Article(id=1307013229847278206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307013104081068276, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.02.038, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1748275200000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-27, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789545837127, onlineDateStr=2026-09-16, pubDate=1771776000000, pubDateStr=2026-02-23, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789545837127, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789545837127, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789545837127, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1307013104081068276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, year='2026', volume='57', issue='2', pageStart='569', pageEnd='1176', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771776000000', pubDateStr='2026-02-23', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789545807142, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789609910854, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1307281975350419753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307013104081068276, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1307281975350419754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307013104081068276, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1034, endPage=1045, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1307013230061187711, articleId=1307013229847278206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, language=EN, title=Cloning, Expression and Characterization of Trichinella spiralis Nuclear Hormone Receptor NHR-23, columnId=1307007432299930010, journalTitle=Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, columnName=PREVENTIVE VETERINARY MEDICINE, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study aims to evaluate the biological characteristics of Trichinella spiralis nuclear hormone receptor-23 (NHR-23) and its potential for vaccine development. The recombinant TsNHR-23 protein (rTsNHR-23) was obtained via cloning and expression, followed by purification. Its immunoreactivity was assessed via Western blot, while transcriptional levels of the TsNHR-23 gene across different developmental stages of T. spiralis were analyzed using qPCR. In vitro experiments were conducted to analyze the inhibitory effect of anti-rTsNHR-23 polyclonal antibody on the molting of muscle larvae and to explore the effect of this protein on the function of mouse macrophages. The immune-protective efficacy of PLGA nanoparticle-encapsulated rTsNHR-23 was tested by immunizing ICR mice and analyzing parasite burden. The TsNHR-23 gene was transcribed across all developmental stages of T. spiralis, with the highest expression observed in muscle larvae (ML) stage. Anti-rTsNHR-23 antibodies significantly reduced larval molting rates and inhibited molting progression. The rTsNHR-23 protein significantly enhanced the transcription levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 in mouse macrophages. Immune protection experiments demonstrated that mice immunized with the rTs-NHR-23 protein exhibited a highly significant increase in serum IgG antibody levels compared to the control group. After the first immunization, IGF-1 levels markedly decreased, while IL-6 and TGF-β levels increased. Following the second immunization, IGF-1 partially rebounded, whereas TGF-β showed significant downregulation. Post-challenge infection, compared to the control group, the immunized mice displayed significant reductions in the number of T.spiralis adult worms, the average number of newborn larvae produced per female worm, and the muscle larval burden. rTsNHR-23 exhibits potent inhibitory effects on ML molting, modulates macrophage functions, and significantly reduces parasitic load in immunized hosts, demonstrating promising potential as a candidate vaccine against T. spiralis.

, authors=Yuan LI, Jiajun FENG, Yuheng ZHANG, Lixin XU, Mingmin LU, Xiaokai SONG, Xiangrui LI, Ruofeng YAN, authorsList=Yuan LI, Jiajun FENG, Yuheng ZHANG, Lixin XU, Mingmin LU, Xiaokai SONG, Xiangrui LI, Ruofeng YAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ruofeng YAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
YAN Ruofeng, E-mail:
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本文旨在评估旋毛虫核激素受体-23(NHR-23)的生物学特性及其疫苗开发潜力。通过克隆表达得到纯化的重组TsNHR-23蛋白(rTsNHR-23),Western blot分析其反应原性,qPCR分析TsNHR-23基因在旋毛虫不同发育阶段的转录水平。体外试验利用抗rTsNHR-23多克隆抗体分析对肌肉幼虫蜕皮的抑制,并探究该蛋白对小鼠巨噬细胞炎性细胞因子分泌的影响。将PLGA纳米颗粒包被的rTsNHR-23蛋白免疫ICR小鼠,通过检测小鼠血清中IgG抗体水平的变化、细胞因子IGF-1、IL-6和TGF-β的变化并计算减虫率,评估rTsNHR-23蛋白的免疫保护效果。结果表明,TsNHR-23基因在旋毛虫的不同发育阶段均存在转录,且在肌肉幼虫阶段的转录水平最高。抗rTsNHR-23的多克隆抗体能够显著降低肌肉幼虫的蜕皮率,也可有效抑制蜕皮进程的发展。rTsNHR-23蛋白能够显著提高小鼠巨噬细胞IL-1β、IL-6、IL-10的转录水平。免疫保护试验显示rTs-NHR-23蛋白免疫小鼠后,与对照组相比,小鼠血清中IgG抗体水平极显著升高,首次免疫后IGF-1显著下降,IL-6及TGF-β升高;二次免疫后,IGF-1部分回升,TGF-β则显著下调。攻虫后,与对照组相比,小鼠体内旋毛虫成虫数量、平均每条雌虫产生的新生幼虫数量以及肌肉幼虫数量均显著下降。综上所述,旋毛虫重组NHR-23蛋白对肌肉幼虫的蜕皮具有显著抑制作用,将该蛋白免疫小鼠后,荷虫量显著下降,具有作为疫苗候选抗原的潜力。

, authors=李嫄, 冯佳俊, 张玉恒, 徐立新, 陆明敏, 宋小凯, 李祥瑞, 严若峰, authorsList=李嫄, 冯佳俊, 张玉恒, 徐立新, 陆明敏, 宋小凯, 李祥瑞, 严若峰, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=严若峰, authorNote=

李嫄,主要从事寄生虫分子与免疫研究,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
严若峰,主要从事兽医寄生虫分子与免疫学研究,E-mail:
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authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=FORBES B E,BLYTH A J,WIT J M.Disorders of IGFs and IGF-1R signaling pathways[J].Mol Cell Endocrinol,2020 518:111035., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307282397263843902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013229847278206, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=31, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG J,ZHU Q,CAO D,et al.Bone marrow-derived IGF-1 orchestrates maintenance and regeneration of the adult skeleton[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A,2023,120(1):e2203779120., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307282397360312895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013229847278206, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=32, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=TANAKA T,NARAZAKI M,KISHIMOTO T.Interleukin (IL-6) Immunotherapy[J].Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol,2018.10(8)., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307282397444198976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013229847278206, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=33, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=DENG Z,FAN T,XIAO C,et al.TGF-β signaling in health,disease,and therapeutics[J].Signal Transduct Target Ther,2024.9(1):61., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307282397565833793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013229847278206, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=34, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LARSON C,ORONSKY B,CARTER C A,et al.TGF-beta:a master immune regulator[J].Expert Opin Ther Targets,2020,24(5):427-438., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1307282392360702494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013229847278206, awardId=BE2022848, language=CN, fundingSource=江苏省社会发展计划(BE2022848), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1307282383456195029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013229847278206, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1307282383468777942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013229847278206, companyId=1307282383456195029, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Veterinary Medicine,Nanjing Agricultural University,Nanjing 210095,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1307282383472972247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013229847278206, companyId=1307282383456195029, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=南京农业大学动物医学院,南京 210095)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1307282388506137096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013229847278206, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=TsNHR-23 gene cloning and expression

A. PCR amplification (Marker. DL10000 DNA molecular weight marker; 1. TsNHR-23 gene); B. Double digestion of pET-32a(+)-NHR-23 with BamHⅠ and XhoⅠ (Marker. DL10000 DNA molecular weight marker; 1. Digested product); C. SDS-PAGE analysis of rTs-NHR-23 distribution (Marker. Protein molecular weight marker; 1. Distribution of rTs-NHR-23 in supernatant; 2. Distribution of rTs-NHR-23 in inclusion bodies); D. Purified rTs-NHR-23 (Marker. Protein molecular weight marker; 1. rTs-NHR-23)

, figureFileSmall=GZfhGqy1pjzUaroQ9Eo9Cg==, figureFileBig=0A9Lt1i9rlp37kz9efceFQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282388602606089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013229847278206, language=CN, label=图1, caption=TsNHR-23基因的克隆和表达

A. PCR扩增(Marker. DL10000 DNA相对分子质量标准;1. TsNHR-23基因);B. pET-32a(+)-NHR-23经BamHⅠ和XhoⅠ双酶切(Marker. DL10000 DNA相对分子质量标准;1.酶切产物);C. rTs-NHR-23分布情况的SDS-PAGE分析(Marker.蛋白相对分子质量标准;1. rTs-NHR-23在上清中的分布;2. rTs-NHR-23在包涵体中的分布);D. rTs-NHR-23纯化后(Marker. 蛋白相对分子质量标准;1. rTs-NHR-23)

, figureFileSmall=GZfhGqy1pjzUaroQ9Eo9Cg==, figureFileBig=0A9Lt1i9rlp37kz9efceFQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282388791349770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013229847278206, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=T.spiralis infection rat serum recognition rTs-NHR-23

Marker. Protein molecular weight marker; 1. Purified rTs-NHR-23 recognized by T. spiralis infection rat serum; 2. Naive rat serum as negative control

, figureFileSmall=Crv/3ukfJBo+eC+eq8516A==, figureFileBig=UXYKZVze4NDH41J5pQIirw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282388883624459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013229847278206, language=CN, label=图2, caption=rTs-NHR-23蛋白的Western blot分析

Marker. 蛋白相对分子质量标准;1.旋毛虫感染的大鼠血清识别纯化的rTs-NHR-23;2.未感染的大鼠血清作为阴性对照

, figureFileSmall=Crv/3ukfJBo+eC+eq8516A==, figureFileBig=UXYKZVze4NDH41J5pQIirw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282388980093452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013229847278206, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Transcritional changes of TsNHR-23 gene in different developmental stages of Trichinella spiralis

NBL. Newborn larvae; Ad. Adult; ML. Muscle larvae. All data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA. Compared with the NBL group, *.P<0.05, **.P<0.01, ***.P<0.001, ****.P<0.000 1

, figureFileSmall=5v6+jgPKcmbecaQp4m7i8g==, figureFileBig=KiEFIb4/tL64uTjUoKgUsQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282389093339661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013229847278206, language=CN, label=图3, caption=TsNHR-23基因在旋毛虫不同发育阶段转录水平的变化

NBL.新生幼虫;Ad.成虫;ML.肌肉幼虫。所有数据使用单因素方差析进行分析,与NBL组比较,*.P<0.05,**.P<0.01,***.P<0.001,****.P<0.000 1

, figureFileSmall=5v6+jgPKcmbecaQp4m7i8g==, figureFileBig=KiEFIb4/tL64uTjUoKgUsQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282389189808654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013229847278206, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effects of rTs-NHR-23-Ab on the ecdysis of Trichinella spiralis muscle larvae

Under 10× magnification, the presence of a transparent sheath at the posterior end of Trichinella spiralis (indicated by black arrow) is identified as ecdysis

, figureFileSmall=rnQSeAJDL7ZUr/fkeZxPqg==, figureFileBig=lRtQrr6RQmsFgsU9MY/qxQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282389269500431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013229847278206, language=CN, label=图4, caption=抗rTs-NHR-23多克隆抗体对肌肉幼虫蜕皮的影响

于10倍镜下观察,旋毛虫尾部出现透明鞘结构(黑色箭头)则认为蜕皮发生

, figureFileSmall=rnQSeAJDL7ZUr/fkeZxPqg==, figureFileBig=lRtQrr6RQmsFgsU9MY/qxQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282389370163728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013229847278206, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effects of rTs-NHR-23-Ab on the ecdysis rate of Trichinella spiralis muscle larvae

Each group had three replications and each replication was conducted once (n=3). Values were estimated using one-way. Compared with the Blank group, ns. no significance; *.P<0.05, ***.P<0.001, ****.P<0.000 1

, figureFileSmall=rR0JBL0srr+G8tXC7bZqZw==, figureFileBig=DGz0t+31g2dI04sIk0CTxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282389479215633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013229847278206, language=CN, label=图5, caption=抗rTs-NHR-23多克隆抗体对肌肉幼虫蜕皮率的影响

0 h和8 h未观察到蜕皮,数据未显示。每组有3个样本,每个样本检测3次(n=3)。所有数据均使用单因素方差进行分析,与Blank组比较,ns.无显著性,*.P<0.05,***.P<0.001,****.P<0.000 1

, figureFileSmall=rR0JBL0srr+G8tXC7bZqZw==, figureFileBig=DGz0t+31g2dI04sIk0CTxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282389575684626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013229847278206, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Effect of rTs-NHR-23 on cytokine mRNA levels in RAW264.7 cells

A. Effect of rTs-NHR-23 on transcriptional levels of IL-1β in RAW264.7 cells; B. Effect of rTs-NHR-23 on transcriptional levels of IL-6 in RAW264.7 cells; C. Effect of rTs-NHR-23 on transcriptional levels of IL-10 in RAW264.7 cells. Bars sharing the same letter indicate no significant difference (P>0.05), whereas different letters denote statistically significant differences (P<0.05)

, figureFileSmall=ML6sbKJ0lLBXEbNoaY1jXg==, figureFileBig=GrfMb6uC3GOfJ68D3u5Jpw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282389659570707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013229847278206, language=CN, label=图6, caption=rTs-NHR-23对RAW264.7细胞细胞因子mRNA水平的影响

A. rTs-NHR-23对RAW264.7 IL-1β转录水平的影响;B. rTs-NHR-23对RAW264.7 IL-6转录水平的影响;C. rTs-NHR-23对RAW264.7 IL-10转录水平的影响。字母相同表示差异不显著(P>0.05),字母不相同表示差异显著(P<0.05)

, figureFileSmall=ML6sbKJ0lLBXEbNoaY1jXg==, figureFileBig=GrfMb6uC3GOfJ68D3u5Jpw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282389764428308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013229847278206, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Scanning electron microscopy observation of PLGA nanospheres loaded with recombinant rTs-NHR-23, figureFileSmall=1YKuACn7MS4ij4wIUMqdAA==, figureFileBig=TJNHBJFi45wEfKWfbubs0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282389873480213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013229847278206, language=CN, label=图7, caption=PLGA包被的rTs-NHR-23扫描电镜观察, figureFileSmall=1YKuACn7MS4ij4wIUMqdAA==, figureFileBig=TJNHBJFi45wEfKWfbubs0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282389961560598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013229847278206, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Detection of specific IgG antibody in mice serum, figureFileSmall=BtQghKQSVZOTUOPfBTqSwA==, figureFileBig=XgyVMxCAmXUS2Q8vNNupow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282391660253719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013229847278206, language=CN, label=图8, caption=小鼠血清中特异性IgG抗体的检测

ns. P>0.05; ****.P<0.000 1

, figureFileSmall=BtQghKQSVZOTUOPfBTqSwA==, figureFileBig=XgyVMxCAmXUS2Q8vNNupow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282391777694232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013229847278206, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Levels of cytokine IGF-1(A), IL-6(B), TGF-β(C) in mice sera

Each group had three replications and each replication was conducted once (n=3). Values were estimated using one-way. Compared with the with pET-32a-PLGA controls, ns. no significance; **.P<0.01, ****.P<0.000 1

, figureFileSmall=N6iC9DI+rVStZdOmvqP2Kw==, figureFileBig=iuXdjPuPeD8q533D/GWdyg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282391848997401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013229847278206, language=CN, label=图9, caption=小鼠血清中IGF-1(A)、IL-6(B)、TGF-β(C)细胞因子水平

每组5个样本,重复检测3次。使用单因素方差法分析,与pET-32a-PLGA组比较,ns.无显著性,**.P<0.01,****.P<0.000 1

, figureFileSmall=N6iC9DI+rVStZdOmvqP2Kw==, figureFileBig=iuXdjPuPeD8q533D/GWdyg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282391920300570, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013229847278206, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Number of T.spiralis muscle larvae

A. Number of T. spiralis adult worm; B. Number of T. spiralis newborn larvae produced by adult worm collected; C. Number of T.spiralis muscle larvae. Each group had five replications and each replication was conducted three times (n=5). Values were estimated using one-way. PBS-PLGA controls is denoted by * (**.P<0.01,***.P<0.001), while # indicates significant differences compared to pET-32a-PLGA groups (#.P<0.05,##.P<0.01)

, figureFileSmall=IEWqXpzczUNv3HwFC8EddA==, figureFileBig=cmbgC224eDqsnEAJzN1CNA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282392012575259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013229847278206, language=CN, label=图10, caption=各组中旋毛虫数量

A.各组中旋毛虫成虫数量;B.各组中成虫产生的新生幼虫的数量;C.各组中旋毛虫肌肉幼虫数量。每组有5个样本,每个样本检测三次(n=5)。所有数据均使用单因素方差析进行分析,与PBS组比较,显著性差异以*表示(**.P<0.01,***.P<0.001);与pET-32a-PLGA组比较,显著性差异以#表示(#.P<0.05,##.P<0.01)

, figureFileSmall=IEWqXpzczUNv3HwFC8EddA==, figureFileBig=cmbgC224eDqsnEAJzN1CNA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282392088072732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013229847278206, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Primer sequences of fluorescence quantitative PCR

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

目的基因

Target gene

引物名称

Primer name

引物序列(5’→3’)

Primer sequence

GAPDH-FCATCACTGCCACCCAGAAGACTG
-RATGCCAGTGAGCTTCCCGTTCAG
IL-1β-FGCAACTGTTCCTGAACTCAACT
-RATCTTTTGGGGTCCGTCAACT
IL-6-FTCTCTGGGAAATCGTGGAAATGA
-RGGTACTCCAGAAGACCAGAGGA
IL-10-FGACAACATACTGCTAACCGACTCC
-RTCCTTGATTTCTGGGCCATGC
), ArticleFig(id=1307282392171958813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013229847278206, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

荧光定量PCR引物序列

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

目的基因

Target gene

引物名称

Primer name

引物序列(5’→3’)

Primer sequence

GAPDH-FCATCACTGCCACCCAGAAGACTG
-RATGCCAGTGAGCTTCCCGTTCAG
IL-1β-FGCAACTGTTCCTGAACTCAACT
-RATCTTTTGGGGTCCGTCAACT
IL-6-FTCTCTGGGAAATCGTGGAAATGA
-RGGTACTCCAGAAGACCAGAGGA
IL-10-FGACAACATACTGCTAACCGACTCC
-RTCCTTGATTTCTGGGCCATGC
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旋毛虫核激素受体NHR-23克隆表达和特性分析
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李嫄 , 冯佳俊 , 张玉恒 , 徐立新 , 陆明敏 , 宋小凯 , 李祥瑞 , 严若峰
畜牧兽医学报 | 预防兽医 2026,57(2): 1034-1045
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畜牧兽医学报 |预防兽医 2026 , 57 (2) : 1034 -1045
旋毛虫核激素受体NHR-23克隆表达和特性分析
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李嫄 , 冯佳俊, 张玉恒, 徐立新, 陆明敏, 宋小凯, 李祥瑞, 严若峰
作者信息
  • 南京农业大学动物医学院,南京 210095
通讯作者:
严若峰,主要从事兽医寄生虫分子与免疫学研究,E-mail:
作者简介:

李嫄,主要从事寄生虫分子与免疫研究,E-mail:

Cloning, Expression and Characterization of Trichinella spiralis Nuclear Hormone Receptor NHR-23
Yuan LI , Jiajun FENG, Yuheng ZHANG, Lixin XU, Mingmin LU, Xiaokai SONG, Xiangrui LI, Ruofeng YAN
Affiliations
  • College of Veterinary Medicine,Nanjing Agricultural University,Nanjing 210095,China
  • Corresponding Author:
    YAN Ruofeng, E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-02-23 doi: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.02.038
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本文旨在评估旋毛虫核激素受体-23(NHR-23)的生物学特性及其疫苗开发潜力。通过克隆表达得到纯化的重组TsNHR-23蛋白(rTsNHR-23),Western blot分析其反应原性,qPCR分析TsNHR-23基因在旋毛虫不同发育阶段的转录水平。体外试验利用抗rTsNHR-23多克隆抗体分析对肌肉幼虫蜕皮的抑制,并探究该蛋白对小鼠巨噬细胞炎性细胞因子分泌的影响。将PLGA纳米颗粒包被的rTsNHR-23蛋白免疫ICR小鼠,通过检测小鼠血清中IgG抗体水平的变化、细胞因子IGF-1、IL-6和TGF-β的变化并计算减虫率,评估rTsNHR-23蛋白的免疫保护效果。结果表明,TsNHR-23基因在旋毛虫的不同发育阶段均存在转录,且在肌肉幼虫阶段的转录水平最高。抗rTsNHR-23的多克隆抗体能够显著降低肌肉幼虫的蜕皮率,也可有效抑制蜕皮进程的发展。rTsNHR-23蛋白能够显著提高小鼠巨噬细胞IL-1β、IL-6、IL-10的转录水平。免疫保护试验显示rTs-NHR-23蛋白免疫小鼠后,与对照组相比,小鼠血清中IgG抗体水平极显著升高,首次免疫后IGF-1显著下降,IL-6及TGF-β升高;二次免疫后,IGF-1部分回升,TGF-β则显著下调。攻虫后,与对照组相比,小鼠体内旋毛虫成虫数量、平均每条雌虫产生的新生幼虫数量以及肌肉幼虫数量均显著下降。综上所述,旋毛虫重组NHR-23蛋白对肌肉幼虫的蜕皮具有显著抑制作用,将该蛋白免疫小鼠后,荷虫量显著下降,具有作为疫苗候选抗原的潜力。

旋毛虫  /  核激素受体  /  巨噬细胞  /  免疫保护

This study aims to evaluate the biological characteristics of Trichinella spiralis nuclear hormone receptor-23 (NHR-23) and its potential for vaccine development. The recombinant TsNHR-23 protein (rTsNHR-23) was obtained via cloning and expression, followed by purification. Its immunoreactivity was assessed via Western blot, while transcriptional levels of the TsNHR-23 gene across different developmental stages of T. spiralis were analyzed using qPCR. In vitro experiments were conducted to analyze the inhibitory effect of anti-rTsNHR-23 polyclonal antibody on the molting of muscle larvae and to explore the effect of this protein on the function of mouse macrophages. The immune-protective efficacy of PLGA nanoparticle-encapsulated rTsNHR-23 was tested by immunizing ICR mice and analyzing parasite burden. The TsNHR-23 gene was transcribed across all developmental stages of T. spiralis, with the highest expression observed in muscle larvae (ML) stage. Anti-rTsNHR-23 antibodies significantly reduced larval molting rates and inhibited molting progression. The rTsNHR-23 protein significantly enhanced the transcription levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 in mouse macrophages. Immune protection experiments demonstrated that mice immunized with the rTs-NHR-23 protein exhibited a highly significant increase in serum IgG antibody levels compared to the control group. After the first immunization, IGF-1 levels markedly decreased, while IL-6 and TGF-β levels increased. Following the second immunization, IGF-1 partially rebounded, whereas TGF-β showed significant downregulation. Post-challenge infection, compared to the control group, the immunized mice displayed significant reductions in the number of T.spiralis adult worms, the average number of newborn larvae produced per female worm, and the muscle larval burden. rTsNHR-23 exhibits potent inhibitory effects on ML molting, modulates macrophage functions, and significantly reduces parasitic load in immunized hosts, demonstrating promising potential as a candidate vaccine against T. spiralis.

T. spiralis  /  nuclear hormone receptor  /  macrophage  /  immune protection
李嫄, 冯佳俊, 张玉恒, 徐立新, 陆明敏, 宋小凯, 李祥瑞, 严若峰. 旋毛虫核激素受体NHR-23克隆表达和特性分析. 畜牧兽医学报, 2026 , 57 (2) : 1034 -1045 . DOI: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.02.038
Yuan LI, Jiajun FENG, Yuheng ZHANG, Lixin XU, Mingmin LU, Xiaokai SONG, Xiangrui LI, Ruofeng YAN. Cloning, Expression and Characterization of Trichinella spiralis Nuclear Hormone Receptor NHR-23[J]. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, 2026 , 57 (2) : 1034 -1045 . DOI: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.02.038
旋毛虫病是由旋毛形线虫引起的食源性寄生虫病[1],对人类健康构成严重威胁。其幼虫通过未煮熟的肉类(尤其猪肉)传播,临床表现为全身发热、腹痛、腹泻、恶心、呕吐以及肌痛等非特异性症状,重症可并发心肌炎与脑炎[2]。全球每年约1万例病例,亚洲、欧洲和北美高发[3],中国西南及东北地区因饮食习惯成为重灾区[4]。旋毛虫宿主广泛(猪、野生动物等),加之肉类检疫不足及生食文化,使其持续威胁全球公共卫生安全[5]。目前旋毛虫感染仍缺乏有效的疫苗,早期驱虫药物(如阿苯达唑)是治疗的首要选择[6],但延迟治疗易致慢性感染和器官损伤[7],因此,开发针对家畜和人类旋毛虫感染的有效疫苗是控制该病的关键策略。传统旋毛虫疫苗抗原主要来源于全虫粗提物或排泄分泌产物,其代表形式为减毒活疫苗和灭活疫苗(即第一代疫苗)[8]。随着基因工程技术的发展,已在啮齿动物和猪模型中进行了第二代和第三代疫苗来评估其保护作用,例如重组蛋白疫苗、DNA疫苗和合成肽疫苗[9⁃11]。因此,加强兽用疫苗研究,以阻断旋毛虫病从动物向人类的传播链,显得尤为迫切[12]。
核激素受体(nuclear hormone receptor,NHR)是一类配体激活的转录因子,具有保守的DNA结合域(DBD)和配体结合域(LBD)[13],通过结合DNA调控基因表达,参与发育、生殖和代谢等关键生理过程[14],其家族包括类固醇激素受体(如雌激素受体)、甲状腺激素受体及孤儿受体[[15]。寄生虫的NHRs基因数量远超哺乳动物[16](如秀丽隐杆线虫含284种[17]),这些受体在寄生虫生命史中发挥重要作用:例如DAF-12通过感知胆固醇衍生物调控秀丽隐杆线虫滞育期[18],SmFtz-F1响应宿主脂质信号促进血吸虫幼虫成熟[19]。由于寄生虫NHRs与宿主进化距离远且功能特异[20],它们成为抗寄生虫药物研发的潜在靶点。其中,NHR-23(属NR1F类)是线虫蜕皮过程的关键调控因子,直接激活胶原蛋白和几丁质酶等基因,RNAi沉默NHR-23会导致蜕皮缺陷,阻碍发育[21]。因此,深入研究NHR-23的作用机制不仅有助于揭示寄生虫发育调控的分子基础,也为开发靶向特定生命阶段的新型抗寄生虫药物提供了重要方向。
核激素受体在寄生虫关键生命阶段的保守性与特异性,使其成为突破现有抗药性瓶颈、靶向感染阶段的新型药物靶点,但作用机制和物种差异仍需进一步解析。本文对旋毛虫核激素受体-23(NHR-23)进行克隆表达,分析TsNHR-23基因在旋毛虫不同发育阶段的转录水平变化,研究rTsNHR-23蛋白对旋毛虫肌肉幼虫蜕皮的影响,将rTsNHR-23蛋白免疫ICR小鼠,分析小鼠体内特异性抗体和细胞因子的变化并计算减虫率,评估该蛋白的免疫保护效果,探究前期是否具有疫苗候选抗原的潜力。
健康6周龄SPF级雌性SD大鼠(约200 g)购自江苏青龙山生物科技有限公司,许可证号:SCXK(苏)2024-0001,健康的6周龄SPF级雌性ICR小鼠(25 g左右)购自南京安诺康生物科技有限公司,许可证号:SCXK(苏)2020-0009。于南京农业大学实验动物中心屏障环境动物房饲养,试验通过南京农业大学实验动物福利与伦理委员会的审查与批准,大鼠饲养的审核编号为NJAU.No20240409072,小鼠饲养的审核编号为NJAU.No20240718141。中国河南猪旋毛虫虫种,国际虫种编号为ISSS534,由本实验室传代保存于SD大鼠体内。
大肠杆菌DH5α、BL21(DE3)菌种、载体pET-32a(+)、RAW264.7均为本实验室保存。
胃蛋白酶购自上海源叶生物科技有限公司;RNA isolater Total RNA Extraction Reagent、DNA回收试剂盒购自南京诺唯赞公司;RevertAid RT反转录试剂盒、预染蛋白marker购自Thermo Fisher公司;PrimeSTAR Max DNA Polymerase、DNA marker、10×Loading Buffer、限制性内切酶(SacⅠ、XhoⅠ)、T4 DNA Ligase购自TaKaRa公司;质粒提取试剂盒购自北京天根生化科技有限公司;IPTG、咪唑购自翼飞雪生物科技有限公司;超滤管购自美国默克密理博公司;去内毒素试剂盒购自金斯瑞生物科技股份有限公司;BCA蛋白浓度检测试剂盒购自碧云天生物技术公司;His-Tag Monoclonal antibody、HRP-conjugated Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG、HRP-conjugated Goat Anti-Mouse IgG购自武汉三鹰生物技术有限公司;ECL发光试剂盒购自上海天能生命科学有限公司;引物合成和测序服务由擎科生物公司提供;弗氏完全佐剂和不完全佐剂、溴酚蓝、Tween-20、考马斯亮蓝均购自Sigma公司;DMEM培养基、RPMI 1640培养基、青链霉素双抗、胎牛血清购自Gibco公司;HiScript III RT SuperMix for qPCR (+gDNA wiper)、SYBR Green Pro Taq HS预混型qPCR试剂盒购自艾科瑞公司;聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物(PLGA,相对分子质量为40~75 ku)、聚乙烯醇(PVA,相对分子质量为31~50 ku)购自Sigma公司;二氯甲烷购自沪试公司;小鼠胰岛素样生长因子1(IGF-1)、小鼠白细胞介素6(IL-6)、小转化生长因子β1(TGF-β1)ELISA试剂盒购自南京金益柏公司。
收集旋毛虫肌肉幼虫,用RNA isolater Total RNA Extraction Reagent试剂提取虫体RNA,后反转录为cDNA。根据NCBI中TsNHR-23基因的序列(XM_003371268.1),上游添加酶切位点SacⅠ,下游添加酶切位点XhoⅠ,利用Primer Primer 5.0软件设计特异性引物如下,下划线部分代表酶切位点,TsNHR-23 F/R:5’-CGAGCTCATGGACA- ATATAATGAAGCATACGT-3’/5’-CCTCGAG- TCATCCATCAACTGAAAACAATTCC-3’。以肌肉幼虫cDNA为模板,进行PCR扩增,将回收产物与pET-32a(+)载体用SacⅠ和XhoⅠ双酶切处理,T4 DNA Ligase连接双酶切后的回收产物,转化至大肠杆菌DH5α中,挑取单菌落扩大培养,将PCR鉴定为阳性的菌液提取质粒,经双酶切认证和测序正确的阳性质粒命名为pET-32a-TsNHR-23。
将重组质粒pET-32a-TsNHR-23转化至大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中,挑取单克隆扩大培养,直至菌液的OD600 nm值为0.4~0.6左右,加入浓度为1 mmol·L-1的IPTG诱导表达,电泳分析时相表达和分布情况。用镍柱纯化蛋白,超滤管浓缩,并用试剂盒去除蛋白的内毒素,BCA法测定蛋白的浓度。
将400 μg重组蛋白与等体积的弗氏完全佐剂混合,通过注射器用乳化接头充分乳化,SD大鼠多点皮下注射首次免疫。14 d后,将400 μg重组蛋白与等体积的弗氏不完全佐剂混合,进行二次免疫。7 d和14 d后,重复二次免疫操作进行加强免疫。第四次免疫一周后,乙醚麻醉大鼠,腹主动脉采血,静置1 h后2 500×g条件下离心20 min,吸出上清并分装保存于-80 ℃冰箱中,得到抗重组TsNHR-23蛋白的大鼠血清。
10 000条旋毛虫肌肉幼虫灌胃大鼠,35 d后,乙醚麻醉大鼠,腹主动脉采血,收集血清,得到旋毛虫感染的大鼠血清。
电泳后将凝胶转印到PVDF膜上,37 ℃下5%脱脂牛奶中封闭1 h,TBST Buffer洗膜3次,每次5 min。用TBST以1∶100的比例稀释旋毛虫感染血清作一抗,未感染旋毛虫大鼠血清作阴性对照,将PVDF膜置于一抗中,4 ℃摇床上过夜孵育。倒去一抗,TBST Buffer洗膜5次,每次5 min。用TBST以1∶5 000的比例稀释山羊抗大鼠IgG作二抗,将PVDF膜置于二抗中,37 ℃摇床上避光孵育1 h。弃去液体,TBST Buffer洗膜5次,每次5 min。将超敏ECL显色液A液与B液混匀,滴加在膜上,用全自动发光成像系统显影并拍照留存。
7 000条旋毛虫肌肉幼虫灌胃大鼠,灌胃5 d后禁食1 d,取小肠剪成1.5 cm左右的肠段,铺在三层纱布上,置于无菌PBS中,37 ℃下孵育4 h,收集成虫。于RPMI-1640培养基(含1%青链霉素双抗和10%胎牛血清)中孵育24 h,经200目筛网过滤分离成虫与幼虫后,滤液600×g离心10 min收集幼虫,沉淀即为旋毛虫新生幼虫。提取虫体RNA,反转录为cDNA,设计3对特异性引物,以肌肉幼虫cDNA为模板,筛选目的基因及内参基因的最优引物并优化引物浓度。以3个阶段虫体cDNA为模板,使用筛选出的最优引物,通过qPCR法检测TsNHR-23基因在旋毛虫不同发育阶段的转录水平。
收集旋毛虫肌肉幼虫,用无菌的PBS清洗10次,加入含10%胎牛血清和1%青链霉素的RPMI 1640培养基重悬虫体,调整虫体悬液的浓度为2 000条·mL-1,按每孔1 mL接种于6孔细胞培养板中。试验组分别加入不同稀释比(1∶50、1∶200、1∶800)的抗rTs-NHR-23重组蛋白的大鼠血清,同时设置3组对照,分别为抗pET-32a空载体蛋白的大鼠血清、正常大鼠血清及PBS对照组,每组设置三个重复,于37 ℃培养箱中孵育。用显微镜观察特定时间点(0、8、24、48、72 h)的运动及蜕皮情况并计数。
调整传代培养的RAW264.7细胞浓度为1×106个·mL-1,每孔1 mL接种到12孔细胞培养板中,加入rTs-NHR-23,调整浓度为5、10、20、40 μg·mL-1,设置无菌PBS组和pET-32a(+)对照组,每组至少3个重复。在37 ℃培养箱中孵育6 h。弃去上清,用PBS洗涤3次。加入600 μL RNA isolater Total RNA Extraction Reagent,将细胞吹打转移至1.5 mL RNase-free离心管中。反复吹打使细胞裂解充分,冰上静置5 min后提取细胞RNA,随后反转录为cDNA。使用Primer Premier 5软件设计引物,如表1所示。
取4 mg重组NHR-23蛋白(1 mg·mL-1)。在通风橱中,将5% PLGA溶液涡旋振荡,逐滴加入2 mL 5% PVA溶液,涡旋2 min后冰浴超声(40 W,5 s开/5 s关,5 min)。缓慢滴加蛋白/质粒溶液,涡旋混合后重复超声3 min。继续滴加2 mL 5% PVA,涡旋2 min后冰浴超声6 min。敞口振荡3 h挥发二氯甲烷。4 ℃ 40 000 r·min-1超离40 min,收集上清备用。沉淀用4 mL超纯水重悬,-80 ℃预冻2 h后冻干24 h,得粉末-20 ℃保存。取少量粉末干燥后送SEM观察。包被效率是指包被进PLGA纳米材料的抗原(DNA)占总抗原(DNA)的百分比。通过间接法计算包被效率,公式如下:
包被效率%=重组蛋白总质量-上清的体积×上清中重组蛋白浓度重组蛋白总质量×100%
将36只ICR小鼠随机分成3组,分别为PBS-PLGA、pET-32a-PLGA、rTs-NHR-23-PLGA,采用背部皮下多点注射对小鼠进行免疫。试验的第0天(首次免疫当天)、第14天(首免后14 d)和第28天(二免后14 d),采集小鼠眼眶后静脉血分离血清。试验的第28天,每只小鼠给予200条旋毛虫肌肉幼虫灌胃。
将重组rTs-NHR-23蛋白以100 μL·孔-1加入ELISA板,4 ℃过夜包被。PBST振荡清洗3次(每次5 min),随后加入5% BSA 200 μL·孔-1,37 ℃封闭1 h,洗涤3次。加入1∶100稀释的待测血清100 μL·孔-1,37 ℃孵育1 h后洗涤。加入1∶20 000稀释的HRP标记羊抗鼠IgG二抗100 μL·孔-1,37 ℃孵育1 h,洗涤5次。每孔加入TMB显色液100 μL避光反应15~20 min,最后加50 μL 2M硫酸终止,立即测定OD450 nm值。
ELISA法检测小鼠血清IGF-1、IL-6、TGF-β的变化,将标准品稀释为24、16、8、4、2 ng·L-1(各浓度双孔50 μL·孔-1)。样品孔加40 μL稀释液+10 μL血清(5倍稀释),设空白孔,37 ℃孵育30 min。每孔用100 μL 20倍稀释洗涤液洗涤5次,加酶标试剂50 μL·孔-1,37 ℃孵育30 min。再次洗涤后加显色液A/B各50 μL避光显色15~20 min,终止后立即测定OD450 nm值。
攻虫后6 d即试验的第34天,小鼠禁食1 d,从每一组别中随机选取6只收集成虫和新生幼虫。攻虫后35 d即试验的第63天,从每一组别中剩余小鼠中随机选取6只,收集肌肉幼虫。收集到的虫体置于显微镜下观察并计数,每个样本重复计数3次。
使用IBM SPSS Statistics 27软件处理试验数据,One-way ANOVA法进行方差分析和显著性检验,使用GraphPad Prism 10软件进行作图。
PCR扩增TsNHR-23基因电泳结果如图1A所示,在1 534 bp处有单一条带,条带大小与预期一致。重组表达质粒pET-32a(+)-NHR-23经SacⅠ和XhoⅠ双酶切后,在5 900 bp和1 534 bp处各有一个条带,如图1B所示,分别为载体和NHR-23基因片段。重组TsNHR-23蛋白主要分布在包涵体,如图1C所示。大量诱导表达及纯化后得到较纯的rTsNHR-23,如图1D所示。
通过Western blot方法验证rTs-NHR-23是否具有免疫原性,结果如图2所示。旋毛虫感染的大鼠血清能够识别rTs-NHR-23,在70~100 ku处出现目的条带,而相对应的阴性血清未能识别出目的条带,证实了rTs-NHR-23的免疫反应性。
qPCR检测数据(图3)表明,旋毛虫不同发育时期中TsNHR-23基因的转录水平呈现显著波动。以新生幼虫为参照组,肌肉幼虫阶段TsNHR-23基因的转录水平最高(为新生幼虫的2.96倍),成虫阶段次之(为新生幼虫的的1.81倍)。
将不同稀释比的抗rTs-NHR-23多克隆抗体与肌肉幼虫体外共培养,评估不同时间点(0、8、24、48、72 h)虫体蜕皮进程的动态变化,结果如图4所示,48~72 h阶段运动活性呈逐渐降低趋势。0和8 h未观察到蜕皮现象,24、48和72 h正在蜕皮的虫体逐渐增多。对各组蜕皮的肌肉幼虫计数并计算蜕皮率,结果如图5所示。Control组(正常大鼠血清组)与pET-32a-Ab组的蜕皮率在所有时间点与Blank组基本无差异(P>0.05)。在24 h时间节点,各组蜕皮率较低,1∶50和1∶200稀释比的rTs-NHR-23-Ab能显著抑制蜕皮的发生(P<0.05),而1∶800稀释组与Blank组无显著差异。至48 h时,3个对照组的蜕皮率增高明显,此时不同稀释比的抗rTs-NHR-23-Ab多克隆抗体均显示出极显著抑制效应(P<0.000 1)。72 h时,虽然各试验组的蜕皮率均呈上升趋势,但1∶50稀释组仍维持极显著抑制作用(P<0.000 1),1∶200和1∶800稀释组也显示出高度显著性抑制效果(P<0.001)。
qPCR结果如图6所示,与对照组相比,不同浓度(5、10、20、40 μg·mL-1)的rTs-NHR-23蛋白均显著提高了RAW264.7细胞中IL-1β、IL-6、IL-10的转录水平。
通过扫描电子显微镜拍摄的PLGA纳米颗粒包被的重组蛋白如图7所示,所有制备的纳米颗粒均为圆球形,且表面有小的凸起。间接法计算得出rTs-NHR-23-PLGA和pET-32a-PLGA的包被效率分别为72.1%和77.6%。
通过ELISA方法检测小鼠血清中IgG抗体水平的变化,结果如图8所示。免疫前(第0天)试验组与对照组小鼠血清中IgG抗体水平基本无差异。首次免疫后两周(第14天),与对照组相比,rTs-NHR-23-PLGA试验组小鼠血清中IgG抗体水平极显著升高(P<0.000 1),二次免疫后两周(第28天),所有试验组小鼠血清中IgG抗体水平均维持在较高的抗体滴度,显著高于对照组(P<0.000 1)。
小鼠血清中细胞因子的检测结果如图9所示。首次免疫后,与PBS-PLGA空白组和pET-32a-PLGA对照组相比,rTs-NHR-23-PLGA组小鼠血清中细胞因子IGF-1的分泌水平显著下降,二次免疫后有所上调但仍显著低于对照组。对于细胞因子IL-6分泌水平,首次免疫后和二次免疫后rTs-NHR-23-PLGA组均显著高于对照组。首次免疫后,TGF-β分泌水平显著高于对照组,二次免疫后下调明显。
旋毛虫重组NHR-23蛋白的免疫保护效果如图10所示。所有小鼠经口感染200条肌肉幼虫,感染后7天肠道成虫数量显示:PBS-PLGA空白组(39.2条±1.5条)、pET-32a-PLGA对照组(37.7条±1.7条)与rTs-NHR-23-PLGA组(26.5条± 2.6条)间存在显著差异,试验组较空白组虫负荷降低32.43%(P<0.05)。体外培养24 h后平均每条雌虫产生的新生幼虫数量显示:rTs-NHR-23-PLGA组(39.8条±2.6条/雌虫)较空白组(53.5条± 2.9条)下降25.53%,且显著优于对照组(51.6条± 2.7条)。感染35天后肌肉幼虫数量显示,rTs-NHR-23-PLGA组(2 453.4条±208.8条)较空白组(3 573.2条±366.6条)减少31.34%,统计学差异显著(P<0.01),较对照组(3 500.0条±210.8条)减少29.90%(P<0.05)。数据表明重组NHR-23蛋白可显著抑制旋毛虫不同发育阶段虫体的数量。
纯化后的旋毛虫重组NHR-23蛋白能够被旋毛虫感染的大鼠血清识别,这一结果表明,NHR-23蛋白在重组表达后仍保留了天然抗原的关键表位或构象,在旋毛虫感染中可能是宿主免疫系统识别的重要靶标。NHR-23基因在旋毛虫成虫、新生幼虫、肌肉幼虫体内均有转录,且在肌肉幼虫阶段转录水平最高,这表明NHR-23基因在旋毛虫整个生命周期中均扮演着十分重要的角色,同时提示其可能是寄生虫适应宿主肌肉环境、维持慢性感染的核心调控因子。此前,本实验室Aleem[22]发现,抗重组旋毛虫MAPRC2蛋白多抗能够以剂量依赖性方式降低肌肉幼虫在宿主中的传染性和存活率。在此基础上,本文延续这种方法,将抗rTs-NHR-23多克隆抗体与肌肉幼虫共培养,结果显示rTs-NHR-23-Ab不仅显著降低旋毛虫肌肉幼虫的蜕皮率,也可有效延缓其蜕皮起始时间并抑制蜕皮进程的加速发展,基于此,rTs-NHR-23蛋白可能在旋毛虫的生长发育中具有重要作用,有望成为新的疫苗候选分子。
巨噬细胞在炎症中具有双重作用,既能促进炎症反应以清除病原体和损伤组织,也能调节炎症反应以避免过度损伤和促进组织修复[23],被认为是关键的免疫效应细胞[24]。通过qPCR检测发现,旋毛虫重组NHR-23蛋白能显著调控RAW264.7细胞的炎症相关因子转录水平,IL-1β、IL-6是促炎细胞因子,IL-1β、IL-6的显著上调表明该蛋白能激活巨噬细胞的经典促炎反应,增强吞噬和杀伤功能,直接抑制寄生虫的早期扩散[25⁃26],而IL-10是抗炎细胞因子[27],IL-10的显著上调表明能够通过平衡炎症反应,减少宿主因免疫过度激活导致的病理损伤,这种促炎与抗炎因子的共存可能反映了免疫系统的动态平衡[28]。
通过PLGA纳米材料包被重组NHR-23蛋白,包被率高,包被效果良好,为后续动物试验的开展提供了基础。与传统佐剂相比,PLGA可保护重组蛋白或质粒免受酶解或体液环境的降解,延长其在体内的循环时间,这种缓释特性能持续释放抗原,模拟病原体长期刺激,从而增强免疫记忆(如抗体滴度和T细胞反应),提升免疫保护效果。首次免疫后14 d,试验组的小鼠血清中IgG抗体水平显著高于PBS空白对照组,说明重组NHR-23蛋白作为抗原激活了B细胞,诱导了初次免疫应答,但抗体水平未达到峰值,二次免疫后14 d,IgG抗体水平显著上调,体现了免疫记忆效应,此时IgG抗体维持在较高的水平。
免疫小鼠后,试验组小鼠血清中IGF-1的转录水平显著下调,IL-6和TGF-β显著上调。胰岛素样生长因子(IGF-1),与IGF-1受体结合而发挥多种生理功能[29⁃30],是生长发育的核心调控因子,受生长激素(GH)的调控并介导GH的多种作用[31],免疫后小鼠血清中IGF-1的分泌水平显著下调,可能是因为注射的激素受体与相应的DNA元件相结合抑制了IGF-1基因的转录活性。IL-6是一种维持生物体内平衡的炎性细胞因子[32],试验组小鼠血清中IL-6的分泌水平均高于对照组,这是宿主防御反应的表现。TGF-β是一种具有多种功能的细胞因子[33],具有免疫抑制的特性[34],可以独立调节细胞的增殖和分化,从而控制宿主激活Th1和Th2型免疫反应,免疫后,上调了试验组小鼠血清中TGF-β的转录水平,说明旋毛虫重组NHR-23蛋白激活了TGF-β信号通路,保护宿主不会受到过度炎症反应带来的伤害。旋毛虫减虫率方面,与空白对照组相比,试验组收集到的肌肉幼虫数量显著降低,表明NHR-23基因在旋毛虫生长发育、繁殖和入侵宿主的过程中发挥重要作用。
综上所述,旋毛虫重组NHR-23蛋白对宿主免疫细胞炎性细胞因子的分泌具有调节作用,能够显著抑制肌肉幼虫的蜕皮。PLGA纳米颗粒包被的重组NHR-23蛋白免疫小鼠后,肌肉幼虫荷虫量显著下降,具有作为候选疫苗的潜力。
本研究证实,旋毛虫核激素受体NHR-23在旋毛虫成虫、新生幼虫、肌肉幼虫体内均有转录和分布,不同稀释比的抗重组NHR-23蛋白多抗均能显著降低肌肉幼虫的蜕皮率,延缓蜕皮进程的发展。纳米材料包被的重组NHR-23蛋白能够显著提高小鼠血清中IgG抗体的水平,能有效调控Th1/Th2型细胞因子平衡,旋毛虫的减虫率较高,具有作为疫苗候选抗原的潜力。
  • 江苏省社会发展计划(BE2022848)
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2026年第57卷第2期
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doi: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.02.038
  • 接收时间:2025-05-27
  • 首发时间:2026-09-16
  • 出版时间:2026-02-23
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-27
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江苏省社会发展计划(BE2022848)
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    南京农业大学动物医学院,南京 210095

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严若峰,主要从事兽医寄生虫分子与免疫学研究,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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