Article(id=1307013180476117865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307013104081068276, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.02.042, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1746720000000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-09, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789545825356, onlineDateStr=2026-09-16, pubDate=1771776000000, pubDateStr=2026-02-23, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789545825356, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789545825356, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789545825356, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1307013104081068276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, year='2026', volume='57', issue='2', pageStart='569', pageEnd='1176', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771776000000', pubDateStr='2026-02-23', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789545807142, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789609910854, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1307281975350419753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307013104081068276, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1307281975350419754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307013104081068276, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1087, endPage=1098, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1307013181122040682, articleId=1307013180476117865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, language=EN, title=Preparation of Nanosilver and Its Therapeutic Effect on Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcusaureus Infections in Canine Skin Wounds, columnId=1307007406035198078, journalTitle=Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, columnName=BASIC VETERINARY MEDICINE, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This work aimed to prepare nanosilver and evaluate its therapeutic effect on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in canine skin wounds. The nanosilver was prepared by biosynthesis method using Ganoderma lucidum extracts (40% polysaccharide content) as reducing agent and polyvinylpyrrolidone as stabilizing agent, followed by characterization using ultraviolet visible absorption spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering. Subsequently, the invitro antimicrobial activity of nanosilver was evaluated by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration. Finally, 12 Beagles weighing about 10 kg were randomly divided into 3 groups of 4 dogs each, namely, saline control group, enrofloxacin positive control group and nanosilver group. After establishing the model of wound infection with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, wound healing, bacterial load, histopathological morphology, collagen fibers and angiogenesis, and macrophage polarization levels were tested and analyzed after 12 consecutive days of treatment. The results showed that the prepared nanosilver had a maximum absorption wavelength at 433 nm, and were spherical and uniformly distributed, with a particle size of (20.01±6.99) nm and zeta potential of (-2.56±0.32) mV. Nanosilver exhibited good antibacterial activity against common skin infection causative organisms containing methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 16-32 μg·mL-1. The results of in vivo experiment showed that nanosilver could effectively reduce the bacterial load of wound tissues, promote collagen deposition and angiogenesis, and improve the immune microenvironment of wounds, which in turn promoted the healing of infected wounds. The results suggested that the prepared nanosilver can effectively treat methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus induced canine skin wounds infections, laying a material and practical foundation for its translation and application to the clinical treatment of pet skin infections.

, authors=Jiahao GONG1, Yaoyao PAN1, Huixin WANG1, Xinran BAI1, Dafeng WANG1, Yingbo DONG1, Xia CHEN2, Qian GAO1, Xiuge GAO1, Dawei GUO1, authorsList=Jiahao GONG, Yaoyao PAN, Huixin WANG, Xinran BAI, Dafeng WANG, Yingbo DONG, Xia CHEN, Qian GAO, Xiuge GAO, Dawei GUO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Dawei GUO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
GUO Dawei, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1307013184695587713, articleId=1307013180476117865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, language=CN, title=纳米银的制备及其对犬皮肤伤口感染耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的治疗效果, columnId=1307007406223941760, journalTitle=畜牧兽医学报, columnName=基础兽医, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究旨在制备纳米银并评价其对犬皮肤伤口感染耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的治疗效果。利用灵芝提取物(40%多糖含量)为还原剂,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮为稳定剂,通过生物合成法制备纳米银,之后通过紫外-可见吸收光谱、透射电子显微镜与动态光散射技术对纳米银进行表征。随后,通过测定最小抑菌浓度以评价纳米银的体外抗菌活性。最后,选用体重10 kg左右的比格犬12只,随机分为3组,每组4只,分别为生理盐水对照组、恩诺沙星阳性对照组和纳米银组。在建立伤口感染耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的模型后,连续治疗12 d后对伤口愈合情况、载菌量、组织病理学形态、胶原纤维与血管生成、巨噬细胞极化水平进行检测分析。结果表明,制备的纳米银在433 nm处有最大吸收波长,颗粒呈球形,分布均匀,粒子尺寸为(20.01±6.99) nm,zeta电位为(-2.56±0.32) mV。纳米银对含耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌在内的常见皮肤感染致病菌均具有良好的抗菌活性,最小抑菌浓度为16~32 μg·mL-1。体内试验结果显示,纳米银能够有效降低伤口组织的载菌量,促进胶原沉积与血管生成,改善伤口免疫微环境,进而促进感染伤口的愈合。综上所述,制备的纳米银能有效治疗耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌引起的犬皮肤伤口感染,为其转化并应用于宠物皮肤感染的临床治疗奠定了物质与实践基础。

, authors=龚佳豪1, 潘垚垚1, 王慧欣1, 白鑫然1, 王达锋1, 董颖波1, 陈侠2, 高倩1, 高修歌1, 郭大伟1, authorsList=龚佳豪, 潘垚垚, 王慧欣, 白鑫然, 王达锋, 董颖波, 陈侠, 高倩, 高修歌, 郭大伟, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=郭大伟, authorNote=

龚佳豪,主要从事兽用抗菌纳米材料的研发工作,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
郭大伟,主要从事新兽药创制与评价,E-mail:
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龚佳豪,主要从事兽用抗菌纳米材料的研发工作,E-mail:

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龚佳豪,主要从事兽用抗菌纳米材料的研发工作,E-mail:

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language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=32, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=APTE R S,CHEN D S,FERRARA N.VEGF in signaling and disease:beyond discovery and development[J].Cell,2019,176(6):1248-1264., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307282477119205967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013180476117865, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=33, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LAWLER J.Counter regulation of tumor angiogenesis by vascular endothelial growth factor and thrombospondin-1[J].Semin Cancer Biol,2022,86:126-135., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307282477190509136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013180476117865, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, 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province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.南京农业大学动物医学院,南京 210095)]), AuthorCompany(id=1307282459402465743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013180476117865, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1307282459406660048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013180476117865, companyId=1307282459402465743, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.College of Animal Science and Technology,Nanjing Agricultural University,Nanjing 210095,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1307282459419242961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013180476117865, companyId=1307282459402465743, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.南京农业大学动物科技学院,南京 210095)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1307282466373399058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013180476117865, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Schematic illustration of the establishment of wound infection model and the overall experimental process, figureFileSmall=pu2R9rVNkH5VlEfBwouajA==, figureFileBig=9OlvZ0rs6dpo2GOfP2FB9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282466444702227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013180476117865, language=CN, label=图1, caption=建立伤口感染模型和整体实验过程的示意图, figureFileSmall=pu2R9rVNkH5VlEfBwouajA==, figureFileBig=9OlvZ0rs6dpo2GOfP2FB9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282468176949780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013180476117865, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Physical and chemical characterization of nanosilver

A. Ultraviolet visible absorption spectrum; B. Transmission electron microscopy image; C. Size distribution diagram; D. HD distribution; E. ZP distribution

, figureFileSmall=AFyIzgjn5I5k+ZtMVBjc0Q==, figureFileBig=4M6C/UQv/VmNJTNa7QRQZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282468491522582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013180476117865, language=CN, label=图2, caption=纳米银的物理化学表征

A.紫外吸收光谱;B.透射电子显微镜图像;C.尺寸分布图;D.水合粒径分布;E. zeta电位分布

, figureFileSmall=AFyIzgjn5I5k+ZtMVBjc0Q==, figureFileBig=4M6C/UQv/VmNJTNa7QRQZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282468579602967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013180476117865, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=MIC values of nanosilver against the tested bacteria, figureFileSmall=PMxXr5Tdyvm1Xus0808CXg==, figureFileBig=ccWYV1K62gnxuGhcT/VpXg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282468889981464, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013180476117865, language=CN, label=图3, caption=纳米银对受试菌的MIC值, figureFileSmall=PMxXr5Tdyvm1Xus0808CXg==, figureFileBig=ccWYV1K62gnxuGhcT/VpXg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282468969673241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013180476117865, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Isolation results of MRSA after infection, figureFileSmall=nqgWuYUYHwUrl5Lxk/HOhw==, figureFileBig=C7EUmkJWwWzFyJWI+A8wZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282469061947930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013180476117865, language=CN, label=图4, caption=感染后MRSA的分离结果, figureFileSmall=nqgWuYUYHwUrl5Lxk/HOhw==, figureFileBig=C7EUmkJWwWzFyJWI+A8wZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282469309411867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013180476117865, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effect of nanosilver on the wound healing rate in canine skin infections

A. The photographs of wound; B. The diagram of wound healing simulation; C. Percentage of relative wound area

, figureFileSmall=Sq8dLPg+CZlL/8HenL2sIA==, figureFileBig=o3TjjeW7V5mLUa0tR3tQkA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282469389103644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013180476117865, language=CN, label=图5, caption=纳米银对犬皮肤感染伤口愈合速度的影响

A.伤口外观图;B.伤口愈合模拟图;C.相对伤口区域面积百分比,**. P<0.01

, figureFileSmall=Sq8dLPg+CZlL/8HenL2sIA==, figureFileBig=o3TjjeW7V5mLUa0tR3tQkA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282469720453661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013180476117865, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Effect of nanosilver on the amount of bacterial load in canine skin wound tissue

A. Photographs of bacterial plates; B. Bacteria in wounds. The same letters indicate no significant difference (P>0.05),different letters indicate significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below

, figureFileSmall=/pK29rwvH1+/CSOvg0wY5A==, figureFileBig=mti6Y3/cDK603CuQafYeeA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282469804339742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013180476117865, language=CN, label=图6, caption=纳米银对犬皮肤伤口组织荷菌量的影响

A.细菌平板图;B.伤口荷菌量。相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下同

, figureFileSmall=/pK29rwvH1+/CSOvg0wY5A==, figureFileBig=mti6Y3/cDK603CuQafYeeA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282469871448607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013180476117865, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=HE staining results of canine skin wound tissue on day 15 (Scale bar: 500 μm; 100 μm), figureFileSmall=7i/q7/DAmBT0OPbq9GP2Sg==, figureFileBig=2VtAXJndWHsmUrzzljNi4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282469946946080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013180476117865, language=CN, label=图7, caption=第15天犬皮肤伤口组织的HE染色结果(标尺:500 μm;100 μm), figureFileSmall=7i/q7/DAmBT0OPbq9GP2Sg==, figureFileBig=2VtAXJndWHsmUrzzljNi4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282469997277729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013180476117865, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Masson staining results and quantification of collagen fibers in canine skin wound tissue on day 15 (Scale bar: 500 μm; 100 μm)

A. Masson staining results; B. The quantification of collagen fibers

, figureFileSmall=DIWZ7ZRD+3TyQAafUHL70Q==, figureFileBig=0k58/VDTC3Ufuk3yf2+j4Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282470190215714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013180476117865, language=CN, label=图8, caption=第15天犬皮肤伤口组织的马松染色结果及胶原纤维定量(标尺:500 μm;100 μm)

A. 马松染色结果;B. 胶原纤维定量

, figureFileSmall=DIWZ7ZRD+3TyQAafUHL70Q==, figureFileBig=0k58/VDTC3Ufuk3yf2+j4Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282470261518883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013180476117865, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Immunohistochemistry and quantitative results of positive areas in canine skin wound tissue on day 15 (Scale bar: 100 μm)

A. Immunohistochemical staining images; B. TGF-β positive rate; C. CD31 positive rate; D. VEGF positive rate

, figureFileSmall=AJ/TiLKe8quMtj6jfwRhUA==, figureFileBig=FeK8JIqqgToFkMp3oyXlmw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282470349599268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013180476117865, language=CN, label=图9, caption=第15天犬皮肤伤口组织的免疫组织化学及阳性区域定量结果(标尺:100 μm)

A.免疫组织化学染色图像;B. TGF-β阳性率;C. CD31阳性率;D. VEGF阳性率

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A. Immunofluorescence images; B. Mean intensity of CD86; C. Mean intensity of CD206

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A. 免疫荧光图像;B. CD86平均荧光强度;C. CD206平均荧光强度

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纳米银的制备及其对犬皮肤伤口感染耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的治疗效果
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龚佳豪 1 , 潘垚垚 1 , 王慧欣 1 , 白鑫然 1 , 王达锋 1 , 董颖波 1 , 陈侠 2 , 高倩 1 , 高修歌 1 , 郭大伟 1
畜牧兽医学报 | 基础兽医 2026,57(2): 1087-1098
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畜牧兽医学报 |基础兽医 2026 , 57 (2) : 1087 -1098
纳米银的制备及其对犬皮肤伤口感染耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的治疗效果
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龚佳豪1 , 潘垚垚1, 王慧欣1, 白鑫然1, 王达锋1, 董颖波1, 陈侠2, 高倩1, 高修歌1, 郭大伟1
作者信息
  • 1.南京农业大学动物医学院,南京 210095
  • 2.南京农业大学动物科技学院,南京 210095
通讯作者:
郭大伟,主要从事新兽药创制与评价,E-mail:
作者简介:

龚佳豪,主要从事兽用抗菌纳米材料的研发工作,E-mail:

Preparation of Nanosilver and Its Therapeutic Effect on Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcusaureus Infections in Canine Skin Wounds
Jiahao GONG1 , Yaoyao PAN1, Huixin WANG1, Xinran BAI1, Dafeng WANG1, Yingbo DONG1, Xia CHEN2, Qian GAO1, Xiuge GAO1, Dawei GUO1
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Veterinary Medicine,Nanjing Agricultural University,Nanjing 210095,China
  • 2.College of Animal Science and Technology,Nanjing Agricultural University,Nanjing 210095,China
  • Corresponding Author:
    GUO Dawei, E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-02-23 doi: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.02.042
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本研究旨在制备纳米银并评价其对犬皮肤伤口感染耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的治疗效果。利用灵芝提取物(40%多糖含量)为还原剂,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮为稳定剂,通过生物合成法制备纳米银,之后通过紫外-可见吸收光谱、透射电子显微镜与动态光散射技术对纳米银进行表征。随后,通过测定最小抑菌浓度以评价纳米银的体外抗菌活性。最后,选用体重10 kg左右的比格犬12只,随机分为3组,每组4只,分别为生理盐水对照组、恩诺沙星阳性对照组和纳米银组。在建立伤口感染耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的模型后,连续治疗12 d后对伤口愈合情况、载菌量、组织病理学形态、胶原纤维与血管生成、巨噬细胞极化水平进行检测分析。结果表明,制备的纳米银在433 nm处有最大吸收波长,颗粒呈球形,分布均匀,粒子尺寸为(20.01±6.99) nm,zeta电位为(-2.56±0.32) mV。纳米银对含耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌在内的常见皮肤感染致病菌均具有良好的抗菌活性,最小抑菌浓度为16~32 μg·mL-1。体内试验结果显示,纳米银能够有效降低伤口组织的载菌量,促进胶原沉积与血管生成,改善伤口免疫微环境,进而促进感染伤口的愈合。综上所述,制备的纳米银能有效治疗耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌引起的犬皮肤伤口感染,为其转化并应用于宠物皮肤感染的临床治疗奠定了物质与实践基础。

纳米银  /  皮肤感染  /  伤口愈合  /  耐药菌  /  抗菌  /  免疫调节

This work aimed to prepare nanosilver and evaluate its therapeutic effect on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in canine skin wounds. The nanosilver was prepared by biosynthesis method using Ganoderma lucidum extracts (40% polysaccharide content) as reducing agent and polyvinylpyrrolidone as stabilizing agent, followed by characterization using ultraviolet visible absorption spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering. Subsequently, the invitro antimicrobial activity of nanosilver was evaluated by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration. Finally, 12 Beagles weighing about 10 kg were randomly divided into 3 groups of 4 dogs each, namely, saline control group, enrofloxacin positive control group and nanosilver group. After establishing the model of wound infection with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, wound healing, bacterial load, histopathological morphology, collagen fibers and angiogenesis, and macrophage polarization levels were tested and analyzed after 12 consecutive days of treatment. The results showed that the prepared nanosilver had a maximum absorption wavelength at 433 nm, and were spherical and uniformly distributed, with a particle size of (20.01±6.99) nm and zeta potential of (-2.56±0.32) mV. Nanosilver exhibited good antibacterial activity against common skin infection causative organisms containing methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 16-32 μg·mL-1. The results of in vivo experiment showed that nanosilver could effectively reduce the bacterial load of wound tissues, promote collagen deposition and angiogenesis, and improve the immune microenvironment of wounds, which in turn promoted the healing of infected wounds. The results suggested that the prepared nanosilver can effectively treat methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus induced canine skin wounds infections, laying a material and practical foundation for its translation and application to the clinical treatment of pet skin infections.

nanosilver  /  skin infection  /  wound healing  /  drug-resistant bacteria  /  antibacterial  /  immunoregulation
龚佳豪, 潘垚垚, 王慧欣, 白鑫然, 王达锋, 董颖波, 陈侠, 高倩, 高修歌, 郭大伟. 纳米银的制备及其对犬皮肤伤口感染耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的治疗效果. 畜牧兽医学报, 2026 , 57 (2) : 1087 -1098 . DOI: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.02.042
Jiahao GONG, Yaoyao PAN, Huixin WANG, Xinran BAI, Dafeng WANG, Yingbo DONG, Xia CHEN, Qian GAO, Xiuge GAO, Dawei GUO. Preparation of Nanosilver and Its Therapeutic Effect on Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcusaureus Infections in Canine Skin Wounds[J]. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, 2026 , 57 (2) : 1087 -1098 . DOI: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.02.042
皮肤作为覆盖人类和动物身体表面的器官,是先天免疫系统的重要组成部分,具有感受外部刺激,调节体温并保护机体免受外部损害的功能[1]。然而,皮肤很容易因机械性因素作用而受损害,导致皮肤完整性丧失,产生开放性伤口。值得注意的是,伤口极易被外界致病菌如大肠杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌和金黄色葡萄球菌等入侵,引起局部炎症反应,导致皮肤创伤愈合延迟,严重者甚至出现败血症等全身性症状,极大威胁人类与动物健康[2]。目前,抗生素仍旧是治疗细菌感染疾病的首选药物。然而,随着抗生素的广泛使用与细菌多药耐药性的问题日益严峻,迫切需要研发新型具有高效抗菌活性、不易耐药且兼具有促愈合作用的抗生素替代药物以用于治疗皮肤伤口感染。
银以其高效、广谱抗菌特性而闻名,例如金属银、硝酸银、磺胺嘧啶银等均被用于治疗细菌引起的伤口感染[3]。纳米银是指尺寸在1~100 nm的金属银单质,相较于块状银或银离子,其具有不易耐药且具有高生物相容性的特性[4⁃5]。有研究报道,纳米银能有效促进感染伤口的表皮生成与无疤痕愈合[6⁃7]。此外,笔者前期工作表明纳米银能通过改善炎症细胞浸润,促进成纤维细胞增殖与胶原纤维合成,进而促进大鼠感染伤口的愈合[8⁃9]。然而,其对犬皮肤伤口细菌感染的疗效未知。基于此,本试验的目的是验证纳米银对犬皮肤伤口感染的疗效,旨在为纳米银转化并应用于宠物皮肤感染的临床治疗奠定物质与实践基础。
灵芝提取物(陕西承乾,多糖含量40%)、硝酸银(国药,10018461)、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮K30(阿拉丁,P110607)、恩诺沙星(索莱宝,E8761)、生理盐水(江苏恒瑞医药,H32025238)、胰蛋白胨大豆肉汤(海博生物,HB4114)、Baird-Parker琼脂基础(海博生物,HB4115)、亚碲酸盐卵黄增菌液(海博生物,HB4116-1)、一抗Anti-CD31 Rabbit pAb(英国abcam,ab182981)、Anti-TGF-β Rabbit pAb(英国abcam,ab215715)、Anti-VEGF Rabbit pAb(英国abcam,ab32152)、Anti-CD86 Rabbit pAb(上海埃必威,P42081)和Anti-CD206 Rabbit pAb(美国Immunoway,PT0527R)、二抗HRP标记的山羊抗兔IgG(丹麦DAKO,K5007)、DAPI(碧云天,C1005)。
紫外-可见分光光度计(日本岛津,UV-1900);透射电子显微镜(日本Hitachi,H-7650);激光粒度电位仪(英国Malvern,Zetasizer Nano ZSE);原子吸收光谱仪(日本Hitachi,Z2000);恒温培养箱(上海森信,GZX-9240 MBE);水平摇床(美国赛诺捷克,SLK-O3000-S);酶标仪(瑞士Tecan,Infinite M200 Pro);高通量多样品组织研磨仪(上海万柏,wonbio-48P);正置生物显微镜(德国徕卡,DM750);倒置荧光显微镜(美国赛默飞,EVOS FL)。
大肠杆菌(E. coli ATCC25922)、金黄色葡萄球菌(S. aureus ATCC29213)和铜绿假单胞菌(P. aeruginosa ATCC9027)保存于本实验室,假中间葡萄球菌(S. pseudintermedius NJLLQ1)从南京流浪犬基地患病犬皮肤样品分离获得,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA ATCC43300)由南京农业大学动物医学院兽医生物化学课题组许媛媛教授馈赠。
配制50 L的12 g·L-1灵芝提取物溶液(含4.8 g·L-1多糖),置于蒸汽加热型搅拌锅中,80 ℃加热并搅拌15 min后,将同等体积的硝酸银溶液(5 000 mg·kg-1)倒入上述灵芝提取物溶液中,80 ℃,70 r·min-1搅拌反应1 h后,往溶液中投入聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP),使之终浓度为0.01 g·L-1,充分混匀后用0.8 μm聚醚砜(PES)滤膜过滤,即制得纳米银。
将样品用单蒸水稀释20倍,取3 mL稀释样品加入石英比色皿。以单蒸水为参比,于300~700 nm波长进行UV-vis扫描,观测表面等离子体共振(SPR)吸收峰的强度及其位置。
取10 μL纳米银滴于铜网,吸附2 min。用定性滤纸吸去多余液体,室温风干,镜检。借助Nano Measurer软件对至少300个纳米粒进行粒径分析。
用动态光散射技术测定纳米银的HD、PDI与ZP。取1 mL纳米银加入样品皿,25 ℃平衡2 min,测定HD与PDI;取0.85 mL纳米银置于毛细管样品皿,测定ZP。
使用接种环沾取细菌冻存液,划线于胰蛋白胨大豆琼脂培养基,37 ℃过夜培养。挑取单菌落于胰蛋白胨大豆肉汤培养基,37 ℃,200 r·min-1培养至对数生长期中后期,测定OD600 nm并涂板计数。
采用微量肉汤稀释法测定MIC。细菌悬液用MH培养基调整至106 CFU·mL-1,将一系列浓度灵芝提取物、纳米银与上述稀释菌液于37 ℃孵育24 h,读数,培养液澄清透明孔所对应浓度即为MIC。
雄性比格犬12只,体重为10 kg左右,购自江苏泰斯特生物科技有限公司(生产许可证号:SCXK(苏)2021-0010),饲养于南京农业大学实验动物中心,所有动物实验符合动物福利与伦理规范(NJAU.No20250407065)。试验犬维持饲料(20-SM250401213)购自江苏协同医药生物工程有限公司。
在比格犬背侧部用电动剃毛刀剪除毛发,形成8 cm×8 cm的方形无毛区域。在无毛区域皮下注射0.5 g·L-1利多卡因溶液(0.1 mL·kg-1)进行局部浸润麻醉,并辅助涂抹2 g·L-1利多因凝胶加强局麻效果。麻醉后使用直径2 cm的皮肤活检打孔器创建伤口,穿过皮肤并进入皮下组织。使用梅氏剪沿着破坏皮肤的边缘剪掉整块圆形皮肤,制造直径2 cm的圆形伤口。在伤口表面滴加0.2 mL的MRSA菌液(108 CFU·mL-1),用伤口敷料覆盖伤口以防止其他细菌感染。持续感染3 d后,取犬伤口处脓液样品,划线于Baird-Parker琼脂平板(金黄色葡萄球菌分离平板),37 ℃培养箱培养。若出现黑色菌落,则代表建模成功。
如图1所示,犬伤口感染模型建立后,将比格犬随机分成3组,每组4只,于第3—14天将不同药液(0.9 g·L-1生理盐水、50 g·L-1恩诺沙星和0.1 g·L-1纳米银)喷洒0.5 mL在感染伤口上,每天2次,每次1喷。每天拍照记录伤口状态。使用Image J软件对伤口面积进行定量。
于第15天用直径8 mm的皮肤组织活检打孔器采集伤口处皮肤组织20 mg,置于装有1 mL无菌生理盐水与匀浆珠的灭菌离心管中,用组织匀浆机进行匀浆,匀浆液使用生理盐水倍比稀释后,取0.1 mL稀释液在Baird-Parker琼脂平板上涂布均匀,37 ℃培养24 h,统计平板内菌落数,计算皮肤伤口组织的载菌量。
于第15天用直径8 mm的皮肤组织活检打孔器采集伤口处皮肤,置于4 g·L-1多聚甲醛组织固定液中固定过夜,随后通过苏木精-伊红染色与马松染色对伤口组织进行病理学分析。
对第15天采集的皮肤组织样品蜡块进行切片,切片经梯度乙醇脱水,先后孵育一抗CD31、TGF-β与VEGF与羊抗兔二抗,DAB显色和中性树胶封片后,显微镜镜检,并使用Image J软件对阳性结果表达水平进行半定量分析。
对第15天采集的皮肤组织样品蜡块进行切片,切片后样品立即固定,放于-20 ℃冰箱保存。对固定后样品进行抗原修复,随后进行CD86和CD206抗体的免疫荧光染色。使用荧光显微镜拍摄荧光图像,通过Image J软件对荧光进行半定量分析。
试验数据经Excel软件整理后,结果均以“x±s”表示。采用Graphpad Prism 9、Origin2021、Image J等软件进行作图,使用Graphpad Prism9软件进行单因素方差分析,使用Turkey法进行多重比较,分析数据间是否存在显著性差异。使用字母法进行显著性标记,凡有相同标记字母的即为差异不显著(P>0.05),凡有不同标记字母的即为差异显著(P<0.05)。
本研究以灵芝提取物为还原剂,PVP为稳定剂,绿色生物合成纳米银。如图2A所示,样品呈现纳米银的特征性表面等离子体共振(SPR)峰,在433 nm处有最大吸收波长,结合反应前后溶液颜色的明显变化,证实了纳米银的形成。从图2B可知,纳米银呈球形,尺寸均一,分布均匀,无明显聚集现象。对该视野中至少300个颗粒进行粒径统计并拟合,结果见图2C,发现颗粒尺寸呈正态分布,平均尺寸为(20.01±6.99) nm。利用动态光散射技术测定纳米银的水合粒径(HD)、zeta电位(ZP)与多分散系数(PDI),分别为(282.00±3.40) nm、(-2.56±0.32) mV和0.312±0.039,水合粒径和zeta电位分布图如图2D、E所示,可知水合粒径和zeta电位呈正态分布,表明制备的纳米银分布均匀,体系稳定。
图3展示了纳米银对常见皮肤伤口感染致病菌如金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、假中间葡萄球菌与铜绿假单胞菌等的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)值。值得注意的是,反应原料灵芝提取物在设置的浓度范围内无抗菌活性,而纳米银对所有受试菌包括多重耐药菌MRSA均具有抗菌活性,MIC值为16~32 μg·mL-1。整体来看,纳米银对革兰阴性菌的抗菌作用更强。
在犬持续感染MRSA 3 d后,采集犬皮肤脓液样品并划线于Baird-Parker琼脂平板(金黄色葡萄球菌分离平板),过夜培养结果如图4所示,发现各组平板均有黑色金属光泽的菌落形成,表明各组犬只的皮肤伤口均成功感染MRSA,可进行后续治疗试验。
在治疗周期内,不同处理组的犬感染伤口随时间的愈合情况如图5A、B所示。前3 d未给药时,三组犬的伤口闭合速度相同。而在第6天(连续给药3 d)后,用纳米银和阳性对照恩诺沙星治疗的犬皮肤伤口闭合率显著高于对照组(图5C)。在第15天给药结束后,纳米银组的相对伤口区域面积百分比为10.55%±2.19%,显著低于恩诺沙星组(16.03%±2.37%),表明纳米银相较恩诺沙星能更快促进犬皮肤感染伤口的闭合。
为评价纳米银的体内抗菌性能,收集犬皮肤伤口组织并匀浆涂板以测定其载菌量。细菌培养结果如图6A所示,在治疗周期结束后,对照组仍有大量菌落存在,而纳米银与恩诺沙星组菌落形成单位明显减少。菌落计数统计结果如图6B所示,发现纳米银与恩诺沙星能显著减少伤口载菌量,且两者无显著性差异,表明纳米银在犬皮肤伤口感染模型上的抗菌效力不亚于阳性对照恩诺沙星。
为进一步研究纳米银促进犬感染伤口愈合的机制,首先进行了组织病理学检查。苏木精-伊红染色结果如图7所示,对照组表皮缺失,胶原纤维较少,局部可见较多的炎性细胞浸润;恩诺沙星组可见表皮增厚,但存在断裂现象,胶原纤维较多,局部可见较多的炎性细胞浸润;而纳米银组可见表皮明显增厚,局部角化层可见肉芽组织,胶原纤维较多,可见少量炎性细胞浸润。总之,纳米银能够有效减少炎性细胞浸润,促进表皮结构与肉芽组织的生成以及胶原沉积,进而具有良好的促伤口愈合作用。
此外,通过马松染色进一步判断伤口组织中胶原纤维的生成情况。结果如图8所示,恩诺沙星与纳米银组犬皮肤伤口胶原纤维含量显著高于对照组,且两者间无显著差异。表明纳米银能通过加速胶原纤维沉积进而促进犬皮肤伤口的愈合。
为探究纳米银促进犬皮肤伤口愈合的分子机制,通过免疫组织化学染色分析犬皮肤伤口组织中TGF-β、CD31与VEGF的表达。结果如图9A、B所示,相较于对照组,恩诺沙星与纳米银能促进TGF-β的表达,且纳米银效果更佳,证明纳米银能通过上调TGF-β蛋白的表达来增强胶原纤维的生成。CD31的表达情况也与上述情况一致(图9A、C)。此外,如图9A、D所示,相较于对照组与恩诺沙星组,纳米银组显示出更高的VEGF阳性区域百分比(P<0.05),综合CD31的表达结果,表明纳米银能有效促进血管生成。
为探究纳米银对犬皮肤伤口中巨噬细胞极化与免疫微环境的调控作用,CD86与CD206分别被选为M1促炎型与M2抗炎型巨噬细胞的标记物,通过免疫荧光染色以考察伤口处的炎症情况。结果如图10A、B所示,对照组CD86显示出高表达水平,而恩诺沙星与纳米银组CD86的荧光强度依次变弱。此外,与对照和恩诺沙星组相比,纳米银组CD206表达显著上调(图10A、C),表明纳米银能够调节巨噬细胞的极化和减轻促炎反应,具有良好的免疫调节与抗炎作用。
由于植物原料易得,成本低廉,且具有良好的生物相容性,因此植物提取物介导的纳米银的生物合成法在近些年受研究者们广泛关注[10⁃12]。纳米银的生物合成法相较于物理和化学合成法,其主要优势在于制备工艺简单和避免使用昂贵设备和有毒化学试剂,在兽医领域具有广阔的应用前景[13]。本研究基于前期工作基础,采用灵芝提取物作为还原剂,通过生物合成法实现宏量制备纳米银[4]。为最大程度改善生物合成法制备的纳米银存在易团聚和稳定性差的问题,本研究在制备好纳米银后,额外加入了稳定剂聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP),并参考文献[14]中纳米银稳定剂的用量,对其进行了适当调整,确定PVP的终浓度为0.01 g·L-1。紫外可见吸收光谱是表征纳米银的重要工具,配合反应溶液的颜色变化能有效证明纳米银的成功制备。本研究制备的纳米银在433 nm处具有最大吸收波长,归因于银颗粒的表面等离子体共振现象。一项研究显示,纳米银的最大吸收波长位于400~470 nm[15],表明本试验纳米银的成功制备。为进一步考察纳米银的粒子形态、分布状态与纯度,采用透射电子显微镜进行形貌表征[16]。结果显示,宏量制备的纳米银的颗粒尺寸与实验室小试制备的纳米银区别不大,平均粒径均为20 nm左右。然而,动态光散射结果显示纳米银的水合粒径为282 nm,远大于实验室小试制备的纳米银(150 nm),原因可能是电镜样品在制样过程中,样品需干燥后再上机镜检,而动态光散射样品呈水合状态[17]。考虑到工业化制备条件难以做到实验室级别严苛,故纳米银的粒径会比实验室制备的要大一些,但对其后续的抗菌活性影响不大。zeta电位在一定程度上能反映纳米粒在悬浮液中的稳定性。文献报道,zeta电位绝对值大于25 mV,表明粒子间具有较强的排斥力,因而表现出良好的稳定性[18-19]。而本研究制备的纳米银,其zeta电位为(-2.56±0.32) mV,绝对值远小于25 mV,却具有较好的储存稳定性,表现为4 ℃静置1个月而抗菌活性不变(数据未展示)。笔者推测是高分子聚合物PVP发挥了关键作用,其依靠C=O上的孤对电子与纳米银颗粒相互作用,对抗颗粒间的团聚,从而增强稳定性。然而,上述结论也存在较大的局限性,未来还需根据《兽用化学药物稳定性研究技术指导原则》,系统评估纳米银的稳定性(光、温湿度、长期储存稳定性、加速试验等),为进一步促进其在兽医领域的临床转化提供数据支撑。
在考察纳米银的体内抗菌活性前,首先通过最小抑菌浓度测定评价了纳米银的体外抗菌活性。结果显示,纳米银对常见引起人类或犬皮肤感染的细菌如金黄色葡萄球菌、假中间葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌均具有抗菌活性。此外,纳米银对耐药金黄色葡萄球菌MRSA也具有强效抗菌活性。值得注意的是,纳米银对革兰阴性菌的抗菌作用更强,这与本课题组之前报道的结果相符[20⁃21]。国外也有学者利用芦荟提取物生物合成纳米银,发现其对铜绿假单胞菌的抗菌活性强于金黄色葡萄球菌[22]。造成这种抗菌活性差异的原因是革兰阴性菌与革兰阳性菌的细胞壁结构不同,革兰阴性菌的细胞壁较薄,并且其细胞壁含带负电荷的脂多糖分子,对纳米银释放的银离子具有亲和性,导致革兰阴性菌对银离子的吸收增加并加剧细菌的损伤[5]。最后,考虑到目前已有关于细菌对纳米银的耐药性报道[14,23⁃25],未来还需研究细菌在亚抑制浓度纳米银持续暴露条件下能否发展出耐药性,这对纳米银的优化设计与临床指导用药有重要意义。
确证纳米银的体外抗菌活性后,通过犬皮肤伤口细菌感染模型评价纳米银的治疗潜力。研究表明,MRSA是全球导致抗微生物耐药性相关死亡的头号细菌[26]。德国一项流行病学调查结果显示,国内兽医诊所中犬猫的MRSA患病率为17.8%,犬伤口样品中MRSA的检出率能达到32%[27]。因此,耐药金黄色葡萄球菌MRSA被选作感染犬伤口的受试菌。采样的时间点取决于造模后犬的伤口闭合程度。如采样时间较早,未给药犬和给药犬的伤口闭合率均较低,此时用打孔器采样不符合动物伦理,且对动物未愈合的伤口会造成更严重的破坏,影响后续试验结果。故笔者在第15天时进行采样,此时间点未给药犬与给药犬的伤口闭合率≥70%,表明犬皮肤伤口已大部分愈合,采样符合动物伦理。疗效试验结果表明制备的纳米银能通过降低皮肤组织的荷菌量,并促进犬皮肤伤口感染的愈合,其愈合机制与我们在大鼠伤口感染模型中发现的基本一致,即通过减少炎性细胞浸润,促进胶原沉积与血管生成,进而促进感染伤口的愈合[8]。为进一步探究其分子机制,通过免疫组织化学染色考察纳米银治疗后犬伤口组织中TGF-β、CD31与VEGF的表达水平。TGF-β信号通路因与肌纤维生成密切相关,被视为伤口愈合和修复中的关键机制[28⁃29]。伤口愈合的另一个关键方面是血管生成,其能通过提供营养和氧气促进周围组织的再生和修复,清除伤口代谢产物以及减缓炎症以加快愈合[30⁃31]。血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)通过刺激内皮细胞增殖和迁移以及增强血管渗透性而在血管新生中起关键作用[32⁃33]。同时,CD31调节细胞黏附和信号转导,以促进血管生成并促进血管内皮细胞之间的互连[34⁃35]。免疫组织化学染色结果显示,纳米银具有比对照组、阳性对照恩诺沙星更高的TGF-β、CD31与VEGF阳性率,表明纳米银通过促进肌纤维与血管生成,进而发挥促伤口愈合作用。总之,本试验制备的纳米银通过高效抗菌、促进胶原沉积、新生血管生成、调节伤口免疫微环境的多方面作用,具有比阳性对照恩诺沙星更强的对犬皮肤伤口感染的疗效。
本研究利用灵芝提取物为还原剂,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮为稳定剂,通过生物合成法成功实现了纳米银的宏量制备,其呈球形,分布均匀,平均尺寸为20 nm左右。纳米银对耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌、假中间葡萄球菌等常见皮肤感染致病菌均具有高效的体外抗菌活性,最小抑菌浓度为16~32 μg·mL-1。体内试验表明纳米银能够有效降低伤口组织的载菌量,促进胶原沉积与血管生成,改善伤口免疫微环境,进而促进犬感染伤口的愈合。上述结果为纳米银转化并应用于宠物皮肤感染的临床治疗奠定了物质与实践基础。
  • 西藏自治区科技计划项目区域科技协同创新专项(QYXTZX-RKZ2024-03-2)
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doi: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.02.042
  • 接收时间:2025-05-09
  • 首发时间:2026-09-16
  • 出版时间:2026-02-23
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-09
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西藏自治区科技计划项目区域科技协同创新专项(QYXTZX-RKZ2024-03-2)
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    1.南京农业大学动物医学院,南京 210095
    2.南京农业大学动物科技学院,南京 210095

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郭大伟,主要从事新兽药创制与评价,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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