的贡献值分别为40.23%、11.04%。BS2组在PC1轴上显著偏离其他处理组。BS1组、COS组、MIX Ⅰ组与MIX Ⅱ组距离接近且倾向于聚集在一起,重叠部分较多,表明盲肠菌群组成结构相似。
由表7可知,在门水平上,肉鸡盲肠微生物以拟杆菌门、厚壁菌门、疣微菌门、变形菌门及无壁菌门为主,其中拟杆菌门、厚壁菌门和疣微菌门为优势菌种,占微生物菌落总数的96%以上,其中拟杆菌门在各组中丰度最高。由图2可知,在门水平上,与CON相比,MIX Ⅱ组肉鸡盲肠菌群中拟杆菌门和疣微菌门相对丰度提高,BS1组肉鸡盲肠菌群中变形菌门相对丰度提高。
由表8可知,在属水平上,拟杆菌属、另枝菌属、阿克曼菌属是各组内的优势菌种,占菌群总数57%以上。由图3可知,在属水平上,与CON相比,MIX Ⅱ组肉鸡盲肠菌群中拟杆菌属和阿克曼菌属的相对丰度提高。
生长性能是反映畜禽生长发育速率的重要指标,直接影响养殖收益[15]。已有研究发现,单独添加BS或COS均能使畜禽生长性能得到不同程度的提高[3,16]。Soghomonyan等[17]研究发现,BS通过分泌α-淀粉酶和脂肪酶增强雏鸡对日粮碳水化合物的分解效率,而COS通过上调空肠黏膜occludin蛋白表达改善肠道屏障功能[16],两者共同促进营养吸收。生长性能的提升可能反映了肠道环境的改善,从而为有益菌群的定植和生长提供了更有利的条件。本试验研究发现,在1~21日龄阶段,MIX Ⅱ组肉鸡的ADG极显著提高(P<0.01),这一结果与邢迪[19]的研究一致。值得注意的是,BS1组肉鸡在此阶段FCR降低,这可能归因于BS对产气荚膜梭菌的竞争性抑制[20],从而减少肠道炎症导致的能量损耗。在22~42日龄阶段,MIX Ⅰ组和MIX Ⅱ组ADG极显著提高(P<0.01),可能与BS持续调节胃泌素(ghrelin)分泌有关[21],这与史宇涛等[22]的结论相符,研究发现,这可能是由于COS通过促进盲肠有益菌增殖,提高了日粮粗蛋白利用率[23]。本试验全期数据显示,混合组的ADG增长程度显著高于单一添加剂组,且MIX Ⅱ组FCR显著提高,这支持了Çinar等[24]提出的“菌-元协同效应”假说:BS代谢产生的短链脂肪酸(SCFAs)可激活COS的TLR4/NF-κB信号通路,形成肠道免疫与代谢的正反馈调节。在本试验中,MIX Ⅱ组的盲肠菌群中拟杆菌门和疣微菌门的相对丰度显著提高。这些菌群能够分解复杂碳水化合物,产生SCFAs,为宿主提供能量,从而进一步促进生长。此外,本试验生长性能仅在1~21日龄有提高作用,推测原因可能是随着肉鸡的生长,添加剂水平也应随之调整。
屠宰性能是衡量养殖周期内经济效益的关键指标,通过对比不同养殖技术或饲料对屠宰性能的影响,可以清晰地评估养殖成本与收益之间的关系[25]。闫冰雪[26]研究发现,BS对肉鸡的全净膛率、半净膛率、腹脂率以及胸腿肉中的脂肪、肌苷酸、单不饱和脂肪酸都有明显影响。孙玲玲等[27]研究表明,添加BS可以降低肉鸡腹脂率,提高胸肌率与腿肌率。本试验结果表明,BS2组能够显著提高肉鸡半净膛率与全净膛率。郭瑞萍等[28]研究发现,添加BS能够提高肉鸡屠宰率、半净膛率、全净膛率,这与本研究结果一致。其原因可能是BS作为好氧菌在肠道内形成酸性厌氧环境,使肠道中的有益厌氧菌生长定植,改善肠道内环境平衡,在一定程度促进了肉鸡肌胃和肠道的发育,提高了肉鸡对营养物质的消化吸收利用,使得机体对养分消化吸收能力增强,进而达到改善屠宰性能的目的。
营养物质利用率是衡量肉鸡对饲料营养成分吸收利用的效率以及整体健康状态的重要指标之一[29]。通过优化肉鸡对饲料营养物质的吸收和转化能力,不仅可以降低养殖成本,还能显著提高养殖的经济效益[30]。郑建婷等[31]研究发现,在日粮中添加BS能够通过改善獭兔肠道内环境来增强机体对养分的吸收能力。Singh等[32]研究发现,BS能够提高肉鸡对粗蛋白质的利用率。闫冰雪[26]研究发现,在肉鸡饲粮中添加COS可提高粗蛋白利用率。在本试验中,MIX Ⅰ组肉鸡的粗蛋白利用率显著提高,这与Singh等[32]和闫冰雪[26]的研究结果一致,这可能是由于BS能分泌多种活性较高的酶,如蛋白酶、植酸酶、纤维素酶和非淀粉多糖酶等[33]。这些酶可以有效降低饲料中抗营养因子的负面影响,从而提高蛋白质和氨基酸的消化率[34]。同时,COS可以刺激肠道,调节肠道微生物菌群分布,促进小肠微绒毛的生长,通过增加小肠的吸收面积等,改善动物生长性能和产品品质,提高饲料利用率[35]。
肉品质是评价家禽肉用性能的核心,常规指标包括肉色、剪切力、滴水损失和pH等[36]。肉色是肌肉外观的颜色特征,受肌红蛋白和血红蛋白含量影响[37],常用L*、a*、b*表示。a*数值越高,肉色越红,新鲜程度越高[38]。王喜峰[3]研究发现,添加BS可以显著提高肉色a*值。李阳[39]研究发现,饲粮中添加COS可显著提高肉鸡胸肌的a*。而魏琳琳等[40]研究发现,在肉鸡饲粮中添加COS对肉色并没有显著影响,这与本试验结果一致。以上研究结果的差异可能是由于饲养管理及环境因素所致。
pH是衡量肌糖原降解速率的重要指标,同时也与肌肉蛋白的保水能力密切相关,进而影响肉的嫩度、系水力和货架期[41]。剪切力是反映肌肉嫩度的关键指标,其值越小代表肉质越嫩。Mohammed等[42]研究发现,饲粮中添加BS能提高鸡肉的系水能力,降低剪切力。失水率和滴水损失是衡量肌肉锁水能力的重要指标[43]。本研究发现,BS和COS单一添加或联用均显著增加胸肌的滴水损失,这可能和BS和COS能增加胸肌中的多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)有关。郭瑞萍等[28]和李阳[39]发现,BS和COS均能增加肉鸡胸肌中PUFA含量,而PUFA的增加会使脂质过氧化反应增加,导致肌细胞膜被破坏,肌肉系水力降低,滴水损失增加[44]。然而,Wang等[45]的研究结果与本试验相反,他们发现饲粮中添加COS具有降低鸡肉滴水损失的效果。这种差异可能和两个试验使用的COS分子量不同有关。本试验使用的COS分子量<1 500 u,而Wang等[45]的试验中,分子量为2 400 u和3 600 u的COS显著降低了肉鸡肌肉滴水损失。有研究发现,分子量较大的壳寡糖(如2 400~3 600 u)在降低肌肉滴水损失方面效果更优,而低分子量COS(<1 500 u)可能会通过改变肌肉细胞膜通透性或促进糖酵解途径,导致滴水损失增加[46⁃47]。这可能是本试验中添加COS的肉鸡胸肌滴水损失增加的一个重要因素。此外,本研究还观察到MIX Ⅰ和MIX Ⅱ组腿肌滴水损失相对于CON组呈现降低趋势,这种不同部位肌肉的结果差异可能说明BS和COS联用对不同性质的肌肉影响机制不同。胸肌主要由快肌纤维组成,代谢速率较高,其肌原纤维蛋白结构相对不稳定,更容易在屠宰后发生收缩,导致水分流失[48];而腿肌含有更多慢肌纤维,代谢速率较低[49]。BS和COS联用可能导致快肌收缩更强而慢肌收缩更慢,进而导致了这种差异现象。
肉鸡盲肠中的大量微生物在调节肠道健康、促进营养物质的消化、吸收和利用、调控免疫功能等方面发挥着重要的作用[50],其菌群结构的平衡能够促进肉鸡对营养物质的消化吸收,并有助于维持机体健康[51]。微生物菌群的多样性常用α-多样性和β-多样性指数表示。Chao1指数、ACE指数越高,表示群落的丰富度越高;Shannon指数越高,表示群落的多样性越高;Simpson指数越大,表示优势菌群所占比重越大。本试验中,COS组肉鸡盲肠微生物丰度指数及多样性指数增加,但差异不显著,表明COS的添加可在一定程度上影响早期肉鸡盲肠微生物群丰度及多样性,但可能不是影响肉鸡盲肠菌落丰度和多样性的重要因素。β-多样性用于比较不同样本之间微生物群落组成的差异性。在β-多样性分析中,PCoA是基于Bray-Curtis距离来进行分析,用于可视化不同处理组肉鸡盲肠菌群的整体结构差异,聚集在一起的样本表明菌群结构相似度高,而相似度低的样品则会远远分散[52]。本试验研究发现,BS2组的离散分布可能与其样本量不足及独有菌种(解黄酮菌)的调控作用有关。COS组的组内聚集性与其较高的α-多样性一致,推测糖类添加剂可能通过促进菌群均一化从而增强肠道稳态。
在门水平上,厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门可产生分解多糖的酶类,帮助机体分解多糖类物质,促进营养物质的消化吸收[53]。本研究显示,拟杆菌门、厚壁菌门和疣微菌门是盲肠内的主要菌群,占微生物群落总数的96%以上,其中拟杆菌门为优势菌群。部分研究表明,肉鸡盲肠微生物菌群中的优势菌门为厚壁菌门[54];然而,也有研究指出拟杆菌门是肉鸡盲肠菌群的优势菌门[55]。张雪[56]研究发现,42日龄肉鸡盲肠中拟杆菌门为优势菌门,这与本研究结果一致。与CON相比,MIX Ⅱ组中拟杆菌门和疣微菌门的相对丰度显著提高。拟杆菌门是肉鸡盲肠中的主要纤维素分解菌,而疣微菌门中的阿克曼菌属已被证实具有改善肠道屏障功能的作用,其丰度的增加可能与BS和COS的协同作用有关。此外,BS1组中变形菌门丰度升高,推测添加剂剂量可能对微生物平衡具有阈值效应[57]。
在属水平上,本研究结果显示,拟杆菌属、另枝菌属和阿克曼菌属是各组内的优势菌属,占菌群总数的57%以上。其中,拟杆菌属能够分解纤维素并产生短链脂肪酸(SCFAs),其丰度增加可能通过丁酸等代谢产物调节宿主能量代谢[58];而阿克曼菌属的增殖则可能通过激活Toll样受体(TLR)信号通路,进而增强肠道免疫应答[59]。与CON相比,MIX II组中拟杆菌属和阿克曼菌属的相对丰度提高,这可能源于BS与COS的协同作用:前者通过代谢产物调节肠道pH,创造有益菌群定植环境;后者作为益生元促进有益菌增殖。上述结果表明,BS与COS联用对肉鸡盲肠菌群的结构优化具有一定协同效应,为开发新型饲料添加剂组合提供了理论依据。
本试验结果表明,饲粮中添加BS、COS以及二者联合添加均可促进肉鸡生长,改善肉质和肠道健康。然而,从整体效果来看,混合组(二者联合添加)的表现优于单一添加组,说明联合添加的效果更为显著。
  • 内蒙古自然科学基金(2023LHMS03064)
  • 内蒙古农业大学动物科学学院高水平成果培育(CG202436)
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2026年第57卷第3期
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doi: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.03.030
  • 接收时间:2025-03-13
  • 首发时间:2026-09-16
  • 出版时间:2026-03-23
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-13
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内蒙古自然科学基金(2023LHMS03064)
内蒙古农业大学动物科学学院高水平成果培育(CG202436)
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    内蒙古农业大学动物科学学院,呼和浩特 010018

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高爱琴,主要从事动物产品安全生产研究,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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