Article(id=1307007708960420709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307007396681900041, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.01.006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1737388800000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-21, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789544520844, onlineDateStr=2026-09-16, pubDate=1769097600000, pubDateStr=2026-01-23, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789544520844, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789544520844, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789544520844, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1307007396681900041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, year='2026', volume='57', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='568', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769097600000', pubDateStr='2026-01-23', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789544446392, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789609890784, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1307281890638057732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307007396681900041, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1307281890738721029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307007396681900041, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=58, endPage=67, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1307007709178524518, articleId=1307007708960420709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, language=EN, title=Physiological Functions of Fucoidan and Its Effects on Gut Health and Livestock Production Performance, columnId=1307007397399126026, journalTitle=Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, columnName=REVIEW, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Fucoidan is a water-soluble polysaccharide derived from brown algae, which possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiviral, and immunomodulatory function, and also has a protective effect on the intestinal barrier. It has shown promise as a novel additive in animal production. This article reviews the structure, extraction methods, physiological functions, factors affecting biological activity, protective effects on the intestinal barrier, and applications in poultry and livestock production of fucoidan.

, authors=Weihao LI1, Xiuguo SHANG1, Xiaoping ZHU1, Chuntian ZHENG2, authorsList=Weihao LI, Xiuguo SHANG, Xiaoping ZHU, Chuntian ZHENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiuguo SHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
SHANG Xiuguo, E-mail:
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岩藻多糖是一种存在于褐藻中的水溶性多糖,具有抗炎、抗氧化、抗病毒和免疫调节作用,并对肠道屏障具有保护作用,可作为一种新型添加剂应用于动物生产中。本文仅就岩藻多糖的结构、提取方法、生理功能、影响生物活性的因素,对肠道屏障的保护作用以及在畜禽生产中的应用作一综述。

, authors=李伟豪1, 尚秀国1, 朱晓萍1, 郑春田2, authorsList=李伟豪, 尚秀国, 朱晓萍, 郑春田, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=尚秀国, authorNote=

李伟豪,硕士生,主要从事动物营养研究,E-mail:

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尚秀国,主要从事动物营养与饲料科学研究,E-mail:
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figureFileBig=5JN/LwpUfbew02tCyQhAfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307286369227789174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007708960420709, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Various extraction methods of fucoidan

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

提取方法

Extraction method

来源

Source

得率/%

Yield

优点

Advantages

缺点

Disadvantages

参考文献

References

热水提法

Hot water extraction

马尾藻6.25操作简单,环保,保持了大分子结构纯度和提取率低,溶剂需求量大[6]

酸提法

Acid extraction

大叶海藻11.24提取率和纯度较高易破坏分子结构、成本高[7]

酶解法

Enzymatic hydrolysis

墨角藻18.20纯度和得率较高成本高,需控制酶的来源和稳定性[8]

超声波法

Ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE)

海黍子16.87耗时短、提取率高,对结构破坏小装置复杂,成本高[9]
微波法Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE)棕色巨藻13.19升温快、耗时短易破坏分子结构[10]
亚临界水萃取法Subcritical water extraction (SWE)马尾藻12.60耗时短,提取率高,对结构破坏小成本高,装置复杂[11]
), ArticleFig(id=1307286369303286647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007708960420709, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

岩藻多糖的各种提取方法

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

提取方法

Extraction method

来源

Source

得率/%

Yield

优点

Advantages

缺点

Disadvantages

参考文献

References

热水提法

Hot water extraction

马尾藻6.25操作简单,环保,保持了大分子结构纯度和提取率低,溶剂需求量大[6]

酸提法

Acid extraction

大叶海藻11.24提取率和纯度较高易破坏分子结构、成本高[7]

酶解法

Enzymatic hydrolysis

墨角藻18.20纯度和得率较高成本高,需控制酶的来源和稳定性[8]

超声波法

Ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE)

海黍子16.87耗时短、提取率高,对结构破坏小装置复杂,成本高[9]
微波法Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE)棕色巨藻13.19升温快、耗时短易破坏分子结构[10]
亚临界水萃取法Subcritical water extraction (SWE)马尾藻12.60耗时短,提取率高,对结构破坏小成本高,装置复杂[11]
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岩藻多糖的生理功能及在畜禽生产中的应用研究进展
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李伟豪 1 , 尚秀国 1 , 朱晓萍 1 , 郑春田 2
畜牧兽医学报 | 综述 2026,57(1): 58-67
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畜牧兽医学报 |综述 2026 , 57 (1) : 58 -67
岩藻多糖的生理功能及在畜禽生产中的应用研究进展
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李伟豪1 , 尚秀国1 , 朱晓萍1, 郑春田2
作者信息
  • 1.佛山大学动物科技学院,佛山 528231
  • 2.广东省农业科学院动物科学研究所 猪禽种业全国重点实验室 农业农村部华南动物营养与饲料重点实验室 广东省畜禽育种与营养研究重点实验室,广州 510640
通讯作者:
尚秀国,主要从事动物营养与饲料科学研究,E-mail:
作者简介:

李伟豪,硕士生,主要从事动物营养研究,E-mail:

Physiological Functions of Fucoidan and Its Effects on Gut Health and Livestock Production Performance
Weihao LI1 , Xiuguo SHANG1 , Xiaoping ZHU1, Chuntian ZHENG2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Animal Science and Technology,Foshan University,Foshan 528231,China
  • 2.Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding and Nutrition Research,Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed in South China,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,National Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding,Institute of Animal Science,Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Guangzhou 510640,China
  • Corresponding Author:
    SHANG Xiuguo, E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-01-23 doi: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.01.006
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岩藻多糖是一种存在于褐藻中的水溶性多糖,具有抗炎、抗氧化、抗病毒和免疫调节作用,并对肠道屏障具有保护作用,可作为一种新型添加剂应用于动物生产中。本文仅就岩藻多糖的结构、提取方法、生理功能、影响生物活性的因素,对肠道屏障的保护作用以及在畜禽生产中的应用作一综述。

岩藻多糖  /  生理功能  /  肠道健康  /  畜禽生产性能

Fucoidan is a water-soluble polysaccharide derived from brown algae, which possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiviral, and immunomodulatory function, and also has a protective effect on the intestinal barrier. It has shown promise as a novel additive in animal production. This article reviews the structure, extraction methods, physiological functions, factors affecting biological activity, protective effects on the intestinal barrier, and applications in poultry and livestock production of fucoidan.

fucoidan  /  physiological functions  /  gut health  /  poultry and livestock production performance
李伟豪, 尚秀国, 朱晓萍, 郑春田. 岩藻多糖的生理功能及在畜禽生产中的应用研究进展. 畜牧兽医学报, 2026 , 57 (1) : 58 -67 . DOI: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.01.006
Weihao LI, Xiuguo SHANG, Xiaoping ZHU, Chuntian ZHENG. Physiological Functions of Fucoidan and Its Effects on Gut Health and Livestock Production Performance[J]. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, 2026 , 57 (1) : 58 -67 . DOI: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.01.006
岩藻多糖,作为一种源自褐藻的水溶性多糖,因其独特的生物学活性和潜在的健康益处而受到广泛关注。已有大量研究揭示了岩藻多糖在抗炎、抗氧化、抗病毒和免疫调节等方面的积极作用。目前,岩藻多糖已作为一种饲料添加剂,广泛应用于畜禽生产中,有研究表明,添加岩藻多糖可提高蛋鸡的生产性能和蛋品质,提高肉鸡的免疫力[1],调节肠道菌群结构,提高动物的健康[2]。但在其研究过程中仍存在一些问题和挑战。首先,岩藻多糖的化学结构复杂多变,导致难于准确鉴定其分子结构,进而影响了对其生物活性的深入理解。其次,岩藻多糖的各种提取方法都有其优势和局限性,选择合适的提取方法以获得高纯度和高活性的岩藻多糖仍然是一个挑战。此外,岩藻多糖的生物活性受到其硫酸化程度、单糖组成、分子量等多种因素影响,但这些因素的具体作用机制尚需探索。近年来,许多研究表明岩藻多糖可以提高动物生产性能,但其作用机制和最佳剂量仍需进一步研究。鉴于此,本综述旨在系统地总结岩藻多糖的组成、结构、提取方法、生理功能以及对动物肠道健康调节作用,为岩藻多糖的进一步开发和在畜禽生产中应用提供科学依据。
岩藻多糖又名褐藻糖胶、岩藻聚糖硫酸酯等,是一种复杂的硫酸化多糖,主要由含硫酸酯基的L-岩藻糖以及少量阿拉伯糖、半乳糖、葡萄糖等组成,其中α-L-岩藻糖吡喃糖残基主要通过(1→3)和(1→4)键连接,形成2种结构:一种是仅由(1→3)键连接而成的长链结构,如来源于日本扁柏藻、糖海带以及绳藻等的岩藻多糖[3](图1);另一种是(1→3)和(1→4)键交替排列而成的复合结构,如来源于节叉藻、泡叶藻、伊谷藻以及锯齿墨角藻等的岩藻多糖[4](图2)。鉴于岩藻多糖结构的异质性特征,对其分子结构的准确鉴定颇具挑战性。
岩藻多糖的提取方法主要有:经典的溶剂萃取法、酶解法、创新的物理辅助技术法和亚临界水提取法等,不同提取方法会影响岩藻多糖的结构和活性,其优点和缺点见表1。
当组织遭受伤害,如感染、创伤或受化学物质影响时,会触发炎症反应。受损的细胞会释放化学信号分子,如肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factor,TNF)、白细胞介素-1(Interleukin-1,IL-1)和IL-6等,这些分子会激活周围细胞的炎症反应。岩藻多糖对炎症反应具有显著的抑制作用,可精细地调节与炎症相关的基因表达,抑制促炎酶的活性。Takahashi等[12]研究显示,晚期癌症患者连续4周每日口服岩藻多糖400 mL(10 mg·mL-1)后,关键的促炎细胞因子,如IL-1β、IL-6及TNF-α均呈现显著下降趋势。研究表明,岩藻多糖通过靶向Toll样受体/髓样分化因子88信号起始点,双重抑制核因子κB(阻断核转位)和丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(抑制磷酸化)两大核心炎症通路,从而在转录和翻译水平上减少诱导型一氧化氮合酶(inducible nitric oxide synthase,iNOS)、环氧化酶-2及促炎细胞因子的表达,最终降低一氧化氮、前列腺素E2等炎症介质的释放[13]。此外,岩藻多糖的抗炎活性还受其硫化程度、单糖构成以及来源物种等多重因素的影响。Jayawardena等[14]报道,与低硫酸盐含量的岩藻多糖相比,高硫酸盐含量的岩藻多糖能显著地抑制炎症介质生成与释放。Sanjeewa等[15]研究发现,在抗炎活性方面,高岩藻糖骨架的褐藻多糖比低岩藻糖骨架的褐藻糖类具有更为突出的优势。
在细胞或细胞活动中,自由基所诱发的氧化应激现象,是诸多再生性疾病,如炎症、癌症及黄斑病变等的重要诱因。通常情况下,低浓度的自由基扮演着有益角色,能够精密调控细胞内部的生化反应进程,如传递电子、促进细胞分裂等。然而,一旦自由基浓度攀升至过高水平,便会打破细胞内原有的稳态平衡,进而诱发包括胰岛素抵抗、动脉粥样硬化及心力衰竭等在内的多种疾病。
抗氧化剂是一类能够清除体内自由基,有效预防相关疾病发生的物质。岩藻多糖被公认为是一种效力显著的天然抗氧化剂,在清除自由基或活性氧的过程中,岩藻多糖的作用机制较为复杂,通过激活细胞内的抗氧化防御系统,促进过氧化氢酶、超氧化物歧化酶、谷胱甘肽还原酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶、葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶以及谷胱甘肽转移酶等多种关键酶的释放与活化来实现的。有研究报道,岩藻多糖对自由基的清除能力,主要归功于其独特的岩藻糖骨架结构[16]。Wang等[17]研究表明,岩藻多糖通过增强蛋白酶体活性促进β-淀粉样蛋白降解,抑制其纤维化聚集,清除自由基,上调热休克蛋白hsp16.2-2表达,缓解氧化应激,从而降低阿尔茨海默病模型中β-淀粉样蛋白与活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)的蓄积水平。
但岩藻多糖的抗氧化活性受多种因素共同制约,包括其在细胞内浓度、分子量大小、单糖的排列方式、取代基和硫化程度等。其中,岩藻多糖的浓度在清除自由基的过程中扮演着至关重要的角色,过高的浓度可能诱发不良的生物反应;高分子量(27.7×10⁴ u)的岩藻多糖难以穿透细胞膜的脂质双分子层,其抗氧化活性受到制约,而低分子量(2.53×104~2.63×10⁴ u)的岩藻多糖具备出色的穿透能力,具有高清除活性[18]。Zhao等[19]研究指出,低分子量(0.2×10⁴~0.8×10⁴ u)的岩藻多糖在影响低密度脂蛋白氧化方面表现出了显著的效果。硫酸基团是岩藻多糖中最重要的取代基之一,它对多糖的抗氧化活性有着显著影响,这是因为硫酸化可以增加多糖的负电荷,从而增强其与自由基的相互作用,提高抗氧化能力。Wang等[20]研究表明,随着硫酸化程度从23.30%提升至36.67%时,岩藻多糖的抗氧化活性会增强,尤其是清除超氧阴离子自由基。单糖的不同排列方式也会影响岩藻多糖的抗氧化活性。Ewart等[21]研究发现,岩藻多糖中岩藻糖和葡萄糖醛酸的交替排列比随机分布排列具有更高的抗氧化活性。
病毒入侵机体内,首先通过其表面结构蛋白与宿主细胞受体结合而吸附在宿主细胞表面,随后侵入细胞并脱壳释放遗传物质,最后利用宿主细胞的蛋白质和多糖等营养物质进行转录和复制,产生新的病毒颗粒。岩藻多糖可阻止病毒的吸附、侵入和脱壳,并通过抑制病毒的转录和复制等来发挥抗病毒作用。Thuy等[22]研究发现,岩藻多糖能抑制人类免疫缺陷病毒1型(human immunodeficiency virus type 1,HIV-1)的吸附,阻断HIV和相关靶细胞的结合。Wang等[23]发现,岩藻多糖与病毒神经氨酸酶结合扼制其活性,同时通过遏制细胞表皮生长因子,阻止细胞内吞,进而起到抗甲型流感病毒的作用。Yue等[24]研究发现,岩藻多糖通过显著上调人胚胎肾293细胞中干扰素α的表达,激活JAK-STAT信号通路,抑制呼吸道合胞病毒的复制。
岩藻多糖还能刺激机体对病毒感染的免疫反应,这可能与岩藻多糖的硫酸基团有关。Hayashi等[25]研究发现,岩藻多糖可以抑制甲型流感病毒的体外复制,降低感染病毒小鼠的体重减轻和死亡率,并延长生存期。岩藻多糖还可以通过调节吞噬激活蛋白基因的表达,消灭黑虎虾中的白斑综合征病毒[26]。
免疫调节活动就是免疫系统中免疫细胞和免疫分子之间、以及与其它系统如神经内分泌系统之间的相互作用,使得免疫应答以最适当的形式维持在适宜的水平上。岩藻多糖具有显著的免疫调节活性,可通过激活巨噬细胞,提高其吞噬能力、增强溶菌酶活性、刺激先天性和适应性免疫功能对机体进行免疫调节。Fang等[27]研究表明,岩藻多糖能够刺激巨噬细胞的增殖,提高肿瘤细胞坏死因子、白细胞介素等细胞因子的产生,并对细胞外调节蛋白激酶、氨基末端肌酶和磷酸化丝裂原活化蛋白激酶等细胞外信号调节激酶的磷酸化具有正向调节作用。Li等[28]研究发现,将100 μg·mL-1的岩藻多糖和层黏蛋白同时培养4 h,巨噬细胞对嗜水气单胞菌的吞噬能力显著提升,这与巨噬细胞内的Rac1-WASP信号通路激活,巨噬细胞骨架发生改变有关。Huang等[29]研究发现,在虾的饲粮中添加0.5%和0.1%的岩藻多糖能提高其肌肉中溶菌酶的活性。在饲粮中添加岩藻多糖还能提高黄颡鱼和红鲷幼鱼肠道中溶菌酶活性[30]。Hayashi等[31]研究发现,岩藻多糖能够刺激巨噬细胞的吞噬活性和体外B细胞胚芽生成,还可直接抑制小鼠体内Ⅰ型单纯疱疹病毒复制,刺激先天性和适应性免疫防御功能来调控免疫系统。
岩藻多糖的含量受原料来源和提取方法等因素的影响。Bruhn等[32]研究指出,在自然界中,褐藻的生化组成会受环境因素和内源性节律驱动的季节性波动,因而存在于海带叶片中的岩藻多糖的含量从尖部到基部逐渐减少。太敏瑞等[33]研究表明,不同来源的岩藻多糖的基本组成,如总糖含量、硫酸基含量、糖醛酸含量、粒径、单糖组成和种类均存在差异。
岩藻多糖的生物活性取决于几个结构参数,例如硫酸化的程度和位置、分子量等。Yin等[34]研究表明,酸辅助提取导致硫酸基含量从超声提取的12.47%±0.79%骤降至3.85%±0.25%(P<0.01),且硫酸基含量与1,1-二苯基-2-苦基肼自由基清除率呈强正相关(r=0.982,P<0.05)。Lu等[35]研究表明,在MCF-7和MDA-MB-231细胞模型中,低分子量岩藻多糖(<10 ku)较传统高分子量组分(>300 ku)展现出更强的增殖抑制效应。Park等[36]研究表明,在胶原诱导的小鼠关节炎模型中,口服低分子量岩藻多糖(1 ku)较高分子量组(100 ku)表现出显著的抗炎效果。
肠道屏障是一个复杂的防御体系,包涵物理屏障、化学屏障、免疫屏障及微生物屏障,完整的肠道屏障可防止肠道内有害物质和病原体进入机体,维持机体的内环境稳定。岩藻多糖的多种生理功能(如抗炎、抗氧化、免疫调节及益生元活性)通过协同作用,可以共同维护肠道屏障的完整性,使其免受各种炎症、氧化应激、病原菌侵袭及菌群失调的影响。
物理屏障是由吸收细胞、杯状细胞、内分泌细胞等组成的肠上皮细胞以及细胞间的紧密连接构成的,是有效抵御致病细菌及内毒素等有害物质入侵的首要防线。紧密连接蛋白是一组封闭相邻细胞间靠近顶部细胞膜的蛋白质,主要包括紧密连接蛋白家族、闭锁蛋白、连接黏附分子、膜周蛋白家族和支架蛋白ZO-1,其中紧密连接蛋白、闭锁蛋白和支架蛋白ZO-1可以防止微生物通过细胞间隙渗透。Sun等[37]研究发现,岩藻多糖可上调非肥胖糖尿病小鼠肠道上皮细胞的支架蛋白ZO-1、紧密连接蛋白-1和闭锁蛋白的表达。Iraha等[38]研究得到相一致的结果,这说明岩藻多糖可修复肠道屏障功能。
小肠绒毛长度和腺管深度是判断小肠消化和吸收的重要指标。绒毛长度增加,意味着养分吸收能力提高;而腺管加深,则表明绒毛细胞更新速度加快。Sun等[37]研究发现,在断奶仔猪饲粮中添加300 mg·kg-1岩藻多糖能显著提高仔猪十二指肠的绒毛高度和绒毛高度/隐窝深度比值。杨晋[39]研究发现,在仔猪日粮中添加400 mg·kg-1岩藻多糖能够改善仔猪的小肠形态结构,显著提高小肠绒毛高度和绒毛高度/隐窝深度比值,降低仔猪肠道通透性,维持小肠正常功能。说明岩藻多糖可维护肠道物理屏障的完整性。
化学屏障是由小肠黏膜上皮细胞分泌的抗菌相关蛋白,如黏蛋白(mucin,MUC)和抗菌肽构成的黏液层,能有效防止肠上皮细胞与肠道内细菌之间的直接接触。黏蛋白是一类由糖链和蛋白质共价键连接形成的高分子复合物,是肠上皮黏液的主要成分,在肠黏膜上皮细胞表面形成一层厚厚的黏液层,覆盖在黏膜表面,可困住微生物并阻止其附着在黏膜上,还参与识别和清除入侵的微生物。Liu等[40]研究发现,岩藻多糖可以增加结肠炎小鼠结肠组织中杯状细胞的数量,促进MUC2蛋白表达。Smith等[41]研究发现,日粮中添加岩藻多糖对生长猪结肠中分泌的MUC2和膜结合的MUC4的表达有显著影响。
免疫屏障由肠相关淋巴组织和弥散免疫细胞构成。肠相关淋巴组织是免疫应答的诱导和活化部位;弥散免疫细胞则是肠黏膜免疫的效应部位。由肠道相关淋巴组织产生的分泌型免疫球蛋白A(secretory immunoglobulin A,sIgA)是肠黏膜表面的主要免疫效应分子,能有效阻断致病菌在肠道黏膜表面的黏附和定植,对肠道黏膜防御起重要作用。Guo等[42]研究发现,岩藻多糖可以逆转环磷酰胺诱导的免疫抑制,促进了肠道免疫,并增加了sIgA的分泌。在Yang等[43]的研究中,岩藻多糖增加了断奶山羊十二指肠、空肠和回肠黏膜中的sIgA含量。这些研究表明岩藻多糖可以影响肠道淋巴细胞产生sIgA。
炎症反应是一种过度的免疫反应。研究表明,细胞因子反应是控制炎症性肠病机制的关键因素[44]。岩藻多糖具备调节多种促炎途径及介质的能力,这其中包括调整与溃疡性结肠炎紧密相关的促炎与抗炎细胞因子在基因表达层面的能力。Matsumoto等[45]研究表明,与对照组相比,饲粮中添加岩藻多糖可以抑制小鼠结肠固有层中干扰素γ和IL-6的合成,促进IL-10和转化生长因子β的合成,降低小鼠上皮细胞中IL-6 mRNA的表达水平。Jeong等[46]的研究表明,岩藻多糖能显著扼制脂多糖诱导的促炎介质(包括NO、前列腺素E2、TNF-α和IL-1β)的分泌,但没有明显的细胞毒性,组织核因子κB从细胞质向细胞核的转位,降低RAW264.7巨噬细胞内ROS的产生。据Guo等[42]报道,低浓度的岩藻多糖能促进巨噬细胞分泌NO、iNOS、ROS、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-12和TNF-α,而高浓度的岩藻多糖则抑制促炎因子的分泌,从而起到抗炎作用。
肠道微生物屏障是指对外来菌株的定植和生长有抵抗作用的肠道共生菌群。肠道共生菌的数量和分布相对恒定,与宿主形成一个相互依赖又相互作用的微生态系统,一方面可以竞争性抑制致病菌与肠上皮结合,阻止致病菌的定植和入侵,另一方面也可分泌醋酸、乳酸、短链脂肪酸等来抑制致病菌的生长。岩藻多糖具有益生元活性,可增加肠道有益菌的数量,抑制有害菌的生长。据Murakami等[47]报道,给高脂饮食小鼠饲喂岩藻多糖,可以抑制肠道脂肪吸收,增加肠道拟杆菌门/厚壁菌门的比例,降低变形菌门比例,达到降低血脂调节血糖的作用。Xue等[48]研究发现,口服岩藻多糖可以使慢性酒精暴露及戒断的小鼠肠道菌群恢复正常,减少内毒素血症。研究发现,在饲粮中添加岩藻多糖,大鼠肠道中的普雷沃茨氏菌发生富集,SCFAs浓度增加,改变了肠道细菌的组成和发酵能力[49]。Chang等[50]研究发现,岩藻多糖能改善糖尿病小鼠的症状,减少糖尿病相关肠道微生物群的相对丰度,如振荡杆菌科、瘤胃球菌科、消化链球菌科和消化球菌科。Wang等[51]研究发现,在肠道菌群失调小鼠的饲粮中添加岩藻多糖可以增加肠道中有益菌(如嗜黏蛋白阿克曼菌)的数量和减少有害菌(如变形杆菌和肠球菌)的数量,逆转了肠道微生物群的失调。
短链脂肪酸(short-chain fatty acids,SCFAs)作为肠道微生物代谢的核心产物,不仅为肠道菌群及宿主肠上皮细胞供应能量,而且有助于维系肠道pH稳态,此外,SCFAs还能作为信号分子,增强肠上皮细胞紧密连接蛋白的表达。Shi等[52]研究发现,在肠黏膜受损伤的小鼠饲粮中添加50 ku岩藻多糖,显著增加肠黏膜内可生产SCFA的粪球菌属、瑞克氏菌属和丁酸菌属的丰度。此外,粪便中的SCFAs,尤其是丙酸盐、丁酸盐和总SCFAs浓度增加,小肠中的SCFA受体上调。据You等[53]报道,从无尾藻中提取的岩藻多糖还能通过减少肠黏膜损伤而增加小鼠肠道产生SCFAs的微生物,如乳酸杆菌和丁霉菌的丰度,促进紧密连接蛋白的表达,减轻肠道炎症。
岩藻多糖能够提高家禽的生产性能和免疫调节能力。Kulshreshtha等[54]在蛋鸡饲粮中添加2%的岩藻多糖,不仅提高了蛋鸡的生产性能、提升了蛋品质,改善了肠道微生态环境,还促进了肠道后段短链脂肪酸,包括丙酸、乙酸、异丁酸及正丁酸等短链脂肪酸含量的增加。岩藻多糖进入动物体内会直接与小肠上皮细胞表面相互作用,促进小肠上皮细胞的复制和修复,从而提高了对营养物质的消化吸收和饲料采食量。研究表明:雏鸡出壳后肠道绒毛的生长和成熟的主要驱动力是饲料采食量[55]。Sweeney等[56]研究表明,在雏鸡日粮中联合添加0.008%的岩藻多糖和0.025%的层多糖(1∶3)显著提高采食量、极显著提高空肠绒毛高度/隐窝深度比值和生长速度,并显著上调参与免疫反应的关键基因的表达。Choi等[57]的研究显示,在肉鸡日粮中添加0.5%的岩藻提取物,对肉鸡的生长性能及免疫应答均产生了积极的促进作用。武丹[58]研究发现,日粮中添加250 mg·kg-1的岩藻多糖能够降低肉雏鸡胸肌和腿肌的滴水损失率,改善鸡肉品质。
添加岩藻多糖可预防家禽对细菌和病毒的感染。Yan等[59]研究表明,在肉鸡饲粮中添加0.04%的岩藻多糖显著降低了感染肠炎沙门菌肉鸡的死亡率,有助于其体重的恢复。Wang等[60]研究结果显示:岩藻多糖在体外环境中能够有效阻断流感病毒的感染,降低病毒的毒性。研究发现,0.01 µg·mL-1的岩藻多糖作为抗新城疫病毒毒株的抗病毒佐剂,不仅表现出显著的抗病毒效果,而且完全无毒[61]。
岩藻多糖能够调控酶与蛋白质的表达水平,进而促进机体的生长发育与代谢,改善动物的生长性能,提高日增重和饲料转化率[62]。Vigors等[63]发现,在断奶仔猪饲粮中添加0.03%的岩藻多糖可促进肠道中有益菌群的增殖,抑制包括肠杆菌科等潜在致病细菌类群的繁殖,显著提高仔猪生长性能,促进营养物质的消化吸收。McAlpine等[64]在断奶仔猪日粮中添加240 mg·kg-1的岩藻多糖和300 mg·kg-1的海带多糖,发现干物质和氮表观消化率均提高约7%,中性洗涤纤维表观消化率提高约22%。O’Doherty等[65]研究发现,在饲料中添加236 mg·kg-1的岩藻多糖可以减少粪便中大肠杆菌的数量,提高断奶仔猪的生长性能。O’Shea等[66]研究表明,在仔猪21~40日龄和生长猪的饲粮中添加岩藻多糖360 mg·kg-1和海带多糖455 mg·kg-1提高了仔猪过渡期饲料转化效率和生长猪的生长性能。Buryakov等[67]研究发现,在每头奶牛日粮中每天添加100 g岩藻多糖可改善牛奶成分,提高营养物质的消化率和氮的利用率。但Gardiner等[68]报道显示,在生长猪饲粮中添加3.0、6.0、9.0 g·kg-1的岩藻提取物降低了生长猪的日增重。也有研究表明,在饲粮中添加2.5、5.0、10.0 mg·kg-1的褐藻对断奶仔猪生产性能无显著影响[69]。这些研究结果不尽一致,可能与岩藻多糖的添加量、提取纯度、种类及活性成分含量、动物品种、饲养管理等不同所致。
岩藻多糖还可以缓解幼龄家畜断奶应激。Zou等[70]研究发现,饲粮添加400 mg·kg-1岩藻多糖能够改善断奶仔猪的生长性能,在不影响采食量的基础上,日增重增加约54 g·d-1,死亡率降低5%。郭广振等[71]研究发现,在1月龄羔羊代乳粉中添加0.3%岩藻多糖,采食量增加约100 g·d-1,日增重增加18 g·d-1。车小蛟等[72]研究发现,在2月龄羔羊日粮中添加400 mg·kg-1岩藻多糖,采食量增加约100 g·d-1,日增重增加55 g·d-1,腹泻率可降低50%。王嘉麟等[73]研究发现,饲粮中添加0.3%岩藻多糖能显著提高断奶羔羊的体重、平均日增重和平均日采食量。
综上所述,岩藻多糖作为一种天然的水溶性多糖,因其硫酸基团的丰富性而表现出良好的抗炎、抗氧化、抗病毒和免疫调节等生理功能。已有研究的表明,在饲粮中添加岩藻多糖能够促进动物的生长,提高动物的抗氧化能力,缓解应激,调节机体和肠道免疫功能,预防疾病感染,改善动物的肉品质。但是目前岩藻多糖在动物生产上的研究应用报道还是较少,并且其在改善动物生产上的结果也不一致,因此,未来仍需要进一步对岩藻多糖的提取工艺、生物活性物质含量、生物功能及作用机制、在动物饲粮中最适宜添加量、提高动物健康和生产性能等方面进行深入研究。
  • 国家重点研发专项(2022YFD1300502)
  • 猪禽种业全国重点实验室PI项目(GDNKY-ZQQZ-K22)
  • 广东省饲料产业技术体系(2024CXTD14)
  • 广东省现代农业产业技术体系创新团队项目(2023KJ128)
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2026年第57卷第1期
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doi: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.01.006
  • 接收时间:2025-01-21
  • 首发时间:2026-09-16
  • 出版时间:2026-01-23
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-21
基金
国家重点研发专项(2022YFD1300502)
猪禽种业全国重点实验室PI项目(GDNKY-ZQQZ-K22)
广东省饲料产业技术体系(2024CXTD14)
广东省现代农业产业技术体系创新团队项目(2023KJ128)
作者信息
    1.佛山大学动物科技学院,佛山 528231
    2.广东省农业科学院动物科学研究所 猪禽种业全国重点实验室 农业农村部华南动物营养与饲料重点实验室 广东省畜禽育种与营养研究重点实验室,广州 510640

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尚秀国,主要从事动物营养与饲料科学研究,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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