Article(id=1307013153565467181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307013104081068276, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.02.044, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1747843200000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-22, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789545818939, onlineDateStr=2026-09-16, pubDate=1771776000000, pubDateStr=2026-02-23, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789545818939, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789545818939, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789545818939, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1307013104081068276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, year='2026', volume='57', issue='2', pageStart='569', pageEnd='1176', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771776000000', pubDateStr='2026-02-23', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789545807142, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789609910854, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1307281975350419753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307013104081068276, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1307281975350419754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307013104081068276, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1110, endPage=1123, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1307013153783570990, articleId=1307013153565467181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, language=EN, title=Evaluation of the Effects of Lactobacillus murinus ZNL-13 on Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppression in Dogs, columnId=1307007468660355587, journalTitle=Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, columnName=CLINICAL VETERINARY MEDICINE, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Cyclophosphamide (CTX) is a widely used chemotherapeutic agent for treating canine tumors; however, its potent immunosuppressive effects can impair immune function and disrupt gut microbiota homeostasis, increasing the risk of secondary complications. Lactobacillus murinus (L. murinus) has been reported to modulate immune cell activity and protect the gastrointestinal tract, highlighting its potential as a functional food additive. In this study, a probiotic strain with optimal characteristics, L. murinus ZNL-13, was isolated from the fresh feces of healthy dogs. The aim was to evaluate the effects of this canine-derived strain on CTX-induced immunosuppression and gut microbiota dysbiosis in dogs. Serum immune parameters and fecal 16S rRNA sequencing were used for analysis. Results showed that prophylactic administration of L. murinus ZNL-13 significantly improved CTX-induced reductions in white blood cells and lymphocytes (P<0.05), alleviated liver and kidney injury, reduced oxidative stress (P<0.05), and enhanced intestinal barrier function by lowering serum levels of DAO and D-lactic acid (P<0.01). In addition, L. murinus ZNL-13 mitigated the CTX-induced decline in serum IgG and key immune cytokines (P<0.05), increased the abundance of beneficial gut bacteria, and restored microbial homeostasis. Meanwhile, the levels of beneficial bacteria such as Blautia_A, Holdemanella, and Peptacetobacter were increased, contributing to the restoration of gut microbiota homeostasis. In conclusion, L. murinus ZNL-13 effectively counteracts CTX-induced immunosuppression, oxidative stress, and gut barrier dysfunction, offering a promising strategy for the development of novel functional food additives to support immune health in dogs.

, authors=Yihan DONG1, 2, Renxin YAO1, Haitao JIA1, Haiyang WANG1, Luyao ZHANG1, Yushan XIE1, Hanyu WANG1, Jiantao ZHANG1, 2, authorsList=Yihan DONG, Renxin YAO, Haitao JIA, Haiyang WANG, Luyao ZHANG, Yushan XIE, Hanyu WANG, Jiantao ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jiantao ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
ZHANG Jiantao, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1307013156983824961, articleId=1307013153565467181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, language=CN, title=鼠乳杆菌ZNL-13对环磷酰胺诱导犬免疫抑制的效果观察, columnId=1307007468815544837, journalTitle=畜牧兽医学报, columnName=临床兽医, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

环磷酰胺(cyclophosphamide,CTX)是临床中常用的犬肿瘤治疗药物,存在较强的免疫抑制作用,会造成犬免疫功能降低,同时改变犬肠道菌群稳态进而继发其他疾病。鼠乳杆菌(Lactobacillus murinus,L. murinus)目前已被明确报道具有调节免疫细胞活性和保护胃肠道系统的功能,展现出作为临床功能性食品添加剂的潜力。从健康犬新鲜粪便中筛选出一株益生特性最佳的鼠乳杆菌ZNL-13进行后续试验。本研究旨在探究犬源鼠乳杆菌ZNL-13对CTX诱导的犬免疫功能低下的干预效果以及肠道菌群的影响。使用犬血清学和粪便16S rRNA测序进行分析。结果显示,与CTX组相比,预防性饲喂鼠乳杆菌ZNL-13可以显著改善犬白细胞、淋巴细胞降低等趋势(P<0.05),缓解肝肾损伤和氧化应激水平(P<0.05),降低血清中DAO、D-LA水平增强肠道功能(P<0.01),改善血清中IgG以及免疫细胞因子显著降低的趋势(P<0.05)。同时增加了Blautia_A、Holdemanella和Peptacetobacter等有益菌的含量,恢复肠道菌群稳态。综上所述,鼠乳杆菌 ZNL-13可以有效升高CTX造成的免疫细胞数减少,降低机体氧化应激水平,保护肠道屏障功能,调节肠道菌群结构,从而缓解CTX造成的犬免疫功能低下,为其作为一种新型功能性食品的发展提供了研发思路。

, authors=董奕含1, 2, 姚忍鑫1, 贾海涛1, 王海阳1, 张璐瑶1, 谢雨珊1, 王翰雨1, 张建涛1, 2, authorsList=董奕含, 姚忍鑫, 贾海涛, 王海阳, 张璐瑶, 谢雨珊, 王翰雨, 张建涛, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张建涛, authorNote=

董奕含,主要从事动物微生态制剂开发研究,E-mail:

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张建涛,主要从事动物普通病诊断与防控技术研究,E-mail:
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ns. P>0.05; *. P<0.05; ***. P<0.001

, figureFileSmall=QFGuFDs3+r59fmSUT6PwiA==, figureFileBig=aE7PyXZ4td0DgGdJqU7nzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282574007624310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013153565467181, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effects of L. murinus ZNL-13 on CTX-induced hematological changes in dogs, figureFileSmall=Bd5o3ltwZztXAVUSIwzB6A==, figureFileBig=ayZmUS+9SEOpTd50xCHkvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282574280254071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013153565467181, language=CN, label=图2, caption=鼠乳杆菌ZNL-13对CTX导致犬血常规变化的影响

*. P<0.05; ***. P<0.001; ****. P<0.000 1

, figureFileSmall=Bd5o3ltwZztXAVUSIwzB6A==, figureFileBig=ayZmUS+9SEOpTd50xCHkvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282574359945848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013153565467181, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effects of L. murinus ZNL-13 on CTX-induced changes in blood biochemical parameters in dogs, figureFileSmall=V2d8EnypDdCH5+JDjz4+3A==, figureFileBig=Efex7SSMWTW2H3hTxBLTuA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282574435443321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013153565467181, language=CN, label=图3, caption=鼠乳杆菌ZNL-13对CTX导致犬血液生化指标变化的影响

ns. P>0.05; *. P<0.05

, figureFileSmall=V2d8EnypDdCH5+JDjz4+3A==, figureFileBig=Efex7SSMWTW2H3hTxBLTuA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282574724850298, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013153565467181, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effects of L. murinus ZNL-13 on CTX-induced oxidative stress injury in dogs, figureFileSmall=+7VuhaiY3q99JNjLXm7xCQ==, figureFileBig=h3e9QyyhaSxLLnIwdOC4pA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282574846485116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013153565467181, language=CN, label=图4, caption=鼠乳杆菌ZNL-13对CTX导致犬氧化应激损伤的影响

ns. P>0.05; *. P<0.05; **. P<0.01

, figureFileSmall=+7VuhaiY3q99JNjLXm7xCQ==, figureFileBig=h3e9QyyhaSxLLnIwdOC4pA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282575119114877, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013153565467181, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effects of L. murinus ZNL-13 on CTX-induced intestinal functional injury in dogs, figureFileSmall=/fhIwDvcLoaXtRnGm5WHDg==, figureFileBig=xX9Q3WxriMAWyKo/1+AWdQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282575219778174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013153565467181, language=CN, label=图5, caption=鼠乳杆菌ZNL-13对CTX导致犬肠道功能损伤的影响

ns. P>0.05; *. P<0.05; **. P<0.01; ***. P<0.001

, figureFileSmall=/fhIwDvcLoaXtRnGm5WHDg==, figureFileBig=xX9Q3WxriMAWyKo/1+AWdQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282575534350975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013153565467181, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Effects of L. murinus ZNL-13 on CTX-induced changes in immunoglobulins and immune factors in dogs, figureFileSmall=9d1K1mkTeAQSHBlX+a07gQ==, figureFileBig=hFLIQw2cjtY5h9z8GoNN8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282575605654144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013153565467181, language=CN, label=图6, caption=鼠乳杆菌ZNL-13对CTX导致犬免疫球蛋白和免疫因子变化的影响

ns. P>0.05; *. P<0.05; **. P<0.01

, figureFileSmall=9d1K1mkTeAQSHBlX+a07gQ==, figureFileBig=hFLIQw2cjtY5h9z8GoNN8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282575937004163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013153565467181, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Effects of L. murinus ZNL-13 on CTX-induced alterations in the intestinal microbial composition in dogs, figureFileSmall=dVpvk6CWRFndHqkyZyLpoQ==, figureFileBig=CZspIqFUOgzJshdxxhA0zw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282576016695940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013153565467181, language=CN, label=图7, caption=鼠乳杆菌ZNL-13对CTX导致犬肠道微生物结构组成变化的影响, figureFileSmall=dVpvk6CWRFndHqkyZyLpoQ==, figureFileBig=CZspIqFUOgzJshdxxhA0zw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282576100582021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013153565467181, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Effect of pretreatment with L. murinus ZNL-13 on changes in alpha diversity of intestinal microbiota in dogs induced by CTX, figureFileSmall=3Txy3ZGiu0vB8vyfyhGscA==, figureFileBig=vFNyggiF5bGiZc6RpZRKlA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282578013184646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013153565467181, language=CN, label=图8, caption=鼠乳杆菌ZNL-13对CTX导致犬肠道微生物标志性物种变化的影响, figureFileSmall=3Txy3ZGiu0vB8vyfyhGscA==, figureFileBig=vFNyggiF5bGiZc6RpZRKlA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282578097070727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013153565467181, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Clinical Symptom Scoring Scale

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

临床表现

Clinical manifestations

评分

Score

无明显变化0
精神沉郁,食欲减退1~2
精神萎靡,食欲不振3~4
精神重度萎靡伴随共济失调等神经症状,食欲废绝呕吐,便血5
), ArticleFig(id=1307282578168373896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013153565467181, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

临床症状评分表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

临床表现

Clinical manifestations

评分

Score

无明显变化0
精神沉郁,食欲减退1~2
精神萎靡,食欲不振3~4
精神重度萎靡伴随共济失调等神经症状,食欲废绝呕吐,便血5
), ArticleFig(id=1307282578243871369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013153565467181, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Clinical symptom scores in each group of dogs after CTX administration(x±sx )

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

时间

Time

组别Group
对照组(C)Control group

环磷酰胺模型组(CTX)

Cyclophosphamide group

鼠乳杆菌ZNL-13预防性饲喂组(LM)

L.murinus preventive feeding group

第1天 Day 10.00±0.000.50±0.220.25±0.17
第2天 Day 20.00±0.001.33±0.25**0.83±0.28*
第3天 Day 30.00±0.002.25±0.31***1.67±0.33**
第4天 Day 40.00±0.003.92±0.38***2.92±0.33***
第5天 Day 50.00±0.004.67±0.17****3.42±0.42****#
), ArticleFig(id=1307282578315174538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013153565467181, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

CTX给药后各组犬临床症状评分(x±sx )

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

时间

Time

组别Group
对照组(C)Control group

环磷酰胺模型组(CTX)

Cyclophosphamide group

鼠乳杆菌ZNL-13预防性饲喂组(LM)

L.murinus preventive feeding group

第1天 Day 10.00±0.000.50±0.220.25±0.17
第2天 Day 20.00±0.001.33±0.25**0.83±0.28*
第3天 Day 30.00±0.002.25±0.31***1.67±0.33**
第4天 Day 40.00±0.003.92±0.38***2.92±0.33***
第5天 Day 50.00±0.004.67±0.17****3.42±0.42****#
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鼠乳杆菌ZNL-13对环磷酰胺诱导犬免疫抑制的效果观察
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董奕含 1, 2 , 姚忍鑫 1 , 贾海涛 1 , 王海阳 1 , 张璐瑶 1 , 谢雨珊 1 , 王翰雨 1 , 张建涛 1, 2
畜牧兽医学报 | 临床兽医 2026,57(2): 1110-1123
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畜牧兽医学报 |临床兽医 2026 , 57 (2) : 1110 -1123
鼠乳杆菌ZNL-13对环磷酰胺诱导犬免疫抑制的效果观察
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董奕含1, 2 , 姚忍鑫1, 贾海涛1, 王海阳1, 张璐瑶1, 谢雨珊1, 王翰雨1, 张建涛1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.东北农业大学动物医学院,哈尔滨 150030
  • 2.黑龙江省动物疾病致病机制与比较医学重点实验室,哈尔滨 150030
通讯作者:
张建涛,主要从事动物普通病诊断与防控技术研究,E-mail:
作者简介:

董奕含,主要从事动物微生态制剂开发研究,E-mail:

Evaluation of the Effects of Lactobacillus murinus ZNL-13 on Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppression in Dogs
Yihan DONG1, 2 , Renxin YAO1, Haitao JIA1, Haiyang WANG1, Luyao ZHANG1, Yushan XIE1, Hanyu WANG1, Jiantao ZHANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Veterinary Medicine,Northeast Agricultural University,Harbin 150030,China
  • 2.Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Mechanism for Animal Disease and Comparative Medicine,Harbin 150030,China
  • Corresponding Author:
    ZHANG Jiantao, E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-02-23 doi: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.02.044
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环磷酰胺(cyclophosphamide,CTX)是临床中常用的犬肿瘤治疗药物,存在较强的免疫抑制作用,会造成犬免疫功能降低,同时改变犬肠道菌群稳态进而继发其他疾病。鼠乳杆菌(Lactobacillus murinus,L. murinus)目前已被明确报道具有调节免疫细胞活性和保护胃肠道系统的功能,展现出作为临床功能性食品添加剂的潜力。从健康犬新鲜粪便中筛选出一株益生特性最佳的鼠乳杆菌ZNL-13进行后续试验。本研究旨在探究犬源鼠乳杆菌ZNL-13对CTX诱导的犬免疫功能低下的干预效果以及肠道菌群的影响。使用犬血清学和粪便16S rRNA测序进行分析。结果显示,与CTX组相比,预防性饲喂鼠乳杆菌ZNL-13可以显著改善犬白细胞、淋巴细胞降低等趋势(P<0.05),缓解肝肾损伤和氧化应激水平(P<0.05),降低血清中DAO、D-LA水平增强肠道功能(P<0.01),改善血清中IgG以及免疫细胞因子显著降低的趋势(P<0.05)。同时增加了Blautia_A、Holdemanella和Peptacetobacter等有益菌的含量,恢复肠道菌群稳态。综上所述,鼠乳杆菌 ZNL-13可以有效升高CTX造成的免疫细胞数减少,降低机体氧化应激水平,保护肠道屏障功能,调节肠道菌群结构,从而缓解CTX造成的犬免疫功能低下,为其作为一种新型功能性食品的发展提供了研发思路。

鼠乳杆菌  /  免疫抑制  /  肠道菌群

Cyclophosphamide (CTX) is a widely used chemotherapeutic agent for treating canine tumors; however, its potent immunosuppressive effects can impair immune function and disrupt gut microbiota homeostasis, increasing the risk of secondary complications. Lactobacillus murinus (L. murinus) has been reported to modulate immune cell activity and protect the gastrointestinal tract, highlighting its potential as a functional food additive. In this study, a probiotic strain with optimal characteristics, L. murinus ZNL-13, was isolated from the fresh feces of healthy dogs. The aim was to evaluate the effects of this canine-derived strain on CTX-induced immunosuppression and gut microbiota dysbiosis in dogs. Serum immune parameters and fecal 16S rRNA sequencing were used for analysis. Results showed that prophylactic administration of L. murinus ZNL-13 significantly improved CTX-induced reductions in white blood cells and lymphocytes (P<0.05), alleviated liver and kidney injury, reduced oxidative stress (P<0.05), and enhanced intestinal barrier function by lowering serum levels of DAO and D-lactic acid (P<0.01). In addition, L. murinus ZNL-13 mitigated the CTX-induced decline in serum IgG and key immune cytokines (P<0.05), increased the abundance of beneficial gut bacteria, and restored microbial homeostasis. Meanwhile, the levels of beneficial bacteria such as Blautia_A, Holdemanella, and Peptacetobacter were increased, contributing to the restoration of gut microbiota homeostasis. In conclusion, L. murinus ZNL-13 effectively counteracts CTX-induced immunosuppression, oxidative stress, and gut barrier dysfunction, offering a promising strategy for the development of novel functional food additives to support immune health in dogs.

Lactobacillus murinus  /  immunosuppression  /  gut microbiota
董奕含, 姚忍鑫, 贾海涛, 王海阳, 张璐瑶, 谢雨珊, 王翰雨, 张建涛. 鼠乳杆菌ZNL-13对环磷酰胺诱导犬免疫抑制的效果观察. 畜牧兽医学报, 2026 , 57 (2) : 1110 -1123 . DOI: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.02.044
Yihan DONG, Renxin YAO, Haitao JIA, Haiyang WANG, Luyao ZHANG, Yushan XIE, Hanyu WANG, Jiantao ZHANG. Evaluation of the Effects of Lactobacillus murinus ZNL-13 on Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppression in Dogs[J]. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, 2026 , 57 (2) : 1110 -1123 . DOI: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.02.044
环磷酰胺(cyclophosphamide,CTX)是目前临床上广泛使用的抗癌药物,常用于白血病、癌症等疾病的治疗[1]。环磷酰胺(CTX)是一种属于氮芥类的DNA烷化剂。它的抗癌活性主要是通过代谢转化为细胞毒性代谢产物磷酰胺芥子来介导的,这种代谢产物会破坏细胞中的DNA和蛋白质合成[2]。CTX及其代谢产物对胃肠道黏膜具有直接毒性作用,易引发恶心、呕吐等不良反应[3]。长期使用CTX可能会造成免疫抑制,胃肠道屏障受损,泌尿系统毒性,生殖系统毒性,限制了其在兽医临床上的应用范围[4⁃5]。此外有研究表明CTX会破坏肠道菌群平衡,促进有害菌的定殖,扰乱机体微生物稳态,进而继发其他疾病[6]。目前临床对CTX造成的副作用常采取对症疗法,进行止吐、补液、生长因子支持疗法。近年来,越来越多的具有免疫调节的功能性食品出现,给减轻化疗药物的副作用提供了新思路,缓解了化疗药物对机体的不良影响[7⁃8]。因此,寻找安全有效的免疫调节剂是缓解化疗药物副作用的关键途径。
益生菌制剂具有抗氧化、抗菌、增加生长性能、调节免疫功能,维持机体肠道菌群稳态等功能,是目前作为免疫疾病治疗的热点选择[9]。同时它们在肠道的大规模定殖持续消耗氧气,会形成厌氧环境,剥夺病原菌的氧气从而降低致病菌的繁殖能力,调节肠道菌群环境[10]。先前的研究表明,植物乳植杆菌已被证实可以刺激淋巴细胞反应增加抗炎因子的分泌,增强肠道屏障功能,发挥免疫调节作用,缓解机体免疫功能低下[11⁃13]。热灭活的罗伊氏黏液乳杆菌 PSC102(Limosilactobacillus reuteri)增加了白细胞、淋巴细胞等,为造血提供支持,且显著刺激IgG、T淋巴细胞亚群的增加,是治疗免疫抑制性疾病的潜在治疗剂[14]。相比之下,鼠乳杆菌可以增加M2巨噬细胞的比例,调节免疫细胞活性,促进IL-10的释放,改善机体免疫功能[15⁃16]。同时激活AHR调节Th17/Treg失衡,显著降低例如致病菌的埃希氏菌-志贺菌属的相对丰度,进而维护肠道菌群稳态[17⁃19]。目前,鼠乳杆菌在调节免疫细胞活性,抗炎,修复肠道菌群稳态均被报道具有显著效果。因此,本研究为进一步探究鼠乳杆菌的免疫调节效果,以及对CTX在犬临床使用中造成的免疫抑制具有一定的缓解作用提供了支持,并为鼠乳杆菌制剂的开发提供了理论依据。
比格犬18只,2~4岁,购自哈尔滨市双城区新兴镇见林养殖场,饲养在温度(18~22 ℃)和湿度(40%~70%)相对稳定, 昼夜交替照明12 h的普通级动物饲养室。参照实验动物福利与伦理制度要求进行饲养,自由采食、饮水,每天有专业饲养员打扫犬舍。所有试验均经东北农业大学实验动物伦理委员会(NEAUEC202303126)批准。
鼠乳杆菌ZNL-13是由东北农业大学兽医外科教研室分离、保存菌种,分离自警犬基地的健康警犬。试验菌株37 ℃静置培养14 h后进行饲喂。试验菌株应采用Modified Rogosa and Sharp(MRS)液体培养基将乳酸菌菌株活化三次,获得最佳细菌活性状态后进行后续试验。
适应环境预饲喂7 d后开始试验。将犬随机分为3组,每组6只,即对照组(C组),环磷酰胺模型组(CTX组),鼠乳杆菌ZNL-13预防性饲喂组(LM组)。第1~21天C组、CTX组灌胃生理盐水10 mL·d-1,LM组鼠乳杆菌ZNL-13灌胃10 mL·d-1剂量为1×108 CFU·mL-1,第17天CTX组和LM组每天饲喂环磷酰胺片剂10 mg·kg-1,连续饲喂5 d,末次给药后24 h采集血液和粪便。在试验完成后对试验犬给予一定的治疗。
每7 d称取犬空腹状态下体重,并记录。饲喂药物后观察犬的临床表现,如精神状态、饮食、呕吐、排便等情况,并根据Todd等[20]和Mason等[21]的方法设定评分表对犬临床症状评分(表1)。
末次给药后24 h,空腹采集犬静脉血液置于EDTA-K2抗凝管,使用全自动血液学分析仪(深圳迈瑞生物医疗电子股份有限公司)检测白细胞总数(WBC)、淋巴细胞总数(LYM)、中性粒细胞数量(NEU)。
末次给药后24 h,空腹采集犬静脉血液置于无添加剂真空采血管中,4 ℃静置2 h,将血液3 000 r·min-1离心10 min收集血清,置于-80 ℃条件下冻存待测。应用全自动生化分析仪检测犬血清总蛋白(TP)、尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(Cr)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)的含量。
从-80 ℃取出血清置于冰上解冻,按照生化试剂盒(南京建成科技有限公司)说明,检测犬血清中丙二醛(MDA)的含量、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性。使用酶标仪分别在532、405、450 nm检测吸光度,计算犬血清相关指标浓度。
从-80 ℃取出血清置于冰上解冻,使用ELISA检测试剂盒,按照说明检测犬血清二胺氧化酶(DAO)、D-乳酸(D-LAC)、白细胞介素-2(IL-2)、白细胞介素-4(IL-4)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、白细胞介素-10(IL-10)、免疫球蛋白G(IgG)浓度。酶标仪在450 nm进行吸光度检测,使用标准品OD值绘制标准曲线,换算出犬血清相关指标浓度。
根据E.Z.N.A.® soil DNA kit (Omega Bio-tek, Norcross, GA, U.S.)说明书,提取微生物群落总DNA。使用上游引物338F(5′-ACTCCT ACGGGAGGCAGCAG-3′)和下游引物806R(5′- GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT-3′)进行16S rRNA基因V3-V4区域的PCR扩增。使用NEXTFLEX® Rapid DNA-Seq Kit对纯化产物进行建库。利用Illumina PE300/PE250平台进行测序。随后,利用UPARSE v7.1软件从质量控制拼接后的序列中操作分类单位(OTU)进行聚集,并去除嵌合体。然后在不同的分类水平上确定每个样本的群落组成。根据测序读数和OTU水平,分析小鼠粪便的微生物多样性。
试验结果采用GraphPad Prism 9.5软件进行统计分析。采用one-way ANOVA分析结果统计学差异,利用Tukey’s post-hoc test进行组间比较进行分析。差异显著性以*.P<0.05、**.P<0.01、***.P<0.001或****.P<0.000 1来表示。试验结果用“平均值±标准误(x±sx )”表示。
体重数据显示,在整体试验过程前17 d各组犬体重呈平稳上升趋势,第17天对CTX组与LM组进行CTX给药后,CTX组与LM组体重呈现下降趋势。第21天体重相比于C组,CTX组呈现极显著降低,饲喂鼠乳杆菌 ZNL-13缓解了这一趋势,如图1所示。此外CTX给药后,CTX组和LM组犬均出现不同程度的临床表现,各组犬临床症状评分如表2。CTX给药第5天时,CTX组有1只犬出现食欲废绝,四肢无力无法站立情况,该犬在试验完成后给予了一些紧急治疗,但最终于试验结束后第11 天死亡,CTX组其余犬在试验完成后均进行治疗,最终均恢复正常状态。LM组后续没有经过治疗,最终都恢复正常。
血液学可以直观地反映出机体目前的健康状态。为探究鼠乳杆菌 ZNL-13对CTX血液学的影响,比较了各组血常规指标。如图2所示,与C组相比,CTX组白细胞数、淋巴细胞数、中性粒细胞数均极显著降低(P<0.001或P<0.000 1),鼠乳杆菌ZNL-13预饲喂呈现明显的缓解趋势,且与CTX组存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。
已有文献报道,环磷酰胺会对肝肾造成损伤。临床表现以及血常规的显著变化使本研究进一步探究了鼠乳杆菌ZNL-13对环磷酰胺造成肝肾功能损伤的保护作用。结果如图3所示,CTX组血清总蛋白(TP)水平显著低于C组和LM组(P<0.05)。CTX组丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)活性显著升高(P<0.05),LM组呈显著下降趋势(P<0.05)。另外,天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)活性三组没有显著性差异(P>0.05),但CTX组呈上调趋势,LM组缓解了这一情况。为探究对肾脏的保护作用,比较了三组尿素氮(BUN)和肌酐(Cr)水平,与C组相比,CTX组BUN、Cr均成升高趋势,而鼠乳杆菌ZNL-13预处理会降低BUN、Cr的水平,且Cr水平存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。
氧化应激相关结果如图4所示,CTX组SOD活性和GSH-Px活性显著低于C组(P<0.05),LM组则呈现相反趋势,且呈现高于C组趋势(P<0.01)。表明鼠乳杆菌ZNL-13预处理提高了机体氧自由基清除能力。此外相比于C组,CTX组血清MDA浓度极显著升高(P<0.01),LM组缓解了这一趋势(P<0.01)。以上结果表明鼠乳杆菌ZNL-13可以有效缓解犬的脂质过氧化,提高抗氧化能力。
为进一步探究CTX对肠道的损伤作用,以及鼠乳杆菌ZNL-13是否对肠道具有保护作用,本研究进行了肠道功能标志物二胺氧化酶(DAO)和D-乳酸(D-LA)的检测。如图5所示,CTX组DAO和D-LA均呈现显著升高趋势(P<0.05),表明CTX破坏了肠道黏膜屏障的完整性和功能性,LM组显著缓解了CTX造成肠道黏膜屏障和功能损伤这一情况(P<0.01),增强了肠道屏障,改善肠道功能。
犬血清免疫球蛋白检查结果如图6所示,观察CTX犬血清中免疫球蛋白IgG显著降低(P<0.05),LM组显著改善了这种趋势且存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。同时检测血清中免疫因子水平,CTX给药后严重降低了IL-2、IL-4、IL-6、IL-10的水平,其中IL-4、IL-6、IL-10存在显著性差异(P<0.05),饲喂鼠乳杆菌ZNL-13有明显的缓解趋势,且相比于CTX组,LM组有极显著升高的趋势(P<0.01)。表明CTX存在较强的抑制犬免疫细胞功能的水平,鼠乳杆菌ZNL-13有潜在的增强免疫细胞活性促进免疫细胞因子释放的能力。
采用16S rRNA高通量测序探究CTX和鼠乳杆菌ZNL-13通过粪便样本分析其对犬肠道菌群组成的影响。如图7所示,分类学组成分析显示在门水平上,三组犬粪便样本中优势菌种相似,分别为Fusobacteriota、Proteobacteria、Actinobacteriota、Bacteroidota、Firmicutes_A和Firmicutes_D。CTX组Bacteroidota呈现增多趋势,鼠乳杆菌ZNL-13显著增加了Firmicutes_A、Fusobacteriota、Proteobacteria。从属水平上看,CTX显著增加了Prevotella、Limosilactobacillus的相对丰度,减少了Holdemanella、Peptacetobacter的相对丰度,预饲喂鼠乳杆菌ZNL-13显著抵抗了他们的趋势,同时增加了Escherichia、Blautia A、Phocaeicola A的丰度。微生物Alpha多样性分析显示,各组在Chao1、simpson、shannon、Pielou_e、observed_species、Faith_pd、Goods_coverage指数均存在显著差异(P<0.05)。利用主坐标分析(PCOA)对各组样本群落进行Beta多样性分析。结果显示CTX与鼠乳杆菌ZNL-13显著改变了原有肠道微生物群落组成。
如图8A所示,Venn图反映了3组的菌群构成的特有OTU和共有OTU,其中3组共有OUT数目为6.61%。LM组标志性差异物种较为广泛,侧面反映了预饲喂鼠乳杆菌ZNL-13可以增加菌群结构的丰富性。为将差异物种可视化, 进行物种组成热图分析,如图8B所示。同时为探究不同组间已经具有显著差异的ASV,是否在不同分类学水平上具有富集趋势,通过MetagenomeSeq分析和随机森林分析(ROC)进一步寻找显著差异性物种及标志性物种。如图8C和D所示,对HLM组与HCTX组进行MetagenomeSeq分析,结果显示相比于HCTX组,HLM组在Firmicutes、Actinobacteriota中正相关的分类水平更集中。主要为Lachnospirales、Peptostreptococcales、Mycobacteriales、Erysipelotrichales。随机森林分析显示,从上到下菌种对模型影响的重要程度依次递减,Dwaynesavagella、Faecalimonas、GCA-900066495、Dorea_A、Bifidobacterium为模型中排名前5的菌种。其中Dwaynesavagella、Faecalimonas、GCA-900066495在HLM组中为差异显著的标志性菌种,Dorea_A在HLM和HCTX组中均存在较高相关性,Bifidobacterium为HCTX组的特有标志性菌种。在随机森林分析中,Peptacetobacter在对照(HC)组中丰度中等偏高,在CTX(HCTX)组显著下降,鼠乳杆菌ZNL-13治疗(HLM)组中其丰度恢复至接近或高于健康水平,提示其可能与肠道微生态健康维持及治疗响应相关。
环磷酰胺是目前抗癌治疗,自身免疫性疾病的主要药物,长期服用可导致犬体重迅速下降,诱导活性氧(ROS)的产生,导致脂质过氧化,损伤肝肾等器官[22]。此外CTX还可侵害免疫器官,抑制细胞和体液免疫反应,破环肠道菌群平衡,进而继发其他疾病[23]。益生菌有较好的调节免疫功能的作用,目前研究表明,长期食用约氏乳杆菌可以促进M2巨噬细胞极化,促进IL-10的分泌,调节机体免疫功能[24]。罗伊氏黏液乳杆菌可以调节体内辅助性T细胞的比例,缓解利妥昔单抗造成的免疫抑制效应[25]。此外本研究使用犬源益生菌优势在于同源菌种与宿主生物相容性更佳,并且犬源提取可增强菌株在肠道适应性,促进存活率。本研究结果表明,预防性给药鼠乳杆菌 ZNL-13显著缓解了CTX造成的犬体重降低,减轻了临床症状并提高了犬的存活率。
血液学是衡量机体健康状态的直观指标。在机体新陈代谢、体内外循环中扮演着重要的角色。白细胞是机体免疫系统的重要组成部分也是临床鉴别诊断的重要依据,负责识别和消灭病原体,白细胞数过低会使机体对病毒及细菌的抵抗能力降低,增加致病风险。CTX给药后,严重抑制了机体的正常免疫功能,导致WBC、LYM、NEU显著下调,而预饲喂鼠乳杆菌ZNL-13组呈现明显缓解趋势,表明鼠乳杆菌 ZNL-13具有潜在的激活免疫细胞活性的功能。在血清生化指标中,TP具有维持胶体渗透压、解毒、营养、免疫等多种功能,代表着血清中白蛋白和球蛋白含量,间接反映着动物对蛋白质的吸收水平[26]。TP过低可能提示肝肾病综合征、肠道营养吸收障碍等消耗性疾病[27⁃28]。同时AST是肝脏疾病的重要诊断指标之一,平时主要分布于心脏、线粒体、以及肝脏组织中,当肝组织受到损伤时,血清中该浓度会显著升高[29]。同时肝脏细胞受损或肝细胞膜通透性增加时,ALT水平也会明显升高[30]。BUN通常由肾脏排出,是一种蛋白质代谢产物,同时也作为肾小球滤过功能的评估指标[31]。BUN/Cr比值也反映了肾功能状态和血液循环状态之间的关系。CTX给药后TP显著下降,ALT、AST、Cr、BUN均成显著上升趋势,提示犬肝脏代谢功能异常同时肾小球功能受到损伤。已有报道表明CTX给药会影响机体对蛋白质等营养物质的吸收能力,同时造成肝肾损伤,植物乳植杆菌KLDS1.0318预处理会有效缓解CTX导致的肝肾毒性[32]。本研究与此相一致,LM组对这些指标存在缓解趋势,表明鼠乳杆菌ZNL-13对CTX给机体带来的损伤具有一定的缓解作用。
氧化应激是CTX诱导的损伤的主要作用机制之一,有大量证据可以表明CTX诱导可以引发机体的氧化应激[33⁃34]。有研究指出,机体抗氧化状态在维持肉鸡肠道屏障完整性方面起着重要作用。尽管关于鼠乳杆菌抗氧化应激能力的研究有限,但大量乳酸菌的抗氧化应激能力已被广泛报道,例如饲粮中补充罗伊氏黏液乳杆菌可以通过清除自由基增强机体的抗氧化能力,提高肉鸡血清SOD和GSH-Px的活性,降低血清MDA浓度[35]。MDA可判断氧自由基的水平、脂质过氧化强度。相反SOD活性常用于反应机体清除氧自由基的能力。而GSH-PX可以催化还原性谷胱甘肽(GSH)转化为氧化型谷胱甘肽,清除体内的过氧化物,可以反映机体对自由基损伤的防御能力。You等[36]研究表明,CTX可以对机体造成氧化应激损伤,同时植物乳植杆菌P101可以显著逆转其损伤。结果表明,鼠乳杆菌ZNL-13有效降低了MDA含量,升高了SOD和GSH-PX活性,表明鼠乳杆菌ZNL-13有效逆转了CTX造成的氧化应激损伤。已有研究表明,CTX会对肠道造成损伤,增加肠道通透性,破坏肠道黏膜结构完整性和功能[37]。当肠黏膜细胞坏死并脱落到管腔和血液中时,D-乳酸穿透肠壁进入血液,血液循环中DAO和D-乳酸水平增加。肠道黏膜结构和功能障碍会增加细菌毒素等有害物质的侵入风险,这也是许多肠道疾病的关键致病机制[38]。笔者观察到CTX组的DAO和D-LA显著升高,然而,鼠乳杆菌ZNL-13显著缓解了这种情况。因此,笔者推测预防性食用鼠乳杆菌ZNL-13有可能通过增强肠道结构的完整性和通透性增强肠道功能,修复肠粘膜损伤。
研究表明,人体70%~80%的免疫细胞聚集在肠道组织内[39]。细胞因子主要由巨噬细胞和淋巴细胞产生,这两者都在免疫调节和炎症反应中起重要作用[40⁃41]。免疫球蛋白,也称为抗体,是由B淋巴细胞合成的蛋白质,是体液免疫的主要成分。另外免疫功能似乎受到IL-4水平的调节,其水平的降低可能导致免疫功能受损[42]。研究表明,CTX作为一种免疫调节剂,可以诱导IL-4水平降低,从而破坏免疫平衡稳态并导致免疫抑制[43]。CTX给药后外周循环中免疫细胞因子 IL-2、IL-4、IL-6、IL-10和IgG水平显著下调,突出了其严重的免疫抑制作用,这与之前研究结果相一致[37,44]。植物乳植杆菌 KLDS1.0318可以显著恢复CTX降低的细胞因子水平,例如IL-6和TNF-α[32]。这与本研究的结果相一致,鼠乳杆菌ZNL-13预饲喂后显著增加了IL-2、IL-4、IL-6、IL-10的水平,增加免疫相关的细胞因子的表达,另外还包括IgG。此外有研究发现乳酸菌通过调节免疫相关细胞因子的水平,使免疫系统的定量参数和细胞的功能活性正常化[45]。因此,笔者推测鼠乳杆菌ZNL-13可以刺激免疫细胞因子分泌和转录因子表达,从而恢复小鼠的免疫平衡。
肠道菌群的稳定对犬的生长性能、健康状况和免疫功能至关重要。有报道喂食益生菌可改善犬肠道菌群平衡[46]。应用多菌株益生菌微生态制剂治疗犬的炎症性肠病,发现乳杆菌数量在犬粪便中明显增多,从而能够缓解疾病的临床症状[47]。肠道是最易被外来抗原以及微生物影响的主要食物消化器官,也是抵抗病原微生物的第一道防线[43]。有害的环境可能会诱导肠道氧化和炎症的发生,损害肠道黏膜。研究表明,CTX会导致肠道绒毛缩短和脱落,进而诱导肠道损伤[48]。肠道损伤也会引发肠瘘,进而引起细菌以及代谢物转移至血液中,对机体造成不利影响。CTX已被证明可以减少微生物多样性,LM组Alpha多样性指数均呈上升趋势,鼠乳杆菌ZNL-13增加了群落的多样性和丰富度,同时保证了群落的均匀性。Beta多样性分析结果表明了CTX显著改变了犬肠道群落结构,预饲喂鼠乳杆菌ZNL-13会改变这一情况,但与C组存在一定差异。从属水平上观察,CTX组Bifidobacterium和Ligilactobacillu丰度升高,有研究表明肠道手术后乳酸菌属会显著增高[49],笔者推测这与肠道受到物理、化学屏障损伤后,肠道通透性增加导致肠道内大量好氧菌增殖,创造了无氧环境进一步促进乳酸菌这种具有低pH耐受、强氧化还原调节能力的增加,这也与之前的研究结果相一致[38,50⁃51]。LM组降低了prevotella同时提高了Blautia_A、Holdemanella、Peptacetobacter和Phocaeicola_A的丰度。Prevotella目前已被报道是一种条件致病菌,可以通过结合或附着在上皮细胞等其他细胞上定殖,在以前感染的区域产生更大的感染,同时其丰度也与牙周炎、类风湿性关节炎呈正相关[52⁃54]。此外据报道Prevotella在动物肠道定殖后,能够改变肠道菌群结构,导致肠道内微生物群代谢发生变化,减少IL-18生成,加剧肠道损伤,可能发生全身自身免疫[55]。Blautia_A是一种新型抗高血脂菌种,可改善高脂饮食的代谢[56]。Holdemanella、Phocaeicola_A已被报道可以调节机体的免疫能力,同时改善小鼠葡萄糖耐量和调节胰高血糖素样肽1信号,帮助恢复肥胖小鼠肝脏中糖异生和胰岛素信号传导功能[57⁃60]。综上所述,鼠乳杆菌ZNL-13的预防性饲喂促进了有益细菌的定殖,并恢复了犬CTX诱导的肠道微生物群的失衡,这对于维持宿主微生物群的稳定性至关重要。此外从MetagenomeSeq分析和随机森林分析(ROC),Peptacetobacter为LM组两个分析中得到的标志性菌种,Peptacetobacter已被表明是化疗药物使用后会明确降低的菌种,同时也是调节血糖的营养保健品[61⁃62]。这也与本研究结果相一致,在CTX组Peptacetobacter显著减少,LM组明显的升高。
饲喂鼠乳杆菌ZNL-13能够提高犬机体抗氧化能力和免疫功能,减轻肠道屏障损伤和肠道通透性,缓解肝、肾损伤,从而减轻CTX导致犬机体损伤的药物副作用,保障犬机体健康。同时鼠乳杆菌ZNL-13预处理能够改善CTX导致的犬肠道菌群结构的改变,增加犬肠道微生物群落的多样性和丰富度。降低肠道有害菌的丰度,促进有益菌定殖。鼠乳杆菌ZNL-13有望成为潜在的犬用益生菌。
  • “十四五”国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFD1801100)
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2026年第57卷第2期
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doi: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.02.044
  • 接收时间:2025-05-22
  • 首发时间:2026-09-16
  • 出版时间:2026-02-23
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-22
基金
“十四五”国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFD1801100)
作者信息
    1.东北农业大学动物医学院,哈尔滨 150030
    2.黑龙江省动物疾病致病机制与比较医学重点实验室,哈尔滨 150030

通讯作者:

张建涛,主要从事动物普通病诊断与防控技术研究,E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/xmsyxb/CN/10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.02.044
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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