Article(id=1307007525509948319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307007396681900041, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.01.039, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1744905600000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789544477107, onlineDateStr=2026-09-16, pubDate=1769097600000, pubDateStr=2026-01-23, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789544477107, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789544477107, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789544477107, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1307007396681900041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, year='2026', volume='57', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='568', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769097600000', pubDateStr='2026-01-23', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789544446392, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789609890784, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1307281890638057732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307007396681900041, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1307281890738721029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307007396681900041, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=443, endPage=453, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1307007525715469216, articleId=1307007525509948319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, language=EN, title=Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor α Promotes Skeletal Muscle Development in Mice by Regulating the AMPK/P38 MAPK Pathway, columnId=1307007406035198078, journalTitle=Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, columnName=BASIC VETERINARY MEDICINE, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The aim of this study was to explore the effect and molecular mechanism of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) on skeletal muscle development. We utilized young (6-8 weeks), adult (3-4 months), and old (18-20 months) mice (n=8/group) to examine the expression of PPARα in skeletal muscle during development. The role of PPARα in skeletal muscle development was further investigated using a whole-body knockout mouse model. HE staining was used to observe the morphological differences of gastrocnemius muscle of mice of different ages, and immunofluorescence staining was used to detect the expression changes of P21 and P53 in gastrocnemius muscle of mice of different ages to determine the age difference of mice. The expression of PPARα in skeletal muscle was detected by common PCR, and the expression of PPARα in gastrocnemius muscle of mice of different ages was detected by Western blot, real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) and immunofluorescence staining (IF). qRT-PCR, Western blot and immunofluorescence staining were used to detect the expression of MyoD, MyoG and Pax7 in gastrocnemius muscles of WT and PPARα knockout mice (PPARα-/-). Western blot was used to detect the expression of PPARα downstream signaling pathways AMPK and P38 MAPK. The results showed that PPARα was expressed in the skeletal muscle of mice at all developmental stages, and its expression level gradually decreased with age. Immunofluorescence staining showed that PPARα protein was widely distributed in the nucleus and cytoplasm of mouse gastrocnemius muscle. Further studies found that PPARα gene knockout led to a significant decrease in the expression of MyoD, MyoG and Pax7 in gastrocnemius muscle, while the phosphorylation levels of AMPK and P38 increased significantly.

, authors=Jiahui QI, Tingting FU, Minxing ZHENG, Xuanjing WANG, Haiyang WU, Jiayin LU, Xiaomao LUO, Xiuju YU, Haidong WANG, Yi YAN, authorsList=Jiahui QI, Tingting FU, Minxing ZHENG, Xuanjing WANG, Haiyang WU, Jiayin LU, Xiaomao LUO, Xiuju YU, Haidong WANG, Yi YAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Haidong WANG, Yi YAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
YAN Yi, E-mail:
WANG Haidong, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1307007529175770029, articleId=1307007525509948319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, language=CN, title=过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体α通过调控AMPK/P38 MAPK通路促进小鼠骨骼肌发育, columnId=1307007406223941760, journalTitle=畜牧兽医学报, columnName=基础兽医, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究旨在探索过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体α(PPARα)对骨骼肌发育的影响及分子机制。选取年轻小鼠(6~8周龄)、成年小鼠(3~4月龄)和老年小鼠(18~20月龄)各8只,探究PPARα在不同发育阶段骨骼肌中的表达变化,并构建PPARα全身性敲除小鼠以探究其对骨骼肌发育的影响。通过HE染色观察不同年龄小鼠腓肠肌的形态差异,免疫荧光染色检测不同年龄小鼠腓肠肌中P21和P53的表达变化,确定小鼠的年龄差异;普通PCR反应检测PPARα在骨骼肌中的表达情况,蛋白免疫印迹(Western blot)、实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)和免疫荧光(IF)检测不同年龄小鼠腓肠肌中PPARα的表达变化;进而采用qRT-PCR、Western blot和IF检测WT和PPARα敲除小鼠(PPARα-/-)腓肠肌中肌肉发育相关指标MyoD、MyoG和Pax7的表达;Western blot检测PPARα下游信号通路AMPK和P38 MAPK的表达。结果表明,PPARα在各个发育阶段的小鼠骨骼肌中均存在表达,且其表达水平随年龄增长呈逐渐下调趋势。通过免疫荧光染色可见,PPARα蛋白广泛分布于小鼠腓肠肌的细胞核与细胞质中。进一步研究发现,PPARα基因敲除导致腓肠肌中生肌调节因子MyoD、MyoG及Pax7的表达显著下降,同时AMPK和P38的磷酸化水平明显上升。上述结果提示PPARα在小鼠骨骼肌发育过程中发挥重要作用,敲除PPARα后通过影响AMPK和P38的磷酸化水平抑制骨骼肌发育。

, authors=齐嘉慧, 付婷婷, 郑敏行, 王璇晶, 吴海洋, 卢嘉茵, 罗小毛, 于秀菊, 王海东, 闫艺, authorsList=齐嘉慧, 付婷婷, 郑敏行, 王璇晶, 吴海洋, 卢嘉茵, 罗小毛, 于秀菊, 王海东, 闫艺, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王海东, 闫艺, authorNote=

齐嘉慧,硕士,主要从事骨骼肌发育相关研究,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
闫艺,主要从事骨骼肌发育相关研究,E-mail:
王海东,主要从事骨骼肌发育相关研究,E-mail:
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齐嘉慧,硕士,主要从事骨骼肌发育相关研究,E-mail:

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齐嘉慧,硕士,主要从事骨骼肌发育相关研究,E-mail:

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S A,MIYAMOTO M,KERVADEC A,et al.PGC1/PPAR drive cardiomyocyte maturation at single cell level via YAP1 and SF3B2[J].Nat Commun,2021,12(1):1648., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307286543585010464, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007525509948319, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=24, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WONG B W,WANG X W,ZECCHIN A,et al.The role of fatty acid β-oxidation in lymphangiogenesis[J].Nature,2017,542(7639):49-54., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307286543656313633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007525509948319, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=25, authorNames=null, 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articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307286543933137701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007525509948319, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=29, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=THOMSON D M.The role of AMPK in the regulation of skeletal muscle size,hypertrophy,and regeneration[J].Int J Mol Sci,2018,19(10):3125., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307286543996052262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007525509948319, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=30, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=BRENNAN C M,EMERSON C P JR,OWENS J,et al.p38 MAPKs - roles in skeletal muscle physiology,disease mechanisms,and as potential therapeutic targets[J].JCI Insight,2021,6(12):e149915., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1307286539587838726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007525509948319, awardId=32102634, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(32102634), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1307286539763999495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007525509948319, awardId=2023KY345, language=CN, fundingSource=山西省研究生教育创新项目(2023KY345), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1307286533489320635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007525509948319, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1307286533506097852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007525509948319, companyId=1307286533489320635, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Veterinary Medicine,Shanxi Agricultural University,Taigu 030800,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1307286533514486461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007525509948319, companyId=1307286533489320635, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=山西农业大学动物医学学院,太谷 030800)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1307286538564428538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007525509948319, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Morphology of gastrocnemius muscle and changes in P21 and P53 expression in young, adult, and aged mice

A. HE staining of gastrocnemius muscle in young, adult, and aging mice (bar=100 μm); B, C. Immunofluorescence detection and quantification of P21 expression in mouse gastrocnemius muscle of different ages (in Fig.B, bar=200 μm); D, E. Immunofluorescence detection and quantification of P53 expression in mouse gastrocnemius muscle of different ages (in Fig.D, bar=200 μm). *. P<0.05, **. P < 0.01, ***. P<0.001

, figureFileSmall=m/6AxiZ0Qxt8W+kEjRXfhw==, figureFileBig=SI68ZlE9pn9PP2hdyTojSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307286538652508923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007525509948319, language=CN, label=图1, caption=年轻、成年和老年小鼠腓肠肌的形态学及其中P21和P53的表达变化

A.年轻、成年、衰老小鼠腓肠肌的HE染色(标尺=250 μm);B、C.免疫荧光检测P21在不同年龄阶段小鼠腓肠肌中的表达及定量分析(B图中标尺=200 μm);D、E.免疫荧光检测P53在不同年龄阶段小鼠腓肠肌中的表达及定量分析(D图中标尺=200 μm)。*. P<0.05,**. P<0.01,***. P<0.001

, figureFileSmall=m/6AxiZ0Qxt8W+kEjRXfhw==, figureFileBig=SI68ZlE9pn9PP2hdyTojSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307286538748977916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007525509948319, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=With the increase of age, the expression of PPARα in the gastrocnemius muscle of mice decreased at both mRNA and protein levels

A. PCR detection of PPARα expression in skeletal muscle (M. DL500 DNA marker; 1. Negative control, DEPC water; 2. Positive control, liver tissue cDNA; 3. Target band, gastrocnemius cDNA); B. Real-time quantitative PCR was used to detect the expression of PPARα; C, D. Western blot to detect the expression level and quantitative analysis of PPARα protein; E, F. Immunofluorescence was used to detect the expression and quantification of PPARα in gastrocnemius muscle at different developmental stages (in Fig.E, bar=100 μm). *. P<0.05, **. P<0.01, ***. P<0.001, ****. P<0.000 1

, figureFileSmall=Q3akGXQXRPy8oxUNk+TMHw==, figureFileBig=VnEE5oAGxFOv25od2H2LIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307286538820281085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007525509948319, language=CN, label=图2, caption=随着年龄的增长小鼠腓肠肌中PPARα在mRNA和蛋白水平表达均降低

A. PCR检测PPARα在骨骼肌中的表达[M. DL500 DNA标记物;1.阴性对照(DEPC水);2.阳性对照(肝脏组织cDNA);3.目标条带(腓肠肌cDNA)];B.实时定量PCR检测PPARα的表达;C、D. Western blot检测PPARα蛋白的表达水平和定量分析;E、F.免疫荧光检测不同发育阶段腓肠肌中PPARα的表达及定量分析(图E中标尺=100 μm)。*. P<0.05,**. P<0.01,***. P<0.001,****. P<0.000 1

, figureFileSmall=Q3akGXQXRPy8oxUNk+TMHw==, figureFileBig=VnEE5oAGxFOv25od2H2LIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307286538883195646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007525509948319, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Knockout of PPARα reduces myofiber area and the expression of MyoD and MyoG

A. HE staining of WT and PPARα-/- mouse gastrocnemius muscles (bar=100 μm);B. Cross-sectional area analysis of gastrocnemius muscle of WT and PPARα-/- mice;C. Body composition analysis of WT and PPARα-/- mice;D. qRT-PCR was used to detect genes related to skeletal muscle development in WT and PPARα-/- mice; E. Western blot was used to detect the expressions of PPARα, MyoD and MyoG in the gastrocnemius muscle of WT and PPARα-/- mice; F. Relative quantitative statistics of PPARα, MyoD, and MyoG in panel E. *. P<0.05, **. P<0.01, ***. P<0.001

, figureFileSmall=aW1TD4kdKGX4ogJvbEWtBQ==, figureFileBig=v4w/E9caIjSDdpordzqXJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307286538958693119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007525509948319, language=CN, label=图3, caption=敲除PPARα减小肌纤维面积以及MyoD和MyoG的表达

A.WT和PPARα-/-小鼠腓肠肌的HE染色(标尺=100 μm);B.WT和PPARα-/-小鼠腓肠肌的横截面积统计分析;C.WT和PPARα-/-小鼠体成分分析;D. qRT-PCR检测WT和PPARα-/-小鼠骨骼肌发育相关基因;E.Western blot检测WT和PPARα-/-小鼠腓肠肌中PPARα、MyoD和MyoG的表达;F.图E中PPARα、MyoD和MyoG的蛋白相对定量统计图。*. P<0.05,**. P<0.01,***. P<0.001

, figureFileSmall=aW1TD4kdKGX4ogJvbEWtBQ==, figureFileBig=v4w/E9caIjSDdpordzqXJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307286539038384896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007525509948319, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Knockdown of PPARα significantly reduces the positive areas of MyoD and Pax7 in the gastrocnemius muscle

A, B. Immunofluorescence detection and quantification of MyoD in the gastrocnemius muscle of WT and PPARα-/- mice (bar=100 μm); C, D. Immunofluorescence detection and quantification of Pax7 in gastrocnemius muscle of WT and PPARα-/- mice (bar=100 μm). *. P<0.05, **. P<0.01

, figureFileSmall=du2h+kezXFsGX956JSbD8g==, figureFileBig=M3R0bBBNHFGE8+/B4TfSyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307286539105493761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007525509948319, language=CN, label=图4, caption=敲除PPARα显著减少腓肠肌中MyoD和Pax7的阳性区域

A、B.WT和PPARα-/-小鼠腓肠肌中MyoD的免疫荧光检测和定量分析(标尺=100 μm);C、D. WT和PPARα-/-小鼠腓肠肌中Pax7的免疫荧光检测和定量分析(标尺=100 μm)。*. P<0.05,**. P<0.01

, figureFileSmall=du2h+kezXFsGX956JSbD8g==, figureFileBig=M3R0bBBNHFGE8+/B4TfSyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307286539168408322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007525509948319, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=PPARα knockdown activates P38 and AMPK phosphorylation levels

A. Western blot was used to detect the expression and quantification of P38 and AMPK in the gastrocnemius muscle of WT and PPARα-/- mice; B. Quantification of protein bands in panel A. *. P<0.05, **. P<0.01

, figureFileSmall=xmglQxT+kF+gzbWzDD4/hA==, figureFileBig=fLdW+eR6+P98Q2U/8EG60A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307286539264877315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007525509948319, language=CN, label=图5, caption=敲除PPARα激活P38和AMPK磷酸化水平

A.Western blot 检测WT和PPARα-/-小鼠腓肠肌中P38和AMPK的表达;B.图A中蛋白条带的定量分析。*. P<0.05,**. P<0.01

, figureFileSmall=xmglQxT+kF+gzbWzDD4/hA==, figureFileBig=fLdW+eR6+P98Q2U/8EG60A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307286539327791876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007525509948319, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Primers sequence used in this study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

引物名称

Primer name

引物序列(5´→3´)

Primer sequences

PPARαF: AGAGCCCCATCTGTCCTCTC; R: ACTGGTAGTCTGCAAAACCAAA
MyoDF: AATGGCTACGACACCGCCTACT; R: GGGTCTGGGTTCCCTGTTCTGT
MyoGF: AACTACCTTCCTGTCCACCTTC; R: CACAGACTTCCTCTTACACACCT
36B4F: ACTGAGATTCGGGATATGCTGT; R: CCCACCTTGTCTCCAGTCTTTA
), ArticleFig(id=1307286539411677957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007525509948319, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

试验中所用引物序列

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

引物名称

Primer name

引物序列(5´→3´)

Primer sequences

PPARαF: AGAGCCCCATCTGTCCTCTC; R: ACTGGTAGTCTGCAAAACCAAA
MyoDF: AATGGCTACGACACCGCCTACT; R: GGGTCTGGGTTCCCTGTTCTGT
MyoGF: AACTACCTTCCTGTCCACCTTC; R: CACAGACTTCCTCTTACACACCT
36B4F: ACTGAGATTCGGGATATGCTGT; R: CCCACCTTGTCTCCAGTCTTTA
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过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体α通过调控AMPK/P38 MAPK通路促进小鼠骨骼肌发育
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齐嘉慧 , 付婷婷 , 郑敏行 , 王璇晶 , 吴海洋 , 卢嘉茵 , 罗小毛 , 于秀菊 , 王海东 , 闫艺
畜牧兽医学报 | 基础兽医 2026,57(1): 443-453
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畜牧兽医学报 |基础兽医 2026 , 57 (1) : 443 -453
过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体α通过调控AMPK/P38 MAPK通路促进小鼠骨骼肌发育
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齐嘉慧 , 付婷婷, 郑敏行, 王璇晶, 吴海洋, 卢嘉茵, 罗小毛, 于秀菊, 王海东 , 闫艺
作者信息
  • 山西农业大学动物医学学院,太谷 030800
通讯作者:
闫艺,主要从事骨骼肌发育相关研究,E-mail:
王海东,主要从事骨骼肌发育相关研究,E-mail:
作者简介:

齐嘉慧,硕士,主要从事骨骼肌发育相关研究,E-mail:

Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor α Promotes Skeletal Muscle Development in Mice by Regulating the AMPK/P38 MAPK Pathway
Jiahui QI , Tingting FU, Minxing ZHENG, Xuanjing WANG, Haiyang WU, Jiayin LU, Xiaomao LUO, Xiuju YU, Haidong WANG , Yi YAN
Affiliations
  • College of Veterinary Medicine,Shanxi Agricultural University,Taigu 030800,China
  • Corresponding Author:
    YAN Yi, E-mail:
    WANG Haidong, E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-01-23 doi: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.01.039
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本研究旨在探索过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体α(PPARα)对骨骼肌发育的影响及分子机制。选取年轻小鼠(6~8周龄)、成年小鼠(3~4月龄)和老年小鼠(18~20月龄)各8只,探究PPARα在不同发育阶段骨骼肌中的表达变化,并构建PPARα全身性敲除小鼠以探究其对骨骼肌发育的影响。通过HE染色观察不同年龄小鼠腓肠肌的形态差异,免疫荧光染色检测不同年龄小鼠腓肠肌中P21和P53的表达变化,确定小鼠的年龄差异;普通PCR反应检测PPARα在骨骼肌中的表达情况,蛋白免疫印迹(Western blot)、实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)和免疫荧光(IF)检测不同年龄小鼠腓肠肌中PPARα的表达变化;进而采用qRT-PCR、Western blot和IF检测WT和PPARα敲除小鼠(PPARα-/-)腓肠肌中肌肉发育相关指标MyoD、MyoG和Pax7的表达;Western blot检测PPARα下游信号通路AMPK和P38 MAPK的表达。结果表明,PPARα在各个发育阶段的小鼠骨骼肌中均存在表达,且其表达水平随年龄增长呈逐渐下调趋势。通过免疫荧光染色可见,PPARα蛋白广泛分布于小鼠腓肠肌的细胞核与细胞质中。进一步研究发现,PPARα基因敲除导致腓肠肌中生肌调节因子MyoD、MyoG及Pax7的表达显著下降,同时AMPK和P38的磷酸化水平明显上升。上述结果提示PPARα在小鼠骨骼肌发育过程中发挥重要作用,敲除PPARα后通过影响AMPK和P38的磷酸化水平抑制骨骼肌发育。

不同发育阶段  /  过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体α(PPARα)  /  骨骼肌  /  AMPK  /  P38 MAPK

The aim of this study was to explore the effect and molecular mechanism of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) on skeletal muscle development. We utilized young (6-8 weeks), adult (3-4 months), and old (18-20 months) mice (n=8/group) to examine the expression of PPARα in skeletal muscle during development. The role of PPARα in skeletal muscle development was further investigated using a whole-body knockout mouse model. HE staining was used to observe the morphological differences of gastrocnemius muscle of mice of different ages, and immunofluorescence staining was used to detect the expression changes of P21 and P53 in gastrocnemius muscle of mice of different ages to determine the age difference of mice. The expression of PPARα in skeletal muscle was detected by common PCR, and the expression of PPARα in gastrocnemius muscle of mice of different ages was detected by Western blot, real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) and immunofluorescence staining (IF). qRT-PCR, Western blot and immunofluorescence staining were used to detect the expression of MyoD, MyoG and Pax7 in gastrocnemius muscles of WT and PPARα knockout mice (PPARα-/-). Western blot was used to detect the expression of PPARα downstream signaling pathways AMPK and P38 MAPK. The results showed that PPARα was expressed in the skeletal muscle of mice at all developmental stages, and its expression level gradually decreased with age. Immunofluorescence staining showed that PPARα protein was widely distributed in the nucleus and cytoplasm of mouse gastrocnemius muscle. Further studies found that PPARα gene knockout led to a significant decrease in the expression of MyoD, MyoG and Pax7 in gastrocnemius muscle, while the phosphorylation levels of AMPK and P38 increased significantly.

different developmental stages  /  peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα)  /  skeletal muscle  /  AMPK  /  P38 MAPK
齐嘉慧, 付婷婷, 郑敏行, 王璇晶, 吴海洋, 卢嘉茵, 罗小毛, 于秀菊, 王海东, 闫艺. 过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体α通过调控AMPK/P38 MAPK通路促进小鼠骨骼肌发育. 畜牧兽医学报, 2026 , 57 (1) : 443 -453 . DOI: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.01.039
Jiahui QI, Tingting FU, Minxing ZHENG, Xuanjing WANG, Haiyang WU, Jiayin LU, Xiaomao LUO, Xiuju YU, Haidong WANG, Yi YAN. Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor α Promotes Skeletal Muscle Development in Mice by Regulating the AMPK/P38 MAPK Pathway[J]. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, 2026 , 57 (1) : 443 -453 . DOI: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.01.039
骨骼肌作为动物体内最大的肌肉组织,约占健康动物体重的40%,除承担运动与支撑功能外,亦是机体能量代谢的核心场所之一[1],并为人类膳食提供主要蛋白质来源。肌肉组织的产量主要取决于胚胎期肌纤维数量的增殖、出生后肌纤维肥大过程以及成熟肌纤维类型组成的调控等多个关键生物学过程[2]。因此,系统解析骨骼肌发育的分子与细胞机制,有助于阐明基因表达网络、激素调节、营养信号及环境因子等在肌肉生长中的协同作用。相关研究成果不仅为畜牧业中肉用动物产量与品质的遗传改良提供理论依据,也对临床医学中肌肉萎缩、发育迟缓等疾病的机制研究与治疗策略具有重要启示[3]。所以研究参与骨骼肌发育的分子机理对提高动物的经济价值、促进畜牧业的发展以及对骨骼肌相关疾病的治疗具有重要意义。
过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体α(proliferator-activated receptor α,PPARα)是过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体(PPARs)的一个亚型,主要在包括骨骼肌在内的高能量代谢的组织中表达[4]。作为转录因子,PPARα发挥作用的过程极为复杂,其须通过与特定的配体结合被激活,随后与视黄醇X受体(RXRs)形成异二聚体复合物。该复合物转移到细胞核内并与靶基因启动子区域的过氧化物酶体增殖物反应元件(PPRE)结合来调节靶基因的转录[5]。
PPAR亚型在代谢和机体能量稳态中发挥重要作用[6],PPARα已被报道参与调节脂肪酸的摄取、β-氧化和ω-氧化[5]。此外,PPARα不仅参与代谢调控,也在组织再生中发挥重要作用。有研究表明,PPARα可以通过激活YAP-TEAD信号通路调节肝脏大小和肝脏再生[7],并通过mTORC2介导脂质代谢的调节,从而促进肝脏再生[8]。这些发现共同表明,PPARα在组织发育和再生中也起着不可或缺的作用。
先前的研究表明,PPARα可以预防由肝癌引起的厌食性恶病质综合征导致的骨骼肌萎缩[9],这说明PPARα可以通过肝-肌轴调节骨骼肌质量。同时PPARα对骨骼肌萎缩和炎症的影响也已被广泛报道。ATGL可以通过诱导骨骼肌中的FAs/PPARα- PGC-1α通路发挥抗氧化/抗炎蛋白的作用,确定该信号轴的改变是年龄相关骨骼肌功能障碍的基本事件[10],Ficus carica L.通过PPARα/NF-κB通路减轻去神经支配的骨骼肌萎缩[11],还有研究表明,抑制Trim63的表达通过调节PPARα/PGC-1α通路来减轻呼吸肌诱导的膈肌功能障碍[12]。目前,关于PPARα的研究主要集中于其在糖脂代谢调控中的作用。尽管多项研究表明PPARα在多种病理因素诱发的骨骼肌萎缩中表现出潜在的治疗效应,其在骨骼肌正常发育过程中的功能及其分子机制尚不明确。为此,本研究通过选取年轻、成年及老年三个阶段的小鼠,系统分析PPARα在腓肠肌中的年龄相关性表达情况,以评估其在骨骼肌发育中的潜在作用;同时,利用PPARα基因全身敲除(PPARα⁻/⁻)小鼠模型,从组织形态、细胞及分子水平探究敲除PPARα对骨骼肌发育的影响及其所涉及的调控机制。
本试验选取健康的C57BL/6J雄性小鼠:年轻小鼠(6~8周龄)、成年小鼠(3~4月龄)和老年小鼠(18~20月龄)各8只,8周龄野生小鼠(WT)和PPARα敲除小鼠(PPARα-/-)各5只。采用基因编辑技术并应用高通量电转受精卵方式获得PPARα基因敲除小鼠,并对其进行繁育。PPARα基因的失活会导致小鼠代谢紊乱、肥胖以及胰岛素抵抗等一系列全身性代谢紊乱反应,肝脏脂肪酸和胆固醇合成失去昼夜节律性,肝脏脂质储存增加,皮肤伤口愈合受损,以及饥饿状态下代谢反应的改变[13]。从每只小鼠中采集腓肠肌,将左腿腓肠肌迅速冷冻于液氮中,并储存在-80 ℃下用于总RNA和蛋白质的提取,将带有肌腱的右腿腓肠肌固定在4%多聚甲醛溶液中24 h,用于后续的HE和免疫荧光染色。
本研究经山西农业大学动物实验伦理委员会批准,所有涉及动物处理和样本采集的程序均由兽医按照国际医学科学组织理事会(CIOMS)描述的动物使用指导原则进行。
4%多聚甲醛固定液(索莱宝),苏木素染液(G1005)、伊红染液(G1001,武汉赛维尔生物科技有限公司),Trizol(9109,TaKaRa),mRNA逆转录试剂盒(#22107,吐露港生物科技有限公司),SYBR Green qPCR Mix(MQ1020,莫纳生物),RIPA裂解缓冲液(P0013B,碧云天),PMSF蛋白酶抑制剂(CR2311102,塞维尔),磷酸酶抑制剂(MCE),BCA蛋白浓度测定试剂盒(P0011,碧云天),5×loading buffer(CW0052,康维世纪),蛋白marker(26616,Thermo Fisher),0.4% Triton X-100,50×柠檬酸钠抗原修复液(C1032,索莱宝),3%封闭山羊血清(SL038,索莱宝),含DAPI的防荧光淬灭封片剂(S2110,索莱宝)。
切片机、展片机、烤片机(Leica),荧光倒置显微镜(Nikon),组织研磨仪(宁波新芝生物),生物安全柜(Heal Force),小型高速冷冻离心机(Eppendorf),核酸蛋白检测仪、实时荧光定量PCR仪(Thermo Fisher),电泳仪、半干转仪、曝光机(Bio-Rad),微波炉。
将固定后的小鼠腓肠肌在二甲苯和梯度酒精中进行透明,包埋后用切片机切成7 μm的切片。HE染色前将切片在53 ℃烘箱中烘烤1 min防止在染色过程中脱片,随后在染缸内经过脱蜡、染色、封片等步骤完成HE染色。使用倒置显微镜拍摄腓肠肌切片的HE染色图像。
以DEPC(diethyl pyrocarbonate)水为阴性对照,肝脏组织cDNA为阳性对照,腓肠肌组织cDNA为检测目标进行试验,PCR反应体系10 μL: cDNA 1 μL,上、下游引物各0.4 μL (引物见表1),2×Taq MasterMix 5 μL,DEPC水3.2 μL,按照95 ℃预变性30 s→95 ℃变性40 s,60 ℃退火30 s(35个循环)→72℃延伸40 s的反应程序进行PCR反应。将PCR产物在1%琼脂糖凝胶中以220 V电压进行电泳,最后在紫外灯下显影。
用Trizol法从小鼠腓肠肌中提取RNA,并按照反转录试剂盒的说明进行RNA反转录以合成cDNA。所用引物由通用生物(安徽,中国)合成(表1)。
实时荧光定量PCR的反应体系10 μL:cDNA 4.4 μL,上、下游引物各0.3 μL,SYBR Premix Ex Taq 5 μL,在95 ℃预变性1 min→95 ℃变性10 s,60 ℃退火30 s(40个循环)→95 ℃延伸15 s的程序中反应,最后使用2-ΔΔCt 方法分析关键基因的表达情况。
使用含有蛋白酶和磷酸酶抑制剂的RIPA缓冲液从肌肉组织中提取蛋白质。首先使用BCA蛋白测定试剂盒测定总蛋白浓度,然后将变性蛋白进行SDS-PAGE电泳后在电转仪中将蛋白条带转移到PVDF膜上,封闭后分别用对应的抗体进行孵育,最后使用发光液可视化蛋白条带,使用Image J软件对蛋白条带进行定量分析。免疫印迹所用抗体:GAPDH(10494-1-AP,Proteintech,中国),PPARα(66826-1-Ig,Proteintech,中国),MyoD(ab203383,Abcam,英国),MyoG(ab1835,Abcam,英国),山羊抗兔(L3012,SAB,美国),山羊抗鼠(SA00001-1,Proteintech,中国)。
将石蜡固定的肌肉切片通过二甲苯和梯度酒精脱蜡,随后浸入1×柠檬酸钠抗原修复液中,在微波炉中以中火(P80)8 min→停火8 min→中低火(P50)7 min的程序进行抗原修复,完成后自然冷却至室温,用PBS溶液洗涤(3×5 min);在室温下滴加3%山羊血清封闭30 min,然后分别用对应的抗体进行孵育,最后滴加含DAPI的防荧光淬灭试剂进行核染色以及封片。使用荧光显微镜拍摄肌肉切片的免疫荧光图像。免疫荧光所用抗体包括:P21(28248-1-AP,Proteintech,中国),P53(60283-1-Ig,Proteintech,中国),MyoD(NB100-56511,Novus,美国),Pax7(AB_528428,DSHB,美国),山羊抗兔(A32723,Thermo Fisher,美国),山羊抗鼠(P11047,Thermo Fisher,美国)。
所有试验数据均使用GraphPad Prism 5.0软件进行分析和处理,组间统计差异通过T检验确定。P<0.05(*)为差异显著;P<0.01(**)和P<0.001(***)为差异极显著。
为探究小鼠骨骼肌在不同发育阶段的形态学特征变化,并验证所采用样本的年龄分组合理性,本研究分别采用HE染色及针对细胞周期与凋亡相关标志物P21和P53的免疫荧光染色技术,对不同年龄组小鼠腓肠肌组织进行对比分析。形态学结果显示,随年龄增长,小鼠腓肠肌横截面积呈减小趋势;同时肌纤维排列结构也发生明显改变:年轻组肌纤维排列密集,成年组出现疏松趋势,老年组则呈现最为显著的松散表现(图1A)。免疫荧光检测表明,P21与P53在各组小鼠骨骼肌细胞核中均有表达,且其表达水平随年龄递增而显著上调(图1B~E)。总体而言,通过HE染色和免疫荧光染色观察年轻、成年、衰老小鼠腓肠肌的形态差异而确定了三组小鼠的年龄差异。
为探究PPARα在骨骼肌发育过程中的生物学功能,本研究首先采用PCR技术检测PPARα在骨骼肌组织中的表达情况。鉴于既往研究报道PPARα在肝脏组织中高表达[4],所以本研究以肝脏cDNA作为阳性对照,以验证PPARα在骨骼肌中的表达情况。电泳结果显示,在加入腓肠肌cDNA的泳道中可见清晰且无非特异性拖尾现象的PPARα特异性扩增条带(图2A),该结果证实PPARα在小鼠腓肠肌组织中存在表达。
通过Western blot和qRT-PCR分别检测了年轻、成年和老年小鼠腓肠肌中PPARα的表达。结果显示,年轻、成年和老年小鼠腓肠肌中PPARα的蛋白和mRNA表达水平均呈逐渐降低的趋势,且年轻和老年小鼠腓肠肌中PPARα的水平差异显著,表明随着年龄的增长,PPARα的表达显著下降(图2B~D)。
为了进一步确定PPARα在不同年龄阶段小鼠腓肠肌中的表达变化,本文针对PPARα在腓肠肌切片中进行了免疫荧光染色。结果显示,PPARα在腓肠肌的细胞质和细胞核中均有表达,并且年轻小鼠腓肠肌中的阳性区域多于成年小鼠,老年小鼠的阳性区域最少,免疫荧光结果进一步证实了腓肠肌中PPARα的表达水平随着小鼠年龄的增长而下降(图2E、F)。
为阐明PPARα在骨骼肌发育中的调控作用,本研究成功构建并繁育了PPARα基因敲除(PPARα⁻/⁻)小鼠及野生型(WT)对照小鼠,通过提取DNA并经PCR鉴定确认其基因型。组织形态学分析显示,与WT小鼠相比,PPARα⁻/⁻小鼠腓肠肌横截面积显著减小(图3A、B)。体成分分析结果表明,PPARα缺失可引起小鼠体重显著增加(图3C)。进而收集WT和PPARα-/-小鼠腓肠肌样本,通过qRT-PCR和Western blot技术检测腓肠肌中生肌调节因子的表达变化,发现PPARα⁻/⁻小鼠中MyoD和MyoG在mRNA及蛋白水平均显著下调(图3D~F)。上述结果综合表明,敲除PPARα可抑制骨骼肌的发育过程。
为了进一步确定敲除PPARα对骨骼肌发育的影响,我们通过免疫荧光检测WT和PPARα-/-小鼠腓肠肌中MyoD和Pax7的表达,结果显示与WT小鼠相比,PPARα-/-小鼠腓肠肌中MyoD和Pax7的阳性区域显著减少(图4A~D),上述结果说明PPARα-/-小鼠肌卫星细胞的数量显著减少且其增殖能力和肌源性分化潜力显著下降,表明在敲除PPARα后,小鼠腓肠肌的生长发育被抑制。
为了确定PPARα调控骨骼肌发育的作用机制,本试验通过Western blot分别检测WT和PPARα-/-小鼠腓肠肌中AMPK和P38 MAPK信号通路的表达,结果显示敲除PPARα后小鼠腓肠肌中P38和AMPK的磷酸化水平均显著升高(图5A、B),上述结果表明PPARα通过影响AMPK和P38的磷酸化水平影响骨骼肌发育,其中对P38信号通路的影响更为显著。
骨骼肌作为机体中占比最大的组织之一,不仅在运动支持中起关键作用,还深度参与全身能量代谢的调控过程[14]。骨骼肌的质量与功能受到包括年龄、肌纤维类型组成、运动水平以及营养状态在内的多种因素的复杂调控。本研究通过组织学方法对年轻与老年小鼠腓肠肌进行形态学比较,确认了两组在组织形态上存在显著差异:年轻小鼠肌纤维排列更为紧密,横截面积显著大于老年小鼠。该观察结果与已有文献中报道的年龄相关性骨骼肌形态变化规律一致[15]。
已有研究报道禁食可影响肝脏和骨骼肌中PPARα的表达[16],并且其下游基因FGF21在禁食条件下影响骨骼肌萎缩[17],上述研究结果提示在外界条件改变影响骨骼肌质量时,PPARα可能在其中发挥了重要作用。除禁食外,年龄也是影响骨骼肌质量的常见因素[18],近年来,对衰老影响骨骼肌质量机制的研究也层出不穷。PPARα是一种主要调节机体脂肪酸转运和氧化相关基因表达的转录因子,其广泛存在于动物肝脏中,在骨骼肌这类能量代谢丰富的组织中也有所表达[5]。既往关于PPARα在骨骼肌中的功能研究主要集中于其在能量代谢调控及炎症反应中的作用。已有研究表明,有氧运动可显著诱导骨骼肌组织中PPARα的表达上调[19]。此外,多项研究报道证实PPARα参与调节骨骼肌内多种炎症相关细胞因子的表达过程[20]。目前,已有研究报道PPARα在老年小鼠心肌及肝脏组织中的表达水平显著低于年轻个体[21]。然而,关于PPARα在小鼠不同年龄阶段腓肠肌中的表达动态变化,尚未见文献系统阐述。本研究首先通过PCR验证了PPARα在小鼠腓肠肌中的表达,为之后研究PPARα在腓肠肌中的表达变化以及其对骨骼肌发育的影响打下基础。本研究发现细胞凋亡标志物P21和P53在腓肠肌中的表达水平随着小鼠年龄的增长而增加,这与先前的报道相一致[22],并明确了小鼠的年龄差异。接着分别检测不同年龄阶段小鼠腓肠肌中PPARα mRNA和蛋白水平的表达变化,发现随着年龄的增长,PPARα的表达水平逐渐降低且老年小鼠腓肠肌中PPARα的表达显著低于年轻小鼠,表明PPARα在骨骼肌发育过程中发挥重要作用,并可能是衰老引起骨骼肌功能障碍的重要因素。
本研究上述结果已表明PPARα在年轻和衰老小鼠腓肠肌中的表达存在差异,说明PPARα在腓肠肌发育过程中发挥重要作用。已有研究证明PPARα可以通过与多个信号通路相互作用来促进组织器官再生和细胞的增殖,在小鼠经历部分肝切除术(PHx)后,PPARα促进肝细胞中YAP的核转位,从而增强肝细胞中的YAP信号转导并促进肝细胞增殖[7]。此外,PPARα还可以通过增强YAP1表达促进心肌细胞成熟[23]。除了与YAP信号传导的串扰外,PPARα还与Notch和Wnt信号传导相互作用。有研究证明PPARα可以通过内皮细胞中的脂肪酸氧化增强Notch信号传导,从而达到血管保护和血管重塑的作用[24]。而且,激活肝脏中的PPARα可以通过肝-肌轴恢复由于癌症所导致的骨骼肌萎缩[9]。除此之外,PPARα的同族成员PPARβ/δ对骨骼肌发育也有重要的调节作用,小鼠中PPARβ/δ的缺乏导致肌肉卫星细胞数量减少及其再生能力降低,这表明PPARβ/δ调节小鼠出生后的肌生成和再生[25],上述研究结果均提示PPARα可能参与骨骼肌的发育和再生过程。本研究利用WT和PPARα-/-小鼠腓肠肌为试验对象,发现敲除PPARα后小鼠腓肠肌肌纤维横截面积降低,小面积的肌纤维数量增多,而大面积的肌纤维数量减少,提示PPARα可能引起了骨骼肌萎缩或肌纤维类型转化。此外,体成分分析结果显示PPARα敲除后体重增加,但是瘦体重和脂肪含量均无明显变化,可能是由于PPARα敲除抑制脂肪酸氧化,导致肝脏脂质堆积或糖原储存增加,引起肝脏重量上升,最终引起体重增加。
分子试验和组织学试验检测发现PPARα敲除后腓肠肌中骨骼肌发育重要调控因子MyoD和Pax7的表达水平均显著降低。其中Pax7具有维持和再生肌源性卫星细胞的能力[2],而卫星细胞具有分化为肌细胞的潜能。MyoD为肌源性决定因子,是肌生成过程中的重要转录因子[26]。本研究结果表明PPARα缺失可抑制与骨骼肌发育相关基因的转录表达。进一步通过免疫荧光染色发现PPARα敲除后腓肠肌中Pax7⁺卫星细胞及MyoD⁺细胞数量均显著减少,表明PPARα缺失可能通过影响肌卫星细胞的增殖与分化过程,进而调控骨骼肌的发育与再生。接着本研究对PPARα参与调控的下游分子机制进行进一步探究,已有研究表明P38α丝裂原活化蛋白激酶途径(P38α MAPK)信号通路的激活可以增强肌源性分化[27],而本研究结果显示敲除PPARα后P38 MAPK的磷酸化水平显著增加,这与之前的结果相一致。此外,已有研究报道随着衰老的进程,骨骼肌中AMPK的激活能力逐渐下降[28],这提示人们衰老引起的骨骼肌发育障碍可能是通过PPARα调控AMPK磷酸化水平来调控的,然而本研究结果显示PPARα敲除后AMPK的磷酸化水平升高了,这与先前的报道不太一致,可能是由于受PPARα调控的中间因子导致的对AMPK磷酸化水平的影响。上述结果提示我们,PPARα可能是通过直接影响P38 MAPK的磷酸化水平并间接影响AMPK的激活来参与骨骼肌发育的调控。此外,本研究推测PPARα敲除所引发的AMPK与P38 MAPK磷酸化水平升高,可能与全身性能量代谢紊乱及慢性炎症状态有关。PPARα缺失会导致机体能量供应不足并削弱其抗炎作用[13],进而激活AMPK以调控代谢过程,抑制能量消耗途径,从而阻碍骨骼肌生成[29]。同时,P38 MAPK表达上调可能由慢性炎症刺激所介导[30],共同促成肌肉萎缩表型。本研究为解析骨骼肌发育的分子调控网络提供了新的视角,并为育种策略的开发提供了潜在理论依据。上述推论尚需通过后续试验进一步验证,以明确PPARα在该通路中的具体调控机制。
总之,PPARα在小鼠腓肠肌中各年龄段均有表达,年轻组表达显著高于老年组(P<0.01),主要定位于细胞质和细胞核。此外,PPARα可通过影响AMPK和P38磷酸化以促进肌卫星细胞增殖与分化,从而参与骨骼肌发育调控。本研究结果为进一步研究PPARα在骨骼肌发育和分化过程中的功能和分子机制的研究提供了理论基础,并为畜牧兽医生产实践中提高肉产量和品质提供新的育种策略。
  • 国家自然科学基金(32102634)
  • 山西省研究生教育创新项目(2023KY345)
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doi: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.01.039
  • 接收时间:2025-04-18
  • 首发时间:2026-09-16
  • 出版时间:2026-01-23
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-18
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国家自然科学基金(32102634)
山西省研究生教育创新项目(2023KY345)
作者信息
    山西农业大学动物医学学院,太谷 030800

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闫艺,主要从事骨骼肌发育相关研究,E-mail:
王海东,主要从事骨骼肌发育相关研究,E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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