Article(id=1307013352157369279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307013104081068276, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.02.006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1738771200000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-06, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789545866288, onlineDateStr=2026-09-16, pubDate=1771776000000, pubDateStr=2026-02-23, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789545866288, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789545866288, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789545866288, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1307013104081068276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, year='2026', volume='57', issue='2', pageStart='569', pageEnd='1176', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771776000000', pubDateStr='2026-02-23', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789545807142, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789609910854, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1307281975350419753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307013104081068276, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1307281975350419754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307013104081068276, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=638, endPage=650, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1307013353793147840, articleId=1307013352157369279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, language=EN, title=Recent Research Progress on the Sources and Detection Methods of β-lactamase in Milk, columnId=1307007397399126026, journalTitle=Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, columnName=REVIEW, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

β-lactamase is an enzyme capable of hydrolyzing β-lactam antibiotics, and its residues in milk are increasingly concerning. The endogenous factors related to β-lactamase residues in milk are associated with the health status of the cows themselves, while exogenous factors mainly involve illegal human addition. The residues of β-lactamase may cause various health risks, including the accumulation of cytotoxic degradation products, the failure of antibiotics, and drug resistance development in humans. Currently, detection methods for β-lactamase residues in milk include microbial methods, iodometry, acidity meter method, instrumental detection method, and rapid detection method, etc., but all these methods have limitations. This article reviews the biological characteristics, sources, and recent research progress on detection methods of β-lactamase in bovine milk. Also discusses the limitations of current detection methods and provides an outlook on future management measures and emerging detection technologies. The aim is to provide scientific references for detection personnel and researchers, ultimately enhancing dairy product safety.

, authors=Wenjie CHENG1, 2, 3, Nan ZHENG1, 2, Yankun ZHAO4, Jiaqi WANG1, 2, Lu MENG1, 2, authorsList=Wenjie CHENG, Nan ZHENG, Yankun ZHAO, Jiaqi WANG, Lu MENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Lu MENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
MENG Lu, E-mail:
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β-内酰胺酶是一种能水解β-内酰胺类抗生素的酶,其在牛乳中的残留问题日益受到关注。牛乳中β-内酰胺酶残留的内源性因素与奶牛自身的健康状况有关,而外源性因素主要涉及人为非法添加。β-内酰胺酶残留可能引起多种健康风险,包括细胞毒性分解产物的积累、抗生素失效、人体对药物产生抗性等。目前,牛乳中β-内酰胺酶残留的检测方法包括微生物法、碘量法、酸度计法、仪器检测法和快速检测法等,但这些方法均存在局限性。本文综述了牛乳中β-内酰胺酶的生物学特性、来源以及最新检测方法的研究进展,探讨了检测方法的局限性,并对未来的管理措施以及新兴技术的检测方法进行了展望,以期能够为检测人员和研究工作者提供科学依据与参考,提高奶制品安全水平。

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程文杰,硕士生,主要从事乳品加工与安全研究,E-mail:

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孟璐,主要从事奶产品风险评估与营养功能评价研究,E-mail:
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Acinetobacter isolates from ICUs by DNA microarray[J].J Microbiol Methods,2018,155:19-23., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307282727846306205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013352157369279, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[71], rfOrder=104, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=孙 洁,田 晔,高裕蒙,等.细菌超广谱β内酰胺酶检测方法的研究[J].基层医学论坛,2019,23(19):2792-2795., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307282727913415070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013352157369279, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[71], rfOrder=105, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SUN J,TIAN Y,GAO Y M,et al.Research progress of detection method for ESBLs[J].The Medical Forum,2019,23(19):2792-2795.(in Chinese), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307282728240570783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013352157369279, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[72], rfOrder=106, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CARD R,ZHANG J,DAS P,et al.Evaluation of an expanded microarray for detecting antibiotic resistance genes in a broad range of gram-negative bacterial pathogens [J].Antimicrob Agents Chemother,2013,57(1):458-465., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307282728311873952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013352157369279, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[73], rfOrder=107, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=FELSENSTEIN S,BENDER J M,SPOSTO R,et al.Impact of a rapid blood culture assay for gram-positive identification and detection of resistance markers in a Pediatric Hospital [J].Arch Pathol Lab Med,2016,140(3):267-275., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307282728693555618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013352157369279, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[74], rfOrder=108, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ADEGBEYE M J,ADETUYI B O,IGIRIGI A I,et al.Comprehensive insights into antibiotic residues in livestock products:Distribution,factors,challenges,opportunities,and implications for food safety and public health [J].Food Control,2024,163:110545., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307282729033294243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013352157369279, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[75], rfOrder=109, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ABEDI-FIROOZJAH R,ALIZADEH-SANI M,ZARE L,et al.State-of-the-art nanosensors and kits for the detection of antibiotic residues in milk and dairy products [J].Adv Colloid Interface Sci,2024,328:103164., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1307282706342109485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013352157369279, awardId=2023YFD2008, language=CN, fundingSource=内蒙古自治区科技计划(2023YFD2008), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1307282706400829742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013352157369279, awardId=GJFP20240303, language=CN, fundingSource=国家农产品质量安全风险评估(GJFP20240303), 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Detection methods for β-lactamase in milk

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

检测方法名称

Detection methodname

检出限

Detection limit

适用场景

Applicablescenarios

优点

Advantages

缺点/局限性

Disadvantages/limitations

互补性应用

Complementary applications

局限性对比(相对于其他方法)

Comparative limitations(Compared with other methods)

微生物法

Microbiology assay

0.000 05~4 U·mL-1实验室常规检测成本低,直接反映酶活性操作繁琐、无法区分内外源酶与PCR/LAMP结合:验证耐药基因的实际表达活性,避免假阴性对比基因法:无法揭示耐药基因;对比HPLC:灵敏度低

碘量法

Iodometry

0.004~0.1 U·mL-1实验室快速筛选操作简便、快速定性假阳性率高、无法定量与分光光度法结合:碘量法初筛后,分光光度法定量验证对比HPLC:灵敏度和特异性不足

酸度计法

Acidometry

8.92~15 U·mL-1初步筛查操作简单、重复性好灵敏度低、无法区分酶来源与快速检测法结合:酸度计法初筛高浓度样本,快速检测法精筛对比基因法:无法区分内外源酶

高效液相色谱

HPLC

4 U·mL-1实验室精确定量高灵敏度、高精确度设备昂贵、依赖专业人员与基因芯片结合:HPLC定量酶活性,基因芯片同步分析耐药基因谱对比快速检测法:成本高且不适用于现场检测

分光光度法

Spectrophotometry

0.32~5 U·mL-1实验室检测操作简单、成本低选择性不足、线性范围窄与HPLC结合:分光光度法快速检测,HPLC对阳性样本精确定量对比HPLC:灵敏度和特异性较低

快速检测法

method

Rapid detection

3.44~4 U·mL-1现场快速筛查便携、检测效率高假阳性率高、需二次验证与杯碟法结合:快速检测法初筛,杯碟法验证假阳性样本对比HPLC:假阳性率高;需结合杯碟法验证

PCR法

PCR

0.02 ng DNA耐药基因分析精准识别耐药基因无法检测酶活性、依赖设备与微生物法结合:PCR检测耐药基因,微生物法验证实际酶活性对比LAMP:设备依赖性高;对比表型法:无法反映酶活性

环介导等温扩增

LAMP

1×10² CFU·mL-1实验室快速基因检测无需复杂设备、缩短时间无法区分活菌与死菌基因与酸度计法结合:LAMP检测基因存在,酸度计法验证酶活性对比基因芯片:无法多基因同步检测
基因芯片Gene chip多基因同步检测耐药机制研究高通量、多基因检测成本高、需标准化数据库与HPLC结合:基因芯片分析耐药基因谱,HPLC定量酶活性,全面评估耐药机制对比PCR/LAMP:成本更高;需高通量设备支持
), ArticleFig(id=1307282706191114540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013352157369279, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

牛乳中β-内酰胺酶的检测方法

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

检测方法名称

Detection methodname

检出限

Detection limit

适用场景

Applicablescenarios

优点

Advantages

缺点/局限性

Disadvantages/limitations

互补性应用

Complementary applications

局限性对比(相对于其他方法)

Comparative limitations(Compared with other methods)

微生物法

Microbiology assay

0.000 05~4 U·mL-1实验室常规检测成本低,直接反映酶活性操作繁琐、无法区分内外源酶与PCR/LAMP结合:验证耐药基因的实际表达活性,避免假阴性对比基因法:无法揭示耐药基因;对比HPLC:灵敏度低

碘量法

Iodometry

0.004~0.1 U·mL-1实验室快速筛选操作简便、快速定性假阳性率高、无法定量与分光光度法结合:碘量法初筛后,分光光度法定量验证对比HPLC:灵敏度和特异性不足

酸度计法

Acidometry

8.92~15 U·mL-1初步筛查操作简单、重复性好灵敏度低、无法区分酶来源与快速检测法结合:酸度计法初筛高浓度样本,快速检测法精筛对比基因法:无法区分内外源酶

高效液相色谱

HPLC

4 U·mL-1实验室精确定量高灵敏度、高精确度设备昂贵、依赖专业人员与基因芯片结合:HPLC定量酶活性,基因芯片同步分析耐药基因谱对比快速检测法:成本高且不适用于现场检测

分光光度法

Spectrophotometry

0.32~5 U·mL-1实验室检测操作简单、成本低选择性不足、线性范围窄与HPLC结合:分光光度法快速检测,HPLC对阳性样本精确定量对比HPLC:灵敏度和特异性较低

快速检测法

method

Rapid detection

3.44~4 U·mL-1现场快速筛查便携、检测效率高假阳性率高、需二次验证与杯碟法结合:快速检测法初筛,杯碟法验证假阳性样本对比HPLC:假阳性率高;需结合杯碟法验证

PCR法

PCR

0.02 ng DNA耐药基因分析精准识别耐药基因无法检测酶活性、依赖设备与微生物法结合:PCR检测耐药基因,微生物法验证实际酶活性对比LAMP:设备依赖性高;对比表型法:无法反映酶活性

环介导等温扩增

LAMP

1×10² CFU·mL-1实验室快速基因检测无需复杂设备、缩短时间无法区分活菌与死菌基因与酸度计法结合:LAMP检测基因存在,酸度计法验证酶活性对比基因芯片:无法多基因同步检测
基因芯片Gene chip多基因同步检测耐药机制研究高通量、多基因检测成本高、需标准化数据库与HPLC结合:基因芯片分析耐药基因谱,HPLC定量酶活性,全面评估耐药机制对比PCR/LAMP:成本更高;需高通量设备支持
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牛乳中β-内酰胺酶的来源与检测方法最新研究进展
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程文杰 1, 2, 3 , 郑楠 1, 2 , 赵艳坤 4 , 王加启 1, 2 , 孟璐 1, 2
畜牧兽医学报 | 综述 2026,57(2): 638-650
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畜牧兽医学报 |综述 2026 , 57 (2) : 638 -650
牛乳中β-内酰胺酶的来源与检测方法最新研究进展
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程文杰1, 2, 3 , 郑楠1, 2, 赵艳坤4, 王加启1, 2, 孟璐1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.中国农业科学院北京畜牧兽医研究所 农业农村部奶产品质量安全风险评估实验室(北京),北京 100193
  • 2.国家市场监督管理总局重点实验室(乳品质量数智监控技术),北京 100193
  • 3.青岛农业大学食品科学与 工程学院,青岛 266109
  • 4.新疆维吾尔自治区农业科学院,乌鲁木齐 830091
通讯作者:
孟璐,主要从事奶产品风险评估与营养功能评价研究,E-mail:
作者简介:

程文杰,硕士生,主要从事乳品加工与安全研究,E-mail:

Recent Research Progress on the Sources and Detection Methods of β-lactamase in Milk
Wenjie CHENG1, 2, 3 , Nan ZHENG1, 2, Yankun ZHAO4, Jiaqi WANG1, 2, Lu MENG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (Beijing),Institute of Animal Sciences,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Beijing 100193,China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Dairy Quality Digital Intelligence Monitoring Technology,State Administration for Market Regulation,Beijing 100193,China
  • 3.School of Food Science and Engineering,Qingdao Agricultural University,Qingdao 266109,China
  • 4.Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Urumqi 830091,China
  • Corresponding Author:
    MENG Lu, E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-02-23 doi: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.02.006
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β-内酰胺酶是一种能水解β-内酰胺类抗生素的酶,其在牛乳中的残留问题日益受到关注。牛乳中β-内酰胺酶残留的内源性因素与奶牛自身的健康状况有关,而外源性因素主要涉及人为非法添加。β-内酰胺酶残留可能引起多种健康风险,包括细胞毒性分解产物的积累、抗生素失效、人体对药物产生抗性等。目前,牛乳中β-内酰胺酶残留的检测方法包括微生物法、碘量法、酸度计法、仪器检测法和快速检测法等,但这些方法均存在局限性。本文综述了牛乳中β-内酰胺酶的生物学特性、来源以及最新检测方法的研究进展,探讨了检测方法的局限性,并对未来的管理措施以及新兴技术的检测方法进行了展望,以期能够为检测人员和研究工作者提供科学依据与参考,提高奶制品安全水平。

牛乳  /  β-内酰胺酶  /  β-内酰胺酶残留  /  检测方法

β-lactamase is an enzyme capable of hydrolyzing β-lactam antibiotics, and its residues in milk are increasingly concerning. The endogenous factors related to β-lactamase residues in milk are associated with the health status of the cows themselves, while exogenous factors mainly involve illegal human addition. The residues of β-lactamase may cause various health risks, including the accumulation of cytotoxic degradation products, the failure of antibiotics, and drug resistance development in humans. Currently, detection methods for β-lactamase residues in milk include microbial methods, iodometry, acidity meter method, instrumental detection method, and rapid detection method, etc., but all these methods have limitations. This article reviews the biological characteristics, sources, and recent research progress on detection methods of β-lactamase in bovine milk. Also discusses the limitations of current detection methods and provides an outlook on future management measures and emerging detection technologies. The aim is to provide scientific references for detection personnel and researchers, ultimately enhancing dairy product safety.

milk  /  β-lactamase  /  β-lactamase residues  /  detection method
程文杰, 郑楠, 赵艳坤, 王加启, 孟璐. 牛乳中β-内酰胺酶的来源与检测方法最新研究进展. 畜牧兽医学报, 2026 , 57 (2) : 638 -650 . DOI: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.02.006
Wenjie CHENG, Nan ZHENG, Yankun ZHAO, Jiaqi WANG, Lu MENG. Recent Research Progress on the Sources and Detection Methods of β-lactamase in Milk[J]. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, 2026 , 57 (2) : 638 -650 . DOI: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.02.006
牛奶作为一种富含高营养价值的食品,在人们的日常饮食结构中占据着举足轻重的地位[1]。随着社会经济水平的提升以及公众健康意识的增强,对乳制品质量安全的要求亦日益严格。然而,乳制品安全事件频发,尤其是抗生素残留问题,严重影响了消费者对乳制品安全性的信心。β-内酰胺酶能够水解β-内酰胺类抗生素,其在牛乳中的残留问题日益引起关注。特别是β-内酰胺酶的非法添加,不仅掩盖了抗生素残留的真相,使得这些抗生素在乳品中无法被检测到,从而逃避监管,还可能对消费者的健康构成潜在的威胁[2⁃4]。因此,对牛乳中β-内酰胺酶残留的研究具有重要的现实意义。本文综述了β-内酰胺酶的基本概况、生物学特性、在牛乳中的残留成因、残留风险评估、检测技术以及管理策略,并对未来的研究趋势进行了展望。
β-内酰胺酶,俗称抗生素分解剂[5],是一种由耐药细菌产生的酶类物质,能够通过水解青霉素和头孢菌素类抗生素的β-内酰胺环,破坏其抗菌活性,从而使抗生素失效的一种蛋白质。在青霉素尚未应用于感染治疗之前,就有文献首次报道发现由细菌产生的β-内酰胺酶可以破坏青霉素[6-7]。刘志楠等[8]对β-内酰胺酶特性的研究表明,β-内酰胺酶具有良好的耐热性以及耐久性。范美婧等[9]研究贮存温度和时间、灭菌方法以及酸碱处理对β-内酰胺酶稳定性的影响,发现β-内酰胺酶贮存时间越长,β-内酰胺酶活性越小,且与温度正相关。在常规灭菌操作流程中,β-内酰胺酶的活性无法被彻底消除。然而,通过酸碱处理方法,β-内酰胺酶的活性会受到不同程度的抑制,表现出活性降低,其中碱性条件下的抑制作用比酸性条件下强。
近年来,随着抗生素的广泛使用,β-内酰胺酶的种类和数量日益增多,截至2025年12月,β-内酰胺酶数据库(Beta-lactamse database,BLDB)已经涵盖12 741种,作为细菌进化正常过程的一部分,在未来可能会有更多的β-内酰胺酶被不断发现[10⁃11]。关于β-内酰胺酶的分类,当前主要采用Ambler和Bush-Jacoby系统两种方法[12]。
Ambler系统,即分子生物分类法,根据β-内酰胺酶的氨基酸序列将它们分为四大类:A、B、C和D类[13]。A类β-内酰胺酶广泛存在于革兰阴性菌中,能水解多种β-内酰胺类抗生素,活性位点含丝氨酸残基,因此又称丝氨酸β-内酰胺酶。B类β-内酰胺酶,即金属β-内酰胺酶,其活性位点需金属离子(特别是锌离子)来催化β-内酰胺环水解,该类酶对β-内酰胺类抗生素具有很强的水解能力。而C类β-内酰胺酶主要来源于革兰阴性杆菌,同A类β-内酰胺酶一样主要为丝氨酸,这类酶对多种β-内酰胺类抗生素具有天然的耐药性。D类β-内酰胺酶(OXA酶)同样依赖丝氨酸活性位点水解β-内酰胺类抗生素,破坏β-内酰胺环。这类酶对某些β-内酰胺类抗生素具有耐药性,早期OXA酶对碳青霉烯类抗生素通常无效,但目前发现大量OXA酶变体能高效水解碳青霉烯抗生素。
Bush-Jacoby分类系统,即功能分类法,依据β-内酰胺酶的底物特异性、抑制剂抗性以及分子结构特征,将其细分为四个类别。第一类为头孢菌素酶,主要针对头孢菌素类抗生素,且对克拉维酸等β-内酰胺酶抑制剂表现出不敏感性。该类酶的典型代表为AmpC酶,它们多由革兰阴性细菌产生,并可能存在于染色体或质粒中。第二类酶则通常对克拉维酸等β-内酰胺酶抑制剂敏感,并可进一步细化为2a、2b、2be、2br、2c、2d、2e、2f八个亚组,主要包括青霉素酶、超广谱β-内酰胺酶、部分碳青烯酶。第三类为金属β-内酰胺酶,这类酶含有金属离子,并且对大多数β-内酰胺类抗生素和几乎所有β-内酰胺酶抑制剂不敏感,除了EDTA和p-氯汞苯甲酸,代表性酶包括由Xanthomonas maltophilia产生的L1酶和由Bacteroides fragilis产生的CcrA酶。第四类为对克拉维酸等β-内酰胺酶抑制剂不敏感的青霉素酶,可能由革兰阳性细菌产生,并且通常不涉及对头孢菌素的显著水解[14]。
β-内酰胺酶对抗生素的作用主要有水解和非水解两种方式[15]。依据Ambler分类法,A、C、D类酶可归类为丝氨酸β-内酰胺酶。该类酶普遍由两个核心结构域构成:一是主要的β-折叠结构域,二是α/β结构域。这两个结构域之间形成一个凹槽,即酶的活性中心,对于底物的结合及催化反应发挥着至关重要的作用。活性中心的关键组分是一个丝氨酸残基,该残基作为亲核试剂参与催化过程。而B类β-内酰胺酶,亦称金属β-内酰胺酶,其活性中心及结构具有独特性,此类酶呈现出四层αββα结构,其核心为一个β折叠三明治结构,两侧由α螺旋结构所环绕[16]。β-内酰胺酶的结构多样,但其核心功能都是通过水解β-内酰胺环,使抗生素失活,从而产生耐药性。目前国内外研究较多的β-内酰胺酶为超广谱β-内酰胺酶和金属β-内酰胺酶。
研究发现,革兰阴性杆菌与革兰阳性杆菌均可产生β-内酰胺酶。中国抗菌药物监测网络(CHINET)数据显示,中国临床分离株中革兰阴性杆菌与革兰阳性球菌的比例约为7∶3。革兰阴性杆菌在中国显示出更高的抗生素耐药性[17]。牛乳中β-内酰胺酶残留的内源性因素与奶牛自身的健康状况有密切关系。奶牛饲养过程中可能因为患病而使用抗生素进行治疗,治疗过程中奶牛体内的微生物群落发生变化,引起机体产生抗药性,使得牛乳中β-内酰胺酶的检出率增加,检测结果偏高。许红岩[18]对患有乳房炎的奶牛进行研究,印证了奶牛在患病过程中,牛乳中产生了β-内酰胺酶。张秀芹等[19]直接从正常牛乳房采样并进行检测,排除了外源添加的可能,阳性检出率为5.8%。该研究表明,牛乳中β-内酰胺酶残留的内源性因素不仅包括奶牛因感染某些具有抗性并在其体内持续表达分泌β-内酰胺酶类的微生物,奶牛自身也具备产生β-内酰胺酶的能力。
牛乳中β-内酰胺酶残留的原因除了内源因素外,还涉及外源性因素。外源性因素主要涉及人为非法添加。外源添加β-内酰胺酶的目的主要是掩盖牛乳中的抗生素残留,以逃避监管检测。牛乳中抗生素主要来自治疗奶牛疾病时的兽药残留,β-内酰胺类抗生素由于具备显著的杀菌效果、较低的毒性和广泛的适用性,且成本低廉,可在临床上用于各种细菌感染的治疗而广受青睐[20]。同时,在畜牧生产领域内也被广泛应用于预防和控制动物疾病,促进畜牧业的稳定与可持续发展,例如,治疗乳房炎、子宫内膜炎等。然而,在实际应用过程中,若抗生素使用不当,极易导致其滥用与误用。特别是在未严格遵守规定或说明书所规定的休药期等处理措施时,将可能引起牛乳中抗生素残留量显著增加。含有抗生素的牛奶品质下降,被人体摄入过多后,容易使得机体的抗药性增加,且极易引起过敏反应[21],因此,全球范围内针对抗生素的检测及其残留问题,各国已制定并实施了严格的法律法规,其中不乏“不得检出”的严格标准[22⁃24]。部分不法商人出于对经济利益的追求,为规避抗生素检测,利用β-内酰胺酶对β-内酰胺类抗生素的水解作用,制造出“无抗奶”的虚假现象,非法向牛奶中添加β-内酰胺酶。由于β-内酰胺酶的添加,导致原本含有抗生素的牛奶在检测时呈现阴性结果。尽管牛乳中β-内酰胺酶的残留存在内源性因素,但目前对市场及消费者产生重大影响的并非内源性β-内酰胺酶,而是外源性添加,这在很大程度上威胁了食品安全,同时也违反了中国食品安全条例[25]。
当前,为了保障牛奶质量安全,众多国家制定了严格的监管政策,重点关注其中的β-内酰胺类药物,特别是青霉素G的残留情况。在欧美等地区,相关法规已明确禁止超量抗生素残留的牛奶进入市场流通,以确保消费者健康和牛奶品质。根据世界卫生组织的建议,牛奶中青霉素G的最大残留限量应为0.004 μg·mL-1,而美国的相关标准设定为0.005 μg·mL-1[26]。目前,β-内酰胺酶残留的潜在风险尚未形成统一的学术共识,然而,正是由于这种风险的不确定性,食品安全监管机构在控制和管理其残留量方面采取了更为审慎的态度。β-内酰胺酶残留可能带来一系列的风险,包括但不限于以下几个方面:首先,乳品中β-内酰胺酶的残留可能会导致抗生素残留检测结果出现偏差,使得含有抗生素残留的乳品在检测过程中显示为阴性,进而可能误导消费者与监管部门,最终影响乳品安全性的正确评估,使得含有抗生素的乳品流入市场。此外,长期摄入含有β-内酰胺酶的乳品,可能对人类的消化系统、免疫系统等造成不利影响,尽管目前相关研究尚待深入,但潜在的健康风险仍需引起重视。最后,β-内酰胺酶的残留还可能造成耐药菌株的增加,对公共卫生安全构成潜在的威胁。因此,加强对乳品中β-内酰胺酶残留的监测与管理,对于确保我国乳品行业健康可持续发展以及保障消费者健康具有至关重要的意义。
2001年9月,我国农业部颁布了《无公害食品生鲜牛乳》行业标准,规定生鲜乳中“不得检出”抗生素[27]。2008年,震惊全国的“三氯氰胺”事件爆发后,公众对牛乳产品质量安全问题的关注持续增长。2009年,β-内酰胺酶被卫生部列入《食品中可能违法添加的非食用物质名单(第二批)》并将β-内酰胺酶纳入关键监控指标之一。2009年3月,卫生部颁布了一系列公告,明确指出β-内酰胺酶属于非法食品添加剂,不属于食品用物质范畴。
马建敏等[28]于2017年对新乡市三家牧场采集的奶样进行了检测分析,在所有样本中均发现了β-内酰胺酶,检出率6.1%~10.6%。随后,邱正勇等[29]在2019年对郑州两家奶牛养殖场进行了为期1年的奶样采集与检测,在720份奶样中,β-内酰胺酶的检出率中位数达到了22.5%。齐欣等[30]在2021年对辽宁省送检的186批次原料乳进行了检测,β-内酰胺酶的检出率高达12.4%。董锐等[31]在2022年对黑龙江省2019年5月至2020年11月期间随机采集的1 629份健康奶牛的生乳样品进行了检测,其中196份生乳样品中β-内酰胺酶含量超过2 U·mL-1,检出率为12.00%,而108份生乳样品中β-内酰胺酶含量超过4 U·mL-1,检出率为6.60%。
无论这些奶样中β-内酰胺酶的检出是由内部还是外部因素引起,其高检出率已充分揭示了乳品中β-内酰胺酶残留问题不容忽视。这也表明在整个供应链中强化控制措施的重要性,同时,为了减少乳品中β-内酰胺酶的残留,必须采取更为严格的质量监控和预防策略,确保从生产源头到消费者手中的每一个步骤都得到妥善处理。
微生物法是最早应用于检测β-内酰胺酶的方法之一,它通过观察特定微生物对β-内酰胺酶的敏感反应,即抑菌圈的大小来判定样品中酶的存在与否及其活性。微生物法主要包括三维试验法[32]、纸片法[33]、显色培养法[34]、聚合酶链式培养法[35]以及杯碟法[36]。Sakanashi等[37]开发了AMU-DM(Applied Multiplex Disk Method),一种基于纸片法的表型检测方法,可同时检测肠杆菌科细菌产生的ESBL、AmpC和碳青霉烯酶。该方法通过组合抑制剂(苯硼酸、氯唑西林等)与头孢泊肟的协同作用,结合PCR验证,对AmpC和ESBL共生产者灵敏度达100%。Doornekamp等[38]对比了含头孢吡肟/克拉维酸(cefepime-CDM)与含氯唑西林(cloxacillin-CDM)的组合纸片法,发现cefepime-CDM对ESBL检测的灵敏度为100%,特异性98.6%;cloxacillin-CDM可同时检测AmpC(灵敏度92%,特异性100%),为实验室常规工作流程提供了兼顾ESBL确认和AmpC筛查的优化方案。
在实验室中,杯碟法作为一种常规检测手段,其核心原理是利用了对青霉素具有敏感性的细菌——藤黄微球菌[(Micrococcus luteus)CMCC(B)28001,又名嗜根考克氏菌(Kocuria rhizophila)CICC 10445]作为指示菌,接种于营养肉汁琼脂培养基,37 ℃培养18~24 h,用生理盐水洗下菌台即为菌悬液,将菌悬液按合适比例置于灭菌且冷却至约47 ℃的抗生素培养基II中,均匀混合,按标准试验步骤进行操作后,通过观察在添加β-内酰胺酶抑制剂舒巴坦的条件下,是否形成抑菌圈,从而对样品中β-内酰胺酶的存在与否进行判定[39]。若待检牛奶样本呈现阳性反应,意味着青霉素的抗菌作用被削弱,从而允许指示菌的正常生长;相反,若结果为阴性,则表明藤黄微球菌的生长受到影响。此外,可以通过比较试验中形成的抑菌圈直径与已知浓度标准品所产生的抑菌圈大小,在一定程度上,达到定量检测牛奶样本中β-内酰胺酶含量的效果。
2018年12月,我国农村部颁布《生乳中β-内酰胺酶的测定》(NY/T 3313—2018)[40],规定了生乳中β-内酰胺酶测定的杯碟法和胶体金快速试纸条法,其检出限为生牛乳4 U·mL-1、生羊乳3 U·mL-1。欧阳雪君等[41]运用杯蝶法对牛乳中的β-内酰胺酶进行了检测,认为该方法的检测效果令人满意,其检出限达到了0.2 U·L-1。刘旸等[42]通过改良藤黄微球菌的添加技术,对杯碟法的检测流程进行了进一步的精细化优化,使得两种不同的添加技术分别实现了检出限为0.000 2~0.000 25 U·mL-1和0.000 05~0.000 1 U·mL-1。陆雯等[43]在传统杯碟法的基础上,引入了内源性β-内酰胺酶检测的步骤。通过实施同步增菌培养和TTC显色反应,该改进方法能够有效鉴别内源性和外源性β-内酰胺酶,进而降低假阳性结果的发生率。
微生物检测技术因其低廉的成本和对β-内酰胺类抗生素的高度敏感性,在实验室环境中得到了广泛的应用。然而,该技术的检测流程繁琐,易受多种因素干扰,并且检测周期较长,限制了其在设施简陋的奶站和牧场的应用。此外,该技术仅能够确定样品中是否存在β-内酰胺酶,若需掌握额外信息,则必须依赖于其他技术方法。
碘量法是一种氧化还原滴定法,以碘作为氧化剂,或以碘化物(如碘化钾)作为还原剂进行滴定的方法,用于测定物质含量,2005年被纳入《中华人民共和国药典》用于检测β-内酰胺酶。碘量法的检测技术主要包括直接碘量测定法、间接碘量测定法、滤纸碘量测定法和碘量覆盖法[17]:1)直接碘量测定法:此法直接将碘液添加至样品溶液中,并以淀粉作为指示剂。β-内酰胺酶促进青霉素水解生成青霉噻唑酸,该酸与淀粉争夺游离碘,导致淀粉-碘复合物的蓝色褪去,以褪色程度表示酶浓度[44]。2)间接碘量测定法:此法首先加入过量的碘液,随后用硫代硫酸钠滴定剩余的碘液,以淀粉确定终点,通过硫代硫酸钠的消耗量来反映酶的浓度。3)滤纸碘量测定法:将细菌或样品涂布于预先浸泡过淀粉和青霉素的滤纸上,通过观察颜色变化来检测β-内酰胺酶的存在。4)碘量覆盖法:在含有抗生素和淀粉的琼脂培养基上接种细菌,随后覆盖碘液,通过观察菌落周围颜色的变化来判断[45]。
基于碘量法,Man等[46]开发了一种凝胶试剂盒,该试剂盒能够直接测定不同类型的底物和酶活性,其检测时间仅为30 min,检出限达到0.1 U·mL-1。欧阳雪君等[41]通过向无抗奶中加入不同浓度的β-内酰胺酶,37 ℃恒温水浴40 min,随后加入淀粉溶液和碘液,观察颜色变化以判断是否含有β-内酰胺酶,检出限为4.0 U·L-1。在使用碘量法进行测定的过程中,蒙嘉鹏[47]发现,如果样品未经去脂肪处理,试验的重现性较差,褪色反应迅速,容易导致假阳性结果。
碘量法具备对β-内酰胺酶进行定性及半定量分析的能力,其操作过程简便快捷,适用于大规模样品的筛选,且应用范围广泛。然而,该方法的重现性存在一定的局限性。
β-内酰胺酶作用于β-内酰胺类抗生素发生水解反应后生成的酸性物质会导致牛奶的pH发生改变,此即酸度计法的原理。通过pH计测定牛奶pH的变化,或者利用指示剂颜色变化进行判定,也可以采用压力测量计检测由酶活性引发的压力变化,以此间接证明β-内酰胺酶的存在。马洁等[48]采用双酸度计法检测牛奶中β-内酰胺酶的残留量,检出限分别为10 U·mL-1(PBS中)和15 U·mL-1(牛奶中)。刘珊珊等[49]基于酸度计法的原理通过对试验条件进行优化,成功将液态纯牛奶中β-内酰胺酶的最低检出限降低至8.92 U·mL-1。
酸度计法操作简单且重复性好,然而,该技术方法尚存局限性,原因在于其无法鉴别β-内酰胺酶的来源,即无法区分其是源自生物体的内源性产生抑或是外源性添加。此外,该技术易产生假阳性或假阴性结果,导致其在实际应用中的使用频率较低。
仪器分析技术包括高效液相色谱法、分光光度法、色谱-质谱联用法等多种方法,这些技术的优势体现在分析速度快,具备高精密度、高灵敏度以及低检测限。
高效液相色谱(high performance liquid chromatography, HPLC)技术利用高压泵将待分析的化合物推送过色谱柱,以实现成分的分离。分离后的化合物由检测器识别,并转换为电信号,最终以谱图形式展示结果。HPLC以其灵敏度高、分析速度快和精确度高而著称,然而该技术对样品预处理的要求较高,操作过程较为复杂。
目前,在乳制品中β-内酰胺酶残留量检测的研究领域,HPLC技术已得到广泛的应用,并且已经衍生出一系列成熟的方法论。利用HPLC检测牛乳中的β-内酰胺酶主要有两种方法:1)直接法,由于β-内酰胺酶能够水解青霉素钾生成青霉噻唑酸钾,因此通过HPLC技术分析牛乳样本,可以确定青霉噻唑酸钾的存在与否,从而推断出β-内酰胺酶的活,进而判断样本中是否含有β-内酰胺酶。相对地,间接法则是通过向牛乳中添加已知浓度的青霉素,检测牛乳样本中青霉素含量在反应前后的变化,从而间接推断β-内酰胺酶的存在。
林楠等[50]运用直接法的检测原理,通过高相液相色谱仪检测牛乳中的β-内酰胺酶,该技术表现出极高的灵敏度,检测限可达4 U·mL-1,同时整个检测过程迅速高效,仅需30 min即可完成。李雪芳[51]等利用高效液相色谱法建立一种新的方法测定乳粉中β-内酰胺酶的含量,该方法的回收率以及重现性均表现出色。Abera等[52]开发的新型HPLC-DAD方法结合表面悬浮有机液滴-空气辅助液液微萃取(SFOD-AALLME)技术,成功实现了牛奶等复杂基质中10类抗生素残留的同步检测。尽管高效液相色谱法在检测精度和灵敏度上表现优异,但是由于其样品前处理过程复杂且检测成本较高,这在一定程度上限制了它在高通量现场检测中的广泛应用。
各种抗生素在特定的单波长下具有其独特的紫外可见分光光度吸收峰,而当这些抗生素被β-内酰胺酶水解后,其吸收峰将发生改变。基于这一原理,可以用紫外分光光度计检测β-内酰胺酶的活性。李滨[53]等根据β-内酰胺酶的性质以及其分解产物(青霉素噻唑酸)的性质作为出发点进行研究,设计出一种新的检测方法——硫酸铜-紫外分光光度计法,通过紫外分光光度计法优化,将牛奶中β-内酰胺酶的最低检出限降低至5 U·mL-1。与微生物法等传统方法相比,此方法具有操作简单、成本低、准确度高和稳定性好的优点,更适合市场推广和应用。戴兴德等[54]基于青霉素分子中的硫原子将Fe3+还原为Fe2+,随后Fe2+与[Fe(CN)6]3-反应生成可溶性普鲁士蓝KFeⅢ[FeⅡ(CN)6],β-内酰胺酶阻止该显色反应,通过吸光度值的下降来计算β-内酰胺酶的浓度。在4~24 U·mL-1浓度范围内,β-内酰胺酶与吸光度变化(ΔA)之间呈现出显著的线性相关性,这确保了该区间内测量结果的高精度和可靠性。该检测方法的最低检测限为0.32 U·mL-1,表明其对低浓度样品具有极高的敏感性。此外,通过加标回收试验验证,该方法的回收率为98.8%~101.2%,进一步证实了其结果的准确性和重复性。这些特性共同证明了该方法在β-内酰胺酶检测中的有效性与适用性。Kumar等[55]开发了一种基于紫外分光光度法的绿色检测体系,这种将绿色化学理念与多波长检测技术结合的放发,为乳制品中β-内酰胺酶的高效环保检测提供了技术参考。分光光度法具有较高的灵敏度与专一性、操作简单、设备易于获取与使用,但是仍旧存在检出限较高、选择性不足、线性范围有限等缺点。
为克服传统检测方法操作繁琐、易受人工误差影响的局限性,基于细菌表型检测原理的自动化检测系统已经发展成为检测β-内酰胺酶产生菌耐药性的平台,旨在降低人工成本。目前,广泛使用的自动化检测系统包括MicroScan WalkAway系统、BD Phoenix系统和VITEK系统[56⁃58]。荧光探针,含有β-内酰胺环结构的荧光探针可以被β-内酰胺酶识别。当β-内酰胺环被水解时,探针结构被破坏,导致荧光基团释放或共振的能量转移。通过测量荧光强度或分析不同发射波长下的荧光强度比来检测β-内酰胺酶活性。YanA[59]等报道了一种红色发射的香豆素衍生物荧光探针DIcou-DNBS,该探针通过光致电子转移(PET)机制实现对生物硫醇的特异性识别,并创新性地应用于β-内酰胺酶的间接检测,相较于传统荧光探针,该技术为乳制品中β-内酰胺酶检测提供了更高灵敏度的可视化解决方案,特别是在复杂基质中的抗干扰能力表现突出。
尽管仪器检测技术的应用能够实现β-内酰胺酶的高通量及精确量化分析,使其在实验室定量检测领域发挥关键作用,然而,由于这些技术对操作人员的专业技能要求较高、样品预处理流程繁琐,以及设备成本昂贵,限制了其在小型实验室中的普及程度。此外,这些技术亦不适用于现场快速检测。
快速检测法是利用β-内酰胺酶能水解青霉素,通过测定样品中被β-内酰胺酶分解后残留的青霉素,从而间接检测生乳中是否含有β-内酰胺酶。
张鑫潇[60]依据青霉噻唑酸对Cu2+的还原作用,以及Cu+与特定显色剂反应形成络合物的原理,在此利用分光光度法设计牛乳中β-内酰胺酶快速检测试剂盒,该方法理论最低检出限为3.44 U·mL-1,实际操作中的最低检出限为4 U·mL-1。2021年,张威等[61]采用两种不同品牌的快速检测试剂盒对150份乳制品样本进行了β-内酰胺酶的检测工作。通过与国家标准化的杯碟法进行对比分析,他们对这两种快速检测技术的检出率进行了评估,进一步验证了定性方法的性能指标。研究发现,两种快速检测试剂盒均未出现假阴性样本,尤其是Charm品牌的检测试剂盒与国家标准化方法展现出了显著的相关性和一致性。Wang等[62]创新性利用A类β-内酰胺酶PC1作为生物识别元件,通过体外表达获得高亲和力蛋白(KD=9.72×10⁻⁹ mol·L-1),结合聚集诱导发光(AIE)荧光微球与生物素-链霉亲和素信号放大系统,开发出竞争型侧流层析试纸条。
快速检测法的灵敏度较高,便于操作,检测效率高,所需时间短,特别适用于现场大批量样品的初步筛选,但是容易出现假阳性问题,通常需要结合杯碟法进行二次验证,以确保结果的准确性,同时也存在成本较高的缺点。
除常规检测技术外,β-内酰胺酶基因检测在β-内酰胺酶的检测中具有至关重要的作用。主要涵盖聚合酶链反应(PCR)、环介导等温扩增(LAMP)以及DNA微阵列基因芯片技术等方法。然而,基于基因检测技术的β-内酰胺酶检测主要应用于医学领域。
PCR样品可以从临床保存、实验室收集和其他来源培养产生β-内酰胺酶的细菌。DNA通过细菌裂解、离心、试剂盒提取等方法提取,然后进行PCR进行核酸扩增,其结果通常通过琼脂糖凝胶电泳或其他荧光方法进行鉴定[63]。此外,改良聚合酶链反应(PCR)衍生物在检测β-内酰胺酶方面亦具有显著的学术价值。多重PCR通过设计一套特异性引物,快速同时检测多个β-内酰胺酶基因。同一组引物可以通过不同大小的扩增子组合,在一次反应中同时检测MBL基因,而不存在任何交叉反应性[58]。实时荧光定量PCR可以进一步监控检测过程,模板DNA的检出限可达0.02 ng[64]。在筛选出产超广谱β-内酰胺酶菌株的基础上,可以通过进行超广谱β-内酰胺酶基因型的检测,来进一步确定超广谱β-内酰胺酶的具体类型。Vuong等[65]则采用了PCR扩增的方法,对超广谱β-内酰胺酶基因进行了检测。传统PCR方法通过设计特异性引物对β-内酰胺酶基因进行扩增检测,但在多重靶标检测中存在通量限制。Shrestha等[66]在环境监测领域的最新研究为乳制品检测提供了技术借鉴
环介导等温扩增技术(LAMP)于2000年由日本学者提出,其反应原理是由两对4种特异性引物识别靶基因的6个不同区域在等温条件下,通过链置换DNA合成及茎环结构形成,实现靶基因的指数级扩增,产生大量特异性产物。LAMP法放大提取的DNA,并在等温条件下采集信号。采集每个周期的荧光信号,得到定量检测结果,检测限为1×102 CFU·mL-1,灵敏度是PCR的10倍。当重组质粒含有目的基因时,灵敏度可达PCR的100~10 000倍,且可将未纯化的粗DNA作为模板,缩短检测时间[67]。近年来LAMP技术在检测灵敏度和现场应用方面取得重要突破。Li等[68]开发的新型LAMP-PDA系统通过引入pH响应型聚二乙炔(PDA)作为显色指示剂,结合智能手机RGB分析,实现了1.344×10-7 ng·μL-1的检测灵敏度,较传统LAMP方法提升2个数量级。
除了PCR与LAMP以外,DNA微阵列基因芯片技术也可以用于β-内酰胺酶的检测。基因芯片中的核酸探针用于DNA杂交检测,并对cDNA进行荧光标记。核酸探针一般是检测序列的互补链,可以通过荧光标记cDNA进行DNA杂交检测。利用结果的荧光内强度分布获得样品的核酸序列,对超广谱β-内酰胺酶和碳青霉烯酶基因的检测具有较高的准确性。此外,该方法还能在所有分离株中区分非超广谱β-内酰胺酶、超广谱β-内酰胺酶变异和碳青霉烯酶变异,特异性高[69]。与PCR方法相比,该方法检测bla基因具有更高的敏感性和特异性,对提供更多抗生素耐药机制信息具有参考意义[70]。孙洁等[71]在对超广谱β-内酰胺酶基因的研究中,提到多位学者利用在微阵列技术的基础上对耐药性基因以及超广谱β-内酰胺酶进行检测与研究[72-73]。
表1将以上各种方法的优缺点、互补性应用和局限性对比进行了汇总。
抗生素残留问题不仅涉及食品安全领域,还与公共卫生及耐药性问题紧密相关,对人类健康构成的潜在威胁不容忽视[74]。因此,该问题在全球范围内引起了普遍关注。各国的食品卫生检疫机构、进出口贸易口岸以及药物管理机构均将其作为重点监控对象。联合国粮食及农业组织(FAO)与世界卫生组织(WHO)在食品法典中对牛奶中抗生素残留量的限量均设有明确的标准。国际乳品联合会(IDF)也发布了多项涉及牛奶和乳制品中抗生素残留的标准。澳大利亚和新西兰共同制定了包含牛奶和乳制品中抗生素残留检测与限量标准的澳大利亚新西兰食品标准法典。欧盟(EC)对牛奶中的抗生素残留实施了严格的规定,通常采取“零容忍”政策,即不允许牛奶中含有任何治疗性抗生素残留。美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)也设定了牛奶中抗生素残留的允许限量,这些限量通常非常低,甚至不予许使用,以确保公共健康[2]。
为确保乳品质量的规范化,我国同样也实施了多项措施。2001年,农业部颁布了《无公害食品生鲜牛乳》行业标准,明确规定生鲜乳中不得检出抗生素。2009年,β-内酰胺酶被正式列为非法添加物。在即将实施的《食品安全国家标准 食品添加剂使用标准》(GB 2760—2024)中,β-内酰胺酶亦不被纳入。此外,多项相关法规亦对乳品中抗生素的使用以及农药、兽药残留进行了严格的法律规制。
尽管对于乳品中β-内酰胺酶的非法添加已有严格规定,但在实际操作中,仍然存在诸多问题和挑战。首先,检测技术的灵敏度和特异性有待提高,以更准确地识别低浓度残留。其次,部分小型乳品企业缺乏先进的检测设备和专业人才,存在监管漏洞,同时,由于部分小型奶站和养殖户可能缺乏对法规的了解,或者出于经济利益考虑而违反规定,而监管部门在执行法规时可能面临取证难、执法成本高等问题,从而导致监管力度不够,使得非法添加β-内酰胺酶的行为得不到有效遏制。
此外,非法添加β-内酰胺酶的隐蔽性较强,增加了检测难度。最后,跨境乳制品贸易中,各国检测标准不统一,影响了全球范围内的监管效果。
随着食品安全问题的关注度日益提高,乳品及其制品的安全问题也成为公众和政府关注的焦点。特别是针对乳品中非法添加β-内酰胺酶的行为,加强监管、严厉打击此类非法行为、严惩非法添加者、从源头上解决问题以及加强监管力度和品质控制,对于保护合法生产者的权益和保障人民群众的健康具有重要意义。
未来研究需从技术革新与体系优化两方面协同推进。在检测技术领域,由于现有检测方法在牛乳β-内酰胺酶残留检测中普遍存在灵敏度不足、操作复杂、检测周期长等问题,如微生物法易受基质干扰且无法区分内/外源性酶,碘量法重现性差且仅适用于半定量分析,仪器法则依赖昂贵设备及专业人员操作。目前,纳米材料的发展为创造新的传感策略来检测抗生素残留开辟了可能性,从而产生了具有不同优势的创新纳米生物传感器,如快速、简单、准确以及高灵敏度、特异性和精密度。为乳品安全检测提供了新思路。Abedi-Firoozjah等[75]依据这一理念,提出了关于基于纳米材料的电化学/光学传感器的最新研究进展和见解。此外,聚集诱导发光(AIE)材料与侧流层析技术的结合,已展现出在即时检测的应用潜力,未来可进一步优化以提高抗干扰能力[62]。
在管理层面,需构建覆盖全产业链的数字化监控体系,结合区块链技术实现数据透明化与可追溯性。同时,应加速新型抗菌剂的研发,通过靶向酶抑制剂或噬菌体疗法减少抗生素依赖,从源头降低耐药性风险。公众教育与行业培训的强化亦不可或缺,需通过多维度宣教提升消费者安全意识,并推动国际标准互认以应对跨境贸易挑战。
  • 内蒙古自治区科技计划(2023YFD2008)
  • 国家农产品质量安全风险评估(GJFP20240303)
  • 国家奶牛产业技术体系(CARS-36)
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2026年第57卷第2期
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doi: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.02.006
  • 接收时间:2025-02-06
  • 首发时间:2026-09-16
  • 出版时间:2026-02-23
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-06
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内蒙古自治区科技计划(2023YFD2008)
国家农产品质量安全风险评估(GJFP20240303)
国家奶牛产业技术体系(CARS-36)
作者信息
    1.中国农业科学院北京畜牧兽医研究所 农业农村部奶产品质量安全风险评估实验室(北京),北京 100193
    2.国家市场监督管理总局重点实验室(乳品质量数智监控技术),北京 100193
    3.青岛农业大学食品科学与 工程学院,青岛 266109
    4.新疆维吾尔自治区农业科学院,乌鲁木齐 830091

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孟璐,主要从事奶产品风险评估与营养功能评价研究,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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