Article(id=1307007696352342756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307007396681900041, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.01.048, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1733846400000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789544517839, onlineDateStr=2026-09-16, pubDate=1769097600000, pubDateStr=2026-01-23, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789544517839, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789544517839, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789544517839, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1307007396681900041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, year='2026', volume='57', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='568', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769097600000', pubDateStr='2026-01-23', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789544446392, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789609890784, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1307281890638057732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307007396681900041, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1307281890738721029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307007396681900041, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=553, endPage=563, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1307007696696275685, articleId=1307007696352342756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, language=EN, title=A Preliminary Study on the Early Warning Model of Postpartum Metritis in Dairy Cows based on Electronic Nose Detection, columnId=1307007468660355587, journalTitle=Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, columnName=CLINICAL VETERINARY MEDICINE, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of the early warning model for metritis in dairy cows established by electronic nose detection. The detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in feces and blood samples of 50 healthy dairy cows and 22 metritis cows before onset by electronic nose, preliminary analysis of data by orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) model. The training set and test set were divided according to 7∶3, the early warning model was established and the performance of the electronic nose in predicting metritis was evaluated. The results showed that, the feces and blood of healthy and metritis dairy cows were clearly distinguished and clustered respectively. In this study feces are the best sample source for establishing an early warning model. Five different machine learning algorithms, namely decision tree (DT), random forest (RF), K-nearest neighbors (KNN), eXtreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), and linear discriminant analysis (LDA), were used to build models. Predictive efficiency is analyzed in conjunction with model evaluation metrics and receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC). It was found that the test set accuracy (ACC) reached 0.88、0.96、0.88、0.91、0.98. Area under curve (AUC) was 0.86、0.98、0.95、0.98 and 1.00. As a result, the RF and LDA models perform the best in terms of predictive performance. The electronic nose has a high accuracy in predicting the occurrence of uterine infections. In conclusion, the detection of fecal VOCs of dairy cows before onset by electronic nose can achieve the purpose of early warning of metritis inflammation and has a great application prospect in the early diagnosis of dairy cow diseases.

, authors=Fang WANG1, 2, Huasheng GANG1, 2, Rong ZHANG1, 2, Hongwei DUAN1, 2, Junjie HU1, 2, authorsList=Fang WANG, Huasheng GANG, Rong ZHANG, Hongwei DUAN, Junjie HU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Junjie HU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
HU Junjie, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1307007698000704240, articleId=1307007696352342756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, language=CN, title=基于电子鼻检测的奶牛产后子宫炎早期预警模型初步研究, columnId=1307007468815544837, journalTitle=畜牧兽医学报, columnName=临床兽医, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

旨在评估电子鼻检测奶牛粪便建立的子宫炎预警模型准确性。本研究使用电子鼻检测50头健康和22头子宫炎奶牛发病前粪便以及血液样本挥发性有机化合物(volatile organic compounds,VOCs),正交偏最小二乘判别分析(orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis,OPLS-DA)模型初步分析数据。按7∶3划分训练集和测试集,建立预警模型并评估电子鼻预测子宫炎的性能。结果发现,健康和子宫炎奶牛发病前的粪便以及血液明显区分并各自聚类,在本研究中粪便是建立预警模型的最佳样本来源。选择决策树(Decision Tree,DT)、随机森林(Random Forest,RF)、K-邻近算法(K-Nearest Neighbors,KNN)、梯度提升(eXtreme Gradient Boosting,XGBoost)和线性判别分析(Linear Discriminant Analysis,LDA)5种不同的机器学习算法建立模型,结合模型评估指标和受试者特征(Receiver Operating Characteristic,ROC)曲线分析预测效率。研究发现测试集准确率(Accuracy,ACC)分别达到0.88、0.96、0.88、0.91、0.98,曲线下面积(Area Under Curve,AUC)分别是0.86、0.98、0.95、0.98、1.00。因此,RF和LDA模型预测性能表现最佳,电子鼻预测子宫炎的发生具有较高的准确性。综上,电子鼻检测奶牛发病前粪便VOCs能达到预警子宫炎的目的,在奶牛疾病的预警诊断中有很大的应用前景。

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王芳,硕士,主要从事奶牛围产期疾病研究,E-mail:

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胡俊杰,主要从事兽医普通病防治与动物生殖生理学研究,E-mail:
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MET. Metritis; H. Health; PM: Primiparous metritis; MM. Multiparous metritis. ns. P>0.05, *. P<0.05, **. P<0.01, ***. P<0.001, the same as below

A. Differential analysis of electronic nose sensor; B. 2D result diagram of OPLS-DA model; C. Results of the 200 permutation test for the OPLS-DA model; D. OPLS-DA model 2-dimensional result plots for classification of uteritis samples

, figureFileSmall=HL2gA3WP4WSt5BdZnTRFiA==, figureFileBig=poIbm1EPH77W1NKskEyuAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307286674875117907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007696352342756, language=CN, label=图1, caption=血液样本VOCs数据统计分析

MET.子宫炎;H.健康;PM.初产子宫炎;MM.经产子宫炎。ns. P>0.05,*. P<0.05,**. P<0.01,***. P<0.001,下同

A.电子鼻传感器差异性分析;B.OPLS-DA模型2维结果图;C.OPLS-DA模型的200次置换检验结果;D.子宫炎样本分类的OPLS-DA模型2维结果图

, figureFileSmall=HL2gA3WP4WSt5BdZnTRFiA==, figureFileBig=poIbm1EPH77W1NKskEyuAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307286674967392596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007696352342756, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Statistical analysis of VOCs data from fecal samples

A. Difference analysis of electronic nose sensor; B. 2D result diagram of OPLS-DA model; C. Results of the 200 permutation test for the OPLS-DA model

, figureFileSmall=3cHE4JpjYDNrUNsEM+zl8w==, figureFileBig=v3bmQ8e4VJj1yZeQQuwAcw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307286675047084373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007696352342756, language=CN, label=图2, caption=粪便样本VOCs数据统计分析

A.电子鼻传感器差异性分析;B.OPLS-DA模型2维结果图;C.OPLS-DA模型的200次置换检验结果

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A. Confusion matrix for DT model; B. Confusion matrix for RF model; C. Confusion matrix for KNN model; D. Confusion matrix for XGBoost model; E. Confusion matrix for LR model; F. Confusion matrix for DA model. 0 is the MET sample label and 1 is the H sample label

, figureFileSmall=d22ThTSgth1Dh8hdk6CjKA==, figureFileBig=yVjdZ7X//Q1J8iIotd9iLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307286675172913495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007696352342756, language=CN, label=图3, caption=粪便样本测试集混淆矩阵结果

A.DT模型混淆矩阵;B.RF模型混淆矩阵;C.KNN模型混淆矩阵;D.XGBoost模型混淆矩阵;E.LR模型混淆矩阵;F.DA模型混淆矩阵。0是MET样本标签,1是H样本标签

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A. Feces sample train set ROC curve;B. Feces sample test set ROC curve. The solid line represents the ROC; diagonal dotted line of different models, and the performance of the model is expressed in AUC

, figureFileSmall=j1/TxnPCgDpq3CTBmj9wgg==, figureFileBig=BkWm+IPPVepNNBcGP0c34Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307286676942909785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007696352342756, language=CN, label=图4, caption=粪便样本训练集和测试集ROC曲线

A.粪便样本训练集ROC曲线;B.粪便样本测试集曲线。实线表示不同模型的ROC;对角虚线表示随机预测;模型的性能以AUC表示

, figureFileSmall=j1/TxnPCgDpq3CTBmj9wgg==, figureFileBig=BkWm+IPPVepNNBcGP0c34Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307286677005824346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007696352342756, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

SelectKBest function for fecal sample electronic nose sensor feature selection score table

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

排名

Rank

特征名称

Sensor

评分

Score

排名

Rank

特征名称

Sensor

评分

Score

1S60.030 99517S250.000 110
2S30.001 08018S10.000 097
3S280.000 94019S140.000 082
4S270.000 69220S290.000 075
5S90.000 42421S80.000 073
6S20.000 41722S160.000 071
7S190.000 36723S110.000 062
8S180.000 35624S170.000 059
9S260.000 34125S70.000 055
10S150.000 27626S50.000 039
11S230.000 22727S210.000 033
12S320.000 21428S40.000 024
13S240.000 20329S310.000 014
14S100.000 16530S200.000 009
15S300.000 14831S120.000 002
16S130.000 11532S220.000 000
), ArticleFig(id=1307286677068738907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007696352342756, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

SelectKBest函数对粪便样本电子鼻传感器特征选择评分表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

排名

Rank

特征名称

Sensor

评分

Score

排名

Rank

特征名称

Sensor

评分

Score

1S60.030 99517S250.000 110
2S30.001 08018S10.000 097
3S280.000 94019S140.000 082
4S270.000 69220S290.000 075
5S90.000 42421S80.000 073
6S20.000 41722S160.000 071
7S190.000 36723S110.000 062
8S180.000 35624S170.000 059
9S260.000 34125S70.000 055
10S150.000 27626S50.000 039
11S230.000 22727S210.000 033
12S320.000 21428S40.000 024
13S240.000 20329S310.000 014
14S100.000 16530S200.000 009
15S300.000 14831S120.000 002
16S130.000 11532S220.000 000
), ArticleFig(id=1307286677140042076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007696352342756, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Model evaluation metrics for fecal sample train and test sets

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
数据集Dataset

评价指标

Evaluation metrics

DTRFKNNXGBoostLDA
TrainACC0.840.940.770.910.98
TPR0.860.940.890.890.99
TNR0.860.940.890.890.99
PPV0.850.980.850.900.97
TestACC0.880.960.880.910.98
TPR0.860.940.890.890.99
TNR0.860.940.890.890.99
PPV0.850.980.850.900.97
Precision0.920.950.970.921.00
Recall0.891.000.840.950.97
F1 Score0.910.970.900.940.99
), ArticleFig(id=1307286677215539549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007696352342756, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

粪便样本训练集和测试集模型评估指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
数据集Dataset

评价指标

Evaluation metrics

DTRFKNNXGBoostLDA
TrainACC0.840.940.770.910.98
TPR0.860.940.890.890.99
TNR0.860.940.890.890.99
PPV0.850.980.850.900.97
TestACC0.880.960.880.910.98
TPR0.860.940.890.890.99
TNR0.860.940.890.890.99
PPV0.850.980.850.900.97
Precision0.920.950.970.921.00
Recall0.891.000.840.950.97
F1 Score0.910.970.900.940.99
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基于电子鼻检测的奶牛产后子宫炎早期预警模型初步研究
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王芳 1, 2 , 刚华晟 1, 2 , 张榕 1, 2 , 段宏伟 1, 2 , 胡俊杰 1, 2
畜牧兽医学报 | 临床兽医 2026,57(1): 553-563
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畜牧兽医学报 |临床兽医 2026 , 57 (1) : 553 -563
基于电子鼻检测的奶牛产后子宫炎早期预警模型初步研究
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2.Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation,Lanzhou 730070,China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1307286670403989809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007696352342756, authorId=1307286670064251181, language=CN, stringName=王芳, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1.甘肃农业大学动物医学院,兰州 730070
2.甘肃省动物生殖生理与繁殖调控重点实验室,兰州 730070, bio={"content":"

王芳,硕士,主要从事奶牛围产期疾病研究,E-mail:

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王芳,硕士,主要从事奶牛围产期疾病研究,E-mail:

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王芳1, 2 , 刚华晟1, 2, 张榕1, 2, 段宏伟1, 2, 胡俊杰1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.甘肃农业大学动物医学院,兰州 730070
  • 2.甘肃省动物生殖生理与繁殖调控重点实验室,兰州 730070
通讯作者:
胡俊杰,主要从事兽医普通病防治与动物生殖生理学研究,E-mail:
作者简介:

王芳,硕士,主要从事奶牛围产期疾病研究,E-mail:

A Preliminary Study on the Early Warning Model of Postpartum Metritis in Dairy Cows based on Electronic Nose Detection
Fang WANG1, 2 , Huasheng GANG1, 2, Rong ZHANG1, 2, Hongwei DUAN1, 2, Junjie HU1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Veterinary Medicine,Gansu Agricultural University,Lanzhou 730070,China
  • 2.Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation,Lanzhou 730070,China
  • Corresponding Author:
    HU Junjie, E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-01-23 doi: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.01.048
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旨在评估电子鼻检测奶牛粪便建立的子宫炎预警模型准确性。本研究使用电子鼻检测50头健康和22头子宫炎奶牛发病前粪便以及血液样本挥发性有机化合物(volatile organic compounds,VOCs),正交偏最小二乘判别分析(orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis,OPLS-DA)模型初步分析数据。按7∶3划分训练集和测试集,建立预警模型并评估电子鼻预测子宫炎的性能。结果发现,健康和子宫炎奶牛发病前的粪便以及血液明显区分并各自聚类,在本研究中粪便是建立预警模型的最佳样本来源。选择决策树(Decision Tree,DT)、随机森林(Random Forest,RF)、K-邻近算法(K-Nearest Neighbors,KNN)、梯度提升(eXtreme Gradient Boosting,XGBoost)和线性判别分析(Linear Discriminant Analysis,LDA)5种不同的机器学习算法建立模型,结合模型评估指标和受试者特征(Receiver Operating Characteristic,ROC)曲线分析预测效率。研究发现测试集准确率(Accuracy,ACC)分别达到0.88、0.96、0.88、0.91、0.98,曲线下面积(Area Under Curve,AUC)分别是0.86、0.98、0.95、0.98、1.00。因此,RF和LDA模型预测性能表现最佳,电子鼻预测子宫炎的发生具有较高的准确性。综上,电子鼻检测奶牛发病前粪便VOCs能达到预警子宫炎的目的,在奶牛疾病的预警诊断中有很大的应用前景。

奶牛子宫炎  /  电子鼻  /  机器学习算法  /  早期预警

The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of the early warning model for metritis in dairy cows established by electronic nose detection. The detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in feces and blood samples of 50 healthy dairy cows and 22 metritis cows before onset by electronic nose, preliminary analysis of data by orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) model. The training set and test set were divided according to 7∶3, the early warning model was established and the performance of the electronic nose in predicting metritis was evaluated. The results showed that, the feces and blood of healthy and metritis dairy cows were clearly distinguished and clustered respectively. In this study feces are the best sample source for establishing an early warning model. Five different machine learning algorithms, namely decision tree (DT), random forest (RF), K-nearest neighbors (KNN), eXtreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), and linear discriminant analysis (LDA), were used to build models. Predictive efficiency is analyzed in conjunction with model evaluation metrics and receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC). It was found that the test set accuracy (ACC) reached 0.88、0.96、0.88、0.91、0.98. Area under curve (AUC) was 0.86、0.98、0.95、0.98 and 1.00. As a result, the RF and LDA models perform the best in terms of predictive performance. The electronic nose has a high accuracy in predicting the occurrence of uterine infections. In conclusion, the detection of fecal VOCs of dairy cows before onset by electronic nose can achieve the purpose of early warning of metritis inflammation and has a great application prospect in the early diagnosis of dairy cow diseases.

metritis  /  electronic nose  /  machine learning algorithm  /  early warning
王芳, 刚华晟, 张榕, 段宏伟, 胡俊杰. 基于电子鼻检测的奶牛产后子宫炎早期预警模型初步研究. 畜牧兽医学报, 2026 , 57 (1) : 553 -563 . DOI: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.01.048
Fang WANG, Huasheng GANG, Rong ZHANG, Hongwei DUAN, Junjie HU. A Preliminary Study on the Early Warning Model of Postpartum Metritis in Dairy Cows based on Electronic Nose Detection[J]. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, 2026 , 57 (1) : 553 -563 . DOI: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.01.048
子宫炎是奶牛产后高发的疾病之一,给全球奶牛养殖业造成了严重的经济损失。研究表明,奶牛子宫炎的发病率在产后10 d内达到高峰,尤其是在产后5~10 d。子宫炎的发病率通常在10%~20%,但在管理不善的牛群中可能更高[1⁃4]。作为一种复杂、多诱发因素的疾病,奶牛子宫炎的发病机制尚未被完全阐明。现有研究认为,产后奶牛能量代谢紊乱会扰乱奶牛免疫系统和子宫耐受性,加之多种病原菌侵袭,共同导致子宫疾病的发生[5⁃6]。子宫炎对奶牛繁殖性能的影响尤为显著。与健康奶牛相比,患子宫炎的奶牛需要更长的时间才能恢复排卵[7]。此外,子宫炎还会导致奶牛卵巢功能障碍,发情周期延长,繁殖性能受损,产奶量下降,并增加死亡率和淘汰率[8⁃10]。然而,在实际生产中,由于不同研究和牧场对奶牛子宫炎的临床诊断和治疗标准存在一定的差异[11],这一问题的影响可能被严重低估。值得注意的是,即使经过抗菌治疗,治愈奶牛的繁殖性能仍可能受到持续性损害[12⁃13]。初产奶牛子宫炎发病率通常高于经产奶牛,这可能与初产奶牛生产过程中助产创伤和难产发生有关[14⁃16],同时不同胎次的奶牛之间其能量代谢也存在不同[17]。
建立产后早期子宫炎预警模型,有助于提前识别患子宫炎风险的奶牛,早期干预子宫炎的发生,以争取更多的治疗时间,减少经济损失。国内外对奶牛子宫炎预警已经做了大量的研究,这些研究主要集中在分析血液生化指标和免疫指标以及对奶牛行为进行监测等方面[18⁃21],也有研究报道奶牛基因组结合健康特征可以预测未来子宫的健康状况[22]。研究发现,检测奶牛分娩前8周尿液中的亮氨酸、赖氨酸等氨基酸可以作为奶牛子宫炎的预测指标[23]。现有子宫炎预警指标在临床应用中检测周期过长,失去了预警本身的意义。随着传感技术的逐渐成熟,挖掘新的检测方法可以有效解决周期长、成本高的难题。
电子鼻是利用传感器阵列识别气体的系统,可捕获不同的挥发性有机化合物(volatile organic compounds, VOCs),并整合出特定的指纹图谱[13]。作为一种非入侵性分析VOCs的检测方式,在奶牛生产繁殖和疾病诊断中应用前景广阔。已有研究表明,电子鼻收集会阴区域气味样本能准确检测奶牛发情[24]。金属氧化物传感器类型的电子鼻能够区分牛结核病感染的阴性和阳性血清,用于诊断牛结核病[25⁃26]。但电子鼻系统采集VOCs区分样本尚缺乏数据模型的验证,因此需要适当的工具和统计方法进行数据挖掘,达到对样本准确区分的目的[27]。机器学习算法是大型数据集中开发诊断模型的研究热点,已被广泛应用于预测奶牛性能或疾病诊断[28⁃30]。气体传感器检测子宫内的气体,并结合机器学习算法在牛子宫炎的诊断中表现出较高准确率[31]。电子鼻检测奶牛粪便、血液和乳液的VOCs,结合机器学习能显著区分健康、亚临床酮病和酮病奶牛[32]。先前电子鼻诊断奶牛子宫炎的研究局限在对阴道分泌物(vaginal discharge,VD)的分析,同时较VD的采集,粪便和血液的采集方式更便捷。先前的研究提供了理论支持,在此基础上,本研究提出新的研究方向:电子鼻分析产后未发病奶牛的粪便和血液VOCs,与健康奶牛粪便和血液VOCs比较,是否能达到对子宫炎预警的目的。因此,这项研究旨在验证电子鼻分析奶牛粪便和血液VOCs的可行性,并结合常见机器算法评估电子鼻预警奶牛子宫炎的性能。
本研究于2024年4月至6月在宁夏吴忠某商业牧场进行。该牧场泌乳奶牛存栏640头,圈养在自由畜栏中,畜栏配有橡皮垫、开槽地板和沙子卧床。奶牛每天挤奶3次(06:00、14:00、22:00),每次挤奶之后日粮车添加新鲜的全混合日粮(total mixed ration,TMR),并自由饮水。该牧场将妊娠天数为258.79±10.88 d 的干奶牛和青年牛均转移至围产舍共同饲喂,直至临近预产期。将预产期临近1周的奶牛转移至更宽敞且离产房更近的围产舍饲喂监测,产房铺有新鲜稻草以及24 h产房人员巡视。奶牛在产犊3 d时进入新产护理,接受牧场在职兽医和实验室人员的检查,并进入试验。新产护理时使用电子体温计测量直肠温度。视诊检查新产牛食欲、精神状况、乳房充盈度、胎衣是否滞留、阴道分泌物颜色、是否助产以及助产等级等相关信息。
患与此研究无关的其他炎性疾病(如奶牛乳房炎)和营养代谢性疾病(如奶牛酮病)奶牛从试验中排除。该牧场管理者根据VD将子宫炎划分3个等级:1级子宫炎定义为VD含有少于50%灰白色颗粒;2级子宫炎定义为VD含有大于50%红色脓汁;3级子宫炎定义为VD是棕色带有臭味的水样分泌物,并伴随体温高于39.5 ℃。VD清亮、无繁殖障碍、人工助产等体况良好的奶牛诊断为健康奶牛。
试验期间共选择(27.98±8.16)月龄,头胎和经产(2.25±0.5胎次)的72头荷斯坦奶牛作为研究对象。在奶牛产后3 d第1次新产护理时采集3份2 g粪便于冻存管,5 mL尾静脉血于EDTA抗凝管(洪达医疗器械集团,中国)。根据产后1周试验对象是否患2、3级子宫炎划分样本,将样品分为两组,分别是MET(子宫炎奶牛,n=22)和H(健康奶牛,n=50),样品置于液氮中冻存直至回实验室分析。
电子鼻Cyranose 320(Sensigent公司,美国)配备32个单独的聚合物电阻传感器(www.sensigent.com)。聚合物吸收VOCs在传感器阵列上响应,信号处理系统将响应转换成数值导入数据分析统计中,产生VOCs气味指纹图谱[33]。将粪便冷冻样品提前4 ℃解冻后复温至室温并转移至顶空瓶(湖州立荣仪器有限公司,中国),样本摇晃以确保小瓶顶部理想的VOCs饱和度。测量样本之前,电子鼻提前预热15 min。因粪便和血液的形态不同,电子鼻条件设置不同。
基线清除中速吹扫25 s,样品顶空进样35 s,样品进样速度为2 000 μL·s-1,样本吹扫时间30 s,基板温度42 ℃,选择auto-scaling数据预处理,数据标准化选择Normalization。
基线清除中速吹扫25 s,样品顶空进样15 s,样品进样速度为2 000 μL·s-1,样本吹扫时间30 s,基板温度42 ℃,选择auto-scaling数据预处理,数据标准化选择Normalization。
测量样本之前,电子鼻采样入口连接气体过滤器(宁波鸿谱仪器科技有限公司,中国)建立平滑的空气基线。用两个1.6 mm×32 mm注射针刺穿顶空瓶盖维持内外气压稳定。用0.6 mm×25 mm静脉注射针(江苏治宇医疗器械有限公司,中国)刺穿顶空瓶盖并连接到电子鼻设备形成闭合回路,各组每测量2个样本更换一次静脉注射针和气体过滤器。电子鼻随机采集VOCs,共获得子宫炎奶牛60份和健康奶牛125份粪便VOCs,子宫炎奶牛21份和健康奶牛50份血液VOCs。
定量数据采用Microsoft Excel 2019软件处理,以“mean±SD”表示;利用Gradhpad prism 9.5绘制电子鼻传感器显著性柱状图;P<0.05具有统计学意义。利用SIMCA 14.1初步分析电子鼻数据,绘制正交偏最小二乘判别分析(Orthogonal Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis,OPLS-DA)和置换检验图。模型解释率(R2Y)和模型预测指数(Q2)是评价监督模型的重要参数,当R2Y和Q2>0.5,可判定模型稳定可靠。为判定监督模型是否过度拟合,对监督模型数据进行置换检验。
本研究为小样本数据建立模型,尤其是血液样本,且电子鼻有32个传感器,容易导致模型过拟合,从而难以完成模型的建立。因此对电子鼻数据进行特征选择,以确保建模的准确性。使用sklearn内置的SelectKBest函数对传感器进行评分并排名,分数越高表明相关性越大。根据评分和排名选择贡献大的传感器,提高模型的质量和预测的可靠性。
将特征选择后的数据集随机按7∶3划分为训练集和测试集,训练集用于训练模型,测试集用于测试模型性能。本研究选择决策树(Decision Tree,DT)、随机森林(Random Forest,RF)、K-邻近算法(K-Nearest Neighbors,KNN)、梯度提升(eXtreme Gradient Boosting,XGBoost)和线性判别分析(Linear Discriminant Analysis,LDA)6种不同的机器学习算法建立模型,分析电子鼻预测奶牛子宫炎的性能。这些计算方法均是Python 3语言中的Scikit-learn 1.5.1(sklearn)库内实现的。
在训练集和测试集上通过计算相关指标评估模型质量,并绘制混淆矩阵和受试者特征(Receiver Operating Characteristic,ROC)曲线。准确率(Accuracy,ACC)、真阳性率(True Positive Rate,TPR)、真阴性率(True Negative Rate,TNR)、阳性预测值(Positive Predictive Value,PPV)、精确率(Precision)、召回率(Recall)和F1值(F1 Score)。ROC曲线及其下面积(Area Under Curve,AUC)是二元分类器质量的指示性度量,曲线下面积越高表示模型性能越好。
基于电子鼻传感器对血液VOCs响应数据,T检验挑选具有显著差异的传感器。32个传感器均表现出显著性(图1A)。为了进一步反映血液样本的组间差异,对传感器数据降维,构建OPLS-DA模型。OPLS-DA分析显示(图1B),几乎所有数据点均在95%置信区间,组间分离并各自聚类。血液样本VOCs数据R2Y=0.982,Q2=0.978。经过200次置换检验,R2截距为0.116,Q2截距为-0.322(图1C)。为了进一步解释离群值,将子宫炎样本分类成初产子宫炎(PM)和经产子宫炎(MM),结果显示(图1D),子宫炎样本的组内存在差异,是导致离群值的主要原因。
与血液样本不同,粪便样本21个传感器表现出显著性(图2A)。粪便样本OPLS-DA分析显示(图2B),组间分离并各自聚类。粪便样本VOCs数据R2Y=0.896,Q2=0.859。经过200次置换检验,R2截距为0.098 3,Q2截距为-0.236(图2C)。
使用SelectKBest函数为电子鼻传感器进行特征评分并排名(表1),选择不同K值评价模型,挑选模型评价最高的特征组合。当粪便样本的22个电子鼻传感器作为输入特征时,模型评价指标最高。
为了能更有效地利用数据,对每种方法划分的训练集进行5折交叉验证,使用混淆矩阵图将测试集测试模型性能结果可视化。在粪便样本中,除KNN模型外,其他模型训练集和测试集准确率均大于80%。LDA模型的精确度和RF模型的召回率均达到100%,所有模型F1值均大于90%(表2)。在模型的混淆矩阵中(图3),5种模型在类型判别上均存在一定误判,但RF和LDA模型在测试集上的表现优于其他3种模型,分别对健康和子宫炎奶牛预测正确率高达100%。ROC曲线越靠近左上方越好,对比不同模型下的ROC曲线(图4),RF、KNN、XGBoost和LDA模型的表现均优于DT模型。LDA的AUC值为1,RF、XGBoost和KNN的AUC值分别为0.98和0.95,说明在模型泛化能力上,LDA模型优于KNN模型,略高于RF和XGBoost模型。
子宫炎对奶牛生理和产后早期恢复存在长期的影响,也严重制约奶牛养殖业的发展[3, 34]。与健康奶牛相比,早期患子宫炎的奶牛血样中触珠蛋白、游离脂肪酸和β-羟基丁酸均升高[35⁃36],产后5周患子宫炎的奶牛孕酮浓度低且有更长的黄体期[37]。上述指标的检测可作为子宫炎的早期辅助预警,但在奶牛场的实际应用中存在检测周期长,操作难度大等问题。因此开发快速可靠的预警和诊断方法是当务之急。在先前的研究中,电子鼻分析VOCs已经是成熟的技术,在奶牛疾病区分检测中逐渐被接受[24]。然而电子鼻并不能检测样本中VOCs的含量,只能检测可能与疾病发生相关的VOCs。先前的研究表明,电子鼻可以检测细菌代谢产生的VOCs,并识别某些病原体[38]。内源性“肠-子宫”途径的发现有助于进一步揭示子宫炎的发病机理[39⁃41],同时胃肠道、粪便细菌上行和病原体血源性传播均是奶牛子宫感染的途径[42⁃43]。因此,奶牛子宫炎的发生与胃肠微生物紧密关联,使用电子鼻检测奶牛粪便和血液中的VOCs是有依据可行的。
在这项研究中,对电子鼻的32个传感器进行了显著性分析,在粪便样本中11个传感器没有显著性。把电子鼻传感器数据作为输入特征进行特征选择,最终保留了22个传感器,其中有个别传感器没有显著性。造成这种差异的主要原因是分析方法的不同,且传感器显著性大于但接近0.05。对电子鼻数据OPLS-DA模型分析发现,粪便和血液样本的聚类效果不同。粪便和血液模型的R2Y均大于0.8,Q2均大于0.8,表示模型的解释能力和预测效果较好。置换检验说明两个OPLS-DA模型不存在过拟合,模型验证有效。
在血液样本分析中,本研究发现子宫炎奶牛血液样本存在明显的组内差异,进一步的分组发现这种差异跟奶牛胎次有一定的关系。有研究表明,尽管初产奶牛和经产奶牛的喂养条件相同,但二者的能量代谢存在差异[17]。与经产奶牛相比,初产奶牛泌乳的同时需要更多的能量维持自身生长[44⁃45]。初产奶牛的NEFA、BHB和某些激素浓度高于经产奶牛[46⁃47],存在明显的能量负平衡。同时,初产奶牛和经产奶牛在产后对饲料营养的反应存在差异[48]。因此,初产和经产奶牛在能量代谢的过程中产生着不同浓度的VOCs。在这项研究中,这种浓度差异在产后3 d就已经被电子鼻捕捉,且仅在血液样本的子宫炎组中明显观察到,血液样本量偏少也可能是导致差异明显的原因之一。
研究发现,在奶牛酮病确诊的前3天内观察到采食时间和采食量降低[49]。奶牛发病前2~3 d的行为监测数据可以预测子宫炎[50⁃51]。相较于奶牛行为发生的改变,使用电子鼻检测奶牛发病前粪便和血液的VOCs客观性更强,具有更高的准确性。本研究证实了这个观点,并结合机器学习算法评估了电子鼻预测奶牛子宫炎的模型。已有研究报道,电子鼻检测奶牛粪便诊断酮病,在RF模型上的准确率是88.9%[32]。电子鼻结合ANN模型诊断奶牛产褥性子宫炎,验证模型ROC曲线下面积AUC达到0.962[52]。本次试验选择的5种机器学习算法,结合ROC曲线的AUC值,选择评估指标中最高的F1值作为标准,挑选最佳的预测模型[53]。ROC曲线与统计评估指标结合分析是评估电子鼻预测能力的最佳方法,测试集AUC值大于0.8,说明5种模型均有较好的预测意义[54]。RF和LDA模型在粪便样本预测子宫炎中性能表现最佳,其次是KNN和XGBoost模型。RF基于DT,是DT算法的一种改进,被应用于预测奶牛乳房炎[55]。报道显示,LDA在解释和预测奶牛数据集尤其是产奶量方面具有一定的可行性和有效性[56]。KNN模型在不平衡数据中应用更广泛,尤其是奶牛发情的检测[57⁃58]。综上所述,粪便VOCs可以在产后未发病时预测子宫炎,结合机器学习算法评估预测模型,RF和LDA模型预测性能最佳。在临床的实际应用中,粪便的采集较血液更方便,对奶牛的应激更小,且粪便的样本量远大于血液样本量。在本研究中血液是小样本数据,在机器学习算法中数据存在明显的过拟合,无法使用血液样本进行奶牛子宫炎预测。因此,在本研究中与血液样本相比,粪便更适合作为电子鼻预测奶牛子宫炎的最佳样本。
本研究证明,电子鼻检测奶牛发病前的粪便能达到预警奶牛子宫炎的目的,在奶牛疾病的预警中有很大的应用前景。该方法的建立为后续的研究做了铺垫,但电子鼻检测VOCs可能会随着时间和菌群等其他因素的影响而发生变化。因此,如果要使用电子鼻作为疾病的预警模型的工具,就必须确定这种变化是某种特殊菌属或化合物的出现导致的,而不是未知因素引起的,这也是后续研究的难点。
  • 甘肃省科技厅奶牛围产期疾病预警技术研发与示范建设基金资助(21JR7RA858)
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2026年第57卷第1期
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doi: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.01.048
  • 接收时间:2024-12-11
  • 首发时间:2026-09-16
  • 出版时间:2026-01-23
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-11
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甘肃省科技厅奶牛围产期疾病预警技术研发与示范建设基金资助(21JR7RA858)
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    1.甘肃农业大学动物医学院,兰州 730070
    2.甘肃省动物生殖生理与繁殖调控重点实验室,兰州 730070

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胡俊杰,主要从事兽医普通病防治与动物生殖生理学研究,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
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属数
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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
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species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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