Article(id=1307013356200686115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307013104081068276, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.02.011, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1751817600000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789545867251, onlineDateStr=2026-09-16, pubDate=1771776000000, pubDateStr=2026-02-23, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789545867251, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789545867251, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789545867251, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1307013104081068276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, year='2026', volume='57', issue='2', pageStart='569', pageEnd='1176', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771776000000', pubDateStr='2026-02-23', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789545807142, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789609910854, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1307281975350419753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307013104081068276, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1307281975350419754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307013104081068276, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=691, endPage=703, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1307013358012625444, articleId=1307013356200686115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, language=EN, title=Effects of Escherichia coli, Clostridium butyricum, and Their Metabolites on Mitochondrial Function in Porcine Intestinal Epithelial Cells, columnId=1307007413870158054, journalTitle=Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, columnName=ANIMAL GENETICS AND BREEDING, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study aimed to investigate the effects of Escherichia coli (E. coli), Clostridium butyricum (C. butyricum), and their metabolites on mitochondrial function and related metabolic pathways in porcine intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2), providing a theoretical basis for regulating intestinal health. Initially, bacterial suspensions were screened to ensure logarithmic-phase growth (3 h) with optimal viability for subsequent experiments. IPEC-J2 cells were then treated with varying concentrations of Escherichia coli, Clostridium butyricum, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), with 3 replicates per group. Cell viability and morphological integrity were assessed to determine the optimal treatment duration and concentration. Key metrics included ATP levels, reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential, and the expression of genes related to antioxidant defense and mitochondrial function. The results showed that: 1) The optimal concentrations for treating IPEC-J2 cells were determined as 108 CFU·mL-1 for Escherichia coli and 106 CFU·mL-1 for C. butyricum, with a treatment duration of 1 h. The treatment duration of SCFAs and LPS were also treated for 1 h. 2) Propionic acid and E. coli significantly increased ROS levels (P<0.05), whereas C. butyricum and LPS reduced them (P<0.05). 3) C. butyricum upregulated the expression of ACC1, NRF1, TFAM, HO-1, APAF-1, PIG3, and p53 (P<0.05); E. coli downregulated the expression of TFAM and CtyC (P<0.05) but upregulated the expression of p53 (P<0.05); Propionic acid and acetic acid had no significant effects on genes expression. The results indicated that SCFAs enhanced cellular metabolism, E. coli and LPS triggered oxidative stress and apoptotic pathways. C. butyricum activated mitochondrial lipid metabolism, antioxidant defenses, and apoptosis in IPEC-J2 cells. These findings offer novel insights into mitochondria-targeted strategies for gut microbiota regulation.

, authors=Ling HOU1, 2, Yuanxia WU1, Hong WANG1, 3, Xin FAN1, 3, Xiaokai LI1, 3, Jing SUN1, 3, Jinwei ZHANG1, 3, authorsList=Ling HOU, Yuanxia WU, Hong WANG, Xin FAN, Xiaokai LI, Jing SUN, Jinwei ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jinwei ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
ZHANG Jinwei, E-mail:
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旨在探讨大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli,E. coli)和丁酸梭菌(Clostridium butyricum,C. butyricum)及代谢物对猪肠道上皮细胞(IPEC-J2)线粒体功能及相关代谢途径的影响,为调控肠道健康提供理论依据。本试验首先通过筛选确定将培养至3 h时处于对数生长期且活性最好的细菌悬液用于后续试验。然后用不同浓度的大肠杆菌、丁酸梭菌、脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)和短链脂肪酸(short-chain fatty acid,SCFAs)去处理IPEC-J2细胞,每组设置3个重复,分析细胞活力和细胞形态结构筛选出最佳的处理时间和浓度,测定三磷酸腺苷(adenosine triphosphate,ATP)含量、活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)、线粒体膜电位、抗氧化及线粒体功能相关基因表达。结果显示:1)筛选出大肠杆菌和丁酸梭菌处理IPEC-J2细胞的浓度分别为108 CFU·mL-1和106 CFU·mL-1,处理时间为1 h,SCFAs和LPS处理时间为1 h;2)丙酸和大肠杆菌处理组显著提高了ROS含量(P<0.05);丁酸梭菌和LPS显著降低了ROS含量(P<0.05);3)丁酸梭菌显著上调了ACC1、NRF1、TFAM、HO-1、APAF-1、PIG3、p53的表达(P<0.05),大肠杆菌处理组下调了TFAM和CtyC的表达(P<0.05),上调了p53的表达(P<0.05),丙酸和乙酸处理对各基因表达均无显著性影响。以上结果表明,SCFAs促进了细胞代谢,大肠杆菌和LPS激活细胞凋亡和生物氧化应激过程,丁酸梭菌可以激活IPEC-J2细胞线粒体脂质代谢、抗氧化系统和细胞凋亡,为靶向线粒体的肠道微生态调控策略提供了新视角。

, authors=侯玲1, 2, 吴元霞1, 王洪1, 3, 樊欣1, 3, 李晓开1, 3, 孙静1, 3, 张进威1, 3, authorsList=侯玲, 吴元霞, 王洪, 樊欣, 李晓开, 孙静, 张进威, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张进威, authorNote=

侯玲,硕士生,主要从事猪遗传育种与繁殖研究,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
张进威,主要从事实验猪资源创新开发与利用,E-mail:
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侯玲,硕士生,主要从事猪遗传育种与繁殖研究,E-mail:

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language=CN, label=图1, caption=大肠杆菌和丁酸梭菌的生长曲线图, figureFileSmall=HFzvjdZQRTzR7b/YDw1ZIA==, figureFileBig=RAVOazBxbvdzS5EtbVcHmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282223200232407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013356200686115, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effect of microorganisms and their metabolites on the activity of IPEC-J2 cells

A. Measurement of OD450 nm in IPEC-J2 cells colonized by C. butyricum;B. Measurement of OD450 nm in IPEC-J2 cells colonized by E. coli; C. Measurement of OD450 nm in IPEC-J2 cells exposed to bacterial metabolites. *.P<0.05, **.P<0.01, ***.P<0.001, the same as below

, figureFileSmall=Ndg3YNthAQ+5ainbWIm4eA==, figureFileBig=jEyJGOM2wONzk8U54yiG1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282223300895704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013356200686115, language=CN, label=图2, caption=微生物及代谢物对IPEC-J2细胞活性的影响

A.IPEC-J2细胞在丁酸梭菌定植下的OD450 nm测定值;B.IPEC-J2细胞在大肠杆菌定植下OD450 nm的测定值;C.IPEC-J2细胞在细菌代谢物中OD450 nm的测定值。*.P<0.05,**.P<0.01,***.P<0.001,下同

, figureFileSmall=Ndg3YNthAQ+5ainbWIm4eA==, figureFileBig=jEyJGOM2wONzk8U54yiG1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282223628051417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013356200686115, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effect of different concentrations of microorganisms on the morphological structure of IPEC-J2 cells (400×)

A. Growth status of IPEC-J2 cells colonization by E. coli;B. Growth status of IPEC-J2 cells colonization by C. butyricum

, figureFileSmall=KdVYjrW47tNQBIEW00TB7A==, figureFileBig=adIGwTi4l9nNkmhmgvgKrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282223720326106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013356200686115, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同浓度微生物对IPEC-J2细胞形态结构的影响(400×)

A.大肠杆菌定植下IPEC-J2细胞的生长情况;B.丁酸梭菌定植下IPEC-J2细胞的生长情况

, figureFileSmall=KdVYjrW47tNQBIEW00TB7A==, figureFileBig=adIGwTi4l9nNkmhmgvgKrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282224047481819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013356200686115, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effect of microorganisms and their metabolites on ATP content and ROS level in IPEC-J2 cells

A. Measurement of ROS levels in IPEC-J2 cells; B. Determination of ATP concentration in IPEC-J2 cells

, figureFileSmall=biVstTnQ/yTAIu+df23ijw==, figureFileBig=VyC38FHeXdJ0+TARfx+I9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282224148145116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013356200686115, language=CN, label=图4, caption=微生物及代谢物对IPEC-J2细胞中ATP含量和ROS水平的影响

A.IPEC-J2细胞活性氧水平的测定;B.IPEC-J2细胞ATP浓度的测定

, figureFileSmall=biVstTnQ/yTAIu+df23ijw==, figureFileBig=VyC38FHeXdJ0+TARfx+I9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282224244614109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013356200686115, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effect of microorganisms and their metabolites on mitochondrial membrane potential in IPEC-J2 cells (400×)

Green fluorescence show mitochondrial low potential, and red fluorescence show mitochondrial high potential

, figureFileSmall=9AtMaetHjOSsI8hCTlTaMA==, figureFileBig=ZU34E6vPXh/3qTAsxoQKmw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282224458523614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013356200686115, language=CN, label=图5, caption=微生物及代谢物对IPEC-J2细胞线粒体膜电位的影响(400×)

绿色荧光表示线粒体低电位,红色荧光表示线粒体高电位

, figureFileSmall=9AtMaetHjOSsI8hCTlTaMA==, figureFileBig=ZU34E6vPXh/3qTAsxoQKmw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282224534021087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013356200686115, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Effect of microorganisms and their metabolites on the antioxidant properties of IPEC-J2 cells

A. Assay of SOD activity in IPEC-J2 cells; B. Quantification of MDA content in IPEC-J2 cells

, figureFileSmall=EBLfZj/U1VkpdVLv+c3wwg==, figureFileBig=xFf6pmNds20BPZo+OeaoUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282224877954016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013356200686115, language=CN, label=图6, caption=微生物和代谢物对IPEC-J2细胞抗氧化性能的影响

A. IPEC-J2细胞超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性测定;B. IPEC-J2细胞丙二醛(MDA)含量测定

, figureFileSmall=EBLfZj/U1VkpdVLv+c3wwg==, figureFileBig=xFf6pmNds20BPZo+OeaoUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282224987005921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013356200686115, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Effect of microorganisms and their metabolites on the expression of genes related to mitochondrial function

A. Genes related to lipid metabolism; B-D. Genes related to oxidative stress;E. Genes related to apoptosis; F-H. Genes related to oxidative stress and apoptosis

, figureFileSmall=tnm+DQ8jQjSWkcdB32CG7w==, figureFileBig=ZtwTbEU9u1IQg0qiehJBYA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282225066697698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013356200686115, language=CN, label=图7, caption=微生物及代谢物对线粒体功能相关基因表达的影响

A. 脂质代谢相关基因;B-D. 氧化应激相关基因;E. 细胞凋亡相关基因;F-H. 氧化应激、细胞凋亡相关基因

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大肠杆菌和丁酸梭菌及代谢物对猪肠道上皮细胞线粒体功能影响的研究
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侯玲 1, 2 , 吴元霞 1 , 王洪 1, 3 , 樊欣 1, 3 , 李晓开 1, 3 , 孙静 1, 3 , 张进威 1, 3
畜牧兽医学报 | 遗传育种 2026,57(2): 691-703
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畜牧兽医学报 |遗传育种 2026 , 57 (2) : 691 -703
大肠杆菌和丁酸梭菌及代谢物对猪肠道上皮细胞线粒体功能影响的研究
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侯玲,硕士生,主要从事猪遗传育种与繁殖研究,E-mail:

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侯玲1, 2 , 吴元霞1, 王洪1, 3, 樊欣1, 3, 李晓开1, 3, 孙静1, 3, 张进威1, 3
作者信息
  • 1.重庆市畜牧科学院,重庆 402460
  • 2.四川农业大学动物科技学院,成都 611130
  • 3.农业农村部养猪科学重点实验室 养猪科学重庆市重点实验室,重庆 402460
通讯作者:
张进威,主要从事实验猪资源创新开发与利用,E-mail:
作者简介:

侯玲,硕士生,主要从事猪遗传育种与繁殖研究,E-mail:

Effects of Escherichia coli, Clostridium butyricum, and Their Metabolites on Mitochondrial Function in Porcine Intestinal Epithelial Cells
Ling HOU1, 2 , Yuanxia WU1, Hong WANG1, 3, Xin FAN1, 3, Xiaokai LI1, 3, Jing SUN1, 3, Jinwei ZHANG1, 3
Affiliations
  • 1.Chongqing Academy of Animal Science,Chongqing 402460,China
  • 2.College of Animal Science and Technology,Sichuan Agricultural University,Chengdu 611130,China
  • 3.Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pig Science,Key Laboratory of Pig Science of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Chongqing 402460,China
  • Corresponding Author:
    ZHANG Jinwei, E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-02-23 doi: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.02.011
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旨在探讨大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli,E. coli)和丁酸梭菌(Clostridium butyricum,C. butyricum)及代谢物对猪肠道上皮细胞(IPEC-J2)线粒体功能及相关代谢途径的影响,为调控肠道健康提供理论依据。本试验首先通过筛选确定将培养至3 h时处于对数生长期且活性最好的细菌悬液用于后续试验。然后用不同浓度的大肠杆菌、丁酸梭菌、脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)和短链脂肪酸(short-chain fatty acid,SCFAs)去处理IPEC-J2细胞,每组设置3个重复,分析细胞活力和细胞形态结构筛选出最佳的处理时间和浓度,测定三磷酸腺苷(adenosine triphosphate,ATP)含量、活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)、线粒体膜电位、抗氧化及线粒体功能相关基因表达。结果显示:1)筛选出大肠杆菌和丁酸梭菌处理IPEC-J2细胞的浓度分别为108 CFU·mL-1和106 CFU·mL-1,处理时间为1 h,SCFAs和LPS处理时间为1 h;2)丙酸和大肠杆菌处理组显著提高了ROS含量(P<0.05);丁酸梭菌和LPS显著降低了ROS含量(P<0.05);3)丁酸梭菌显著上调了ACC1、NRF1、TFAM、HO-1、APAF-1、PIG3、p53的表达(P<0.05),大肠杆菌处理组下调了TFAM和CtyC的表达(P<0.05),上调了p53的表达(P<0.05),丙酸和乙酸处理对各基因表达均无显著性影响。以上结果表明,SCFAs促进了细胞代谢,大肠杆菌和LPS激活细胞凋亡和生物氧化应激过程,丁酸梭菌可以激活IPEC-J2细胞线粒体脂质代谢、抗氧化系统和细胞凋亡,为靶向线粒体的肠道微生态调控策略提供了新视角。

大肠杆菌  /  丁酸梭菌  /  猪肠道上皮细胞  /  线粒体

This study aimed to investigate the effects of Escherichia coli (E. coli), Clostridium butyricum (C. butyricum), and their metabolites on mitochondrial function and related metabolic pathways in porcine intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2), providing a theoretical basis for regulating intestinal health. Initially, bacterial suspensions were screened to ensure logarithmic-phase growth (3 h) with optimal viability for subsequent experiments. IPEC-J2 cells were then treated with varying concentrations of Escherichia coli, Clostridium butyricum, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), with 3 replicates per group. Cell viability and morphological integrity were assessed to determine the optimal treatment duration and concentration. Key metrics included ATP levels, reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential, and the expression of genes related to antioxidant defense and mitochondrial function. The results showed that: 1) The optimal concentrations for treating IPEC-J2 cells were determined as 108 CFU·mL-1 for Escherichia coli and 106 CFU·mL-1 for C. butyricum, with a treatment duration of 1 h. The treatment duration of SCFAs and LPS were also treated for 1 h. 2) Propionic acid and E. coli significantly increased ROS levels (P<0.05), whereas C. butyricum and LPS reduced them (P<0.05). 3) C. butyricum upregulated the expression of ACC1, NRF1, TFAM, HO-1, APAF-1, PIG3, and p53 (P<0.05); E. coli downregulated the expression of TFAM and CtyC (P<0.05) but upregulated the expression of p53 (P<0.05); Propionic acid and acetic acid had no significant effects on genes expression. The results indicated that SCFAs enhanced cellular metabolism, E. coli and LPS triggered oxidative stress and apoptotic pathways. C. butyricum activated mitochondrial lipid metabolism, antioxidant defenses, and apoptosis in IPEC-J2 cells. These findings offer novel insights into mitochondria-targeted strategies for gut microbiota regulation.

Escherichia coli  /  Clostridium butyricum  /  IPEC-J2 cells  /  mitochondrion
侯玲, 吴元霞, 王洪, 樊欣, 李晓开, 孙静, 张进威. 大肠杆菌和丁酸梭菌及代谢物对猪肠道上皮细胞线粒体功能影响的研究. 畜牧兽医学报, 2026 , 57 (2) : 691 -703 . DOI: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.02.011
Ling HOU, Yuanxia WU, Hong WANG, Xin FAN, Xiaokai LI, Jing SUN, Jinwei ZHANG. Effects of Escherichia coli, Clostridium butyricum, and Their Metabolites on Mitochondrial Function in Porcine Intestinal Epithelial Cells[J]. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, 2026 , 57 (2) : 691 -703 . DOI: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.02.011
肠道微生物对宿主健康有重大影响[1],是代谢物、激素和神经介质的重要来源,这些物质直接参与肠道功能调节,间接调节肝、脑和肾等肠外器官的功能[2]。多项研究表明,均衡的肠道菌群对健康至关重要[3⁃4],调节脂质的代谢、胆汁酸及神经调控,它可以通过SCFAs增强粘液产生和促进调节性T细胞分化[5]。此外,肠道微生物的代谢物可以影响转录组、表观遗传标志和酶活性,调节宿主细胞中线粒体生物发生、代谢和氧化还原反应[6],例如肠道微生物调节线粒体AMPK活性和过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ辅激活剂-1α(peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α,PGC-1α)信号传导,以控制线粒体自噬、氧化应激及炎症[7]。大肠杆菌是健康肠道的共生微生物菌种之一,但有些是机会致病菌,可以引起疾病[8]。在肖金龙等[9]的研究中,致病性大肠杆菌可以通过其高致病性毒力岛(HPI)激活NLRP3/Caspase-1炎症小体通路,诱导IPEC-J2发生焦亡,造成细胞膜和炎症因子释放。丁酸梭菌是动物和人类肠道中存在的天然有益菌,能够产生丁酸,调节肠道pH,维护肠道健康环境,保护其免受致病菌侵害[10]。除了分泌代谢物,丁酸梭菌菌体本身是与宿主细胞直接对话的“名片”,完整的菌体已被证明在塑造肠道抗炎环境方面具有强大的能力,例如,在结肠炎模型中,丁酸梭菌能够诱导产生抗炎细胞因子白介素-10(IL-10)的肠道巨噬细胞增多[11⁃12],而丁酸梭菌菌体表面物质对细胞的影响研究相对缺乏,因此本研究设计试验组将细胞培养基中加入丁酸梭菌悬液,旨在观察丁酸梭菌表面物质或代谢物成分是否也对IPEC-J2细胞产生影响。肠道微生物会对宿主生理功能和代谢产生重大影响,例如,相对于SPF小鼠,GF小鼠结肠中NADH/NAD和ATP水平显著降低[13],这表明了其在调节宿主结肠代谢方面具有特别重要的作用。线粒体是哺乳动物细胞中能量(ATP)来源的工作站并且唯一具有微生物起源的细胞器[14],参与细胞多项生理功能(如控制细胞凋亡、调节细胞钙平衡及免疫系统等)[15⁃16],对维持细胞正常生理功能起到了不可缺失的作用,且近年来许多研究认为线粒体是微生物调控宿主细胞的重要靶点[17⁃18]。然而,共生微生物如何精细调控肠道线粒体生物学功能从而影响宿主肠道健康还有待深入研究,现有研究多集中于小鼠或人类细胞模型,且缺乏对微生物-线粒体互作的系统性解析[19⁃20]。IPEC-J2是源自猪空肠上皮细胞的非转化连续性细胞系[21],可以在培养过程中自发分化,形成具有生理相关性的肠道屏障模型[22⁃23]。
本研究拟结合IPEC-J2细胞模型和大肠杆菌、丁酸梭菌及其代谢物,探究猪肠道微生物代谢物(如丁酸、乙酸)和丁酸梭菌代谢物或菌体表面物质对线粒体细胞活性、形态结构、膜电位和ROS、ATP含量、抗氧化及线粒体功能相关基因表达的影响,以期为通过微生物干预改善猪肠道健康提供理论依据。此外,LPS是革兰氏阴性菌细胞壁的主要成分,常用于模拟细菌感染或炎症反应,它作为病原相关分子模式,与大肠杆菌的作用机制相似[24],增加LPS处理组,可揭示其与肠道菌群的协同作用机制。最后,猪与人类肠道的相似性[25]使本研究的结果可能为人类代谢疾病提供跨物种参考。
主要仪器:CO2培养箱、厌氧工作站、光学显微镜、倒置荧光显微镜DMi8、NanoDrop2000、分光光度计、酶标仪等。
试剂材料:ATP检测试剂盒、线粒体膜电位检测试剂盒(JC-1)、活性氧检测试剂盒、Cell Counting Kit-8(CC-K8)试剂盒、脂质氧化(MDA)检测试剂盒、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)检测试剂盒、Western及IP细胞裂解液、强化梭菌培养基(RCM)、改良吉姆萨染色液(20X)、PrimeScript™ RT reagent Kit with gDNA和LPS购自碧云天生物技术有限公司;总RNA提取试剂盒购自广州美吉生物科技有限公司;乙酸、丁酸、丙酸购自生工生物工程股份有限公司;猪肠道上皮细胞IPEC-J2购自上海通派生物科技有限公司;大肠杆菌来源于重庆市畜牧科学院生物工程研究所自主保种菌,丁酸梭菌购买于北纳生物公司进行了一代测序的保种菌种,保藏编号为DSM10702=ATCC19398。
1)接种环挑取大肠杆菌在LB固体培养基上,经三区划线后,置于37 ℃恒温培养箱中培养,待长出菌落。2)用接种环挑取3~5个单个菌落的大肠杆菌于含有5 mL LB液体培养基的试管中,置于37 ℃恒温摇床中200 r·min-1养12 h后,用于生长曲线的测定;3)将菌液按1∶20的比例稀释,接种在100 mL的LB液体培养基中,混匀,分装到12支试管中,试管编号分别为0、1、1.5、2、3、4、6、8、10、12、14、25 h,置于37 ℃恒温摇床上200 r·min-1培养,在不同时间点取出,置于4 ℃冰箱,最后统一用分光光度计在OD600 nm处测定吸光度,绘制生长曲线。4)取1、2、3、4和6 h时的菌液进行涂板计数。
1)接种环挑取丁酸梭菌在RCM固体培养基上,经三区划线后,置于37 ℃恒温厌氧工作站中培养至菌落形成。2)用接种环挑取3~5个单个菌落置于含有5 mL RCM液体培养基的试管中,37 ℃恒温摇床中200 r·min-1培养12 h后,用于生长曲线的测定;3)将菌液按1∶20的比例稀释,接种在RCM液体培养基中,混匀,分装到12支试管中,试管编号分别为0、1、1.5、2、3、4、6、8、10、12、14、25 h,丁酸梭菌于37 ℃恒温厌氧工作站培养25 h,在不同时间点取出,置于4 ℃冰箱,最后统一用分光光度计在OD600 nm处测定吸光度,绘制生长曲线。4)取1、2、3、4和6 h时的菌液进行涂板计数。
1)将大肠杆菌(丁酸梭菌)培养至对数生长期内;2)取出菌液,4 000 r·min-1离心10 min,弃上清液,加入10 mL无菌PBS溶液洗涤3次;3)弃掉PBS后,加入DMEM基础培养基,吹打混匀,使用分光光度计在OD600 nm处测定吸光度,并配置不同浓度的菌悬液。
猪肠道上皮细胞培养至达80%~90%汇合度即可传代培养,细胞传代3~4次后,收集细胞并进行细胞计数后用于试验。
细胞接种:96孔板(细胞活性鉴定使用CCK-8):100 μL 2.5×105个·mL-1 IPEC-J2细胞悬液。12孔板(细胞形态结构、线粒体膜电位):1 mL 2.5×105·mL -1 IPEC-J2细胞悬液。24孔板(ATP、ROS、SOD、MDA、基因表达):1 mL 2.5×105·mL-1 IPEC-J2细胞悬液。培养条件:37 ℃、5%、CO2培养12 h,显微镜下观察到90%细胞贴壁后,弃掉培养基,PBS清洗2~3次。
分组处理:对照组:100 μL DMEM(CCK-8)、1 mL DMEM(其余检测组)。处理组:CCK-8组分别为1×108 CFU·mL-1大肠杆菌、1×107 CFU·mL-1大肠杆菌、1×108 CFU·mL-1丁酸梭菌、1×107 CFU·mL-1丁酸梭菌、1×106 CFU·mL-1丁酸梭菌、10 μg·mL-1 LPS、5 mmol·L-1乙酸、1 mmol·L-1丙酸和0.5 mmol·L-1丁酸,处理时间为1、3、6、12、24、48 h,每组3个重复。乙酸、丙酸和丁酸浓度参考文献[26]、LPS浓度参考文献[27],用于模拟革兰氏阴性菌的致病效应。
细胞形态结构组分分别为1×109 CFU·mL-1大肠杆菌、1×108 CFU·mL-1大肠杆菌、1×107 CFU·mL-1大肠杆菌、1×108 CFU·mL-1丁酸梭菌、1×107 CFU·mL-1丁酸梭菌和1×106 CFU·mL-1丁酸梭菌,每组3个重复,处理时间为1、2和3 h。
其余各检测指标组分别为1×108 CFU·mL-1大肠杆菌、1×106 CFU·mL-1丁酸梭菌、10 μg·mL-1 LPS、5 mmol·L-1乙酸、1 mmol·L-1丙酸和0.5 mmol·L-1丁酸。每组设3个重复,处理时间为1 h。
终止处理:弃掉处理液,PBS清洗1次。
CCK-8:PBS处理后,每孔加入90 μL DMEM+10 μL CCK-8,37 ℃孵育2 h,使用酶标仪在450 nm处测定吸光度。
细胞形态结构:PBS清洗后用70%乙醇固定细胞10 min,吸去乙醇,加入0.5 mL改良吉姆萨染色液(1×),染色1 h,然后用纯水清洗细胞3~4次,在倒置显微镜下观察细胞形态结构。
ATP含量测定:按照ATP剂盒说明书进行操作,操作结束后,使用酶标仪的化学发光测定RLU值,并用Nano Drop测定裂解细胞上清液测定蛋白浓度。
线粒体膜电位:按照线粒体膜电位试剂盒说明书进行JC-1探针装载,操作结束后,在荧光显微镜下观察。
ROS测定:PBS清洗后,收集细胞,使用荧光酶标仪在激发波长为488 nm,发射波长为525 nm,测定荧光强度。
SOD活性测定:PBS清洗后,吸取200 μL Western及IP细胞裂解液,裂解细胞,然后按照总SOD活性试剂盒说明书进行操作,操作结束后,在450 nm处测定吸光度,并用Nano Drop测定裂解细胞上清液中蛋白浓度。
MDA含量测定:PBS清洗后,吸取200 μL Western及IP细胞裂解液,裂解细胞,然后按照MDA检测试剂盒说明书进行操作,操作结束后,随后用酶标仪在532 nm测定吸光度,并用Nano Drop测定裂解细胞上清液的蛋白浓度。
相关基因表达检测:PBS清洗一次后,使用总RNA提取试剂盒提取RNA,使用Prime Script™ RT reagent Kit with gDNA试剂盒进行反转录,进行实时定量检测。
试验数据采用SPSS 18.0进行整理和分析,使用GraphPad Prism 8.0.2进行图片绘制和t检验处理,试验结果以“平均值±标准差”表示,统计学显著性定义为*.P<0.05;**.P<0.01;***.P<0.001。
结果(图1A)大肠杆菌在1.5 h处开始进入对数生长期,在6 h处进入平台期;丁酸梭菌在2 h处开始进入对数生长期,在6 h处开始进入平台期,在22 h处开始进入衰亡期(图1B)。因细菌在对数生长期生长情况和活性最好,所以本次试验丁酸梭菌和大肠杆菌使用培养至3 h处的菌悬液进行后续试验。
使用CCK-8试剂盒评估不同浓度菌对IPEC-J2细胞的影响,得到的结果(图2)显示,与对照组相比,处理1~6 h,107 CFU·mL-1大肠杆菌和108 CFU·mL-1大肠杆菌极显著降低IPEC-J2细胞活性(P<0.01,图2B);与对照组相比,在0~48 h,108 CFU·mL-1丁酸梭菌处理组均显著增加IPEC-J2细胞活性(P<0.05),其余丁酸梭菌处理组与对照组无显著性差异;且在1~48 h细胞活性呈现下降的趋势(图2A);在1~12 h,乙酸、丙酸、丁酸和LPS处理组与对照组细胞活性无显著性差异,但在24 h和48 h,乙酸组显著增加细胞活性,其余时间无显著性影响(图2C)。
为了了解不同浓度微生物对IPEC-J2细胞形态结构的影响,IPEC-J2细胞培养后分别加入不同浓度的大肠杆菌和丁酸梭菌处理,用改良的吉姆萨染色后对细胞形态结构进行观察,与对照组相比,随着处理时间增长,大肠杆菌处理组严重损伤IPEC-J2细胞,细胞破裂,细胞形态结构受到破坏,并且随着大肠杆菌的浓度增加,IPEC-J2细胞形态受损情况也随之加重(图3A);而丁酸梭菌处理组对IPEC-J2细胞结构无影响,随着处理时间和处理浓度增加,IPEC-J2细胞结构保持完整、细胞形态规则,与对照组无明显差异(图3B)。结合大肠杆菌和丁酸梭菌对IPEC-J2细胞活性(图2)和形态结构的影响,采用106 CFU·mL-1丁酸梭菌、108 CFU·mL-1大肠杆菌进行后续试验,处理时间为1 h。
图4显示了用ROS和ATP试剂盒与酶标仪测定微生物及代谢物对IPEC-J2细胞ATP含量和ROS的影响。与对照组相比,丙酸和大肠杆菌处理组显著提高了ROS含量(P<0.05);而丁酸梭菌和LPS处理组ROS含量显著降低(P<0.05);乙酸和丁酸对ROS含量无显著影响(图4A)。ATP含量检测结果显示(图4B),与对照组相比,乙酸、丙酸、丁酸和LPS处理组均显著提高了ATP含量(P<0.05);而大肠杆菌和丁酸梭菌处理组均显著降低了ATP含量(P<0.05)。
由图5可知,与对照组相比,大肠杆菌和LPS处理组的线粒体膜电位降低,丁酸梭菌处理组的线粒体膜电位有略微的降低;乙酸和丙酸处理组线粒体膜电位与对照组无明显差异,而丁酸处理组增加了线粒体膜电位,以上表明了致病菌或病原相关分子模式通过损伤线粒体功能,导致细胞走向凋亡反应,而有益菌及短链脂肪酸则维持了线粒体功能(图5)。
由图6可知,与对照组相比,丙酸、丁酸、LPS和大肠杆菌的超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)活力均显著低于对照组(P<0.05),乙酸和丁酸梭菌的SOD显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。此外,大肠杆菌和LPS的丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),丁酸梭菌的MDA含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05),乙酸、丙酸和丁酸的MDA含量无显著影响。以上结果表明,大肠杆菌和LPS促进了脂质氧化过程,并抑制细胞的抗氧化系统;丁酸梭菌抑制了脂质氧化过程,激活了抗氧化系统。
为了进一步探究大肠杆菌、丁酸梭菌、SCFAs和LPS对IPEC-J2细胞线粒体功能相关的基因及通路的调控,通过对线粒体介导的脂质代谢、氧化应激和细胞凋亡的关键基因进行定量分析,结果显示(图7),与对照组相比,丁酸梭菌处理组显著均上调ACC1、NRF1、TFAM、HO-1、APAF-1、PIG3、p53的表达(P<0.05),但对CtyC的表达量无显著性影响;大肠杆菌处理组下调了TFAM和CtyC的表达(P<0.05),上调了p53的表达(P<0.05),其余无显著性影响;丁酸下调了NRF1、TFAM、APAF-1和CtyC的表达(P<0.05),上调了p53的表达(P<0.05)。上述结果表明,丁酸抑制了线粒体介导的细胞凋亡,而丁酸梭菌激活了IPEC-J2细胞抗氧化系统和细胞凋亡系统;大肠杆菌处理使IPEC-J2细胞抗氧化系统下调。
微生物浓度的增加可能使细胞的形态结构发生诸如细胞形状变长、不规则化或破坏的变化,并伴随细胞功能损伤[28⁃29],低浓度时则可能只引起轻微变化[30]。在本研究中大肠杆菌破坏了IPEC-J2细胞结构,丁酸梭菌对细胞结构无损害。在对细胞活性影响的数值上(图2A),106 CFU·mL-1丁酸梭菌处理组高于对照组,培养时间12 h显著性高于对照组,更利于长时间培养的稳定性,结合大肠杆菌和丁酸梭菌对IPEC-J2细胞活性结果的影响,决定采用108 CFU·mL-1大肠杆菌、106 CFU·mL-1丁酸梭菌继续后续试验。大肠杆菌代表有害菌、丁酸梭菌代表有益菌、短链脂肪酸(乙酸、丙酸、丁酸)代表代谢物和LPS代表革兰氏阴性菌表面抗原,利用这些微生物和代谢物刺激IPEC-J2细胞,通过测定线粒体功能相关指标,探究微生物及代谢物对猪肠道细胞线粒体功能的影响,进一步了解肠道微生物对线粒体作用的具体机制。
ROS主要由线粒体、过氧化物酶体和内质网中发生的代谢反应产生[31⁃33]。过量的ROS攻击生物膜中的多不饱和脂肪酸引发脂质过氧化并产生多种氧化产物,造成细胞损伤[34⁃35],细胞内ROS水平的调节对于细胞内稳态至关重要[36⁃37]。Li[38]等的研究证实了丁酸通过AMPK通路缓解氧化应激,降低ROS生成。本研究结果也显示,丙酸和大肠杆菌处理组显著提高了ROS含量(P<0.05);丁酸梭菌和LPS显著降低了ROS含量(P<0.05)。乙酸、丙酸、丁酸和LPS处理组均显著提高了ATP含量(P<0.05),大肠杆菌和丁酸梭菌处理组均显著性降低ATP含量(P<0.05)。表明了SCFAs和LPS促进细胞代谢,加快了ATP的合成,而微生物降低了细胞代谢,ATP含量降低。
线粒体膜电位是反映线粒体功能的指标之一,它的下降是细胞凋亡早期的一个标志性事件,是一个不可逆的过程[39⁃40]。本研究通过对线粒体膜电位测定发现,大肠杆菌和LPS均使IPEC-J2细胞线粒体膜电位降低,而丁酸梭菌和丁酸对线粒体膜电位无显著影响,表明了大肠杆菌和LPS促进IPEC-J2细胞的凋亡,提示大肠杆菌可能通过LPS介导线粒体损伤,这一发现为靶向LPS的肠道微生物调控提供了新思路。此外,LPS对IPEC-J2细胞线粒体影响结果与大肠杆菌一致,丁酸与丁酸梭菌对IPEC-J2细胞影响一致,这表明了大肠杆菌可能是通过LPS抑制了IPEC-J2细胞的抗氧化能力,而丁酸梭菌主要通过其代谢物(丁酸)提高了IPEC-J2细胞的抗氧化能力。
SOD是细胞专门用于清除细胞内的超氧阴离子自由基的抗氧化酶,可减少细胞氧化应激作用[41]。MDA是脂质过氧化的产物,可用作氧化应激的指标[42]。丁酸梭菌的代谢产物可以缓解由醛类物质引起的氧化应激,增强抗氧化酶的活性,提高机体的抗氧化能力[43]。Dou等[44]的研究发现,一种致病性大肠杆菌诱导的氧化损伤模型中,丁酸梭菌处理可以降低MDA水平,增加SOD活性,从而缓解大肠杆菌对IPEC-J2细胞的损伤,证实了这一结论。本研究中,乙酸和丁酸梭菌的SOD显著高于对照组(P<0.05),大肠杆菌和LPS的MDA含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),乙酸、丙酸和丁酸的MDA含量无显著影响。这表明大肠杆菌和LPS促进了脂质氧化过程,并抑制细胞的抗氧化系统;丁酸梭菌抑制了脂质的氧化过程,激活了抗氧化系统。
Mach等[45]对肠道细胞线粒体基因集进行分析,结果显示了肠道微生物(尤其是丁酸盐)对线粒体功能基因的显著调控,本研究结果表明,丁酸梭菌显著上调了ACC1、NRF1、TFAM、HO-1、APAF-1、PIG3、p53的表达(P<0.05),大肠杆菌处理组下调了TFAM和CtyC的表达(P<0.05),上调了p53的表达(P<0.05),丙酸和乙酸处理对各基因表达均无显著影响。表明短链脂肪酸可以促进细胞代谢[46],大肠杆菌和LPS激活细胞凋亡生物和氧化应激过程,丁酸梭菌激活IPEC-J2细胞线粒体脂质代谢、抗氧化系统和细胞凋亡,其具体的机制需要通过代谢组学做进一步研究。
综上所述,大肠杆菌破坏了IPEC-J2细胞结构,使MDA和ROS的含量增加,SOD含量降低,细胞活力降低,这表明IPEC-J2可能通过提高ROS含量,导致脂质过氧化,破坏IPEC-J2细胞的细胞膜,最终致使细胞凋亡[44]。丁酸梭菌对细胞结构无损害,且使SOD含量增加,细胞活力提高,MDA和ROS含量降低;对IPEC-J2细胞线粒体影响结果与大肠杆菌一致,丁酸与丁酸梭菌对IPEC-J2细胞影响一致。丁酸梭菌和SCFAs主要是通过调节信号通路降低ROS的生成,从而改善SOD的活性和减少MDA的产生[47⁃48],本研究初步揭示了菌群对线粒体的相关影响,但本研究仍然存在一定的局限,未来的试验可以从以下几个方面深入探讨其生物学意义:通过动物体内试验验证丁酸梭菌对线粒体功能的调控作用;设计更长时间梯度的试验,评估菌群对细胞产生的长期效应;分离和鉴定丁酸梭菌的表面蛋白、多糖等关键分子,在体外细胞模型上细致研究菌体表面物质与宿主模式识别受体的相互作用,填补该方面的研究空白。
总之,本研究证明了短链脂肪酸促进细胞代谢,大肠杆菌和LPS激活IPEC-J2细胞凋亡和生物氧化应激过程,丁酸梭菌激活IPEC-J2细胞线粒体介导的脂质代谢、抗氧化系统和细胞凋亡。
  • 国家自然科学基金(32302712)
  • 重庆市自然科学基金(CSTB2024NSCQ-MSX0147)
  • 重庆市科研院所绩效激励引导专项(23508J)
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2026年第57卷第2期
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doi: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.02.011
  • 接收时间:2025-07-07
  • 首发时间:2026-09-16
  • 出版时间:2026-02-23
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-07
基金
国家自然科学基金(32302712)
重庆市自然科学基金(CSTB2024NSCQ-MSX0147)
重庆市科研院所绩效激励引导专项(23508J)
作者信息
    1.重庆市畜牧科学院,重庆 402460
    2.四川农业大学动物科技学院,成都 611130
    3.农业农村部养猪科学重点实验室 养猪科学重庆市重点实验室,重庆 402460

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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