Article(id=1307007499735950069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307007396681900041, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.01.047, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1734451200000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789544470961, onlineDateStr=2026-09-16, pubDate=1769097600000, pubDateStr=2026-01-23, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789544470961, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789544470961, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789544470961, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1307007396681900041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, year='2026', volume='57', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='568', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769097600000', pubDateStr='2026-01-23', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789544446392, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789609890784, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1307281890638057732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307007396681900041, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1307281890738721029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307007396681900041, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=540, endPage=552, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1307007500532867832, articleId=1307007499735950069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, language=EN, title=Effects of Panax notoginseng Stem and Leaf Extract on Growth Performance, Diarrhea Index and Intestinal Health of LPS-Challenged Piglets, columnId=1307007468660355587, journalTitle=Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, columnName=CLINICAL VETERINARY MEDICINE, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study aimed to explore the extraction method of saponins from the stems and leaves of Panax notoginseng (PN) and investigate its effects on the growth performance, diarrhea index and intestinal health of piglets challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Single-factor experiments were conducted and ultrasonic extraction method was used to optimize the extraction conditions of total saponins from Panax notoginseng stems and leaves, such as ultrasonic time, liquid-to-solid ratio, and ethanol volume fraction. The experiment selected 24 “Duroc × Landrace × Large White” piglets with an initial body weight of (7.13±0.74) kg. The piglets were randomly divided into a control group (basic diet), an LPS group (basic diet), a DEX (dexamethasone) + LPS group (basic diet) and a PN + LPS group (basic diet + 0.4% Panax notoginseng stem and leaf extract), with six piglets in each group. On the 28th day of the experiment, serum, colon tissue and colon chyme samples were collected from piglets to test serum biochemical and colon inflammation-related indicators, the composition of colon microbiota were analyzed and colon tissue morphology were observed. The results showed as follows: 1) The extraction yield of total saponins was the highest at solid-liquid ratio of 1∶25(g∶mL), ultrasonic time of 1.5 h and ethanol volume fraction of 60%. 2) Compared with the LPS group, the feed intake of piglets in PN treatment was significantly increased (P<0.05), and the diarrhea index was decreased (P=0.06). 3) Supplementation of PN can effectively improve the morphology of colon tissue induced by LPS and prevent mucosal injury; 4) PN pre-feeding reduced the abundance of Prevotella_9 in the colon of piglets challenged with LPS (P<0.05). 5) PN treatment could promote the expression of IL-4 at mRNA level (P<0.05) and reduce the expression of TNF-α at mRNA level (P<0.05). In summary, add 0.4% PN in dietary can improve the growth performance of piglets, alleviate the damage of intestinal morphology caused by LPS, regulate intestinal microorganisms and alleviate intestinal inflammation, thereby improving the diarrhea of piglets.

, authors=Lin ZHAO1, 5, Kunfu WU1, Siyan CHE1, 5, Yu LU2, 3, Zi WANG4, Miaomiao WU1, 5, authorsList=Lin ZHAO, Kunfu WU, Siyan CHE, Yu LU, Zi WANG, Miaomiao WU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yu LU, Miaomiao WU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
WU Miaomiao, E-mail:
LU Yu, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1307007506996290313, articleId=1307007499735950069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, language=CN, title=三七茎叶提取物对脂多糖攻毒下仔猪生长性能、腹泻指数及肠道健康的影响, columnId=1307007468815544837, journalTitle=畜牧兽医学报, columnName=临床兽医, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

旨在探索三七(Panax notoginseng,PN)茎叶的皂苷提取方法,并研究其对脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)攻毒下仔猪生长性能、腹泻指数及肠道健康的影响。利用超声波提取法,通过单因素试验,优化超声时间、液料比、乙醇体积分数等三七茎叶总皂苷的提取条件。试验选用24头初始体重为(7.13±0.74) kg的“杜×长×大”三元断奶仔猪,随机分为对照组(基础日粮)、LPS组(基础日粮)、DEX(地塞米松)+LPS组(基础日粮)和PN+LPS组(基础日粮+0.4%三七茎叶提取物),每组6头猪。在试验第28天采集仔猪血清、结肠组织及结肠食糜样品,检测血清生化及结肠炎症相关指标,分析结肠微生物群构成并观察结肠组织形态。结果表明:1)三七茎叶在料液比1∶25(g∶mL)、超声时间1.5 h和乙醇体积分数60%时,总皂苷提取率最高;2)与模型组相比,PN处理的仔猪采食量明显升高(P<0.05),腹泻指数有降低趋势(P=0.06);3)添加PN能有效改善LPS诱导结肠组织形态,预防黏膜损伤;4)PN预饲能降低LPS攻毒仔猪结肠中普氏菌属(Prevotella_9)的丰度(P<0.05);5)PN处理能在mRNA水平促进结肠IL-4表达(P<0.05),并降低TNF-α表达量(P<0.05)。综上所述,饲粮中添加0.4%三七茎叶提取物可以改善仔猪生长性能,缓解LPS造成的仔猪肠道形态受损,调节肠道微生物群组成并缓解肠道炎症,从而改善仔猪腹泻。

, authors=赵琳1, 5, 邬昆富1, 车思艳1, 5, 卢宇2, 3, 王梓4, 吴苗苗1, 5, authorsList=赵琳, 邬昆富, 车思艳, 卢宇, 王梓, 吴苗苗, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=卢宇, 吴苗苗, authorNote=

赵琳,硕士生,主要从事动物营养与饲料研究,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
吴苗苗,主要从事动物营养与免疫研究,E-mail:
卢宇,主要从事动物生物制品研发,E-mail:
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articleId=1307007499735950069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[38], rfOrder=52, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=胡 溪,高 智,冯 立,等.基于“肠-肾轴”理论探究益肾排毒方加三七对肾衰竭血清瘦素、血脂、氧化应激及内皮功能的影响[J/OL].中华中医药学刊,1-11[2025-03-14].http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/21.1546.R.20240902.1724.005.html., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307286529538281600, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007499735950069, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[38], rfOrder=53, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HU X,GAO Z,FENG L,et al.Exploring the effect of Yishen Paidu formula plus Sanqi on serum leptin,lipids,oxidative stress,and endothelial function in renal failure based on the theory of "intestinal kidney axis" [J/OL].Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine:1-11.[2025-03-14].http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/21.1546.R.20240902.1724.005.html.(in Chinese), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1307286521346805830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007499735950069, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=国家兽用生物制品工程技术研究中心开放课题(GTKF(23)002), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1307286521413914695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007499735950069, awardId=82470126, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(82470126), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1307286521581686856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007499735950069, awardId=2023RC3030, language=CN, fundingSource=湖湘青年英才计划(2023RC3030), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1307286521678155849, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007499735950069, 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articleId=1307007499735950069, xref=5., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1307286511725073407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007499735950069, companyId=1307286511716684798, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=5.Yuelushan Laboratory,Changsha 410128,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1307286511733462016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007499735950069, companyId=1307286511716684798, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=5.岳麓山实验室,长沙 410128)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1307286517089587246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007499735950069, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Extraction rate of total saponins of Panax notoginseng under different conditions, figureFileSmall=Q9TLkxpHC0LCHlK6cP1teg==, figureFileBig=pJVF2833Q/WO3d8XRX4Kbg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307286517152501807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007499735950069, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同条件下三七茎叶总皂苷提取率, figureFileSmall=Q9TLkxpHC0LCHlK6cP1teg==, figureFileBig=pJVF2833Q/WO3d8XRX4Kbg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307286517362217008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007499735950069, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=The effect of Panax notoginseng stem and leaf extract on colon morphology of weaned piglets, figureFileSmall=ULH1HeUBKlJnhi+xSSWKyg==, figureFileBig=VYotoBfIQMvEejYX9YOqsQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307286517479657521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007499735950069, language=CN, label=图2, caption=三七茎叶提取物对断奶仔猪结肠形态的影响, figureFileSmall=ULH1HeUBKlJnhi+xSSWKyg==, figureFileBig=VYotoBfIQMvEejYX9YOqsQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307286517563543602, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007499735950069, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=The effect of Panax notoginseng stem and leaf extract on microbial alpha diversity (a) and Beta diversity (b) in colon, figureFileSmall=UGh1DVzfpw3iz0jtM2qNBw==, figureFileBig=6cxY3DMpoF7X2Yx6/6kZgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307286519224487987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007499735950069, language=CN, label=图3, caption=三七茎叶提取物对结肠微生物群Alpha多样性(a)和Beta多样性(b)的影响, figureFileSmall=UGh1DVzfpw3iz0jtM2qNBw==, figureFileBig=6cxY3DMpoF7X2Yx6/6kZgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307286519304179764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007499735950069, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=The effect of Panax notoginseng stem and leaf extract on colonic microbes at the phylum level

a. Heat map of species differences; b. Bar graph of species differences

, figureFileSmall=qw1P0N9BJG8RXZYj2ot1QA==, figureFileBig=tskYIwnlQclZTOdj3uwULA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307286519480340533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007499735950069, language=CN, label=图4, caption=三七茎叶提取物对门水平结肠微生物的影响

a.物种差异热图;b.物种差异柱状图

Actinobacteriota.放线菌门;Proteobacteria.变形菌门;Firmicutes.厚壁菌门;Cyanobacteria.蓝藻;Campylobacterota.弯曲菌门;Bacteroidota.拟杆菌门;Fibrobacterota.纤维杆菌门;Fusobacteriota.梭杆菌门;Aenigmarchaeota.谜古菌门;Deferribacterota.脱铁杆菌门;Themmoplasmatota.极端嗜热古菌;Acidobacteriota.酸杆菌门;Desulfobacterota.脱硫杆菌门;Verrucomicrobiota.疣微菌门;Euryarchaeota.广古菌门;Patescibacteria.髌骨菌门;Elusimicrobiota.迷踪菌门;Spirochaetota.螺旋体门;Synergistota.互养菌门

, figureFileSmall=qw1P0N9BJG8RXZYj2ot1QA==, figureFileBig=tskYIwnlQclZTOdj3uwULA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307286519551643702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007499735950069, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=The effect of Panax notoginseng stem and leaf extract on colonic microbes at the genus level

a. Heat map of species differences; b. Bar graph of species differences

, figureFileSmall=Pjc8LKi3ZcjcOeQR8PvQQA==, figureFileBig=MEp4oGoa+MT7y9JWq45AtQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307286519648112695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007499735950069, language=CN, label=图5, caption=三七茎叶提取物对属水平结肠微生物的影响

a.物种差异热图;b.物种差异柱状图

Anaerovibrio厌氧弧菌属;Succiniclasticum解琥珀酸菌属;Agathobacter;Blautia布劳特氏菌属;Faecalibacterium普拉梭菌;Megasphaera巨球形菌;Phascolarctobacterium考拉杆菌属;Lactobacillus乳杆菌属;Prevotella_9普氏菌属;Rikenellaceae_Rc9_gut_group理研菌科_RC9肠群;Bacteroides拟杆菌属;UCG-002,Treponema密螺旋体属;Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1梭状芽胞杆菌;Lachnospiraceae_AC2044_group;Alloprevotella普雷沃氏菌属;Parabacteroides;Streptococcus链球菌;Terrisporobacter;Methanobrevibacter甲烷短杆菌属

, figureFileSmall=Pjc8LKi3ZcjcOeQR8PvQQA==, figureFileBig=MEp4oGoa+MT7y9JWq45AtQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307286519945908280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007499735950069, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Effect of stem and leaf extracts of Panax notoginseng on expression levels of genes related to colonic inflammation in weaned piglets, figureFileSmall=h/y9tAzbHwE++RiHYCmHaw==, figureFileBig=++jGqTogsX8MvEq5prdSnQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307286520046571577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007499735950069, language=CN, label=图6, caption=三七茎叶提取物对断奶仔猪结肠炎症相关基因表达水平的影响, figureFileSmall=h/y9tAzbHwE++RiHYCmHaw==, figureFileBig=++jGqTogsX8MvEq5prdSnQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307286520294035514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007499735950069, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Composition and nutrient levels of basal diets (air-dry basis)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 Item含量 Content
原料 Ingredient
玉米粉 Corn flour60.00
豆粕 Soybean meal16.00
膨化豆粕 Puffed soybean meal10.00
鱼粉 Fish meal5.00
乳清粉 Whey powder4.00
磷酸氢钙 CaHPO41.10
石粉 Limestone0.60
食盐 NaCl0.30
预混料 Premix1)3.00
合计 Total100.00
营养水平 Nutrient levels2)
消化能/(MJ·kg-1) DE13.89
粗蛋白质 CP19.44
粗脂肪 EE4.93
粗灰分 Ash5.28
钙 Ca0.75
磷 P0.54
蛋氨酸 Ca0.53
赖氨酸 Lys1.33
), ArticleFig(id=1307286520419864635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007499735950069, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

基础日粮组成及营养水平(风干基础) (%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 Item含量 Content
原料 Ingredient
玉米粉 Corn flour60.00
豆粕 Soybean meal16.00
膨化豆粕 Puffed soybean meal10.00
鱼粉 Fish meal5.00
乳清粉 Whey powder4.00
磷酸氢钙 CaHPO41.10
石粉 Limestone0.60
食盐 NaCl0.30
预混料 Premix1)3.00
合计 Total100.00
营养水平 Nutrient levels2)
消化能/(MJ·kg-1) DE13.89
粗蛋白质 CP19.44
粗脂肪 EE4.93
粗灰分 Ash5.28
钙 Ca0.75
磷 P0.54
蛋氨酸 Ca0.53
赖氨酸 Lys1.33
), ArticleFig(id=1307286520478584892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007499735950069, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Primers for RT-PCR experiments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

基因

Gene

引物序列(5'→3')

Primer sequences(5'→3')

登录号

Accession number

产物长度/bp

Product length

甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶

GAPDH

上游引物:TCGGAGTGAACGGATTTGGC

下游引物:TGACAAGCTTCCCGTTCTCC

NM_001206359.1189

干扰素-γ

IFN-γ

上游引物:TCCAGCGCAAAGCCATCAGTG

下游引物:ATGCTCTCTGGCCTTGGAACATAGT

NM_213948.1111

肿瘤坏死因子-α

TNF-α

上游引物:CCACGCTCTTCTGCCTACTGC

下游引物:GCTGTCCCTCGGCTTTGAC

NM_214022.1168

白细胞介素-6

IL-6

上游引物:CCTCTCCGGACAAAACTGAA

下游引物:TCTGCCAGTACCTCCTTGCT

XM_047753916.1118

白细胞介素-10

IL-10

上游引物:CTGCCTCCCACTTTCTCTTG

下游引物:TCAAAGGGGCTCCCTAGTTT

NM_214041.195

白细胞介素-4

IL-4

上游引物:TGACGGACGTCTTTGCTGC

下游引物:GCACAGAACAGGTCATGTTTGC

NM_214123.1165

白细胞介素-22

IL-22

上游引物:CAATTCCCCTGCCATTGAGT

下游引物:GGGGTGGAGGTAAGGAGATT

XM_021091967.1150
), ArticleFig(id=1307286520545693757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007499735950069, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

RT-PCR试验的引物序列

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

基因

Gene

引物序列(5'→3')

Primer sequences(5'→3')

登录号

Accession number

产物长度/bp

Product length

甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶

GAPDH

上游引物:TCGGAGTGAACGGATTTGGC

下游引物:TGACAAGCTTCCCGTTCTCC

NM_001206359.1189

干扰素-γ

IFN-γ

上游引物:TCCAGCGCAAAGCCATCAGTG

下游引物:ATGCTCTCTGGCCTTGGAACATAGT

NM_213948.1111

肿瘤坏死因子-α

TNF-α

上游引物:CCACGCTCTTCTGCCTACTGC

下游引物:GCTGTCCCTCGGCTTTGAC

NM_214022.1168

白细胞介素-6

IL-6

上游引物:CCTCTCCGGACAAAACTGAA

下游引物:TCTGCCAGTACCTCCTTGCT

XM_047753916.1118

白细胞介素-10

IL-10

上游引物:CTGCCTCCCACTTTCTCTTG

下游引物:TCAAAGGGGCTCCCTAGTTT

NM_214041.195

白细胞介素-4

IL-4

上游引物:TGACGGACGTCTTTGCTGC

下游引物:GCACAGAACAGGTCATGTTTGC

NM_214123.1165

白细胞介素-22

IL-22

上游引物:CAATTCCCCTGCCATTGAGT

下游引物:GGGGTGGAGGTAAGGAGATT

XM_021091967.1150
), ArticleFig(id=1307286520608608318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007499735950069, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Effects of stem and leaf extracts of Panax notoginseng on growth performance of weaned piglets

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 Item组别 Group
CONLPSDEX+LPSPN+LPS
平均日采食量/(kg·d-1) ADFI0.67±0.05a0.53±0.02b0.55±0.04b0.69±0.02a
平均日增重/(kg·d-1) ADG0.47±0.03a0.41±0.04ab0.35±0.04ab0.33±0.04b
料重比 F/G1.41±0.03ab1.29±0.01b1.51±0.06a1.57±0.03a
), ArticleFig(id=1307286520671522879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007499735950069, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

三七茎叶提取物对断奶仔猪生长性能的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 Item组别 Group
CONLPSDEX+LPSPN+LPS
平均日采食量/(kg·d-1) ADFI0.67±0.05a0.53±0.02b0.55±0.04b0.69±0.02a
平均日增重/(kg·d-1) ADG0.47±0.03a0.41±0.04ab0.35±0.04ab0.33±0.04b
料重比 F/G1.41±0.03ab1.29±0.01b1.51±0.06a1.57±0.03a
), ArticleFig(id=1307286520742826048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007499735950069, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Effect of stem and leaf extracts of Panax notoginseng on diarrhea index of weaned piglets

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

项目

Item

组别 Group
CONLPSDEX+LPSPN+LPS
腹泻指数 Diarrhea index2.72±0.31c5.44±0.34a4.53±0.28ab4.47±0.43b
), ArticleFig(id=1307286520830906433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007499735950069, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

三七茎叶提取物对断奶仔猪腹泻指数的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

项目

Item

组别 Group
CONLPSDEX+LPSPN+LPS
腹泻指数 Diarrhea index2.72±0.31c5.44±0.34a4.53±0.28ab4.47±0.43b
), ArticleFig(id=1307286520910598210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007499735950069, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Effects of stem and leaf extracts of Panax notoginseng on organ indices of weaned piglets

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

项目

Item

组别 Group
CONLPSDEX+LPSPN+LPS
心脏指数 Heart index5.39±0.155.64±0.345.89±0.336.23±0.54
肝脏指数 Liver index25.17±0.50b30.3±1.63a31.22±1.25a28.87±1.94ab
脾脏指数 Spleen index1.95±0.09b2.2±0.12ab2.5±0.16a2.5±0.19a
肺脏指数 Lung index12.42±0.9513.91±0.6912.72±0.4414.11±0.91
肾脏指数 Kidney index5.11±0.215.09±0.285.45±0.175.58±0.34
), ArticleFig(id=1307286521002872899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007499735950069, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

三七茎叶提取物对断奶仔猪器官指数的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

项目

Item

组别 Group
CONLPSDEX+LPSPN+LPS
心脏指数 Heart index5.39±0.155.64±0.345.89±0.336.23±0.54
肝脏指数 Liver index25.17±0.50b30.3±1.63a31.22±1.25a28.87±1.94ab
脾脏指数 Spleen index1.95±0.09b2.2±0.12ab2.5±0.16a2.5±0.19a
肺脏指数 Lung index12.42±0.9513.91±0.6912.72±0.4414.11±0.91
肾脏指数 Kidney index5.11±0.215.09±0.285.45±0.175.58±0.34
), ArticleFig(id=1307286521090953284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007499735950069, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Effects of stem and leaf extracts of Panax notoginseng on serum biochemistry of weaned piglets

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

项目

Item

组别 Group
CONLPSDEX+LPSPN+LPS
乳酸脱氢酶/(U·L-1) LDH948.31±79.801 288.87±270.67904.37±72.961 054.21±138.30
尿素/(μmol·L-1) BU5.23±0.38a3.94±0.38b4.41±0.40b5.42±2.14a
总胆红素/(μmol·L-1) TBIL1.80±0.091.37±0.301.72±0.101.60±0.18
总胆固醇/(mmol·L-1) TC8.53±1.45a2.30±1.23b0.75±0.18b3.23±0.98b
总蛋白/(g·L-1) TP52.75±1.6350.37±3.1551.56±2.2649.73±4.86
球蛋白/(g·L-1) GLB20.60±2.4620.54±1.4021.75±2.2321.56±2.35
白蛋白/(g·L-1) ALB32.15±2.3329.82±1.9329.81±1.4028.17±2.65
白蛋白/球蛋白 ALB/GLB1.71±0.271.46±0.061.46±0.201.33±0.08
甘油三酯/(mmol·L-1) TG0.48±0.050.42±0.180.43±0.050.45±0.12
碱性磷酸酶/(U·L-1) ALP379.72±27.30395.97±44.58350.11±55.01348.76±72.00
血糖/(mmol·L-1) BG2.17±0.452.08±0.422.60±0.531.68±0.44
谷丙转氨酶/(U·L-1) ALT104.96±8.73a73.10±10.06b72.29±7.23b57.44±9.51b
谷草转氨酶/(U·L-1) AST110.32±12.42132.24±26.5879.40±11.12190.87±107.75
谷草转氨酶/谷丙转氨酶 AST/ALT1.07±0.121.98±0.431.09±0.102.96±1.14
), ArticleFig(id=1307286521166450757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007499735950069, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

三七茎叶提取物对LPS诱导腹泻仔猪血清生化的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

项目

Item

组别 Group
CONLPSDEX+LPSPN+LPS
乳酸脱氢酶/(U·L-1) LDH948.31±79.801 288.87±270.67904.37±72.961 054.21±138.30
尿素/(μmol·L-1) BU5.23±0.38a3.94±0.38b4.41±0.40b5.42±2.14a
总胆红素/(μmol·L-1) TBIL1.80±0.091.37±0.301.72±0.101.60±0.18
总胆固醇/(mmol·L-1) TC8.53±1.45a2.30±1.23b0.75±0.18b3.23±0.98b
总蛋白/(g·L-1) TP52.75±1.6350.37±3.1551.56±2.2649.73±4.86
球蛋白/(g·L-1) GLB20.60±2.4620.54±1.4021.75±2.2321.56±2.35
白蛋白/(g·L-1) ALB32.15±2.3329.82±1.9329.81±1.4028.17±2.65
白蛋白/球蛋白 ALB/GLB1.71±0.271.46±0.061.46±0.201.33±0.08
甘油三酯/(mmol·L-1) TG0.48±0.050.42±0.180.43±0.050.45±0.12
碱性磷酸酶/(U·L-1) ALP379.72±27.30395.97±44.58350.11±55.01348.76±72.00
血糖/(mmol·L-1) BG2.17±0.452.08±0.422.60±0.531.68±0.44
谷丙转氨酶/(U·L-1) ALT104.96±8.73a73.10±10.06b72.29±7.23b57.44±9.51b
谷草转氨酶/(U·L-1) AST110.32±12.42132.24±26.5879.40±11.12190.87±107.75
谷草转氨酶/谷丙转氨酶 AST/ALT1.07±0.121.98±0.431.09±0.102.96±1.14
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三七茎叶提取物对脂多糖攻毒下仔猪生长性能、腹泻指数及肠道健康的影响
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赵琳 1, 5 , 邬昆富 1 , 车思艳 1, 5 , 卢宇 2, 3 , 王梓 4 , 吴苗苗 1, 5
畜牧兽医学报 | 临床兽医 2026,57(1): 540-552
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畜牧兽医学报 |临床兽医 2026 , 57 (1) : 540 -552
三七茎叶提取物对脂多糖攻毒下仔猪生长性能、腹泻指数及肠道健康的影响
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赵琳,硕士生,主要从事动物营养与饲料研究,E-mail:

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赵琳,硕士生,主要从事动物营养与饲料研究,E-mail:

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赵琳1, 5 , 邬昆富1, 车思艳1, 5, 卢宇2, 3 , 王梓4, 吴苗苗1, 5
作者信息
  • 1.湖南农业大学动物科学技术学院 畜禽产品品质调控湖南省重点实验室,长沙 410128
  • 2.江苏省农业科学院动物免疫工程研究所,南京 210014
  • 3.兽用生物制品(泰州)国泰技术创新中心,泰州 225300
  • 4.中南大学生命科学学院 分子生物学研究中心,长沙 410083
  • 5.岳麓山实验室,长沙 410128
通讯作者:
吴苗苗,主要从事动物营养与免疫研究,E-mail:
卢宇,主要从事动物生物制品研发,E-mail:
作者简介:

赵琳,硕士生,主要从事动物营养与饲料研究,E-mail:

Effects of Panax notoginseng Stem and Leaf Extract on Growth Performance, Diarrhea Index and Intestinal Health of LPS-Challenged Piglets
Lin ZHAO1, 5 , Kunfu WU1, Siyan CHE1, 5, Yu LU2, 3 , Zi WANG4, Miaomiao WU1, 5
Affiliations
  • 1.Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for the Products Quality Regulation of Livestock and Poultry,College of Animal Science and Technology,Hunan Agricultural University,Changsha 410128,China
  • 2.Institute of Animal Immunology Engineering,Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Nanjing 210014,China
  • 3.Guotai Technology Innovation Center of Veterinary Biological Products (Taizhou),Taizhou 225300,China
  • 4.Center for Molecular Biology,School of Life Sciences,Central South University,Changsha 410083,China
  • 5.Yuelushan Laboratory,Changsha 410128,China
  • Corresponding Author:
    WU Miaomiao, E-mail:
    LU Yu, E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-01-23 doi: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.01.047
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旨在探索三七(Panax notoginseng,PN)茎叶的皂苷提取方法,并研究其对脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)攻毒下仔猪生长性能、腹泻指数及肠道健康的影响。利用超声波提取法,通过单因素试验,优化超声时间、液料比、乙醇体积分数等三七茎叶总皂苷的提取条件。试验选用24头初始体重为(7.13±0.74) kg的“杜×长×大”三元断奶仔猪,随机分为对照组(基础日粮)、LPS组(基础日粮)、DEX(地塞米松)+LPS组(基础日粮)和PN+LPS组(基础日粮+0.4%三七茎叶提取物),每组6头猪。在试验第28天采集仔猪血清、结肠组织及结肠食糜样品,检测血清生化及结肠炎症相关指标,分析结肠微生物群构成并观察结肠组织形态。结果表明:1)三七茎叶在料液比1∶25(g∶mL)、超声时间1.5 h和乙醇体积分数60%时,总皂苷提取率最高;2)与模型组相比,PN处理的仔猪采食量明显升高(P<0.05),腹泻指数有降低趋势(P=0.06);3)添加PN能有效改善LPS诱导结肠组织形态,预防黏膜损伤;4)PN预饲能降低LPS攻毒仔猪结肠中普氏菌属(Prevotella_9)的丰度(P<0.05);5)PN处理能在mRNA水平促进结肠IL-4表达(P<0.05),并降低TNF-α表达量(P<0.05)。综上所述,饲粮中添加0.4%三七茎叶提取物可以改善仔猪生长性能,缓解LPS造成的仔猪肠道形态受损,调节肠道微生物群组成并缓解肠道炎症,从而改善仔猪腹泻。

三七茎叶提取物  /  仔猪腹泻  /  生长性能  /  肠道形态  /  微生物  /  炎症

This study aimed to explore the extraction method of saponins from the stems and leaves of Panax notoginseng (PN) and investigate its effects on the growth performance, diarrhea index and intestinal health of piglets challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Single-factor experiments were conducted and ultrasonic extraction method was used to optimize the extraction conditions of total saponins from Panax notoginseng stems and leaves, such as ultrasonic time, liquid-to-solid ratio, and ethanol volume fraction. The experiment selected 24 “Duroc × Landrace × Large White” piglets with an initial body weight of (7.13±0.74) kg. The piglets were randomly divided into a control group (basic diet), an LPS group (basic diet), a DEX (dexamethasone) + LPS group (basic diet) and a PN + LPS group (basic diet + 0.4% Panax notoginseng stem and leaf extract), with six piglets in each group. On the 28th day of the experiment, serum, colon tissue and colon chyme samples were collected from piglets to test serum biochemical and colon inflammation-related indicators, the composition of colon microbiota were analyzed and colon tissue morphology were observed. The results showed as follows: 1) The extraction yield of total saponins was the highest at solid-liquid ratio of 1∶25(g∶mL), ultrasonic time of 1.5 h and ethanol volume fraction of 60%. 2) Compared with the LPS group, the feed intake of piglets in PN treatment was significantly increased (P<0.05), and the diarrhea index was decreased (P=0.06). 3) Supplementation of PN can effectively improve the morphology of colon tissue induced by LPS and prevent mucosal injury; 4) PN pre-feeding reduced the abundance of Prevotella_9 in the colon of piglets challenged with LPS (P<0.05). 5) PN treatment could promote the expression of IL-4 at mRNA level (P<0.05) and reduce the expression of TNF-α at mRNA level (P<0.05). In summary, add 0.4% PN in dietary can improve the growth performance of piglets, alleviate the damage of intestinal morphology caused by LPS, regulate intestinal microorganisms and alleviate intestinal inflammation, thereby improving the diarrhea of piglets.

stem and leaf extract of Panax notoginseng  /  diarrhea in piglets  /  growth performance  /  intestinal morphology  /  microorganisms  /  inflammation
赵琳, 邬昆富, 车思艳, 卢宇, 王梓, 吴苗苗. 三七茎叶提取物对脂多糖攻毒下仔猪生长性能、腹泻指数及肠道健康的影响. 畜牧兽医学报, 2026 , 57 (1) : 540 -552 . DOI: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.01.047
Lin ZHAO, Kunfu WU, Siyan CHE, Yu LU, Zi WANG, Miaomiao WU. Effects of Panax notoginseng Stem and Leaf Extract on Growth Performance, Diarrhea Index and Intestinal Health of LPS-Challenged Piglets[J]. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, 2026 , 57 (1) : 540 -552 . DOI: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.01.047
三七(Panax notoginseng,PN)属于五加科人参属的多年生草本植物,其根部是主要的药用来源,而茎叶作为三七副产物利用率较低。有统计显示,三七茎叶每年总产量约2 500吨,仅有20%被适当利用[1]。三七茎叶中的活性成分与根部相似,主要是三七皂苷[2],还包括黄酮、氨基酸、糖类等多种元素[3]。作为我国传统名贵药材,三七具有止血[4]、抑炎、抗氧化[5]等多种功效。三七皂苷的抗炎机制复杂多样,Liu等[6]发现,三七花提取物可以在体外抑制人类角质细胞中白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)等炎症介导因子的产生,同时,Hu等[7]还发现,三七皂苷可以通过调节TLR4/NF-κB/HIF-1α/VEGF通路来缓解肺部炎症。另外,三七皂苷可以通过抑制成纤维细胞(fibroblast)增殖促进皮肤伤口愈合[8]。有趣的是,Shin等[9]的研究发现,三七皂苷可以通过调节肠道中Bacteroidetes和Erysipelotrichaceae等微生物的丰度进而达到抗肥胖的效果。Huan等[10]还发现,三七多糖可以体外抑制伪狂犬病病毒对PK15细胞的传染性。以上研究提示,三七茎叶的有效成分具有很好的抗炎、组织修复、微生态调控等潜能。然而,对三七茎叶有效成分的功能研究却很少。更重要的是,三七作为地方特色农产品(如云南),探究三七茎叶在畜禽生产中的功效,不仅对促进当地的经济效益具有战略性意义,还能为三七天然提取物添加剂产品开拓广泛的应用市场,同时也为兴农助农和资源开发利用提供新思路。三七茎叶皂苷提取是三七茎叶有效利用的基础,目前,三七茎叶提取方法有超声波提取、超临界流体提取和微波辅助提取法等[11],其中因超声波提取操作简单、提取周期较短被广泛应用于三七皂苷提取,但不同提取条件下茎叶有效成分的提取效率也会不同[12]。
断奶是仔猪生长中至关重要的阶段,也是其肠道微生物群塑造的关键时期。养殖生产活动中常采取早期断奶以追求更高的母猪年生产力(sow productivity,PSY)来提高经济效益[13]。但早期断奶会导致仔猪免疫力低下、扰乱肠道菌群进而引发肠炎、腹泻和生长迟缓等一系列问题,是造成仔猪高死亡率的主要原因。在断奶阶段,仔猪会受到饮食、环境和生理等多方面的刺激[14]。一方面,断奶后仔猪饮食由单一液态母乳过渡到成分复杂的颗粒饲料,但此时仔猪消化系统发育不全,无法进行良好的消化并获取食物中的营养成分[15]。另一方面,断奶仔猪面临与母猪分离、饲养环境变化等挑战,心理和生理多面刺激,加上仔猪免疫防御系统发育不完全,抗病原微生物侵入的能力弱,这为致病菌的定植提供生长繁殖条件,容易造成肠道微生物群紊乱、肠道生物屏障形态被破坏等,最终导致仔猪腹泻、生长停滞甚至死亡[16]。有研究显示,腹泻仔猪肠道中乳酸杆菌(Lactobacillus)、柠檬酸杆菌(Citrobacter)、克雷伯菌(Klebsiella)、沙门菌(Salmonella)、肠杆菌(Enterobacter)和乳球菌(Lactococcus)的相对丰度升高[17]。脂多糖(LPS)由脂质A、O-抗原和核心多糖三部分组成,是大肠杆菌和沙门菌等细菌细胞壁的主要成分,其中脂质A为毒性成分[18]。细菌死亡后,释放LPS与细胞靶点相互作用后形成内源性介质,间接引起毒性反应,LPS可以结合许多细胞类型中的CD14/TLR4/MD2受体复合物,尤其是在单核细胞、树突状细胞、巨噬细胞和B细胞中。LPS与受体结合后,激活下游分子进而促进炎性细胞因子、一氧化氮和二十烷酸的分泌,加剧炎症反应[19]。仔猪腹泻的主要原因之一是细菌感染,因此,LPS构建肠道炎症模型对于仔猪腹泻研究具有良好的代表性。
综上,本研究旨在探究不同提取条件对三七茎叶主成分皂苷提取率的影响。同时通过对断奶仔猪构建LPS肠炎模型,探究饲粮中添加三七茎叶提取物对其生长性能、腹泻指数、肠道形态、肠道微生物群及炎症反应的影响,以期为三七茎叶再利用及其在饲料添加剂和潜在的临床治疗中应用提供科学依据。
本试验中的动物模型和试验程序经湖南农业大学动物福利与使用委员会(202005)批准。
人参皂苷Rg1标准品购自武汉卓研华标科技有限公司,三七茎叶购自云南文山明安贸易商行。盐酸、乙醇、甲醇、高氯酸、冰醋酸(分析纯),香草醛(化学纯),均购自国药集团。三七茎叶提取物(含10%三七皂苷)由陕西新天域生物科技有限公司代提取。
粉碎机、烘箱、超声清洗机、水浴锅、旋转蒸发仪、冷冻干燥机、酶标仪。
三七茎叶提取工艺流程如下:三七茎叶经粉碎机粉碎成40目粗粉→65 ℃烘干至恒重→精确称取三七茎叶粗粉→加入不同浓度的乙醇→超声提取→抽滤→定容→取样测其吸光度→计算提取率→滤液经蒸发浓缩,冷冻干燥制得三七茎叶提取物。分别考察料液比、超声时间和乙醇体积分数对三七总皂苷提取率的影响,每次试验仅改变1个因素,且其他条件不变(以料液比1∶20,超声时间2 h,乙醇体积分数60%为基础条件)。
取人参皂苷Rg1标准品,以甲醇溶液做溶剂配成1 mg·mL-1的标准品溶液。精确取不同体积(30、60、90、120、150、180 µL)的标准品溶液于试管中,使用甲醇溶液作为空白对照。将试管置于水浴中使溶剂蒸发,随后向每个试管滴加200 µL的5%(香草醛-冰醋酸)溶液和0.8 mL高氯酸。在60 ℃的水浴中加热15 min后,用流水冷却,再向每个试管加入5 mL冰醋酸,充分摇匀后静置15分钟。最后,在553 nm波长下测量吸光度,得到皂苷的回归方程为y=0.0124x-0.3157 (R2=0.99,x单位:μL)。测量不同提取条件下皂苷的吸光度,然后按照公式计算三七皂苷的提取率:
提取率(%)={[(A+0.315 7)/0.012 4]*V* N}/W
式中:A是皂苷的吸光度,V是定容体积,N是稀释倍数,W是称取的三七茎叶重量,单位g。
选取24头21日龄的健康三元(杜×长×大)断奶仔猪,平均体重为(7.13±0.74) kg。随机分为4组:对照组(基础日粮)、LPS组(基础日粮)、DEX+LPS组(基础日粮)和PN+LPS组(基础日粮+0.4%三七茎叶提取物),每组6个重复。在第20天和第27天,DEX+LPS组注射DEX(地塞米松,600 µg·kg-1),其余三组注射等量生理盐水;3 h后,LPS组、DEX+LPS组和PN+LPS组注射LPS(100 µg·kg-1),对照组注射等量生理盐水。基础日粮参照NRC(2012)营养标准配制,其组成及营养水平见表1,饲粮营养水平根据NRC(2012)数据库计算所得。试验期共28 d,每头猪单栏饲养。
试验期间每隔1周记录饲料消耗量和仔猪空腹体重。计算平均日增重(ADG)、平均日采食量(ADFI)和料重比(FCR)等指标,计算公式如下:
平均日增重(kg)=(末重-初重)/试验天数;
平均日采食量(kg)=总采食量/试验天数;
料重比=平均日采食量/平均日增重。
每日定时对仔猪腹泻情况进行评分,根据粪样形态将腹泻标准分为4个等级,即:正常0分(粪便成型、软硬适中);轻度1分(软便、松散成型且湿润);中度2分(稠状、不成形但无粪水分离);重度3分(液状、不成形且粪水分离)。腹泻指数越高代表腹泻越严重。腹泻指数计算公式如下:
腹泻指数=每组腹泻评分之和/每组试验仔猪总头数。
试验结束时,称取仔猪活体重后屠宰,取心、肝、脾、肺、肾后,清理干净表面血液,分别称重并计算器官指数,公式如下:
器官指数(g·kg-1)=器官重量(g)/活体重(kg)。
试验结束当天上午对仔猪进行采血,采集的全血在室温静置1 h分层,然后1 000×g离心10 min取上清,用于检测总蛋白(TP)、球蛋白(GLB)、白蛋白(ALB)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、尿素氮(BUN)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、血糖(GLU)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、甘油三酯(TG)、胆固醇(TC)等指标。上述指标使用BS-2200M全自动生化分析仪(深圳迈瑞医疗)测定。
取猪的新鲜结肠样本5 cm,用4%多聚甲醛固定液固定,随后组织被取出制作成石蜡切片,通过苏木精-伊红(HE)染色,并通过显微镜(Leica)观察其形态结构。
试验结束时,采集结肠食糜样本于5 mL无菌冻存管中,液氮速冻后-80 ℃冰箱保存。之后提取样本微生物群落总DNA,用1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检查DNA的浓度和纯度,然后将DNA稀释到1 ng·µL-1的浓度备用。使用特异性16S RNA引物进行扩增,扩增产物检测与纯化后再文库构建并且通过NovaSeq 6000平台进行PE250双端测序测序。最后进行微生物分析。
试验结束后,采集仔猪结肠组织,液氮速冻后-80 ℃保存。SYBR Green实时荧光定量法测定结肠炎症相关基因mRNA水平表达量,采用2-ΔΔCt法计算目的基因的相对表达量。表2为引物序列。
试验数据采用SPSS 26.0软件进行,通过正态分布和方差齐性检验后利用单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),采用LSD法进行多重比较分析。不符合正态分布的数据资料使用Wilcoxon秩和检验。之后分别用GraphPad-Prism 8、Excel 2022制成图表。结果以“平均值±标准误”表示,P<0.05表示差异显著。
为获得三七茎叶皂苷的最佳提取条件,本研究使用控制变量法通过控制单个因素来检测皂苷得率,结果如图1,三七茎叶总皂苷分别在料液比为1∶25(g∶mL)、超声时间为1.5 h和乙醇体积分数为60%时,提取率最高。综上所述,初步推测当三七茎叶的提取条件设置在料液比1∶25(g∶mL)、超声时间1.5 h和乙醇体积分数60%时,能够保证较高的总皂苷提取率。
由表3可知,与对照组相比,LPS组的仔猪平均日增重和料重比虽无明显变化(P>0.05),但平均日采食量显著下降(P<0.05);与LPS组相比,PN处理提高仔猪平均日采食量,(P<0.05);平均日增重和料重比与DEX处理组无明显区别(P>0.05)。以上结果提示PN处理能改善LPS攻毒仔猪的采食量,但对料重比无积极影响。
由表4可知,与对照组相比,LPS攻毒组的断奶仔猪腹泻指数比对照组显著升高(P<0.05);这提示LPS腹泻模型建立成功。同时,与LPS组相比,PN预饲处理组的仔猪腹泻指数有降低趋势(P=0.06),这提示PN对LPS诱导仔猪腹泻有潜在的保护作用。
由表5可知,与对照组相比,LPS组和DEX+LPS组的肝脏指数、以及DEX+LPS组和PN+LPS组的脾脏指数明显升高(P<0.05),而PN+LPS组的肝脏指数无显著变化(P>0.05)。结果提示PN处理对LPS攻毒的仔猪器官影响不明显。
由表6可知,PN添加能缓解LPS诱导的血清尿素水平增加(P<0.05),但不能逆转LPS诱导的仔猪血清总胆固醇和谷丙转氨酶降低(P>0.05);血清乳酸脱氢酶、甘油三脂、白蛋白等不受LPS或PN的影响。
由图2可见,健康的断奶仔猪的结肠组织结构完整,腺体、黏膜及隐窝正常,无炎性细胞浸润;而LPS诱导腹泻仔猪结肠组织黏膜破损,隐窝形状排列不整齐,黏膜下层水肿;饲喂添加PN饲料的仔猪结肠黏膜结构完整,水肿情况较LPS组有所改善。
与对照组相比,DEX+LPS和LPS组的Shannon指数升高但无统计学差异(P>0.05);与LPS组相比,PN+LPS的Shannon指数轻微降低(P>0.05)。PCOA分析显示,对照组、DEX+LPS组和PN+LPS组之间微生物群落组成相似,而LPS组明显与其他三组分离(图3)。
在门水平下,LPS诱导的断奶仔猪结肠中放线菌门(Actinobacteriota)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、蓝细菌(Cyanobacteria)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)丰度增加(P<0.05),螺旋菌门(Spirochaetota)和互养菌门(Synergistota)丰度降低(P<0.05),而PN处理逆转了LPS诱导仔猪结肠中螺旋菌门(Spirochaetota)和互养菌门(Synergistota)的丰度变化(P<0.05);此外PN还促进拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)、弯曲杆菌(Campylobacterota)和纤维杆菌门(Fibrobacterota)的富集(P<0.05) (图4)。
在属水平下,普拉梭菌(Faecalibacterium)、普氏菌属(Prevotella_9)、厌氧弧菌(Anaerovibrio)和Agathobacter在LPS诱导的仔猪结肠中富集(P<0.05),PN预饲后,仔猪结肠梭状芽胞杆菌(Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1)(P<0.05)和Lachnospiraceae_AC2044_group(P=0.07)富集;而阳性对照组(DEX+LPS)中Parabacteroides和普雷沃氏菌(Alloprevotella)丰度升高(P<0.05)(图5)。
由图6可知,腹腔注射LPS诱导结肠组织中IL-10、IL-22、IFN-γ、TNF-α的mRNA表达水平明显升高(P<0.05),同时IL-4表达水平显著降低(P<0.05),PN处理主要逆转LPS诱导的IL-4和TNF-α变化(P<0.05),结果表明三七可能通过促进IL-4并减少TNF-α的转录水平来缓解LPS诱导的肠道损伤。
三七是云南省的特色生物资源,其根部作为传统药材被广泛开发和应用,而茎叶作为三七副产物利用率较低。在当前饲料资源紧缺、人畜争食的大环境下,开发三七茎叶作为饲料资源,具有潜在的农业应用价值。近年来的研究证明,三七茎叶中的主要成分为皂苷[20],在预防和治疗多种代谢疾病及抗炎、抗衰老、抗肿瘤等方面具有重要的应用价值[21]。本研究优化了三七茎叶总皂苷的提取工艺。通过超声波提取法,探究不同条件下对三七茎叶总皂苷提取率的影响,包括调整料液比、提取时间、溶剂参数,确定最佳提取条件。结果显示,在料液比为1∶05~1∶25(g∶mL)、超声时间为0~1.5 h的条件下,总皂苷提取率逐渐增加。与陈红惠[22]的研究结果相近,即三七在料液比1∶30(g∶mL)、超声时间50 min、乙醇体积分数70%的条件下,总皂苷提取率达到最高。目前国内外对三七茎叶的现有应用研究较少,本研究为三七茎叶这一副产物的高效再利用提供了重要的技术参考,有助于降低工业生产成本,并推动其在饲料资源中的进一步应用。
肠道是动物机体内最大的消化和免疫器官,是动物获取营养物质和抵抗病原体侵入的关键屏障[23]。肠道屏障是肠道稳态的主要防线,可以防止细菌侵入[24]。上皮细胞通过分泌不同免疫介质、输送细菌抗原、并构建黏膜屏障来维系肠道菌群和宿主之间的共生关系[25]。生产中早期断奶带来的应激会加剧仔猪肠道负担,造成仔猪腹泻进而降低生产性能[26]。很多报道证实了三七对肠道健康的积极影响,如张自龙等[27]研究显示,三七皂苷能够改善小鼠肠道损伤,修复黏膜结构;Hu等[28]的研究表明,三七皂苷可以体外增加非洲绿猴肾细胞(Vero cell)对猪流行性腹泻病毒(PEDV)的抗感性。本研究发现三七茎叶提取的总皂苷预饲缓解了LPS注射诱导的采食量下降,改善仔猪结肠组织损伤,并缓解腹泻,这表明饲料添加三七茎叶提取物具有预防仔猪腹泻潜力。此外,本试验器官指数和血清生化结果显示出,添加三七茎叶提取物对仔猪尿素代谢通路具有调节潜力,而平均日增重等指标变化不明显,这可能是因为三七茎叶中含有的皂苷、多糖等营养物质更多的是为修复肠道损伤缓解并改善腹泻情况,并非直接刺激生长。
仔猪腹泻常伴随肠道微生物的紊乱,进而加重肠道炎症并影响仔猪的生长发育。已有研究证明三七可以通过重塑肠道菌群来改善肠道炎症病理症状[29]。本研究通过高通量测序分析了LPS诱导断奶仔猪肠道菌群的变化,结果显示,LPS组的β多样性明显偏离其他组,提示三七茎叶提取物能够有效维持肠道微生物多样性。此外,LPS组中普氏菌属(Prevotella_9)的丰度增加,已有研究表明该属细菌通过促进IL-1β的分泌加剧炎症反应[30]。相反,PN通过增加特定菌群的富集来重塑仔猪结肠微生物的结构,如增加Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1和Lachnospiraceae_AC2044_group的丰度,后者已被证实能够发酵植物多糖产生短链脂肪酸,其中丁酸作为结肠上皮细胞的能量来源,可以通过激活神经系统间接影响外周器官[31]。另外,三七中含有的三种主要活性成分:人参皂苷Rg1(C42H72O14)、Rb1(C54H92O23)及R1(C47H80O18)都是由糖基和皂苷元通过糖苷键连接而成的糖苷类化合物[32]。微生物含有大量糖苷水解酶,能代谢利用三七皂苷,这可能是三七与肠道微生物互作的关键[33]。这些结果表明,三七茎叶提取物可能通过调节特定肠道菌群改善肠道健康,从而发挥抗炎作用。
三七已被研究证明具有良好的抗炎作用[34]。细胞因子作为炎症介质,可以调节细胞的生长和分化,并充当信号分子在细胞间调节免疫反应[35]。本研究提示,LPS诱导结肠IL-22、IFN-γ、TNF-α的转录增加,而与组织修复相关的IL-4显著降低。在饲料中添加三七茎叶提取物后,仔猪结肠IL-4的mRNA表达水平明显提升而TNF-α的mRNA表达水平降低。TNF-α是一种常见的促炎因子,可以作为一种内源性致热原来参与免疫反应,进而引起机体发热、诱发炎症[36]。而IL-4的存在可以抑制炎症发生,通过促进巨噬细胞向M2型细胞的替代激活,并抑制巨噬细胞向M1型细胞的经典激活,修激活的M2细胞可以释放精氨酸酶、脯氨酸、多胺酶和TGF-β等与伤口修复有关的物质,从而减少病理炎症[37]。这些结果表明,三七茎叶提取物可能通过调节促炎和抗炎因子的平衡发挥作用,与胡溪等[38]关于三七能够降低TNF-α表达的研究结果一致。
本研究发现,饲粮中添加三七茎叶提取物能够在一定程度上缓解LPS诱导的断奶仔猪结肠形态损伤,具有缓解腹泻症状的潜力,通过调节肠道菌群结构及肠道炎症因子表达水平,改善肠道健康。这一发现为三七茎叶的再利用提供了新思路,也为其在饲料添加剂和潜在的临床治疗中应用提供了科学依据。
  • 国家兽用生物制品工程技术研究中心开放课题(GTKF(23)002)
  • 国家自然科学基金(82470126)
  • 湖湘青年英才计划(2023RC3030)
  • 湖南省自然科学基金(2022JJ30787)
  • 云南省重大科技专项计划(202202AE090032)
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doi: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.01.047
  • 接收时间:2024-12-18
  • 首发时间:2026-09-16
  • 出版时间:2026-01-23
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-18
基金
国家兽用生物制品工程技术研究中心开放课题(GTKF(23)002)
国家自然科学基金(82470126)
湖湘青年英才计划(2023RC3030)
湖南省自然科学基金(2022JJ30787)
云南省重大科技专项计划(202202AE090032)
作者信息
    1.湖南农业大学动物科学技术学院 畜禽产品品质调控湖南省重点实验室,长沙 410128
    2.江苏省农业科学院动物免疫工程研究所,南京 210014
    3.兽用生物制品(泰州)国泰技术创新中心,泰州 225300
    4.中南大学生命科学学院 分子生物学研究中心,长沙 410083
    5.岳麓山实验室,长沙 410128

通讯作者:

吴苗苗,主要从事动物营养与免疫研究,E-mail:
卢宇,主要从事动物生物制品研发,E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/xmsyxb/CN/10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.01.047
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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