Article(id=1307013130828145024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307013104081068276, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.02.039, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1739376000000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789545813519, onlineDateStr=2026-09-16, pubDate=1771776000000, pubDateStr=2026-02-23, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789545813519, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789545813519, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789545813519, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1307013104081068276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, year='2026', volume='57', issue='2', pageStart='569', pageEnd='1176', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771776000000', pubDateStr='2026-02-23', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789545807142, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789609910854, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1307281975350419753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307013104081068276, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1307281975350419754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307013104081068276, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1046, endPage=1062, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1307013131100774785, articleId=1307013130828145024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, language=EN, title=Isolation, Identification and Pathogenicity Analysis of Mixed Infection of Pasteurella multocida, Proteus mirabilis and Escherichia coli from Rabbits, columnId=1307007432299930010, journalTitle=Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, columnName=PREVENTIVE VETERINARY MEDICINE, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study aimed to identify the suspected pathogens causing rabbit mortality in a large-scale meat rabbit farm in Ningxia and analyze their pathogenicity. The causative pathogens and their pathogenicity were determined through necropsy of deceased rabbits, bacterial isolation and culture, 16S rRNA sequencing analysis, PCR identification, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and challenge experiments in mice and rabbits. Results showed that 3 Gram-negative bacterial strains were isolated and identified as capsular type A Pasteurella multocida, Proteus mirabilis, and Escherichia coli through 16S rRNA sequencing and PCR identification. These strains were designated as QF24-Pm01, QF24-Ps02, and QF24-Ec03, respectively. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing by the Kirby-Bauer (K-B) method revealed that QF24-Pm01, QF24-Ps02, and QF24-Ec03 exhibited resistance to commonly used clinical drugs such as penicillin, kanamycin, and enrofloxacin, but were sensitive to ceftriaxone. Detection of resistance genes showed that all three isolates carried resistance genes aadB, strA, strB, blaTEM, and sul1. Virulence gene analysis indicated that Pasteurella multocida carried 16 virulence genes, including exbB, exbD, and hgbA; Proteus mirabilis carried ureC, zapA, atfC, atfA, and pmfA; and Escherichia coli carried eaeA and fimC. Mouse pathogenicity experiments revealed LD50 values of 9.27×10⁵ CFU, 1.43×10⁶ CFU, and 1.88×10⁷ CFU for QF24-Pm01, QF24-Ps02, and QF24-Ec03, respectively. The results of the mixed-infection pathogenicity assay in mice showed that mortality occurred at 9 h, 18 h, and 16 h post-inoculation in the QF24-Pm01, QF24-Ps02, and QF24-Ec03 groups, respectively. In contrast, the QF24-Pm01+QF24-Ec03 and QF24-Ps02+QF24-Ec03 co-infection groups exhibited mortality at 6 h and 13 h post-inoculation, respectively. Histopathological analysis revealed that both single and mixed infections resulted in tissue damage in the lungs, liver, and intestines. The primary pathological changes included pulmonary interstitial edema, capillary congestion, and neutrophil infiltration; hepatic steatosis and disordered hepatocyte cord arrangement; as well as intestinal epithelial shedding and villous rupture. In the rabbit pathogenicity assay, all rabbits in the QF24-Pm01 + QF24-Ec03 co-infection group and the QF24-Pm01 group succumbed at 24 and 36 h post-inoculation, respectively. The mortality rates at 7 days post-inoculation for the QF24-Ps02+QF24-Ec03, QF24-Ec03, and QF24-Ps02 groups were 60%, 20%, and 40%, respectively. Necropsy findings demonstrated that rabbits in the QF24-Pm01+QF24-Ps02+QF24-Ec03 co-infection group exhibited pulmonary congestion and edema with a ground-glass appearance, as well as splenic atrophy and dark brown discoloration. These pathological changes were consistent with the lesions observed in clinical necropsy examinations of affected rabbits. This study demonstrates that the pathogenicity of Pasteurella multocida is enhanced when co-infected with Escherichia coli, and that Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis exhibit increased virulence when co-infected. Therefore, co-infection with Pasteurella multocida,Proteus mirabilis, and Escherichia coli may be the primary cause of high mortality rates in meat rabbits at the studied facility. Consequently, in addition to preventing Pasteurella multocida infection, control measures against Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis should be reinforced to reduce the risk of mixed infections and associated mortality.

, authors=Dongdong CHEN1, 2, Zizhe HU2, Ye’e HUANG2, Xuemei CUI2, Tuanyuan SHI2, Quanan JI2, Houhui SONG1, Yan LIU2, Guolian BAO2, authorsList=Dongdong CHEN, Zizhe HU, Ye’e HUANG, Xuemei CUI, Tuanyuan SHI, Quanan JI, Houhui SONG, Yan LIU, Guolian BAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yan LIU, Guolian BAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
BAO Guolian, E-mail:
LIU Yan, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1307013133554442646, articleId=1307013130828145024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, language=CN, title=兔源多杀性巴氏杆菌、奇异变形杆菌、大肠杆菌分离鉴定及混合感染致病性分析, columnId=1307007432459313564, journalTitle=畜牧兽医学报, columnName=预防兽医, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

旨在确定引起宁夏某规模化肉兔养殖场家兔死亡可疑病原并进行致病性分析。通过病死兔剖检、细菌分离培养、16S rRNA测序分析、PCR鉴定、药敏试验、小鼠和家兔攻毒试验,确定引起家兔死亡的病原菌及其致病性。结果显示,细菌分离培养出3株革兰阴性菌,经16S rRNA测序分析和PCR鉴定为荚膜A型多杀性巴氏杆菌、奇异变形杆菌和大肠杆菌,分别命名为QF24-Pm01、QF24-Ps02和QF24-Ec03。通过K-B法药敏试验发现QF24-Pm01、QF24-Ps02和QF24-Ec03共同对青霉素、卡那霉素、头孢唑林等临床常用药物耐药,对头孢曲松敏感。耐药基因检测结果,3株分离菌均检出耐药基因aadB、strA、strB、blaTEM和sul1。毒力基因检测结果,巴氏杆菌携带exbB、exbD和hgbA等16种毒力基因,奇异变形杆菌携带ureC、zapA、atfC、atfA和pmfA毒力基因,大肠杆菌携带eaeA和fimC毒力基因。小鼠致病性试验显示,QF24-Pm01、QF24-Ps02和QF24-Ec03的LD50分别为9.27×105 CFU、1.43×106 CFU和1.88×107 CFU。小鼠混合感染致病性试验结果,QF24-Pm01组、QF24-Ps02组和QF24-Ec03组小鼠分别于攻毒后9、18和16 h发生死亡,QF24-Pm01+QF24-Ec03混合感染组及QF24-Ps02+QF24-Ec03混合感染组小鼠分别于攻毒后6和13 h出现死亡。病理组织学观察显示,单纯感染与混合感染均可导致肺、肝、肠等组织出现显著损伤。主要病理变化表现为:肺组织出现间质水肿、毛细血管充血及中性粒细胞浸润;肝组织呈现肝细胞脂肪变性及肝细胞索排列紊乱;小肠组织则表现为上皮细胞脱落及肠绒毛断裂等病变。家兔致病性试验结果显示,QF24-Pm01+QF24-Ec03混合感染组和QF24-Pm01组家兔分别于攻毒后24和36 h全部死亡,QF24-Ps02+QF24-Ec03混合感染组、QF24-Ec03和QF24-Ps02组家兔攻毒后7 d死亡率分别为60%、20%和40%。试验兔剖检结果显示,QF24-Pm01+QF24-Ps02+QF24-Ec03混合感染组家兔的肺出现充血、水肿,呈现花玻璃样改变,脾萎缩并呈深褐色,该病理变化与临床解剖所观察到的家兔病变一致。综上表明,多杀性巴氏杆菌与大肠杆菌混合后致病性增强,大肠杆菌与奇异变形杆菌混合后亦如此。多杀性巴氏杆菌、奇异变形杆菌与大肠杆菌的混合感染可能是该场肉兔高死亡率的主要原因。因此在预防多杀性巴氏杆菌感染同时,还应加强对大肠杆菌和奇异变形杆菌的防控,以降低混合感染风险和死亡率。

, authors=陈冬冬1, 2, 胡子喆2, 黄叶娥2, 崔雪梅2, 石团员2, 季权安2, 宋厚辉1, 刘燕2, 鲍国连2, authorsList=陈冬冬, 胡子喆, 黄叶娥, 崔雪梅, 石团员, 季权安, 宋厚辉, 刘燕, 鲍国连, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=刘燕, 鲍国连, authorNote=

陈冬冬和胡子喆为同等贡献作者

陈冬冬,硕士生,主要从事畜禽传染病研究,E-mail:

胡子喆,博士,主要从事畜禽传染病研究,E-mail:

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鲍国连,主要从事畜禽细菌病研究,E-mail:
刘燕,主要从事畜禽细菌病研究,E-mail:
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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013130828145024, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=45, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG J N,LI S J,ZHANG Z Q,et al.Isolation,identification and pathogenicity analysis of Proteus mirabilis in rabbits[J].Chinese Journal of Preventive Veterinary Medicine,2024,46(1):32-38.(in Chinese), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307282433687187762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013130828145024, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=46, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LUO Z,XIE X,QI Y,et al.Hemolytic Escherichia coli inhibits swarming and differentiation of Proteus mirabilis[J].Curr Microbiol,2018,75(4):471-475., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307282433783656755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013130828145024, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=47, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王锦祥,孙世坤,陈岩峰,等.一株致兔结膜炎多杀性巴氏杆菌的分子分型及毒力基因分布[J].中国养兔,2020(3):8-10., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307282433875931444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013130828145024, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=48, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG J X,SUN S K,CHEN Y F,et al.Molecular characterisation of Pasteurella Multocida causing conjunctivitis in rabbits[J].Chinese Journal of Rabbit Farming,2020(3):8-10.(in Chinese), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307282433984983349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013130828145024, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=49, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=石建存,刘 冬,张召兴,等.仔貉腹泻性奇异变形杆菌分离鉴定、致病性及耐药性检测[J].家畜生态学报,2023,44(9):72-77., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307282434085646646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013130828145024, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=50, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SHI J C,LIU D,ZHANG Z X,et al.Isolation,identification,pathogenicity and drug resistance of Proteus Mirabilis diarrhea in raccoon dogs[J].Journal of Domestic Animal Ecology,2023,44(9):72-77.(in Chinese), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307282434165338423, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013130828145024, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=51, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=郭玉梅,潘 琢,秦丽云,等.奇异变形杆菌毒力基因检测和药物敏感性分析[J].中国卫生检验杂志,2016,26(18):2671-2673., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307282434245030200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013130828145024, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=52, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GUO Y M,PAN Z,QIN L Y,et al.Detection of virulence genes and analysis of drug sensitivity in (in Chinese) Proteus mirabilis[J].Chinese Journal of Health Laboratory Technology,2016,26(18):2671-2673.(in Chinese), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307282434316333369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013130828145024, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=53, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=高荣琨,王丽芳,李 锐,等.猪、牛和兔粪中致病性大肠杆菌LEE毒力岛的检测分析[J].山西农业大学学报(自然科学版),2013,33(3):239-243., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307282434400219450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013130828145024, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=54, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GAO R K,WANG L F,LI R,et al.Detection and analysis of pathogenic Escherichia coli and LEE PAI in porcine,bovine and rabbit feces [J].Journal of Shanxi Agricultural University (Natural Science Edition),2013,33(3):239-243.(in Chinese), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1307282425730593025, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013130828145024, awardId=2021C02068-7, language=CN, fundingSource=浙江省重点研发项目(2021C02068-7), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1307282425818673410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013130828145024, awardId=CARS-43-C-2, language=CN, fundingSource=国家兔产业体系项目(CARS-43-C-2), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1307282414808625316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013130828145024, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1307282414821208229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013130828145024, companyId=1307282414808625316, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.College of Animal Science and Technology·College of Veterinary Medicine,Zhejiang A&F University,Hangzhou 311300,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1307282414846374054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013130828145024, companyId=1307282414808625316, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.浙江农林大学动物科技学院·动物医学院,杭州 311300)]), AuthorCompany(id=1307282414951231655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013130828145024, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1307282414959620264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013130828145024, companyId=1307282414951231655, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine,Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Hangzhou 310021,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1307282414968008873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013130828145024, companyId=1307282414951231655, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.浙江省农业科学院畜牧兽医研究所,杭州 310021)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1307282420609347814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013130828145024, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=The necropsy examination of deceased rabbits

A. Lung; B. Spleen; C. Liver; D. Kidney; E. Intestine

, figureFileSmall=evuXH/+0QBcwWLW7RJNeww==, figureFileBig=+kU9pRbc1CoUj2tmSxxNug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282420689039591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013130828145024, language=CN, label=图1, caption=病死兔剖检

A.肺;B.脾;C.肝;D.肾;E.肠

, figureFileSmall=evuXH/+0QBcwWLW7RJNeww==, figureFileBig=+kU9pRbc1CoUj2tmSxxNug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282420798091497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013130828145024, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Observation on morphology and culture characteristics of 3 strains of isolated bacteria

A, B. Colony morphology of isolate strain A on TSA medium and MacKay agar medium, respectively; C. Gram staining of isolated strain A (1 000×); D, E. Colony morphology of isolate strain B on TSA medium and MacKay agar medium, respectively; F. Gram staining of isolated strain B (1 000×); G, H. Colony morphology of isolate strain C on TSA medium and MacKay agar medium, respectively; I. Gram staining of isolated strain C (1 000×)

, figureFileSmall=a2iNYKrdwV1345sf3Pdu+A==, figureFileBig=jGddgnRhAk11kV3giPLKLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282420890366186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013130828145024, language=CN, label=图2, caption=三株分离菌的形态和培养特性观察

A、B.分离菌株A分别在胰蛋白胨大豆琼脂养基和麦康凯琼脂培养基上的菌落形态;C.分离菌株A革兰染色(1 000×);D、E.分离菌株B分别在胰蛋白胨大豆琼脂培养基和麦康凯琼脂培养基上的菌落形态;F.分离菌株B革兰染色(1 000×);G、H.分离菌株C分别在胰蛋白胨大豆琼脂培养基和麦康凯琼脂培养基上的菌落形态;I. 分离菌株C革兰染色(1 000×)

, figureFileSmall=a2iNYKrdwV1345sf3Pdu+A==, figureFileBig=jGddgnRhAk11kV3giPLKLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282420982640875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013130828145024, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=The results of PCR amplification for the isolated strain's kmt1 gene, capsular serotypes and 16S rRNA

I. Amplification of kmt1 gene: M. Marker; 1. Isolate A; 2. Isolate B; 3. Isolate C; N. Negative control; P. Pasteurella multicide. II. Identification results of serotype of isolated strain A capsule: M. Marker; 4: Capsule serum type A; 5. Capsule serum type B; 6. Capsule serum type D; 7. Capsule serum type E; 8. Capsule serum type F; N. Negative control. Panel III. The amplification results of the 16S rRNA from the isolated strain: M. Marker, 9. Isolate A, 10. Isolate B, 11. Isolate C, N. Negative control

, figureFileSmall=w4/NG7YWIfu1+MFaSwlG6g==, figureFileBig=fTYyxADQR/tLJYgk29gJBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282421058138348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013130828145024, language=CN, label=图3, caption=分离菌株kmt1基因、荚膜血清型、16S rRNA的扩增结果

I. kmt1基因扩增:M. Marker;1.分离菌株A;2.分离菌株B;3.分离菌株C;N.阴性对照;P.多杀巴氏杆菌。II.分离菌株A荚膜血清型鉴定结果:M. Marker;4.荚膜血清A型;5.荚膜血清B型;6.荚膜血清D型;7.荚膜血清E型;8.荚膜血清F型;N.阴性对照。III.分离菌株16S rRNA扩增结果:M. Marker;9.分离菌株A;10.分离菌株B;11.分离菌株C;N.阴性对照

, figureFileSmall=w4/NG7YWIfu1+MFaSwlG6g==, figureFileBig=fTYyxADQR/tLJYgk29gJBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282421150413037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013130828145024, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Phylogenetic tree of isolates based on 16S rRNA gene sequence

A. QF24-Pm01 (Pasteurella multocida); B. QF24-Ps02 (Proteus mirabilis); C. QF24-Ec03(Escherichia coli)

, figureFileSmall=T3MXmfm7hQbYr54gJOBz7A==, figureFileBig=UCp/sZOD1gfIPPfq3iwfiA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282421238493422, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013130828145024, language=CN, label=图4, caption=分离菌株基于16S rRNA 基因序列的系统发育树

A. QF24-Pm01(多杀性巴氏杆菌);B. QF24-Ps02(奇异变形杆菌);C. QF24-Ec03(大肠杆菌)

, figureFileSmall=T3MXmfm7hQbYr54gJOBz7A==, figureFileBig=UCp/sZOD1gfIPPfq3iwfiA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282421330768111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013130828145024, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Growth curves of 3 isolates, figureFileSmall=PodxLhCZtx3QfrIpkn93Sw==, figureFileBig=TwVt7CnjlYOs8KPgE3MwHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282421431431408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013130828145024, language=CN, label=图5, caption=三株分离菌株的生长曲线, figureFileSmall=PodxLhCZtx3QfrIpkn93Sw==, figureFileBig=TwVt7CnjlYOs8KPgE3MwHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282423167873265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013130828145024, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Survival curves of mices subjected to distinct experimental conditions

A Survival curve of mice following Pasteurella multocida infection; B. Survival curve of mice following Proteus mirabilis infection; C. Survival curve of mice following Escherichia coli infection; D. Survival curves of mice infected with different bacterial suspensions.

, figureFileSmall=N18FZkCAalWZ7er1gGgUYQ==, figureFileBig=5vcFMjDRZtmRmqU0Lx9CbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282423281119474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013130828145024, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同试验组小鼠的生存曲线

A. 多杀性巴氏杆菌感染小鼠生存曲线;B. 奇异变形杆菌感染小鼠生存曲线;C. 大肠杆菌感染小鼠生存曲线;D. 不同菌液感染小鼠生存曲线

, figureFileSmall=N18FZkCAalWZ7er1gGgUYQ==, figureFileBig=5vcFMjDRZtmRmqU0Lx9CbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282423377588467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013130828145024, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Survival rate of rabbits after infection in each group, figureFileSmall=hAM9h0qC/VA8nx51P49H1g==, figureFileBig=hJ2gwABY8G+MfrNsjZdbZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282423654412532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013130828145024, language=CN, label=图7, caption=各组家兔感染后存活率, figureFileSmall=hAM9h0qC/VA8nx51P49H1g==, figureFileBig=hJ2gwABY8G+MfrNsjZdbZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282423725715701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013130828145024, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Pathogenicity test rabbit necropsy results, figureFileSmall=1PsQfVJqoxiVVc8qUEkOjw==, figureFileBig=GxBP4ZZi9zwahNyAWhB4hw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282424082231542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013130828145024, language=CN, label=图8, caption=致病性试验家兔剖检结果, figureFileSmall=1PsQfVJqoxiVVc8qUEkOjw==, figureFileBig=GxBP4ZZi9zwahNyAWhB4hw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282424170311927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013130828145024, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Pathological findings in lungs, liver, and intestines of mice post-virus challenge

Scale bar = 100 μm

a. Vascular congestion; b. Neutrophil infiltration; c. Pulmonary interstitial edema; d. Presence of eosinophilic flocculent material within alveolar spaces; e. Presence of eosinophilic, proteinaceous material within alveolar spaces; f. Presence of basophilic granular material in alveolar walls and blood vessels; g. Hepatocyte steatosis (fatty degeneration) with small, round vacuoles in the cytoplasm; h. Venous congestion; i. Hepatocyte necrosis; j. Karyolysis; k. Focal inflammatory cell infiltration; l. Hepatocyte necrosis; m. Tissue debris within the intestinal lumen; n. Exfoliation of intestinal villi and villous epithelial cells; p. Invagination of epithelial cells at the base of intestinal villi; s. Neutrophil infiltration

, figureFileSmall=pjS2uz0ECp/OfF7wy6N6mA==, figureFileBig=rhzPx6gaDoUGk8908Umv5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282424275169528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013130828145024, language=CN, label=图9, caption=各组小鼠攻毒后肺、肝和肠的病理损伤结果

比例尺=100 μm

a.血管淤血;b.中性粒细胞浸润;c.肺脏实质间质水肿;d.肺泡腔内有嗜酸性絮状物质;e.肺泡腔内可见嗜酸性蛋白样物质;f.肺泡壁与血管内可见嗜碱性颗粒物质;g.肝细胞脂肪变性,胞质内含有微小的圆形空泡;h.静脉淤血;i.肝细胞坏死;j.细胞核溶解;k.炎性细胞点状浸润;l.肝细胞坏死;m.肠腔内含组织碎片;n.肠绒毛及绒毛上皮细胞脱落;p.肠绒毛基部上皮内陷;s.中性粒细胞浸润

, figureFileSmall=pjS2uz0ECp/OfF7wy6N6mA==, figureFileBig=rhzPx6gaDoUGk8908Umv5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282424455524601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013130828145024, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

The detailed information of primers

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

血清型

Serogroup

基因

Genes

引物序列(5´→3´)

Primer sequences (5´→3´)

片段大小/bp

Fragment length

参考文献

References

Allkmt1

F: ATCCGCTATTTACCCAGTGG

R: GCTGTAAACGAACTCGCCAC

460[13]
AhyaD-hyaC

F: TGCCAAAATCGCAGTCAG

R: TTGCCATCATTGTCAGTG

1 044[13]
BbcdD

F: CATTTATCCAAGCTCCACC

R: GCCCGAGAGTTTCAATCC

760[13]
DdcbF

F: TTACAAAAGAAAGACTAGGAGCCC

R: CATCTACCCACTCAACCATATCAG

657[13]
EecbJ

F:TCCGCAGAAAATTATTGACTC

R:GCTTGCTGCTTGATTTTGTC

511[13]
FfcbD

F:AATCGGAGAACGCAGAAATCAG

R:TTCCGCCGTCAATTACTCTG

851[13]
16S rRNA

F:AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG

R:GGTTACCTTGTTACGACTT

1 492[14]
), ArticleFig(id=1307282424547799290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013130828145024, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

引物信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

血清型

Serogroup

基因

Genes

引物序列(5´→3´)

Primer sequences (5´→3´)

片段大小/bp

Fragment length

参考文献

References

Allkmt1

F: ATCCGCTATTTACCCAGTGG

R: GCTGTAAACGAACTCGCCAC

460[13]
AhyaD-hyaC

F: TGCCAAAATCGCAGTCAG

R: TTGCCATCATTGTCAGTG

1 044[13]
BbcdD

F: CATTTATCCAAGCTCCACC

R: GCCCGAGAGTTTCAATCC

760[13]
DdcbF

F: TTACAAAAGAAAGACTAGGAGCCC

R: CATCTACCCACTCAACCATATCAG

657[13]
EecbJ

F:TCCGCAGAAAATTATTGACTC

R:GCTTGCTGCTTGATTTTGTC

511[13]
FfcbD

F:AATCGGAGAACGCAGAAATCAG

R:TTCCGCCGTCAATTACTCTG

851[13]
16S rRNA

F:AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG

R:GGTTACCTTGTTACGACTT

1 492[14]
), ArticleFig(id=1307282424635879675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013130828145024, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Drug resistance gene test results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

基因类型

Gene classification

基因

Gene

QF24-Pm01

(Pasteurella multocida)

QF24-Ps02

(Proteus mirabilis)

QF24-Ec03

(Escherichia coli)

氨基糖苷类 AminoglycosidesaadA25---
aadB+++
氯霉素 Chloramphenicol classfloR-+-
四环素类 TetracyclinestetA--+
tet(H)---
tetB---
tetG---
链霉素类 AminoglycosidesstrA+++
strB+++
喹诺酮类 QuinolonesqnrS--+
qnrA---
qnrB---

β-内酰胺类

Beta-lactam antibiotics

blaTEM+++
ermA---
blaOXA-+-
blaCTX-M-2---
blaSHV---
多肽类 Polypeptidesmcr-1---
磺胺类 Sulfonamidessul1+++
sul2-+-
), ArticleFig(id=1307282424853983484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013130828145024, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

耐药基因检测结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

基因类型

Gene classification

基因

Gene

QF24-Pm01

(Pasteurella multocida)

QF24-Ps02

(Proteus mirabilis)

QF24-Ec03

(Escherichia coli)

氨基糖苷类 AminoglycosidesaadA25---
aadB+++
氯霉素 Chloramphenicol classfloR-+-
四环素类 TetracyclinestetA--+
tet(H)---
tetB---
tetG---
链霉素类 AminoglycosidesstrA+++
strB+++
喹诺酮类 QuinolonesqnrS--+
qnrA---
qnrB---

β-内酰胺类

Beta-lactam antibiotics

blaTEM+++
ermA---
blaOXA-+-
blaCTX-M-2---
blaSHV---
多肽类 Polypeptidesmcr-1---
磺胺类 Sulfonamidessul1+++
sul2-+-
), ArticleFig(id=1307282424950452477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013130828145024, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Results of virulence genes detection

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

多杀性巴氏杆菌

Pasteurella multocida

奇异变形杆菌

Proteus mirabilis

大肠杆菌

Escherichia coli

毒力基因

Virulence gene

结果

Results

毒力基因

Virulence gene

结果

Results

毒力基因

Virulence gene

结果

Results

毒力基因

Virulence gene

结果

Results

exbB+oma87-ureC+astA-
exbD+oomph+mrpA-cva/cvi-
hgbA+plpB+zapA+eaeA+
hgbB+psl+atfC+fimC+
tonB+plpE+atfA+fyuA-
fur-soda+pmfA+hlyF-
fimA+sodC-ucaA-irp2-
hsf1-tbpA-rsbA-iss-
hsf2+nanB+papC-
ptfA+nanH-sitA-
pfhA-pmHAS+stx1-
tadD-stx2-
oma87+vat-
), ArticleFig(id=1307282425067892990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013130828145024, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

毒力基因检测结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

多杀性巴氏杆菌

Pasteurella multocida

奇异变形杆菌

Proteus mirabilis

大肠杆菌

Escherichia coli

毒力基因

Virulence gene

结果

Results

毒力基因

Virulence gene

结果

Results

毒力基因

Virulence gene

结果

Results

毒力基因

Virulence gene

结果

Results

exbB+oma87-ureC+astA-
exbD+oomph+mrpA-cva/cvi-
hgbA+plpB+zapA+eaeA+
hgbB+psl+atfC+fimC+
tonB+plpE+atfA+fyuA-
fur-soda+pmfA+hlyF-
fimA+sodC-ucaA-irp2-
hsf1-tbpA-rsbA-iss-
hsf2+nanB+papC-
ptfA+nanH-sitA-
pfhA-pmHAS+stx1-
tadD-stx2-
oma87+vat-
), ArticleFig(id=1307282425160167679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013130828145024, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Results of antimicrobial susceptibility test of the isolated strain

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

抗菌药物

Antibacterial

drugs

含量/

(μg‧片-1)

Content

多杀性巴氏杆菌

Pasteurella multocida

奇异变形杆菌

Proteus mirabilis

大肠杆菌

Escherichia coli

抑菌圈直/mm

Diameter ofinhibition zone

敏感程度

Sensitivity

抑菌圈直径/mm

Diameter ofinhibition zone

敏感程度

Sensitivity

抑菌圈直径/mm

Diameter of inhibition zone

敏感程度

Sensitivity

氨苄西林

Ampicillin

1019S10R17S

阿莫西林

Amoxicillin

2011R0R21S

头孢呋辛

Cefuroxim

3015I20S19S

头孢唑林

Cefazolin

309R14R19R

头孢曲松

Ceftriaxone

3025S30S28S

阿米卡星

Amikacin

309R16R9R

卡那霉素

Kanamycin

3010R12R0R

链霉素

Streptomycin

100R0R9R

庆大霉素

Gentamicin

109R0R12R

四环素

Tetracycline

3018I0R0R

多西环素

Doxycycline

3016I0R0R

恩诺沙星

Enrofloxacin

1019R9R0R

诺氟沙星

Norfloxacin

1014I10R0R

林可霉素

Lincomycin

20R0R0R

复方新诺明

cotrimoxazole

23.75/1.2517I0R19S

氟苯尼考

Flufenicol

3022S7R9R

吉他霉素

Kitasamycin

1511R0R0R

多粘菌素B

Polymyxin B

30010R0R11R

新霉素

Neomycin

20011R12R0R

青霉素

Penicillin

1014R0R0R
), ArticleFig(id=1307282425239859456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013130828145024, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

分离菌株药敏试验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

抗菌药物

Antibacterial

drugs

含量/

(μg‧片-1)

Content

多杀性巴氏杆菌

Pasteurella multocida

奇异变形杆菌

Proteus mirabilis

大肠杆菌

Escherichia coli

抑菌圈直/mm

Diameter ofinhibition zone

敏感程度

Sensitivity

抑菌圈直径/mm

Diameter ofinhibition zone

敏感程度

Sensitivity

抑菌圈直径/mm

Diameter of inhibition zone

敏感程度

Sensitivity

氨苄西林

Ampicillin

1019S10R17S

阿莫西林

Amoxicillin

2011R0R21S

头孢呋辛

Cefuroxim

3015I20S19S

头孢唑林

Cefazolin

309R14R19R

头孢曲松

Ceftriaxone

3025S30S28S

阿米卡星

Amikacin

309R16R9R

卡那霉素

Kanamycin

3010R12R0R

链霉素

Streptomycin

100R0R9R

庆大霉素

Gentamicin

109R0R12R

四环素

Tetracycline

3018I0R0R

多西环素

Doxycycline

3016I0R0R

恩诺沙星

Enrofloxacin

1019R9R0R

诺氟沙星

Norfloxacin

1014I10R0R

林可霉素

Lincomycin

20R0R0R

复方新诺明

cotrimoxazole

23.75/1.2517I0R19S

氟苯尼考

Flufenicol

3022S7R9R

吉他霉素

Kitasamycin

1511R0R0R

多粘菌素B

Polymyxin B

30010R0R11R

新霉素

Neomycin

20011R12R0R

青霉素

Penicillin

1014R0R0R
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兔源多杀性巴氏杆菌、奇异变形杆菌、大肠杆菌分离鉴定及混合感染致病性分析
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陈冬冬 1, 2 , 胡子喆 2 , 黄叶娥 2 , 崔雪梅 2 , 石团员 2 , 季权安 2 , 宋厚辉 1 , 刘燕 2 , 鲍国连 2
畜牧兽医学报 | 预防兽医 2026,57(2): 1046-1062
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畜牧兽医学报 |预防兽医 2026 , 57 (2) : 1046 -1062
兔源多杀性巴氏杆菌、奇异变形杆菌、大肠杆菌分离鉴定及混合感染致病性分析
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陈冬冬1, 2 , 胡子喆2 , 黄叶娥2, 崔雪梅2, 石团员2, 季权安2, 宋厚辉1, 刘燕2 , 鲍国连2
作者信息
  • 1.浙江农林大学动物科技学院·动物医学院,杭州 311300
  • 2.浙江省农业科学院畜牧兽医研究所,杭州 310021
通讯作者:
鲍国连,主要从事畜禽细菌病研究,E-mail:
刘燕,主要从事畜禽细菌病研究,E-mail:
作者简介:

陈冬冬和胡子喆为同等贡献作者

陈冬冬,硕士生,主要从事畜禽传染病研究,E-mail:

胡子喆,博士,主要从事畜禽传染病研究,E-mail:

Isolation, Identification and Pathogenicity Analysis of Mixed Infection of Pasteurella multocida, Proteus mirabilis and Escherichia coli from Rabbits
Dongdong CHEN1, 2 , Zizhe HU2 , Ye’e HUANG2, Xuemei CUI2, Tuanyuan SHI2, Quanan JI2, Houhui SONG1, Yan LIU2 , Guolian BAO2
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Animal Science and Technology·College of Veterinary Medicine,Zhejiang A&F University,Hangzhou 311300,China
  • 2.Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine,Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Hangzhou 310021,China
  • Corresponding Author:
    BAO Guolian, E-mail:
    LIU Yan, E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-02-23 doi: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.02.039
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旨在确定引起宁夏某规模化肉兔养殖场家兔死亡可疑病原并进行致病性分析。通过病死兔剖检、细菌分离培养、16S rRNA测序分析、PCR鉴定、药敏试验、小鼠和家兔攻毒试验,确定引起家兔死亡的病原菌及其致病性。结果显示,细菌分离培养出3株革兰阴性菌,经16S rRNA测序分析和PCR鉴定为荚膜A型多杀性巴氏杆菌、奇异变形杆菌和大肠杆菌,分别命名为QF24-Pm01、QF24-Ps02和QF24-Ec03。通过K-B法药敏试验发现QF24-Pm01、QF24-Ps02和QF24-Ec03共同对青霉素、卡那霉素、头孢唑林等临床常用药物耐药,对头孢曲松敏感。耐药基因检测结果,3株分离菌均检出耐药基因aadB、strA、strB、blaTEM和sul1。毒力基因检测结果,巴氏杆菌携带exbB、exbD和hgbA等16种毒力基因,奇异变形杆菌携带ureC、zapA、atfC、atfA和pmfA毒力基因,大肠杆菌携带eaeA和fimC毒力基因。小鼠致病性试验显示,QF24-Pm01、QF24-Ps02和QF24-Ec03的LD50分别为9.27×105 CFU、1.43×106 CFU和1.88×107 CFU。小鼠混合感染致病性试验结果,QF24-Pm01组、QF24-Ps02组和QF24-Ec03组小鼠分别于攻毒后9、18和16 h发生死亡,QF24-Pm01+QF24-Ec03混合感染组及QF24-Ps02+QF24-Ec03混合感染组小鼠分别于攻毒后6和13 h出现死亡。病理组织学观察显示,单纯感染与混合感染均可导致肺、肝、肠等组织出现显著损伤。主要病理变化表现为:肺组织出现间质水肿、毛细血管充血及中性粒细胞浸润;肝组织呈现肝细胞脂肪变性及肝细胞索排列紊乱;小肠组织则表现为上皮细胞脱落及肠绒毛断裂等病变。家兔致病性试验结果显示,QF24-Pm01+QF24-Ec03混合感染组和QF24-Pm01组家兔分别于攻毒后24和36 h全部死亡,QF24-Ps02+QF24-Ec03混合感染组、QF24-Ec03和QF24-Ps02组家兔攻毒后7 d死亡率分别为60%、20%和40%。试验兔剖检结果显示,QF24-Pm01+QF24-Ps02+QF24-Ec03混合感染组家兔的肺出现充血、水肿,呈现花玻璃样改变,脾萎缩并呈深褐色,该病理变化与临床解剖所观察到的家兔病变一致。综上表明,多杀性巴氏杆菌与大肠杆菌混合后致病性增强,大肠杆菌与奇异变形杆菌混合后亦如此。多杀性巴氏杆菌、奇异变形杆菌与大肠杆菌的混合感染可能是该场肉兔高死亡率的主要原因。因此在预防多杀性巴氏杆菌感染同时,还应加强对大肠杆菌和奇异变形杆菌的防控,以降低混合感染风险和死亡率。

兔  /  多杀性巴氏杆菌  /  奇异变形杆菌  /  大肠杆菌  /  耐药性  /  毒力基因  /  混合感染

This study aimed to identify the suspected pathogens causing rabbit mortality in a large-scale meat rabbit farm in Ningxia and analyze their pathogenicity. The causative pathogens and their pathogenicity were determined through necropsy of deceased rabbits, bacterial isolation and culture, 16S rRNA sequencing analysis, PCR identification, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and challenge experiments in mice and rabbits. Results showed that 3 Gram-negative bacterial strains were isolated and identified as capsular type A Pasteurella multocida, Proteus mirabilis, and Escherichia coli through 16S rRNA sequencing and PCR identification. These strains were designated as QF24-Pm01, QF24-Ps02, and QF24-Ec03, respectively. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing by the Kirby-Bauer (K-B) method revealed that QF24-Pm01, QF24-Ps02, and QF24-Ec03 exhibited resistance to commonly used clinical drugs such as penicillin, kanamycin, and enrofloxacin, but were sensitive to ceftriaxone. Detection of resistance genes showed that all three isolates carried resistance genes aadB, strA, strB, blaTEM, and sul1. Virulence gene analysis indicated that Pasteurella multocida carried 16 virulence genes, including exbB, exbD, and hgbA; Proteus mirabilis carried ureC, zapA, atfC, atfA, and pmfA; and Escherichia coli carried eaeA and fimC. Mouse pathogenicity experiments revealed LD50 values of 9.27×10⁵ CFU, 1.43×10⁶ CFU, and 1.88×10⁷ CFU for QF24-Pm01, QF24-Ps02, and QF24-Ec03, respectively. The results of the mixed-infection pathogenicity assay in mice showed that mortality occurred at 9 h, 18 h, and 16 h post-inoculation in the QF24-Pm01, QF24-Ps02, and QF24-Ec03 groups, respectively. In contrast, the QF24-Pm01+QF24-Ec03 and QF24-Ps02+QF24-Ec03 co-infection groups exhibited mortality at 6 h and 13 h post-inoculation, respectively. Histopathological analysis revealed that both single and mixed infections resulted in tissue damage in the lungs, liver, and intestines. The primary pathological changes included pulmonary interstitial edema, capillary congestion, and neutrophil infiltration; hepatic steatosis and disordered hepatocyte cord arrangement; as well as intestinal epithelial shedding and villous rupture. In the rabbit pathogenicity assay, all rabbits in the QF24-Pm01 + QF24-Ec03 co-infection group and the QF24-Pm01 group succumbed at 24 and 36 h post-inoculation, respectively. The mortality rates at 7 days post-inoculation for the QF24-Ps02+QF24-Ec03, QF24-Ec03, and QF24-Ps02 groups were 60%, 20%, and 40%, respectively. Necropsy findings demonstrated that rabbits in the QF24-Pm01+QF24-Ps02+QF24-Ec03 co-infection group exhibited pulmonary congestion and edema with a ground-glass appearance, as well as splenic atrophy and dark brown discoloration. These pathological changes were consistent with the lesions observed in clinical necropsy examinations of affected rabbits. This study demonstrates that the pathogenicity of Pasteurella multocida is enhanced when co-infected with Escherichia coli, and that Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis exhibit increased virulence when co-infected. Therefore, co-infection with Pasteurella multocida,Proteus mirabilis, and Escherichia coli may be the primary cause of high mortality rates in meat rabbits at the studied facility. Consequently, in addition to preventing Pasteurella multocida infection, control measures against Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis should be reinforced to reduce the risk of mixed infections and associated mortality.

rabbit  /  Pasteurella multocida  /  Proteus mirabilis  /  Escherichia coli  /  antimicrobial resistance  /  virulence gene  /  mixed infection
陈冬冬, 胡子喆, 黄叶娥, 崔雪梅, 石团员, 季权安, 宋厚辉, 刘燕, 鲍国连. 兔源多杀性巴氏杆菌、奇异变形杆菌、大肠杆菌分离鉴定及混合感染致病性分析. 畜牧兽医学报, 2026 , 57 (2) : 1046 -1062 . DOI: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.02.039
Dongdong CHEN, Zizhe HU, Ye’e HUANG, Xuemei CUI, Tuanyuan SHI, Quanan JI, Houhui SONG, Yan LIU, Guolian BAO. Isolation, Identification and Pathogenicity Analysis of Mixed Infection of Pasteurella multocida, Proteus mirabilis and Escherichia coli from Rabbits[J]. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, 2026 , 57 (2) : 1046 -1062 . DOI: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.02.039
多杀性巴氏杆菌(Pasteurella multocida),多形态、无芽孢、无鞭毛、无运动性的革兰阴性小杆菌,是一种多宿主、条件性致病菌,可引起猪肺疫、牛出血性败血症、禽霍乱、兔巴氏杆菌病等,其中兔巴氏杆菌病对我国家兔养殖业造成了严重困扰和经济损失。家兔感染巴氏杆菌临床表现为严重的呼吸道症状、中耳炎、鼻炎、结膜炎、败血症等[1],该病对2~6月龄仔兔危害最大,常常引起大批兔发病和死亡,严重阻碍了我国养兔行业的发展[2]。目前,国内兔巴氏杆菌主要流行血清型为荚膜A型,近年来D型、F型发病率有所上升[3⁃4]。奇异变形杆菌(Proteus mirabilis)属于肠杆菌科变形杆菌属,无荚膜、无芽孢、有周身鞭毛,是一种极具运动力的兼性厌氧菌。相关研究报道,奇异变形杆菌可引起多种动物腹泻、肺炎、流产和尿道炎等[5]。兔感染奇异变形杆菌后,常出现精神萎靡、扎堆、食欲不振、腹泻等症状,还可引起怀孕母兔流产,甚至在短时间内大量死亡[6⁃7]。近年来,关于奇异变形杆菌引起的多种动物感染的报道越来越多,流行范围不断扩大[8]。因此,在日常饲养管理过程中也要加强对奇异变形杆菌的防控。大肠埃希菌(Escherichia coli)是革兰阴性无芽孢直杆菌,大部分菌株属于人和动物肠道的正常菌群[9]。大肠杆菌病是由致病性大肠杆菌及其毒素引起的肠道传染性疾病,病死率高,在家兔养殖中较为常见、多发[10]。多数病兔发病初期腹部膨胀,粪球细小、成串,覆有透明、胶冻状黏液,随后出现水样腹泻。剖检可见胃膨大,充满液体和气体,空肠、回肠和盲肠充满半透明胶冻样液体[11]。大肠杆菌病一年四季均可发生,各年龄家兔均易感,对断乳至4月龄的幼兔危害最大,是导致断乳后幼兔死亡的主要原因之一[12]。
近期,某规模化家兔养殖场出现大量肉兔死亡,主要临床表现为腹泻、呼吸困难和急性死亡。本研究旨在鉴定引发该场家兔死亡的可疑病原,并对其致病性进行分析;同时,通过动物试验评估不同病原菌混合感染的致病性,以期为家兔细菌性疾病的综合诊断、治疗与防控提供科学依据。
病死兔3只;SPF级ICR小鼠雌雄各半,购自杭州杭斯生物科技有限公司;胰酪大豆胨液体培养基(Tryptone soya broth,TSB)、胰蛋白胨大豆琼脂(Tryptic soy agar,TSA)、马丁肉汤培养基(martin broth,MTB)等培养基购自美国赛默飞世尔科技公司;麦康凯琼脂培养基,购自青岛海博;新生犊牛血清,购自浙江天杭生物科技有限公司;革兰染液,购自杭州微生物试剂有限公司;DL 2000 Marker,购自宝日医生物技术(北京)有限公司;核酸染料,购自广州赛百盛生物科技有限公司;琼脂糖,购自上海贝晶生物技术有限公司;2 × Taq SuperMix,购自上海吐露港生物科技有限公司。
双目显微镜(ICX41,宁波舜宇仪器有限公司); PCR仪(846-x-070-301, Biometra);恒温培养箱(HWS-160Y,宁波科晟实验仪器有限公司);恒温振荡培养箱(ZQLY-180V,上海知楚仪器有限公司);高速冷冻离心机(GTR320C,湖南可成仪器设备有限公司);凝胶成像系统(GelDoc-It,德国耶拿分析仪器有限公司);高通量微生物生长曲线分析系统(MicroScreen,杰灵仪器制造(天津)有限公司)。
对3只死亡家兔进行剖检,无菌采集心、肝、肺和肾组织,划线接种于胰蛋白胨大豆琼脂培养基和麦康凯琼脂培养基,随后,放入37 ℃恒温培养箱培养24 h。挑取上述培养皿中不同形态单菌落划线接种于胰蛋白胨大豆琼脂培养基和麦康凯琼脂培养基进一步纯化。取纯化后单菌落进行革兰染色,步骤简述如下:1)将单菌落涂布于载玻片上,风干后热固定;2)滴加结晶紫染40 s,水洗;3)滴加碘液染40 s,水洗;4)用95%乙醇脱色30 s,立即水洗;5)番红复染50 s,水洗后吸干;6)油镜(100×)观察染色结果。
纯化后的单菌落接种于TSB培养基,37 ℃,200 r‧min-1振荡培养16 h。以菌液为模板,通过PCR扩增巴氏杆菌kmt1特异性基因、荚膜A、B、D、E、F型基因和细菌通用16S rRNA基因,引物信息见表1。PCR扩增体系:菌液模板1.5 μL,上、下游特异性引物各1.5 μL(浓度:10 μmol·L-1),2×Taq SuperMix 15 μL,ddH2O 10.5 μL。PCR反应程序为:95 ℃预变性5 min;95 ℃变性15 s,退火15 s,72 ℃延伸40 s,34个循环,72 ℃延伸5 min,4 ℃保存,通过凝胶电泳检测扩增结果,将16S rRNA扩增产物送至杭州尚亚生物技术有限公司测序。
将分离菌株的16S rRNA序列与NCBI数据库16S ribosomal RNA sequences进行比对,并下载同源序列。使用Mega 11.0软件对本研究的测序16S rRNA序列和下载的同源序列进行align分析,并通过Maximum Likelihood法构建系统发育树。
参考文献[15],合成氨基糖苷类、氯霉素类等共8类20种耐药基因引物。参考文献[15⁃17],合成24种巴氏杆菌毒力基因,8种奇异变形杆菌毒力基因和13种大肠杆菌毒力基因引物。引物均由杭州尚亚生物技术有限公司合成。PCR反应条件同“1.2.2”。
根据美国临床实验室标准化委员会标准,采用Kirby-Bauer纸片扩散法,选取氨苄西林、阿莫西林、头孢呋辛、头孢唑林、头孢曲松、阿米卡星、卡那霉素、链霉素、庆大霉素、四环素、多西环素、恩诺沙星、诺氟沙星、林可霉素、复方新诺明、氟苯尼考、吉他霉素、多黏菌素B、新霉素和青霉素20种药敏纸片进行药敏试验,根据CLSI第31版M100规定的耐药性试验文献[18]进行结果判定。
使用高通量微生物生长曲线分析系统MicroScreen测定分离菌株的生长曲线,操作流程简要概述如下:1)将巴氏杆菌QF24-Pm01菌液接种于1 mL MTB,奇异变形杆菌QF24-Ps02和大肠杆菌QF24-Ec03菌液分别接种于1 mL TSB,每株菌设置3个重复孔,并设置空白对照。2)将接种好的48孔板放入仪器卡槽内,仪器连接电脑。3)仪器参数设置:波长600 nm,温度37 ℃,转速800 r‧min-1,间隔1 h检测一次OD值,试验总时长24 h。4)使用GraphPad Prism 9.0处理原始数据并绘制生长曲线。
1.2.7.1 小鼠攻毒试验:挑取QF24-Pm01单菌落接种于MTB,QF24-Ps02和QF24-Ec03单菌落接种于TSB,37 ℃,200 r‧min-1振荡培养。3株分离菌培养至对数生长期。将上述菌液4 ℃,5 000 r‧min-1,离心5 min,弃上清,加入等量PBS并进行重悬。使用平板计数法计算菌液浓度。将100只小鼠分为4批,第1批、第2批和第3批小鼠,每批4组,每组设置5个重复,根据预试验,调整3株分离菌株菌液浓度大致为108、107、106和105 CFU·mL-1 4个梯度。腹腔注射相应浓度梯度的QF24-Pm01、QF24-Ps02和QF24-Ec03菌液0.2 mL。记录死亡时间,计算半数致死量LD50。第4批小鼠分为8组,每组设置5个重复,根据LD50试验结果,调整菌液浓度为109 CFU·mL-1。采取腹腔注射方式进行攻毒,攻毒剂量为0.2 mL·只-1,第1、2和3组小鼠分别注射上述QF24-Pm01、QF24-Ps02和QF24-Ec03单菌液;将QF24-Pm01、QF24-Ps02和QF24-Ec03菌液按1∶1或1∶1∶1体积比进行混合。第4组注射QF24-Pm01与QF24-Ps02混合菌液;第5组注射QF24-Pm01与QF24-Ec03混合菌液;第6组注射QF24-Ps02与QF24-Ec03混合菌液;第7组注射QF24-Pm01、QF24-Ps02和QF24-Ec03混合菌液;第8组,对照组注射等量PBS。攻毒后,记录小鼠的精神状态和死亡时间,无菌条件下解剖死亡小鼠,进行细菌分离鉴定并收集病料制作病理组织学切片。
1.2.7.2 家兔攻毒试验:根据预试验,将3株菌液浓度均调至109 CFU·mL-1。将40只家兔分成8组、每组设置5个重复,采取耳缘静脉注射方式进行攻毒,攻毒剂量为1 mL·只-1。第1组注射QF24-Pm01菌液;第2组注射QF24-Ps02菌液;第3组注射QF24-Ec03菌液。将QF24-Pm01、QF24-Ps02和QF24-Ec03菌液按1∶1或1∶1∶1体积比进行混合。第4组注射QF24-Pm01与QF24-Ps02混合菌液;第5组注射QF24-Pm01与QF24-Ec03混合菌液;第6组注射QF24-Ps02与QF24-Ec03混合菌液;第7组家兔注射QF24-Pm01、QF24-Ps02和QF24-Ec03混合菌液;第8组,对照组家兔注射等量PBS。观察并记录家兔的精神状态和死亡时间,解剖死亡家兔,观察解剖病理变化。
临床剖检病死兔,观察各内脏器官的剖检变化,肺充血肿大具有淤血呈花玻璃状(图1A),根据该兔场既往病史推断这可能是由于多杀性巴氏杆菌引起。脾脏萎缩呈深褐色(图1B);肝肿大、淤血(图1C);肾具有明显针尖状出血点(图1D);肠道明显鼓气,肠壁变薄,且有弥散充血和出血斑,肠道内充满胶冻状物质(图1E),该病变与大肠杆菌所致剖检症状相似度较高。
经病原菌的分离纯化、革兰染色及镜检,从3只病死家兔的心、肝和肺中均分离出3种革兰阴性菌(图2)。观察发现分离菌株A在TSA培养基上生长缓慢,在45°折光下有荧光,呈边缘光滑的扁平菌落,在麦康凯培养基上不生长。菌株B在TSA培养基上表现出游散性生长特性,培养基表面形成薄膜状扩散结构,并呈现厚薄相间、层层波状排列的同心环状菌苔,同时伴有明显的腐败性气味。在麦康凯琼脂平板上,该菌株形成无色、半透明且扁平的菌落。分离菌株C在TSA培养基呈透明或者半透明、微隆起、表面光滑、圆形的灰白色小菌落,在麦康凯琼脂平板上为无色至淡粉色圆形光滑、半透明、湿润的小菌落。
以A、B、C菌液作为模版,菌株A扩增到了kmt1基因,表明分离菌株A可能是多杀性巴氏杆菌(图3I),进一步通过PCR血清型鉴定,发现该菌株为荚膜A型多杀性巴氏杆菌(图3II)。使用细菌16S rRNA通用引物扩增到了分离菌株A、B和C的16S rRNA条带(图3III),将扩增产物送公司进行Sanger测序。系统发育进化分析如图4所示。分离菌株A与登录号为NR041810.1的多杀性巴氏杆菌同源性为99.93%(图4A),故将其命名为QF24-Pm01;分离菌株B与登录号为NR043997.1的奇异变形杆菌同源性为99.79%(图4B),故将其命名为QF24-Ps02;分离菌株C与登录号为NR074902.1的大肠杆菌同源性为99.29%(图4C),故将其命名为QF24-Ec03。
分离菌株QF24-Pm01、QF24-Ps02和QF24-Ec03的耐药基因(表2)和毒力基因(表3)PCR扩增结果。3株分离菌株都具有氨基糖苷类耐药基因aadB;链霉素类耐药基因strA和strB;β-内酰胺类耐药基因blaTEM;磺胺类耐药基因sul1。氯霉素类耐药基因floR、β-内酰胺类耐药基因blaOXA和磺胺类耐药基因sul2仅在QF24-Ps02中存在。QF24-Ec03还具有四环素类耐药基因tetA和喹诺酮类耐药基因qnrS。
毒力基因结果显示,QF24-Pm01具有铁离子摄取因子exbB、exbD、hgbA、hgbB和tonB;黏附素相关基因fimA、hsf2和ptfA;膜蛋白相关基因ompH、plpB、psl、plpE和oma87;超氧化物歧化酶基因sodA;唾液酸激酶相关基因nanB;透明质酸相关基因pmHAS。QF24-Ps02具有脲酶相关基因ureC,金属蛋白酶相关基因zapA,ATF菌毛合成相关基因atfC,ATF菌毛结构亚单位相关基因atfA和PMF菌毛结构亚单位相关基因pmfA。QF24-Ec03具有非菌毛黏附素eaeA基因和I型菌毛亚基fimC基因。
药敏试验结果表明3株分离菌株对头孢唑林、阿米卡星、卡那霉素、链霉素、庆大霉素、恩诺沙星、林可霉素、吉他霉素、多粘菌素B、新霉素和青霉素全部耐药,对头孢曲松敏感。QF24-Pm01对氨苄西林和氟苯尼考敏感;QF24-Fs02对头孢呋辛敏感,QF24-Ec03对氨苄西林、阿莫西林、头孢呋辛和复方新诺明敏感。QF24-Fs02和QF24-Ec03对四环素、多西环素、诺氟沙星、氟苯尼考耐药。QF24-Fs02对氨苄西林、阿莫西林、复方新诺明耐药。表明该兔场分离的3株分离菌株多重耐药现象严重(表4)。
3株分离菌株生长曲线测定结果图5所示。QF24-Pm01、QF24-Fs02和QF24-Ec03分离菌株分别从7.4~9.5 h、2.2~10.5 h和2.2~11.5 h,处于对数期,该阶段细胞代谢旺盛,细菌以几何级数快速增殖,活菌数与时间呈指数关系。
多杀性巴氏杆菌、奇异变形杆菌和大肠杆菌初始浓度为1.46×109 CFU·mL-1、2.70×109 CFU·mL-1和4.51×109 CFU·mL-1。第1、2和3批攻毒小鼠生存曲线如图6A、B和C所示,通过累积法计算得到巴氏杆菌LD50=9.27×105 CFU;奇异变形杆菌LD50=1.43×106 CFU;大肠杆菌LD50=1.88×107 CFU。无菌采集死亡小鼠心、肝和肺病变组织,并从中再次分离出相应的病原菌。第4批攻毒小鼠生存曲线如图6(D)所示。攻毒4 h后,各组小鼠均出现精神萎靡、呼吸急促、毛疵扎堆、停止进食等明显症状,对照组未见异常。QF24-Pm01+QF24-Ec03组小鼠攻毒6 h死亡1只,9 h内全部死亡;QF24-Pm01+QF24-Ps02+QF24-Ec03组小鼠攻毒后9 h出现死亡,11 h内全部死亡;QF24-Pm01组小鼠攻毒后9 h出现死亡,13 h内全部死亡;其余组小鼠攻毒后12 h出现死亡。
攻毒家兔存活曲线见图7,QF24-Pm01单独感染组、QF24-Pm01+QF24-Ps02组、QF24-Pm01+QF24-Ps02+QF24-Ec03组家兔攻毒后36 h全部死亡;QF24-Ps02、QF24-Ec03单独感染组家兔攻毒后7 d存活率分别为60%和80%;QF24-Ps02+QF24-Ec03感染组7 d存活率为40%。QF24-Pm01+QF24-Ec03组家兔攻毒后24 h全部死亡。以上研究说明QF24-Pm01和QF24-Ec03混合后致病性增强,QF24-Ps02和QF24-Ec03混合后致病性增强。由图8可见各试验组家兔肺和肝有不同程度充血肿胀,QF24-Pm01+QF24-Ps02+QF24-Ec03混合感染组试验兔肺脏呈花玻璃状与临床解剖家兔肺的病变一致。QF24-Pm01组、QF24-Ec03组和QF24-Pm01+QF24-Ps02+QF24-Ec03组肝组织有坏死点。QF24-Pm01+QF24-Ps02+QF24-Ec03混合感染组试验兔脾组织呈暗紫色且萎缩与临床解剖家兔脾组织病变一致。QF24-Ps02组家兔肾有出血点,其他试验组肾未见明显病变。
采集试验组小鼠的肺、肝和小肠制备病理切片,组织病理变化如图9所示。结果显示,各个感染组均表现出肺间质水肿、肺泡壁结构疏松、毛细血管及血管充血,且肺泡腔内可见少量中性粒细胞浸润。QF24-Pm01+QF24-Ec03混合感染组小鼠肺泡壁及血管内观察到疑似细菌的嗜碱性颗粒物质以及嗜酸性絮状物,其病变程度较单纯感染组更为严重;QF24-Pm01+QF24-Ps02+QF24-Ec03组小鼠肺泡壁及血管内观察到大量嗜碱性颗粒物质,提示细菌定植现象较单纯感染组更为明显。QF24-Pm01+QF24-Ec03混合感染组小鼠肝组织呈现显著病理损伤,主要表现为肝细胞广泛坏死,胞核溶解消失;同时观察到大量肝细胞形态异常,胞核固缩且染色加深。感染组小鼠均表现出小肠上皮细胞脱落及肠绒毛断裂,肠腔内积聚大量组织碎片;而QF24-Ec03组小鼠肠绒毛基部上皮内陷形成李氏隐窝,隐窝上皮细胞与固有层分离,局部肌层出现自溶现象,呈现无细胞红染均质状,其病变程度较其他感染组更为严重。
近年来,兔巴氏杆菌病流行率较高,由大肠杆菌和奇异变形杆菌引起兔消化道疾病频发,对养殖户造成经济损失。乔国峰等[19]从发生腹泻和呼吸道症状的兔群中分离出多杀性巴氏杆菌和大肠杆菌,王佳宁等[7]从腹泻死亡兔中分离出大肠杆菌和奇异变形杆菌。然而,关于多杀性巴氏杆菌、奇异变形杆菌和大肠杆菌混合感染的相关报道很少。本研究从宁夏某兔场病死兔中同时分离出血清荚膜A型多杀性巴氏杆菌、奇异变形杆菌和大肠杆菌。小鼠致病性试验结果显示:分离菌株QF24-Pm01、QF24-Ps02和QF24-Ec03的半数致死量分别为9.27×105 CFU、1.43×106 CFU和1.88×107 CFU。小鼠感染试验结果表明,与单纯感染组及其他混合感染组相比,巴氏杆菌与大肠杆菌混合感染组的致病性增强。家兔攻毒试验,在注射相同细菌量的情况下,攻毒7 d单纯感染组和混合感染组均有家兔死亡。有研究报道多种病原共同感染机体会通过诱导免疫细胞的细胞毒性或影响细胞因子的分泌来影响宿主免疫反应,与单一感染相比,混合感染导致更严重的临床症状[21⁃25]。此外,有文献报道,猪同时感染大肠杆菌和多杀性巴氏杆菌后,其呼吸系统损伤程度加倍,共同感染加速了炎症过程[26],这与本研究中巴氏杆菌和大肠杆菌混合感染毒性加强的结果相一致。剖检发现,奇异变形杆菌单独感染组家兔肺充血肿胀、肝肿大、肾出血等病变,剖检结果与王俊书等[27]和王佳宁等[28]的报道基本一致。巴氏杆菌、奇异变形杆菌和大肠杆菌混合感染家兔肺脏和脾脏病变与自然感染死亡家兔病变相似,但肝和肾的病变较轻,这可能与细菌感染的先后顺序、感染剂量以及动物免疫力存在一定关系[20,28]。
大肠杆菌和奇异变形杆菌均为环境中的常在条件性致病菌,当机体免疫力降低或受到外界刺激时,可引发家兔腹泻,严重时可导致死亡[10,27]。本研究分离的奇异变形杆菌和大肠杆菌可导致家兔死亡,与单一感染相比,大肠杆菌和奇异变形杆菌混合后致病性增强,这与谢常虹等[20]研究结果一致,但二者混合感染后致病性增强的具体机制仍有待进一步阐明。小鼠病理组织切片结果,3株分离菌株均可引起肺、肝和肠道等器官严重病变,这表明奇异变形杆菌和大肠杆菌不仅损伤消化道,还可造成多器官损伤。
细菌毒力方面,本研究分离的巴氏杆菌携带exbB、exbD和hgbA等16种毒力基因,检测出超氧化物歧化酶sodA基因未检测出sodC基因,这与Fourour等[21]在A型菌株中,sodC基因和sodA基因不会同时存在的研究结果相一致。铁离子摄取因子、黏附因子、超氧化物歧化酶等毒力基因相互协作增强细菌的生存能力、提高免疫逃逸能力以及加剧宿主的组织损伤,使其在体内定植并扩散,严重影响动物的健康[30]。石建存等[31]对78株奇异变形杆菌进行毒力基因检测,研究发现ureC、zapA、atfC、atfA、pmfA检出率为79.5%以上。本研究分离的奇异变形杆菌携带脲酶相关基因ureC,金属蛋白酶相关基因zapA,ATF菌毛合成相关基因atfC,ATF菌毛结构亚单位基因atfA和PMF菌毛结构亚单位相关基因pmfA共5种。奇异变形杆菌的毒力基因和相关因子在其致病过程中具有高度的协同性,赋予了它在泌尿道感染等疾病中的显著病原性[32]。家兔致病性试验结果显示,单独感染奇异变形杆菌后家兔肾组织出现出血,这说明本研究分离的奇异变形杆菌具有一定的致病性可损伤泌尿系统。大肠杆菌携带eaeA和fimC毒力基因,fimC介导Ⅰ型菌毛的组装,与感染黏附有关。eaeA介导大肠杆菌与宿主肠上皮细胞的黏附,携带该毒力基因的大肠杆菌是断奶后幼兔发生腹泻症的主要细菌性病原[33]。
本研究中3株菌均检出耐药基因aadB、strA、strB、blaTEM和sul1,巴氏杆菌还携带β-内酰胺类blaOXA和blaCTX-M-2耐药基因,奇异变形杆菌携带β-内酰胺类blaOXA、磺胺类耐药基因sul2、氯霉素类耐药基因floR,大肠杆菌携带喹诺酮类耐药基因qnrS和四环素类耐药基因tetA。耐药基因可通过水平基因转移跨菌门传播[22],三者共同携带的耐药基因可能是相互传播所致。药敏试验结果,三株分离菌对9类19种药物呈不同程度的耐药,对头孢曲松敏感,为该场正确选用抗菌药提供了理论依据。根据该养殖场养殖现状以及免疫情况,推测该场可能是多杀性巴氏杆菌免疫不规范,导致家兔感染多杀性巴氏杆菌后机体免疫力降低。养殖场消毒措施不到位,环境中致病微生物含量高,从而继发大肠杆菌和奇异变形杆菌混合感染,造成大量家兔发病死亡。
本研究发现了多杀性巴氏杆菌、奇异变形杆菌和大肠杆菌混合感染家兔案例,国内相关研究报道较少。巴氏杆菌和大肠杆菌混合后致病性增强,奇异变形杆菌和大肠杆菌混合后致病性增强,提示在预防家兔巴氏杆菌感染的同时,还要加强大肠杆菌和奇异变形杆菌的防治,避免发生混合感染增加死亡率。分离菌多重耐药严重,应选用氟苯尼考、头孢呋辛和复方新诺明2种及以上联合用药方式进行治疗。
  • 浙江省重点研发项目(2021C02068-7)
  • 国家兔产业体系项目(CARS-43-C-2)
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2026年第57卷第2期
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doi: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.02.039
  • 接收时间:2025-02-13
  • 首发时间:2026-09-16
  • 出版时间:2026-02-23
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-13
基金
浙江省重点研发项目(2021C02068-7)
国家兔产业体系项目(CARS-43-C-2)
作者信息
    1.浙江农林大学动物科技学院·动物医学院,杭州 311300
    2.浙江省农业科学院畜牧兽医研究所,杭州 310021

通讯作者:

鲍国连,主要从事畜禽细菌病研究,E-mail:
刘燕,主要从事畜禽细菌病研究,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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