Article(id=1307013749152444631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307013423896753139, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.03.039, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1740067200000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-21, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789545960938, onlineDateStr=2026-09-16, pubDate=1774195200000, pubDateStr=2026-03-23, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789545960938, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789545960938, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789545960938, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1307013423896753139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, year='2026', volume='57', issue='3', pageStart='1177', pageEnd='1776', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774195200000', pubDateStr='2026-03-23', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789545883392, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789609930841, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1307282058464743901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307013423896753139, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1307282058464743902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307013423896753139, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1636, endPage=1648, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1307013749387325656, articleId=1307013749152444631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, language=EN, title=Effects of NFAT1 Inhibitor on CD8+ T Cells /NK Cells in the Peripheral Blood and Spleen of Mice Infected with Plasmodium berghei, columnId=1307007432299930010, journalTitle=Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, columnName=PREVENTIVE VETERINARY MEDICINE, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Nuclear factor of activated T cells 1 (NFAT1), as a key transcription factor regulating T cell function, may participate in the pathogenesis of malaria by mediating the T cell exhaustion. This study aims to investigate the regulatory role of NFAT1 in the progression of Plasmodium berghei ANKA infection. By inhibiting NFAT1 activity and evaluating its effects on the expression of immune checkpoint molecules—T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 3 (Tim-3), cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4), and programmed cell death-1 (PD-1)—in peripheral blood and spleen of Plasmodium-infected mice, this study further explore the potential therapeutic value of targeting NFAT1 for malaria treatment. Firstly, a C57BL/6 mouse infection model was established, serum lactate levels and peripheral blood NFAT1 protein expression (Western blot) were dynamically monitored at different time points (day 0, 4 and 7). Flow cytometry was used to detect the expression levels of Tim-3, PD-1, and CTLA-4 on CD8+ T cells and NK cells in peripheral blood and spleen at different time points (day 0, 4, 6 and 8). An intervention model was subsequently constructed, followed by sample collection at 48 hours post-intervention for immunophenotypic analysis. The results indicated that the serum lactate level in the infection group was significantly higher than that in the control group at the 4th (P<0.01) and the 7th (P<0.001). The expression of NFAT1 protein was significantly upregulated at 7 days after infection (P<0.01). Flow cytometry analysis showed that the proportions of Tim-3+, CTLA-4+, and PD-1+ subsets of CD8+ T cells/NK cells in the spleen and peripheral blood of mice were significantly increased at 6-8 days after infection (P<0.01). After NFAT1 inhibitor intervention, the proportion of Tim-3+ CD8+ T/NK cells in the peripheral blood was significantly decreased (P<0.01), and the proportions of CTLA-4+, Tim-3+ CD8+ T cells and Tim-3+, PD-1+ NK cells in the spleen were significantly reduced (P<0.01). Notably, the proportion of CTLA-4+ NK cells in the peripheral blood was abnormally elevated after inhibitor treatment (P<0.001).In conclusion, NFAT1 inhibition can partially down-regulate the expression of immune checkpoint molecules in CD8+ T/NK cells, but it is accompanied by the compensatory overexpression of CTLA-4 in NK cells, which may weaken its therapeutic effect. The research suggests that NFAT1-targeted therapy needs to be optimized in combination with the dynamic regulation mechanism of immune checkpoints, providing a new research direction for malaria immunotherapy strategies.

, authors=Ning JIANG, Lu SUN, Yuqi JING, Hongyu LI, Zhiming WEI, Yiwei ZHANG, authorsList=Ning JIANG, Lu SUN, Yuqi JING, Hongyu LI, Zhiming WEI, Yiwei ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yiwei ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
ZHANG Yiwei, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1307013753556463853, articleId=1307013749152444631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, language=CN, title=NFAT1抑制剂对伯氏疟原虫感染小鼠外周血及脾脏CD8+T细胞/NK细胞的影响, columnId=1307007432459313564, journalTitle=畜牧兽医学报, columnName=预防兽医, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

宿主活化T细胞核因子1(nuclear factors of activated T cells,NFAT1)作为调控T细胞功能的关键转录因子,可能通过介导免疫耗竭参与疟疾病理进程。本文旨在研究NFAT1在伯氏疟原虫ANKA株感染进程中的调控作用,通过抑制NFAT1的活性评估其对感染疟原虫小鼠外周血及脾脏中免疫检查点分子T细胞免疫球蛋白黏蛋白-3 (T cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain-3,Tim-3)、细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关抗原4(cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4,CTLA-4)和程序性死亡受体1(programmed cell death-1,PD-1)的表达的影响,以探索靶向NFAT1治疗疟疾的潜在价值。首先,建立C57BL/6小鼠感染模型,监测不同时间点(0、4、7 d)血清乳酸水平及外周血NFAT1蛋白表达(Western blot)。流式细胞术检测感染不同阶段(0、4、6、8 d)外周血及脾脏CD8+ T细胞、NK细胞Tim-3、PD-1、CTLA-4表达水平。进一步构建干预模型,于干预后48 h采集样本进行免疫表型分析。结果表明,感染组血清乳酸水平在4 d(P<0.01)和7 d(P<0.001)显著高于对照组。NFAT1蛋白表达在感染7 d后显著上调(P<0.01)。流式分析显示,感染6~8 d后,小鼠脾脏和外周血CD8+ T细胞/NK细胞的Tim-3+、CTLA-4+、PD-1+亚群比例均显著增加(P<0.01);NFAT1抑制剂干预后,外周血Tim-3+ CD8+ T/NK细胞比例显著降低(P<0.01),脾脏CTLA-4+、Tim-3+ CD8+ T细胞及Tim-3+、PD-1+ NK细胞比例显著下降(P<0.01)。值得注意的是,抑制剂处理导致外周血CTLA-4+ NK细胞比例异常升高(P<0.001)。综上,NFAT1抑制可部分下调CD8+ T/NK细胞的免疫检查点分子表达,但伴随CTLA-4在NK细胞的代偿性高表达,这可能削弱其治疗效果。本研究提示,NFAT1靶向治疗需结合免疫检查点动态调控机制进行优化,为疟疾免疫治疗策略提供了新的研究方向。

, authors=姜宁, 孙露, 景钰淇, 李洪宇, 韦智明, 张义伟, authorsList=姜宁, 孙露, 景钰淇, 李洪宇, 韦智明, 张义伟, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张义伟, authorNote=

姜宁,博士,主要从事人兽共患寄生虫病学研究,E-mail:

姜宁与孙露为同等贡献作者

孙露,硕士生,主要从事分子寄生虫学研究,E-mail:

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张义伟,主要从事分子寄生虫学研究,E-mail:
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DOI:10.1016/j.immuni.2015.01.006, articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1307281652485480829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013749152444631, awardId=LJ212510157037, language=CN, fundingSource=辽宁省教育厅项目-一般项目(LJ212510157037), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1307281652544201086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013749152444631, awardId=880421011, language=CN, fundingSource=沈阳农业大学公开招聘博士毕业生科研启动费项目(880421011), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1307281647209046334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013749152444631, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1307281647217434943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013749152444631, companyId=1307281647209046334, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases,Ministry of Education,College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine,Shenyang Agricultural University,Shenyang 110866,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1307281647225823552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013749152444631, companyId=1307281647209046334, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=沈阳农业大学动物科学与医学学院 重要家畜疫病研究教育部重点实验室,沈阳 110866)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1307281650254111083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013749152444631, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Blood smear of mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA strain for 3 days (n=6)

The black arrows represent the malaria parasites observed in the blood smear

, figureFileSmall=kYqV7BQZqzG3C88ZPgbEsg==, figureFileBig=mWeiCP7w8iYapcO2GhbwDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307281650317025644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013749152444631, language=CN, label=图1, caption=感染伯氏疟原虫ANKA株3 d小鼠血涂片(n=6)

黑色箭头代表血涂片中观察到的疟原虫

, figureFileSmall=kYqV7BQZqzG3C88ZPgbEsg==, figureFileBig=mWeiCP7w8iYapcO2GhbwDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307281650396717421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013749152444631, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Changes of lactic acid content in serum of mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA strain (n=6)

*. Significant difference (P<0.05); **. Extremely significant difference (P<0.01); ***. Extremely significant difference (P < 0.001). The same as below

, figureFileSmall=QNZzkDLVCy6Ep5ZWR4bv1Q==, figureFileBig=hRGuzve7SaR5CMoaZNhl4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307281650459631982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013749152444631, language=CN, label=图2, caption=感染伯氏疟原虫ANKA株小鼠血清中乳酸含量的变化(n=6)

*.差异显著(P<0.05); **.差异极显著(P<0.01); ***. 差异极显著(P<0.001)。下同

, figureFileSmall=QNZzkDLVCy6Ep5ZWR4bv1Q==, figureFileBig=hRGuzve7SaR5CMoaZNhl4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307281650740650351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013749152444631, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Evans blue staining of brain tissue of C57BL/6 mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA strain (n=3), figureFileSmall=gStO4Cfl1KORWkhSHSVYLQ==, figureFileBig=BbtoLU7P7foZEWqJf06sKg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307281650820342128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013749152444631, language=CN, label=图3, caption=感染伯氏疟原虫ANKA株的C57BL/6小鼠脑组织伊文思蓝染色结果(n=3), figureFileSmall=gStO4Cfl1KORWkhSHSVYLQ==, figureFileBig=BbtoLU7P7foZEWqJf06sKg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307281650891645297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013749152444631, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Western blot results of expression of NFAT1 in peripheral blood immune cell in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA strain at day 4 and 7 (n=3)

A. Western blot results of NFAT1 expression in peripheral blood immune cells of mice at 4 and 7 days post infection with Plasmodiumberghei ANKA; B, C. Gray value analysis of Western blot results of peripheral blood NFAT1 of mice at 4 (B) and 7 (C) days post infection with Plasmodiumberghei ANKA. ns. The difference is not significant (P>0.05)

, figureFileSmall=6VhQNO8ZTgCFqjV3ZxN6MA==, figureFileBig=pz3tQUwQ/T1GWVlHyu3iig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307281651097166194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013749152444631, language=CN, label=图4, caption=感染伯氏疟原虫ANKA株4和7 d小鼠外周血免疫细胞NFAT1的Western blot 结果(n=3)

A.感染伯氏疟原虫ANKA株4和7 d外周血NFAT1的Western blot结果;B、C.感染伯氏疟原虫ANKA株4(B)和7天(C)NFAT1的Western blot 灰度值分析结果。 ns. 差异不显著(P>0.05)

, figureFileSmall=6VhQNO8ZTgCFqjV3ZxN6MA==, figureFileBig=pz3tQUwQ/T1GWVlHyu3iig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307281651155886451, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013749152444631, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Tim-3, PD-1 and CTLA-4 expression in peripheral blood CD8+ T cells and NK cells in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA strain at day 4, day 6 and day 8 (%, n=7)

A-C. The proportion of Tim-3+CD3+CD8+(A), CTLA-4+CD3+CD8+(B), PD-1+CD3+CD8+(C)T cells; D-F. The proportion of Tim-3+CD3-CD49b+(D), CTLA-4+CD3-CD49b+(E), PD-1+CD3-CD49b+ (F)cells. * represents comparing with group day 0, # represents day 6 comparing with group day 4, $ represents day 8 comparing with group day 6. *,#,$. Significant difference (P<0.05); **,##,$$. Extremely significant difference (P<0.01); ***,###,$$$. Extremely significant difference (P<0.001). The same as below

, figureFileSmall=i6ydw1/5Q7WzKWVK2YQf6Q==, figureFileBig=Cim/qQQ+HDK/4si7X7c74A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307281651252355444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013749152444631, language=CN, label=图5, caption=小鼠感染伯氏疟原虫ANKA株4、6、8天后外周血CD8+ T细胞、NK细胞Tim-3、PD-1、CTLA-4表达(%, n=7)

A~C. Tim-3+CD3+CD8+ (A)、 CTLA-4+CD3+CD8+(B)及PD-1+CD3+CD8+ (C)T细胞比例统计结果;D~F. Tim-3+CD3-CD49b+ (D)、CTLA-4+CD3-CD49b+(E)、PD-1+CD3-CD49b+(F)细胞比例统计结果。*代表与0 d组进行比较,#代表6 d组与4 d组进行比较, $代表8 d组与6 d组进行比较。*、#、$.差异显著(P<0.05); **、##、$$.差异极显著(P<0.01); ***、###、$$$.差异极显著(P<0.001)。下图同

, figureFileSmall=i6ydw1/5Q7WzKWVK2YQf6Q==, figureFileBig=Cim/qQQ+HDK/4si7X7c74A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307281651520790901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013749152444631, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Tim-3, PD-1 and CTLA-4 expression in splenic CD8+ T cells and NK cells in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA strain at day 4, day 6 and day 8 (%, n=7), figureFileSmall=y++CTFCsnXvfHf7WMrFbLQ==, figureFileBig=N8VRZLxXr3E+hucL/jpTJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307281651583705462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013749152444631, language=CN, label=图6, caption=小鼠感染伯氏疟原虫ANKA株4、6、8天后脾脏CD8+ T细胞、NK细胞Tim-3、PD-1、CTLA-4表达(%, n=7), figureFileSmall=y++CTFCsnXvfHf7WMrFbLQ==, figureFileBig=N8VRZLxXr3E+hucL/jpTJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307281651655008631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013749152444631, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=The effect of NFAT1 inhibitor on the expression of Tim-3, PD-1, CTLA-4 on peripheral blood CD8+ T cells and NK cells of mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA (%, n=7)

A-C. The proportion of Tim-3+CD3+CD8+(A), CTLA-4+CD3+CD8+(B), PD-1+CD3+CD8+(C)T cells; D-F. The proportion of Tim-3+CD3-CD49b+(D), CTLA-4+CD3-CD49b+(E), PD-1+CD3-CD49b+ (F)cells. * represents comparing with healthy control group, # represents ANKA+NS group (injected with physiological saline after infection) comparing with ANKA+in group (injected with NFAT1 inhibitor after infection).*,#. Significant difference (P<0.05); **,##. Extremely significant difference (P<0.01); ***,###. Extremely significant difference (P<0.001). The same as below

, figureFileSmall=ei+dpzeoHWnoPEud/cNesA==, figureFileBig=XlIdwRy1CnEfVmbY31scDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307281651713728888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013749152444631, language=CN, label=图7, caption=NFAT1抑制剂对感染伯氏疟原虫小鼠外周血CD8+ T细胞、NK细胞Tim-3、PD-1、CTLA-4表达的影响(%, n=7)

A~C. Tim-3+CD3+CD8+(A)、CTLA-4+CD3+CD8+(B)及PD-1+CD3+CD8+(C)T细胞比例统计结果;D~F. Tim-3+CD3-CD49b+(D)、CTLA-4+CD3-CD49b+(E)、PD-1+CD3-CD49b+(F)细胞比例统计结果。*代表与Healthy组进行比较,#代表ANKA+NS组(染虫后注射生理盐水组)与ANKA + in组(染虫后注射NFAT1抑制剂组)进行比较。*、#.差异显著(P<0.05); **、##.差异极显著(P<0.01); ***、###.差异极显著(P < 0.001)。下图同

, figureFileSmall=ei+dpzeoHWnoPEud/cNesA==, figureFileBig=XlIdwRy1CnEfVmbY31scDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307281651776643449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013749152444631, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=The effect of NFAT1 inhibitor on the expression of Tim-3, PD-1, CTLA-4 on splenic CD8+ T cells and NK cells of mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA (%, n=7)

A-C. The proportion of Tim-3+CD3+CD8+(A), CTLA-4+CD3+CD8+(B), PD-1+CD3+CD8+(C)T cells; D-F. The proportion of Tim-3+CD3-CD49b+(D), CTLA-4+CD3-CD49b+(E), PD-1+CD3-CD49b+ (F)cells

, figureFileSmall=2gav4NPb1Hfx/EEux/gw7Q==, figureFileBig=iWEbHB7yd3KSWwQqWNuNGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307281652007330170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013749152444631, language=CN, label=图8, caption=NFAT1抑制剂对小鼠脾脏CD8+ T细胞、NK细胞Tim-3、PD-1、CTLA-4表达的影响(%,n=7)

A~C. Tim-3+CD3+CD8+(A)、CTLA-4+CD3+CD8+(B)及PD-1+CD3+CD8+(C)T细胞比例统计结果;D~F. Tim-3+CD3-CD49b+(D)、CTLA-4+CD3-CD49b+(E)、PD-1+CD3-CD49b+(F)细胞比例统计结果

(图6 Fig.6)

(转下页 Carried forward)

, figureFileSmall=2gav4NPb1Hfx/EEux/gw7Q==, figureFileBig=iWEbHB7yd3KSWwQqWNuNGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307281652091216251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013749152444631, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=The effect of NFAT1 inhibitor on the infection rate and survival of mice (n=10)

A. The impact of NFAT1 inhibitor on the survival of mice; B. The effect of NFAT1 inhibitor on the infection rate of mice

, figureFileSmall=t3e7/4az9wX9nwtYJKtykg==, figureFileBig=a8K6Iw39TTqLKCUqeuwbmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307281652359651708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013749152444631, language=CN, label=图9, caption=NFAT1抑制剂对小鼠染虫率及生存的影响结果(n=10)

A. NFAT1抑制剂小鼠生存的影响;B. NFAT1抑制剂对小鼠染虫率影响结果

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NFAT1抑制剂对伯氏疟原虫感染小鼠外周血及脾脏CD8+T细胞/NK细胞的影响
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姜宁 , 孙露 , 景钰淇 , 李洪宇 , 韦智明 , 张义伟
畜牧兽医学报 | 预防兽医 2026,57(3): 1636-1648
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畜牧兽医学报 |预防兽医 2026 , 57 (3) : 1636 -1648
NFAT1抑制剂对伯氏疟原虫感染小鼠外周血及脾脏CD8+T细胞/NK细胞的影响
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姜宁与孙露为同等贡献作者

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姜宁与孙露为同等贡献作者

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姜宁, 孙露 , 景钰淇, 李洪宇, 韦智明, 张义伟
作者信息
  • 沈阳农业大学动物科学与医学学院 重要家畜疫病研究教育部重点实验室,沈阳 110866
通讯作者:
张义伟,主要从事分子寄生虫学研究,E-mail:
作者简介:

姜宁,博士,主要从事人兽共患寄生虫病学研究,E-mail:

姜宁与孙露为同等贡献作者

孙露,硕士生,主要从事分子寄生虫学研究,E-mail:

Effects of NFAT1 Inhibitor on CD8+ T Cells /NK Cells in the Peripheral Blood and Spleen of Mice Infected with Plasmodium berghei
Ning JIANG, Lu SUN , Yuqi JING, Hongyu LI, Zhiming WEI, Yiwei ZHANG
Affiliations
  • Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases,Ministry of Education,College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine,Shenyang Agricultural University,Shenyang 110866,China
  • Corresponding Author:
    ZHANG Yiwei, E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-03-23 doi: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.03.039
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宿主活化T细胞核因子1(nuclear factors of activated T cells,NFAT1)作为调控T细胞功能的关键转录因子,可能通过介导免疫耗竭参与疟疾病理进程。本文旨在研究NFAT1在伯氏疟原虫ANKA株感染进程中的调控作用,通过抑制NFAT1的活性评估其对感染疟原虫小鼠外周血及脾脏中免疫检查点分子T细胞免疫球蛋白黏蛋白-3 (T cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain-3,Tim-3)、细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关抗原4(cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4,CTLA-4)和程序性死亡受体1(programmed cell death-1,PD-1)的表达的影响,以探索靶向NFAT1治疗疟疾的潜在价值。首先,建立C57BL/6小鼠感染模型,监测不同时间点(0、4、7 d)血清乳酸水平及外周血NFAT1蛋白表达(Western blot)。流式细胞术检测感染不同阶段(0、4、6、8 d)外周血及脾脏CD8+ T细胞、NK细胞Tim-3、PD-1、CTLA-4表达水平。进一步构建干预模型,于干预后48 h采集样本进行免疫表型分析。结果表明,感染组血清乳酸水平在4 d(P<0.01)和7 d(P<0.001)显著高于对照组。NFAT1蛋白表达在感染7 d后显著上调(P<0.01)。流式分析显示,感染6~8 d后,小鼠脾脏和外周血CD8+ T细胞/NK细胞的Tim-3+、CTLA-4+、PD-1+亚群比例均显著增加(P<0.01);NFAT1抑制剂干预后,外周血Tim-3+ CD8+ T/NK细胞比例显著降低(P<0.01),脾脏CTLA-4+、Tim-3+ CD8+ T细胞及Tim-3+、PD-1+ NK细胞比例显著下降(P<0.01)。值得注意的是,抑制剂处理导致外周血CTLA-4+ NK细胞比例异常升高(P<0.001)。综上,NFAT1抑制可部分下调CD8+ T/NK细胞的免疫检查点分子表达,但伴随CTLA-4在NK细胞的代偿性高表达,这可能削弱其治疗效果。本研究提示,NFAT1靶向治疗需结合免疫检查点动态调控机制进行优化,为疟疾免疫治疗策略提供了新的研究方向。

伯氏疟原虫  /  免疫检查点  /  NFAT1  /  Tim-3  /  CTLA-4  /  PD-1

Nuclear factor of activated T cells 1 (NFAT1), as a key transcription factor regulating T cell function, may participate in the pathogenesis of malaria by mediating the T cell exhaustion. This study aims to investigate the regulatory role of NFAT1 in the progression of Plasmodium berghei ANKA infection. By inhibiting NFAT1 activity and evaluating its effects on the expression of immune checkpoint molecules—T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 3 (Tim-3), cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4), and programmed cell death-1 (PD-1)—in peripheral blood and spleen of Plasmodium-infected mice, this study further explore the potential therapeutic value of targeting NFAT1 for malaria treatment. Firstly, a C57BL/6 mouse infection model was established, serum lactate levels and peripheral blood NFAT1 protein expression (Western blot) were dynamically monitored at different time points (day 0, 4 and 7). Flow cytometry was used to detect the expression levels of Tim-3, PD-1, and CTLA-4 on CD8+ T cells and NK cells in peripheral blood and spleen at different time points (day 0, 4, 6 and 8). An intervention model was subsequently constructed, followed by sample collection at 48 hours post-intervention for immunophenotypic analysis. The results indicated that the serum lactate level in the infection group was significantly higher than that in the control group at the 4th (P<0.01) and the 7th (P<0.001). The expression of NFAT1 protein was significantly upregulated at 7 days after infection (P<0.01). Flow cytometry analysis showed that the proportions of Tim-3+, CTLA-4+, and PD-1+ subsets of CD8+ T cells/NK cells in the spleen and peripheral blood of mice were significantly increased at 6-8 days after infection (P<0.01). After NFAT1 inhibitor intervention, the proportion of Tim-3+ CD8+ T/NK cells in the peripheral blood was significantly decreased (P<0.01), and the proportions of CTLA-4+, Tim-3+ CD8+ T cells and Tim-3+, PD-1+ NK cells in the spleen were significantly reduced (P<0.01). Notably, the proportion of CTLA-4+ NK cells in the peripheral blood was abnormally elevated after inhibitor treatment (P<0.001).In conclusion, NFAT1 inhibition can partially down-regulate the expression of immune checkpoint molecules in CD8+ T/NK cells, but it is accompanied by the compensatory overexpression of CTLA-4 in NK cells, which may weaken its therapeutic effect. The research suggests that NFAT1-targeted therapy needs to be optimized in combination with the dynamic regulation mechanism of immune checkpoints, providing a new research direction for malaria immunotherapy strategies.

Plasmodium berghei  /  immune checkpoint  /  NFAT1  /  Tim-3  /  CTLA-4  /  PD-1
姜宁, 孙露, 景钰淇, 李洪宇, 韦智明, 张义伟. NFAT1抑制剂对伯氏疟原虫感染小鼠外周血及脾脏CD8+T细胞/NK细胞的影响. 畜牧兽医学报, 2026 , 57 (3) : 1636 -1648 . DOI: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.03.039
Ning JIANG, Lu SUN, Yuqi JING, Hongyu LI, Zhiming WEI, Yiwei ZHANG. Effects of NFAT1 Inhibitor on CD8+ T Cells /NK Cells in the Peripheral Blood and Spleen of Mice Infected with Plasmodium berghei[J]. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, 2026 , 57 (3) : 1636 -1648 . DOI: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.03.039
我国于2021年6月成功通过世界卫生组织消除疟疾认证,标志着我国疟疾防控工作取得重大进展[1]。然而,根据联合国国际劳工组织(ILO)最新统计数据显示,我国每年有超过一百万劳务人员赴境外务工,主要输出的目的地包括孟加拉国、印度、尼泊尔、巴基斯坦等疟疾流行国家[2]。随着国际交流日益频繁和跨境旅游业的快速发展,输入性疟疾已成为我国疟疾病例的主要来源[3⁃5],此外,中国境内作为疟原虫传播媒介的按蚊种群仍然存在,所以仍须持续加强疟疾防控体系建设。疟疾是由疟原虫属寄生虫引起的传染病,其中可感染人类的五种主要疟原虫包括:恶性疟原虫、卵形疟原虫、诺氏疟原虫、三日疟原虫和间日疟原虫。其中,恶性疟原虫因其快速增殖能力和严重临床后果而备受关注。
深入解析疟原虫与宿主相互作用的分子机制对于开发新型防控措施具有重要意义。本课题组前期研究发现,在疟原虫感染过程中,免疫检查点分子T细胞免疫球蛋白黏蛋白3(T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing molecule 3,Tim-3)在宿主T细胞表面呈现显著上调表达,导致T细胞功能耗竭,虽然抑制Tim-3能够部分恢复宿主免疫应答,但无法实现疟原虫的全部清除[6],且可能引发其它免疫检查点分子的代偿性上调[7]。
程序性死亡受体-1(programmed cell death 1,PD-1)也是一种关键的免疫检查点分子,它通过胞内结构域的ITIM和ITSM基序传递抑制信号,阻断T细胞受体和共刺激信号通路,导致T细胞功能耗竭[8]。已有研究证实包括疟原虫属在内的许多病原体利用PD-1与其配体(PD-1-ligand-1,PD-L1)的相互作用导致T细胞功能丧失,阻断PD-1/PD-L1通路可以逆转T细胞耗竭,恢复其功能,并加速清除疟原虫感染[9⁃10]。细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关抗原4(cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4,CTLA-4),又称CD152,也可负向调控T细胞活性[11]。对疟疾实验性啮齿动物模型的研究表明,精确时间点的CTLA-4阻断可以增强免疫反应,加速控制疟疾感染,并使宿主产生长期保护性免疫[12]。CD4 T辅助细胞1(Th1)免疫反应对于预防急性血液期疟疾至关重要[13],而CD8 T细胞在控制慢性疾病进程中发挥重要作用[14]。因此,研究免疫检查点分子调控的T细胞耗竭机制对抗疟进程至关重要。
鉴于免疫检查点的抑制功能受到表达水平、受体-配体相互作用和细胞内信号转导的多层次精密调控[15⁃16],单纯依赖免疫检查点阻断治疗仍存在明显局限性。基于此,本文提出研究免疫检查点分子表达调控及其胞内信号转导的上游机制,可能为疟疾防控提供新的干预靶点。已有研究表明,在肿瘤微环境中,NFAT1(nuclear factor of activated T cells 1)的核转位可显著促进免疫抑制分子PD-1的表达[17]。NFAT1属于NFAT转录因子家族的五个成员之一[18]。在静息状态下,NFAT高度磷酸化且局限于细胞质内,当胞外配体与细胞膜表面受体结合后,NFAT中的磷酸化位点发生去磷酸化作用,从而促进了NFAT入核,与核内一些其他分子相互作用,触发转录激活过程[19⁃20]。另研究表明,NFAT1转录因子参与诱导了约氏疟原虫感染期间CD4+ T细胞功能的衰竭[21]。然而,NFAT1对其他免疫细胞亚群功能耗竭的影响尚未阐明,特别是抑制NFAT1是否能够改善疟原虫感染小鼠的免疫抑制微环境,降低T细胞耗竭相关分子的表达,从而增强机体抗疟原虫免疫应答,这些科学问题亟待深入探究。
本研究采用伯氏疟原虫ANKA株感染C57BL/6小鼠模型,该模型被广泛应用于人类恶性疟疾的发病机制研究[22],通过应用NFAT1抑制剂[23],系统探究其在伯氏疟原虫ANKA株感染进程中的调控作用,重点分析其对CD8+ T细胞及NK细胞Tim-3、PD-1、CTLA-4等关键免疫检查点分子表达的影响,以期为疟疾免疫治疗提供新的理论依据和潜在干预靶点。
4~6周龄SPF级雌性C57BL/6 小鼠购自辽宁本溪长生生物技术有限公司,体重16~18 g。伯氏疟原虫ANKA 株由沈阳农业大学动物科学与医学学院人畜共患病重点实验室保存。
VioletFluorTM450 anti-mouse CD45 Antibody(货号 750451)、PE/cyanine7 Anti-Mouse CTLA-4 Antibody(货号 601522)购自ToNBo公司;APC anti-mouse CD3 Antibody(货号 100236)、FITC anti-mouse CD8a Antibody(货号100706)、APC/Fire™ 750 anti-mouse CD4 Antibody(货号 100460)、PE antimouse CD366 (Tim-3) Antibody(货号 119704)均购自Biolegend公司;APC Anti-Mouse CD49b/pan-NK cells Antibody(货号 E-AB-F1116E)、PerCP/Cyanine5.5 Anti-Mouse CD279/PD-1 Antibody(货号 E-AB-F1131J)、L-乳酸(LA)比色法测试盒(货号 E-BC-K044-M)均购自Elabscience公司;NFATc2 Rabbit Polyclonal Antibody(货号 BD-PT6023)购自博奥龙科技有限公司;β-Actin Rabbit mAb(货号 AC026)购自爱博泰克生物科技有限公司;伊文思蓝染液(2%)(货号 BP-DL502)购自南京森贝伽生物科技有限公司、11R-VIVIT TFA(NFAT1抑制剂,货号P1210)购自Selleck公司;动物全蛋白提取试剂盒(货号C510003)购自生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司。
伯氏疟原虫ANKA 鼠疟疾与人类恶性疟疾有许多共同特征,因此是临床疟疾某些重要方面的公认模型[24⁃25]。本研究首先从液氮罐中取出装有伯氏疟原虫ANKA株虫体冻存管,放到37 ℃恒温水浴锅中,轻轻摇晃管体约1 min,以使其迅速解冻复苏。接下来用无菌注射器将复苏后的虫体腹腔注射至健康小鼠体内,进行传代培养。取第三代,染虫小鼠体内染虫率达到2%~3%时,取该小鼠外周血染虫红细胞进行攻虫试验。
采集小鼠尾静脉血液,取1~2滴小鼠外周血制作血涂片,用甲醇固定1 min后,用吉姆萨染色液染色15~20 min,显微镜拍照,计算染虫率;虫体计数采用细胞计数板对红细胞进行计数,并根据所需剂量用PBS进行稀释,最后将含有1×105个染虫红细胞的悬液腹腔注射到健康小鼠体内以感染小鼠(感染组)。感染第3天,取小鼠尾尖血制作血涂片,检测并计算染虫率。
对于检测是否出现脑型疟症状,取感染伯氏疟原虫ANKA株7 d小鼠,尾静脉注射伊文思蓝染色液(2%),小鼠眼睛、皮肤出现蓝色。0.5~1 h后处死小鼠,取小鼠脑组织观察并拍照记录。
对于抑制剂处理,ANAK+NFAT1抑制剂组(ANKA+in组)每只小鼠在感染当天即开始腹腔注射200 μL(含有NFAT1抑制剂0.1 mg[23])的NFAT1抑制剂;同时,ANAK+0.9%NaCL组(ANKA+NS组)小鼠注射与抑制剂组同等剂量的0.9%NaCL。
耗竭状态的建立需要一定时间,通常与持续的抗原暴露相关,短期刺激(如48 h)可能不足以诱导耗竭表型的完全形成。例如,PD-1阻断后外周血中的肿瘤反应性CD8+ T细胞的比例并未在短期内发生显著变化,而CTLA-4阻断的影响则可能更快显现[26]。然而,48 h处理处于药物作用的早期阶段足以检测到抑制剂的早期效应,同时也可避免长期反应引发的耗竭相关通路的过度激活。因此,在检测NFAT1抑制剂对外周血CD8+ T细胞及NK细胞Tim-3、PD-1、CTLA-4表达的影响试验中,选取给药48 h后取样进行分析;在检测NFAT1抑制剂对小鼠染虫率及生存的影响试验中,小鼠每天被注射抑制剂或对照试剂直至小鼠死亡。
取感染伯氏疟原虫ANKA株0、4、7 d小鼠血清,通过L-乳酸(LA)比色法测试盒检测其乳酸含量。
取感染伯氏疟原虫ANKA株0、4、7 d小鼠外周血,通过动物全蛋白提取试剂盒按说明书的操作提取全蛋白,通过Western blot验证其中NFAT1的表达变化。
取感染伯氏疟原虫ANKA株不同时期小鼠外周抗凝血,取出100 μL于离心管内,加入相应的抗体混合物,4 ℃避光孵育30 min后加入红细胞裂解液,冰上孵育5 min后,离心去上清;后加入等量PBS溶液以洗去红细胞裂解液,离心弃上清后加入300 μL重悬洗涤2次后,通过流式细胞仪(BD FACSAria™ III,BD Biosciences)检测相应指标。
取感染伯氏疟原虫ANKA株不同时期小鼠脾组织,制作其单细胞悬液后,加入红细胞裂解液,冰上孵育5 min,离心去上清;后加入等量PBS溶液以洗去红细胞裂解液,离心,弃上清;沉淀用10 mL的1×PBS 重悬,重复2次。显微镜下计算细胞数量。将脾细胞悬液调整每管细胞的终浓度为每100 μL含1×106个细胞 ;加入CD16/32抗体,冰上孵育10 min封闭Fc位点;取出100 μL于离心管内,加入相应的抗体混合物,4 ℃避光孵育30 min,离心,清洗3遍。后加入300 μL重悬,通过流式细胞仪检测相应指标。
将20只小鼠随机分为ANKA+NFAT1抑制剂组和ANKA+0.9%NaCL组,每组10只,同时感染伯氏疟原虫ANKA株,ANKA+NFAT1抑制剂组感染当天即开始腹腔注射200 μL(含有NFAT1抑制剂0.1 mg)的NFAT1抑制剂;同时,ANAK+0.9%NaCL组小鼠注射与抑制剂组同等剂量的0.9%NaCL。每日同一时间注射直至小鼠死亡。通过每日观察小鼠的健康状况和存活情况,记录至试验结束,绘制生存曲线,并在染虫后3、5、7 d时制作吉姆萨染色血涂片,镜下观察并计算染虫率。
所有分析均使用GraphPad Prism 10进行。采用双尾t检验对结果进行分析。结果使用Excel进行计算,以“平均值±标准误(Mean±SEM)”表示。P值小于0.05被认为具有统计学意义。
如图1所示,感染伯氏疟原虫ANKA株第3天后,通过吉姆萨染色血涂片检测证实所有试验小鼠均建立成功感染。在确认感染状态后,选取感染后第4天作为首个检测时间点进行血清乳酸水平分析,结果显示,感染组小鼠血清乳酸浓度较对照组呈现极显著升高(图2,P<0.01);随着病程进展至感染后第7天,感染组小鼠开始出现典型的脑型疟症状(图3),此时进行的第二次检测显示,感染组血清乳酸水平持续升高,仍保持极显著高于对照组水平(图2,P<0.001)。
感染伯氏疟原虫ANKA株第4天时,Western blot分析显示小鼠外周免疫细胞NFAT1蛋白表达量较对照组呈轻度升高趋势(图4,P>0.05);当感染进展至第7天(濒死期),试验组小鼠外周免疫细胞NFAT1表达量显著上调,与对照组相比具有极显著差异(图4,P<0.01)。
本研究通过多色流式细胞术系统评估了伯氏疟原虫ANKA株感染过程中外周血淋巴细胞免疫检查点分子的动态表达。检测了外周血中CD8+ T细胞、NK细胞表面Tim-3、PD-1、CTLA-4表达情况,结果显示:在CD8+ T细胞亚群(CD3+CD8+)中,Tim-3+、CTLA-4+和 PD-1+细胞比例于感染后第6天和第8天呈现极显著升高(P<0.001,图5A~5C),其上调幅度与寄生虫血症水平呈正相关;在NK细胞亚群(CD3-NK1.1+)中,Tim-3+、CTLA-4+和 PD-1+细胞比例早在感染第4天即显著上升,并持续增加至第6天和第8天(均P<0.001,图5D~5F),表明NK细胞在疟原虫感染早期即出现耗竭表型,其时间略早于CD8+ T细胞。
脾淋巴细胞亚群分析显示(图6):感染伯氏疟原虫ANKA株后,CD8+ T细胞中Tim-3+/CTLA-4+阳性比例于第4、6、8天持续极显著升高(P<0.001,图6A、6B),而PD-1+细胞比例延迟至第6天和第8天出现极显著上调(均P<0.001,图6C);NK细胞中Tim-3+/CTLA-4+/PD-1+细胞比例在感染全程(第4、6、8天)呈快速上升趋势(P<0.001,图6D~6F)。
采用NFAT1特异性抑制剂VIVIT肽自伯氏疟原虫ANKA株感染日起进行每日腹腔注射干预,为避免产生过度的耗竭状态,选取给药48 h后取样分析显示:感染小鼠外周血CD8+ T细胞中Tim-3+比例较对照组显著降低(P<0.001,图7B),而CTLA-4与PD-1表达无显著变化(均P>0.05,图7A和C);相比之下,NK细胞中CTLA-4+比例极显著升高(P<0.001,图7D),Tim-3+比例降低(P<0.001,图7E),PD-1表达量维持基线水平(P>0.05,图7F)。
NFAT1抑制剂干预显著重塑了感染伯氏疟原虫ANKA小鼠脾淋巴细胞的免疫检查点表达谱(图8)。流式细胞术分析显示:抑制剂组脾脏CD8+ T细胞中Tim-3+CTLA-4+双阳性比例较对照组极显著降低(P<0.01,图8A、8B),而PD-1+细胞比例维持基线水平(P>0.05,图8C);在NK细胞亚群中,Tim-3+PD-1+双阳性比例显著下降(P<0.01,图8D和8F),但CTLA-4+比例未见统计学差异(P>0.05,图8E)。
NFAT1抑制剂持续干预未能改善伯氏疟原虫ANKA株感染的C57BL/6小鼠生存期(图9A),也未导致染虫率的降低(图9B),甚至会导致染虫率升高。该现象提示NFAT1信号通路的抑制可能引发代偿性免疫调节失衡,如Tim-3/CTLA-4下调导致的效应细胞过度活化耗竭,或IL-10/TGF-β等抑制性细胞因子异常升高,其具体机制需通过单细胞转录组测序与细胞因子阵列进一步解析。
红细胞内期疟原虫依赖糖酵解作为主要能量代谢途径[27⁃28]。受感染红细胞的葡萄糖摄取量可达正常红细胞的50~100倍,其中约90%通过糖酵解代谢为乳酸[29]。值得关注的是,重症疟疾患者常并发危及生命的低血糖和乳酸性酸中毒(表现为血糖降低和组织pH下降),其病理机制与疟原虫异常增强的糖酵解活性和乳酸过量生成密切相关[30⁃32]。本研究发现,疟原虫感染小鼠血清乳酸水平显著升高,这与临床观察具有一致性。
疟原虫在机体内的糖代谢途径与肿瘤细胞呈现显著相似性,恶性肿瘤细胞的葡萄糖摄取量普遍超过正常细胞10倍以上,即便在氧供充足条件下仍优先通过糖酵解代谢生成乳酸(Warburg效应)[33⁃34]。在肿瘤微环境中,乳酸可通过调控T细胞、NK细胞等免疫细胞功能,促进免疫逃逸[35⁃37]。例如,乳酸蓄积可激活T细胞核因子(NFAT)1信号通路,诱导PD-1过表达并加速T细胞耗竭[17]。然而,在疟原虫感染进程中,T细胞耗竭的调控机制尚未完全阐明,特别是是否存在类似肿瘤的乳酸-NFAT轴调控值得深入探究。
NFAT1作为NFAT家族核心成员,在T细胞活化与分化中起关键调控作用[18]。Ames等[21]于2017年发现,约氏疟原虫感染模型中,NFAT1缺失可延缓CD4+ T细胞耗竭并延长小鼠生存期,但对其他免疫细胞的影响尚不明确。考虑到CD8+ T细胞在控制肝内期疟原虫中的核心作用[38⁃39],以及NK细胞对红细胞内期恶性疟原虫的抑制作用[40⁃41],本研究采用伯氏疟原虫(Plasmodium berghei)ANKA株感染C57BL/6小鼠模型,探究NFAT1抑制剂对免疫耗竭标志物(Tim-3/PD-1/CTLA-4)的影响。
结果发现,感染组小鼠脾脏和外周血CD8+ T细胞的Tim-3、PD-1、CTLA-4阳性率均显著高于对照组(P<0.01);NFAT1抑制剂处理后,外周血Tim-3+ CD8+ T细胞比例显著降低(P<0.05),脾脏Tim-3+和CTLA-4+ CD8+ T细胞比例亦显著下降(P<0.05),提示NFAT1参与调控疟原虫感染中的CD8+ T细胞耗竭。值得注意的是,感染组NK细胞表面耗竭标志物表达同样显著升高,但抑制剂处理后外周血CTLA-4+ NK细胞比例出现反常性增高(P<0.01),这可能暗示NFAT1在不同免疫细胞中具有异质性调控功能。此外,除NFAT1外,已经证实I型干扰素受体链(type I interferon receptor chain,IFNAR1)的下调与PD-L1/CD274检查点分子的表达增加有关[42]。总之,机体复杂精密的免疫调控网络是一个由众多分子相互作用构建而成的庞大体系。其中,既有像NFAT1、IFNAR1这样已经被确定在免疫检查点分子表达调控中有重要作用的分子,也有大量尚未被完全理解的分子参与其中。这个网络中的分子间存在着复杂的信号交流、协同或拮抗关系,它们在不同的生理和病理状态下共同调节着免疫细胞的功能。
尽管观察到耗竭标志物的改变,NFAT1抑制剂的持续处理未能延长感染小鼠生存期(图9),这与Ames等[21]使用Nfat1-/- OT-II+小鼠的研究结果存在差异,可能源于使用的疟疾模型不一致(伯氏疟原虫vs.约氏疟原虫);此外,本试验选用的是NFAT1抑制剂,而先前的研究选用的是Nfat1-/- OT-II+ mice(基因敲除与药理抑制的效应差异);以及NK细胞异常激活的潜在代偿作用。这一发现提示NFAT1在疟原虫免疫应答中可能具有双向调节功能,其具体机制有待进一步解析。
既往研究提示,NFAT1在免疫耐受与活化中发挥“分子开关”作用[43⁃45]。有趣的是,体外试验显示,NFAT1敲除可增强NK细胞的脱颗粒能力,且在激活性受体如NK1.1或Nkp46作用下,或与不同实体肿瘤细胞共培养时,可诱导颗粒酶B和穿孔素的产生增加[46]。此外,NFAT与AP-1转录因子的协同作用对免疫细胞功能调控至关重要:NFAT:AP-1复合物既可驱动激活相关基因表达[47⁃48],其功能失衡(如AP-1信号缺失)亦可导致抑制性受体异常上调[49],本研究尚未阐明疟原虫感染中NFAT1与AP-1的互作模式,未来需结合单细胞转录组测序等技术,系统解析特定免疫亚群的信号网络动态。
伯氏疟原虫ANKA株感染可诱导小鼠脾脏和外周血中CD8+ T细胞及NK细胞的免疫耗竭表型显著增强,表现为Tim-3、PD-1和CTLA-4等抑制性检查点分子表达水平的上调。值得注意的是,NFAT1抑制剂干预可部分逆转该现象:处理组外周血及脾脏Tim-3+ CD8+ T细胞比例较感染对照组显著下降,Tim-3+ NK细胞比例亦呈降低趋势,但统计学差异不显著。然而,该干预引发代偿性免疫调节失衡——外周血CTLA-4+ NK细胞比例呈现代偿性激增。这种抑制性检查点分子的“此消彼长”现象,可能是NFAT1抑制剂未能显著延长感染小鼠生存期的重要机制之一(图9)。提示NFAT1在疟原虫感染免疫应答中具有细胞类型特异性和分子靶标选择性的调控特征,其深层调控网络仍需通过单细胞组学及条件性基因敲除模型进一步解析。
  • 辽宁省教育厅项目-一般项目(LJ212510157037)
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doi: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.03.039
  • 接收时间:2025-02-21
  • 首发时间:2026-09-16
  • 出版时间:2026-03-23
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辽宁省教育厅项目-一般项目(LJ212510157037)
沈阳农业大学公开招聘博士毕业生科研启动费项目(880421011)
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    沈阳农业大学动物科学与医学学院 重要家畜疫病研究教育部重点实验室,沈阳 110866

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张义伟,主要从事分子寄生虫学研究,E-mail:
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