Article(id=1307013558198367230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307013423896753139, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.03.029, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1739116800000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789545915412, onlineDateStr=2026-09-16, pubDate=1774195200000, pubDateStr=2026-03-23, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789545915412, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789545915412, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789545915412, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1307013423896753139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, year='2026', volume='57', issue='3', pageStart='1177', pageEnd='1776', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774195200000', pubDateStr='2026-03-23', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789545883392, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789609930841, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1307282058464743901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307013423896753139, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1307282058464743902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307013423896753139, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1516, endPage=1533, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1307013558408082431, articleId=1307013558198367230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, language=EN, title=Effects of Glycyrrhiza Polysaccharides on Growth Performance, Serum Indexes and Rumen Environment of Fattening Cattle, columnId=1307007400746176631, journalTitle=Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, columnName=ANIMAL NUTRITION AND FEEDS, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This experiment aimed to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with Glycyrrhiza polysaccharides (GCPs) on the growth performance, serum indicators, apparent nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation parameters and microbial communities in fattening beef cattle. Forty Simmental fattening bulls with good growth status and an average body weight of 617.70±18.85 kg were selected as experimental animals and randomly divided into four groups. The experimental groups received the basal diet supplemented with 0 mg·kg-1 BW (control group, G0), 15 mg·kg-1 BW (low-dose, G15), 30 mg·kg-1 BW (medium-dose, G30), or 45 mg·kg-1 BW (high-dose, G45) of GCPs, respectively. The trial included a 10-day adaptation period followed by a 90-day feeding period. The body weight were measured at 0, 45,90 d of the feeding period, daily feed intake was recorded to determine average dry matter intake and feed-to-gain ratio. At 45 and 90 d of the feeding period, 10 mL of blood sample was collected from each bull to assess serum biochemical, antioxidant and immune indicators. At the end of the trial, 300 g of feces sample was collected from each bull to evaluate nutrient apparent digestibility, and 50 mL of rumen fluid was collected to analyze rumen fermentation parameters and microbial related indicators. Compared with the G0 group: 1) During the 0-45 d and 0-90 d periods, the average daily gain and average dry matter intake of the G30 and G45 groups were significantly increased (P<0.05); in the 0-90 d period, the feed conversion ratio of the G30 and G45 groups decreased significantly (P<0.05), while the crude fat digestibility increased significantly (P<0.05); 2) The serum aspartate aminotransferase level and alanine aminotransferase level of the G30 group were significantly decreased (P<0.05); at 45 d, the serum levels of superoxide dismutase and interleukin-10 in the experimental groups increased significantly (P<0.05); 3) The acetic acid proportion of the G15 and G30 groups was significantly decreased (P<0.05), the butyric acid proportion of the G30 group was significantly increased (P<0.05); 4) The Chao1 richness index of the rumen microbial community in the G30 group was significantly increased (P<0.05), along with structural changes in microbial composition. In the G30 group, the relative abundance of Bacteroidota, Pseudomonadota, Fibrobacterota, Prevotella and Fibrobacter showed a significant upward trend, while the relative abundance of Bacillota showed a significant downward trend (P<0.05); the differential metabolic pathways of rumen microorganisms in the G15 group were mainly enriched in Synthesis and Degradation of ketonebodies, and nitrotoluene degradation. In the G30 group, these pathways were mainly linked to Amino acid metabolism, and Fatty acid biosynthesis, while the G45 group showed enrichment in C5-branched dibasic acid metabolism. In summary, dietary supplementation of Glycyrrhiza polysaccharides enhanced the growth performance, antioxidant capacity, immune function, and nutrient digestibility of Simmental fattening beef cattle, while optimizing rumen fermentation patterns and promoting beneficial rumen microorganisms. Under the conditions of this experimental study, the optimal addition amount of GCPs was 30 mg·kg-1 BW.

, authors=Miaomiao YE1, Xiaopeng ZHU2, Zhenghai ZHOU1, Zhipeng ZHANG1, Benshun YANG1, Linsen ZAN1, Wucai YANG1, authorsList=Miaomiao YE, Xiaopeng ZHU, Zhenghai ZHOU, Zhipeng ZHANG, Benshun YANG, Linsen ZAN, Wucai YANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Wucai YANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
YANG Wucai, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1307013565118967823, articleId=1307013558198367230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, language=CN, title=甘草多糖对育肥牛生长性能、血液指标及瘤胃内环境的影响, columnId=1307007401962524793, journalTitle=畜牧兽医学报, columnName=营养与饲料, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

旨在探究饲粮中添加甘草多糖(Glycyrrhiza polysaccharides,GCPs)对育肥肉牛生长性能、血清指标、养分表观消化率、瘤胃发酵参数及瘤胃微生物的影响。本研究选取40头生长发育状况良好、体重(617.70±18.85) kg的西门塔尔育肥公牛为试验动物,随机分为4组,各试验组在基础日粮中分别添加0 mg·kg-1 BW(对照组,G0组)、15 mg·kg-1 BW(低剂量组,G15组)、30 mg·kg-1 BW(中剂量组,G30组)、45 mg·kg-1 BW(高剂量组,G45组)GCPs,预饲期10 d,正饲期90 d。测定每头牛正饲0、45、90 d的体重,计算平均日增重;记录每天采食量,计算平均干物质采食量及料重比;正饲45、90 d每头牛采集10 mL血液,测定血清生化指标、抗氧化指标及免疫指标;试验结束后,每头牛采集300 g粪便测定养分表观消化率,采集50 mL瘤胃液测定瘤胃发酵参数及瘤胃微生物相关指标。结果显示:与G0组相比:1)0~45 d及0~90 d阶段,G30、G45组平均日增重及干物质采食量显著增加(P<0.05);0~90 d阶段,G30、G45组料重比显著下降(P<0.05),粗脂肪消化率显著提高(P<0.05);2)G30组血清谷草转氨酶水平、谷丙转氨酶水平显著下降(P<0.05);45 d试验组血清超氧化物歧化酶与白细胞介素10水平显著提高(P<0.05);3)G15、G30组乙酸比例显著下降(P<0.05),G30组丁酸比例显著提高(P<0.05);4)G30组瘤胃微生物群落Chao1丰富度指数显著提高(P<0.05),且瘤胃微生物结构发生变化;G30组育肥肉牛瘤胃拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)、假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota)、纤维杆菌门(Fibrobacterota)、普雷沃氏菌属(Prevotella)及纤维杆菌属(Fibrobacter)相对丰度呈现显著上升趋势,而厚壁菌门(Bacillota)相对丰度呈显著下降趋势(P<0.05);G15组瘤胃微生物差异代谢通路主要集中在酮体合成与降解、硝基甲苯降解;G30组瘤胃微生物差异代谢通路主要集中在氨基酸代谢、脂肪酸生物合成;G45组瘤胃微生物差异代谢通路主要集中在C5-支链二元酸代谢。综上,日粮中添加甘草多糖提高了西门塔尔育肥肉牛的生长性能、抗氧化能力、免疫能力、养分消化率,改善了瘤胃发酵模式,促进瘤胃有益菌丰度增加。在本试验研究条件下,甘草多糖最适添加量为30 mg·kg-1 BW。

, authors=叶苗苗1, 朱潇鹏2, 周正海1, 张志鹏1, 杨本顺1, 昝林森1, 杨武才1, authorsList=叶苗苗, 朱潇鹏, 周正海, 张志鹏, 杨本顺, 昝林森, 杨武才, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=杨武才, authorNote=

叶苗苗,硕士,主要从事动物营养调控研究,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
杨武才,主要从事动物肉质性状形成的分子遗传调控机理、动物生殖生理调控与动物生物技术研究,E-mail:
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A. Chao1 index; B. Observed-features index; C. Shannon index; D. Simpson index. * indicates a statistically significant difference between groups (P<0.05), ** indicates a highly statistically significant difference between groups (P<0.01), and no marking indicates no statistically significant difference between groups (P>0.05). The same applies to the following figure

, figureFileSmall=qWx+ecsERHHWJrrZ5Yi/9A==, figureFileBig=VSu5KZAPOUVUBHWm01GrQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307281540346573306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013558198367230, language=CN, label=图2, caption=甘草多糖对育肥肉牛瘤胃细菌多样性的影响

A. Chao1 指数;B. Observed-features指数;C. Shannon指数;D. Simpson指数。* 表示组间差异具有统计学显著性(P<0.05),** 表示组间差异具有高度统计学显著性(P<0.01),未标注表示组间差异无统计学差异(P>0.05),下图同

, figureFileSmall=qWx+ecsERHHWJrrZ5Yi/9A==, figureFileBig=VSu5KZAPOUVUBHWm01GrQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307281540409487867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013558198367230, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=PCoA diagram of rumen flora, figureFileSmall=dFhwFaVCQm6/cYrEv006JQ==, figureFileBig=SxztPq8eMpLUv0FJhL1QOA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307281540489179644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013558198367230, language=CN, label=图3, caption=瘤胃细菌主坐标分析图, figureFileSmall=dFhwFaVCQm6/cYrEv006JQ==, figureFileBig=SxztPq8eMpLUv0FJhL1QOA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307281540556288509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013558198367230, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effect of GCPs on rumen microbial composition of fattening beef cattle

A. Phylum classification level; B. Genus classification level

, figureFileSmall=QW4FSZQi5vmyxnUVzC1u4g==, figureFileBig=1moPEQrsMsifA7oE92+P9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307281540615008766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013558198367230, language=CN, label=图4, caption=甘草多糖对育肥肉牛瘤胃微生物组成的影响

A.门分类水平;B.属分类水平

, figureFileSmall=QW4FSZQi5vmyxnUVzC1u4g==, figureFileBig=1moPEQrsMsifA7oE92+P9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307281540682117631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013558198367230, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effect of GCPs on the relative abundance of microorganisms at the rumen phylum level of fattening beef cattle

A. Bacteroidetes; B. Bacillota; C. Bacteroidota /Bacillota; D. Pseudomonadota; E. Fibrobacterota

, figureFileSmall=lEI//OWW5NH+LJ8cc3AMSg==, figureFileBig=WBg9WhmM2QhK2rKomlMe2g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307281540749226496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013558198367230, language=CN, label=图5, caption=甘草多糖对育肥肉牛瘤胃门水平差异微生物相对丰度的影响

A.拟杆菌门;B.厚壁菌门;C.拟杆菌门/厚壁菌门;D.假单胞菌门;E.纤维杆菌门

, figureFileSmall=lEI//OWW5NH+LJ8cc3AMSg==, figureFileBig=WBg9WhmM2QhK2rKomlMe2g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307281540812141057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013558198367230, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Effect of GCPs on the relative abundance of microorganisms at the rumen genus level of fattening beef cattle

A. Prevotella;B. Fibrobacter

, figureFileSmall=z4wAZCB+LJHw0mi6Jd1fXA==, figureFileBig=O9G7RnnsZzRfMzE0QlVPVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307281540875055618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013558198367230, language=CN, label=图6, caption=甘草多糖对育肥肉牛瘤胃属水平差异微生物相对丰度的影响

A.普雷沃氏菌属;B.纤维杆菌属

, figureFileSmall=z4wAZCB+LJHw0mi6Jd1fXA==, figureFileBig=O9G7RnnsZzRfMzE0QlVPVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307281540946358787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013558198367230, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Effect of GCPs on rumen microbial metabolic pathway in fattening beef cattle, figureFileSmall=tVZKtNhAy0VZftQ2UL6BmA==, figureFileBig=ke40drqG8yv/H0CYi6nyag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307281541021856260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013558198367230, language=CN, label=图7, caption=甘草多糖对育肥肉牛瘤胃微生物代谢通路的影响, figureFileSmall=tVZKtNhAy0VZftQ2UL6BmA==, figureFileBig=ke40drqG8yv/H0CYi6nyag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307281541080576517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013558198367230, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Composition and nutritional level of basic diet (air-dry basis)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
原料 Ingredient含量/% Content营养水平 Nutritional level含量/% Content
麦草 Wheat straw4.50代谢能/(MJ·kg-1) ME10.07
全株青贮玉米 Silage corn50.20粗蛋白 CP12.19
玉米芯 Corncob2.20粗脂肪 EE0.61
精补料 Concentrate supplement1)40.60粗灰分 Ash7.02
甜菜粕 Beet meal2.00中性洗涤纤维 NDF43.71
小苏打 NaHCO30.5酸性洗涤纤维 ADF28.35
合计Total100钙Ca0.78
磷P0.42
), ArticleFig(id=1307281541156073990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013558198367230, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
原料 Ingredient含量/% Content营养水平 Nutritional level含量/% Content
麦草 Wheat straw4.50代谢能/(MJ·kg-1) ME10.07
全株青贮玉米 Silage corn50.20粗蛋白 CP12.19
玉米芯 Corncob2.20粗脂肪 EE0.61
精补料 Concentrate supplement1)40.60粗灰分 Ash7.02
甜菜粕 Beet meal2.00中性洗涤纤维 NDF43.71
小苏打 NaHCO30.5酸性洗涤纤维 ADF28.35
合计Total100钙Ca0.78
磷P0.42
), ArticleFig(id=1307281541227377159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013558198367230, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Effects of different additions of GCPs on the growth performance of beef cattle

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目Item组别 Group

G0组

G0 group

G15组

G15 group

G30组

G30 group

G45组

G45 group

体重/kg BW
0 d617.40±23.27618.20±18.91616.60±13.68618.60±22.14
45 d680.60±28.97690.60±18.49694.20±23.38697.80±21.57
90 d729.60±29.34742.60±16.48750.40±25.15754.20±24.28
平均日增重/(kg·d-1) ADG
0-45 d1.41±0.21b1.61±0.36ab1.72±0.32a1.76±0.19a
45-90 d1.09±0.181.15±0.271.25±0.231.25±0.16
0-90 d1.25±0.13b1.38±0.21ab1.49±0.20a1.51±0.15a
干物质采食量/(kg·d-1) TDMI
0-45 d16.06±1.22b16.81±1.25a16.74±1.14a16.79±1.21a
45-90 d13.83±1.3014.48±1.2214.37±1.2514.45±1.17
0-90 d15.04±1.68b15.74±1.69a15.65±1.67a15.72±1.67a
料重比 F/G
0-45 d11.71±2.0210.93±2.4710.05±2.069.64±1.09
45-90 d13.05±2.3513.26±3.5411.86±2.1111.69±1.49
0-90 d12.20±1.42b11.63±1.78ab10.72±1.56a10.53±1.10a
), ArticleFig(id=1307281541294486025, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013558198367230, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同添加量甘草多糖对肉牛生长性能的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目Item组别 Group

G0组

G0 group

G15组

G15 group

G30组

G30 group

G45组

G45 group

体重/kg BW
0 d617.40±23.27618.20±18.91616.60±13.68618.60±22.14
45 d680.60±28.97690.60±18.49694.20±23.38697.80±21.57
90 d729.60±29.34742.60±16.48750.40±25.15754.20±24.28
平均日增重/(kg·d-1) ADG
0-45 d1.41±0.21b1.61±0.36ab1.72±0.32a1.76±0.19a
45-90 d1.09±0.181.15±0.271.25±0.231.25±0.16
0-90 d1.25±0.13b1.38±0.21ab1.49±0.20a1.51±0.15a
干物质采食量/(kg·d-1) TDMI
0-45 d16.06±1.22b16.81±1.25a16.74±1.14a16.79±1.21a
45-90 d13.83±1.3014.48±1.2214.37±1.2514.45±1.17
0-90 d15.04±1.68b15.74±1.69a15.65±1.67a15.72±1.67a
料重比 F/G
0-45 d11.71±2.0210.93±2.4710.05±2.069.64±1.09
45-90 d13.05±2.3513.26±3.5411.86±2.1111.69±1.49
0-90 d12.20±1.42b11.63±1.78ab10.72±1.56a10.53±1.10a
), ArticleFig(id=1307281541361594890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013558198367230, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Effects of different additions of GCPs on serum biochemical indexes of beef cattle

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目Item组别 Group

G0组

G0 group

G15组

G15 group

G30组

G30 group

G45组

G45 group

总蛋白/(g·L-1) TP
45 d69.37±0.8470.24±1.7270.19±2.3372.37±2.58
90 d69.97±2.4271.13±2.7270.71±1.2872.05±2.53
白蛋白/(g·L-1) ALB
45 d38.19±1.0837.04±0.4837.32±1.5139.10±1.08
90 d37.77±2.3036.71±2.1536.89±1.8936.56±0.55
总胆固醇/(mmol·L-1) TC
45 d2.23±0.282.13±0.322.09±0.342.14±0.16
90 d2.29±0.152.34±0.392.14±0.442.22±0.37
甘油三酯/(mmol·L-1) TG
45 d0.36±0.020.35±0.030.34±0.03032±0.02
90 d0.38±0.020.36±0.010.36±0.010.35±0.01
葡萄糖/(mmol·L-1) GLU
45 d3.97±0.333.49±0.113.88±0.293.89±0.09
90 d3.13±0.132.99±0.362.78±0.322.94±0.48
尿素氮/(mg·dL-1) BUN
45 d12.04±1.3510.67±1.629.51±1.2411.30±1.00
90 d12.37±1.3813.04±1.7310.20±1.7011.52±0.78
高密度脂蛋白/(mmol·L-1) HDL
45 d1.94±0.131.98±0.171.86±0.271.91±0.17
90 d2.05±0.062.03±0.162.00±0.292.06±0.07
低密度脂蛋白/(mmol·L-1) LDL
45 d0.53±0.120.55±0.040.51±0.020.53±0.06
90 d0.56±0.040.53±0.100.53±0.020.57±0.06
谷丙转氨酶/(U·L-1) ALT
45 d37.54±1.68a34.49±1.05ab31.82±2.85b33.84±0.52ab
90 d42.60±0.33a41.25±1.94ab36.38±2.48b40.81±2.84ab
谷草转氨酶/(U·L-1) AST
45 d108.56±1.77a99.10±6.37ab93.57±4.44b97.47±5.68ab
90 d119.34±8.41a112.62±6.32ab99.72±2.59b114.59±8.32ab
), ArticleFig(id=1307281541432898059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013558198367230, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同添加量甘草多糖对肉牛血清生化指标的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目Item组别 Group

G0组

G0 group

G15组

G15 group

G30组

G30 group

G45组

G45 group

总蛋白/(g·L-1) TP
45 d69.37±0.8470.24±1.7270.19±2.3372.37±2.58
90 d69.97±2.4271.13±2.7270.71±1.2872.05±2.53
白蛋白/(g·L-1) ALB
45 d38.19±1.0837.04±0.4837.32±1.5139.10±1.08
90 d37.77±2.3036.71±2.1536.89±1.8936.56±0.55
总胆固醇/(mmol·L-1) TC
45 d2.23±0.282.13±0.322.09±0.342.14±0.16
90 d2.29±0.152.34±0.392.14±0.442.22±0.37
甘油三酯/(mmol·L-1) TG
45 d0.36±0.020.35±0.030.34±0.03032±0.02
90 d0.38±0.020.36±0.010.36±0.010.35±0.01
葡萄糖/(mmol·L-1) GLU
45 d3.97±0.333.49±0.113.88±0.293.89±0.09
90 d3.13±0.132.99±0.362.78±0.322.94±0.48
尿素氮/(mg·dL-1) BUN
45 d12.04±1.3510.67±1.629.51±1.2411.30±1.00
90 d12.37±1.3813.04±1.7310.20±1.7011.52±0.78
高密度脂蛋白/(mmol·L-1) HDL
45 d1.94±0.131.98±0.171.86±0.271.91±0.17
90 d2.05±0.062.03±0.162.00±0.292.06±0.07
低密度脂蛋白/(mmol·L-1) LDL
45 d0.53±0.120.55±0.040.51±0.020.53±0.06
90 d0.56±0.040.53±0.100.53±0.020.57±0.06
谷丙转氨酶/(U·L-1) ALT
45 d37.54±1.68a34.49±1.05ab31.82±2.85b33.84±0.52ab
90 d42.60±0.33a41.25±1.94ab36.38±2.48b40.81±2.84ab
谷草转氨酶/(U·L-1) AST
45 d108.56±1.77a99.10±6.37ab93.57±4.44b97.47±5.68ab
90 d119.34±8.41a112.62±6.32ab99.72±2.59b114.59±8.32ab
), ArticleFig(id=1307281541516784140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013558198367230, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Effects of different additions of GCPs on serum antioxidant indexes of beef cattle

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目Item组别 Group

G0组

G0 group

G15组

G15 group

G30组

G30 group

G45组

G45 group

丙二醛/(nmol·mL-1) MDA
45 d13.75±2.2513.23±1.4212.70±0.9112.76±0.46
90 d12.83±0.7012.57±0.7512.00±1.6712.17±0.91
超氧化物歧化酶/(U·mL-1) SOD
45 d17.35±0.10b18.81±0.83a19.25±0.69a18.92±0.43a
90 d18.38±0.7319.74±1.2820.39±1.2420.74±1.62
谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶/(U·mL-1) GSH-Px
45 d254.32±22.48269.72±15.37285.69±14.84287.27±13.48
90 d275.05±17.75288.53±20.63297.40±27.64294.89±26.73
总抗氧化能力/(μmol·mL-1) T-AOC
45 d0.70±0.020.73±0.030.74±0.040.73±0.06
90 d0.72±0.040.75±0.030.76±0.030.74±0.05
), ArticleFig(id=1307281541604864525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013558198367230, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同添加量甘草多糖对肉牛血清抗氧化指标的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目Item组别 Group

G0组

G0 group

G15组

G15 group

G30组

G30 group

G45组

G45 group

丙二醛/(nmol·mL-1) MDA
45 d13.75±2.2513.23±1.4212.70±0.9112.76±0.46
90 d12.83±0.7012.57±0.7512.00±1.6712.17±0.91
超氧化物歧化酶/(U·mL-1) SOD
45 d17.35±0.10b18.81±0.83a19.25±0.69a18.92±0.43a
90 d18.38±0.7319.74±1.2820.39±1.2420.74±1.62
谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶/(U·mL-1) GSH-Px
45 d254.32±22.48269.72±15.37285.69±14.84287.27±13.48
90 d275.05±17.75288.53±20.63297.40±27.64294.89±26.73
总抗氧化能力/(μmol·mL-1) T-AOC
45 d0.70±0.020.73±0.030.74±0.040.73±0.06
90 d0.72±0.040.75±0.030.76±0.030.74±0.05
), ArticleFig(id=1307281541688750606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013558198367230, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Effects of different additions of GCPs on serum immune indexes of beef cattle

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目Item组别 Group

G0组

G0 group

G15组

G15 group

G30组

G30 group

G45组

G45 group

免疫球蛋白/(g·L-1) IgA
45 d2.39±0.502.55±0.463.03±0.833.03±0.38
90 d2.14±0.602.27±0.102.56±0.072.60±0.10
免疫球蛋白/(g·L-1) IgG
45 d10.57±0.3610.44±0.9412.34±2.6111.25±2.33
90 d9.93±1.389.92±2.0510.75±0.829.99±0.56
免疫球蛋白/(g·L-1) IgM
45 d0.78±0.200.91±0.210.97±0.220.96±0.11
90 d0.74±0.070.84±0.080.84±0.150.75±0.10
白细胞介素4/(pg·mL-1) IL-4
45 d6.31±0.326.53±0.066.75±0.186.25±0.59
90 d4.33±0.334.16±0.174.41±0.154.49±0.42
白细胞介素6/(pg·mL-1) IL-6
45 d146.14±3.38141.42±3.84143.29±3.35144.86±1.09
90 d176.17±4.27173.97±9.42173.97±4.29171.18±4.12
白细胞介素10/(pg·mL-1) IL-10
45 d13.04±0.61b13.86±0.21a14.04±0.35a14.06±0.39a
90 d9.36±0.209.43±0.259.64±0.599.98±0.35
肿瘤坏死因子/(pg·mL-1) TNF-α
45 d41.23±2.2236.02±4.4638.42±4.9441.88±1.68
90 d68.65±2.8069.60±3.6265.12±5.5764.37±4.69
), ArticleFig(id=1307281541764248079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013558198367230, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同添加量甘草多糖对肉牛血清免疫指标的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目Item组别 Group

G0组

G0 group

G15组

G15 group

G30组

G30 group

G45组

G45 group

免疫球蛋白/(g·L-1) IgA
45 d2.39±0.502.55±0.463.03±0.833.03±0.38
90 d2.14±0.602.27±0.102.56±0.072.60±0.10
免疫球蛋白/(g·L-1) IgG
45 d10.57±0.3610.44±0.9412.34±2.6111.25±2.33
90 d9.93±1.389.92±2.0510.75±0.829.99±0.56
免疫球蛋白/(g·L-1) IgM
45 d0.78±0.200.91±0.210.97±0.220.96±0.11
90 d0.74±0.070.84±0.080.84±0.150.75±0.10
白细胞介素4/(pg·mL-1) IL-4
45 d6.31±0.326.53±0.066.75±0.186.25±0.59
90 d4.33±0.334.16±0.174.41±0.154.49±0.42
白细胞介素6/(pg·mL-1) IL-6
45 d146.14±3.38141.42±3.84143.29±3.35144.86±1.09
90 d176.17±4.27173.97±9.42173.97±4.29171.18±4.12
白细胞介素10/(pg·mL-1) IL-10
45 d13.04±0.61b13.86±0.21a14.04±0.35a14.06±0.39a
90 d9.36±0.209.43±0.259.64±0.599.98±0.35
肿瘤坏死因子/(pg·mL-1) TNF-α
45 d41.23±2.2236.02±4.4638.42±4.9441.88±1.68
90 d68.65±2.8069.60±3.6265.12±5.5764.37±4.69
), ArticleFig(id=1307281541835551248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013558198367230, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Effects of different additions of GCPs on the apparent digestibility of beef cattle

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目Item组别 Group

G0组

G0 group

G15组

G15 group

G30组

G30 group

G45组

G45 group

干物质消化率 DMD60.06±1.9161.05±2.9961.81±2.3160.07±0.37
粗蛋白消化率 CPD36.88±3.5940.34±2.1641.33±0.9542.23±2.66
粗脂肪消化率 EED40.21±4.48b42.55±1.79ab47.99±2.25a47.04±3.27a
中性洗涤纤维消化率 NDFD51.84±3.4054.59±1.6356.83±4.0252.22±3.88
酸性洗涤纤维消化率 ADFD35.71±0.3238.15±1.0438.91±1.0336.73±2.54
), ArticleFig(id=1307281541906854417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013558198367230, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

不同添加量甘草多糖对肉牛表观消化率的影响 (%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目Item组别 Group

G0组

G0 group

G15组

G15 group

G30组

G30 group

G45组

G45 group

干物质消化率 DMD60.06±1.9161.05±2.9961.81±2.3160.07±0.37
粗蛋白消化率 CPD36.88±3.5940.34±2.1641.33±0.9542.23±2.66
粗脂肪消化率 EED40.21±4.48b42.55±1.79ab47.99±2.25a47.04±3.27a
中性洗涤纤维消化率 NDFD51.84±3.4054.59±1.6356.83±4.0252.22±3.88
酸性洗涤纤维消化率 ADFD35.71±0.3238.15±1.0438.91±1.0336.73±2.54
), ArticleFig(id=1307281541969768978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013558198367230, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Effects of different additions of GCPs on the rumen fermentation parameters of beef cattle

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目Item组别 Group

G0组

G0 group

G15组

G15 group

G30组

G30 group

G45组

G45 group

pH6.70±0.026.55±0.176.56±0.066.62±0.03
氨态氮/(mg·dL-1) NH3-N12.28±1.5412.27±1.1110.31±1.5810.98±1.13
总挥发性脂肪酸/(mmol·L-1) TVFAs66.54±8.2579.38±6.0573.72±8.9067.19±8.99
乙酸/% Acetic Acids69.60±0.58a67.15±0.97b65.92±1.07b69.19±1.91a
丙酸/% Propionic Acid15.60±1.9515.73±1.4116.05±0.9015.41±1.69
丁酸/% Butyric Acid10.98±1.24b11.80±0.88b13.71±0.69a10.95±0.82b
异丁酸/% Isobutyric Acid1.52±0.251.55±0.411.19±0.171.56±0.16
戊酸/% Valeric Acid2.31±0.352.31±0.781.67±0.212.56±0.24
异戊酸/% Isovaleric Acid0.74±0.040.78±0.160.78±0.060.81±0.10
乙酸丙酸比 A∶P4.51±0.564.30±0.404.12±0.254.54±0.66
), ArticleFig(id=1307281542028489235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013558198367230, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

不同添加量甘草多糖对肉牛瘤胃发酵参数的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目Item组别 Group

G0组

G0 group

G15组

G15 group

G30组

G30 group

G45组

G45 group

pH6.70±0.026.55±0.176.56±0.066.62±0.03
氨态氮/(mg·dL-1) NH3-N12.28±1.5412.27±1.1110.31±1.5810.98±1.13
总挥发性脂肪酸/(mmol·L-1) TVFAs66.54±8.2579.38±6.0573.72±8.9067.19±8.99
乙酸/% Acetic Acids69.60±0.58a67.15±0.97b65.92±1.07b69.19±1.91a
丙酸/% Propionic Acid15.60±1.9515.73±1.4116.05±0.9015.41±1.69
丁酸/% Butyric Acid10.98±1.24b11.80±0.88b13.71±0.69a10.95±0.82b
异丁酸/% Isobutyric Acid1.52±0.251.55±0.411.19±0.171.56±0.16
戊酸/% Valeric Acid2.31±0.352.31±0.781.67±0.212.56±0.24
异戊酸/% Isovaleric Acid0.74±0.040.78±0.160.78±0.060.81±0.10
乙酸丙酸比 A∶P4.51±0.564.30±0.404.12±0.254.54±0.66
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甘草多糖对育肥牛生长性能、血液指标及瘤胃内环境的影响
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叶苗苗 1 , 朱潇鹏 2 , 周正海 1 , 张志鹏 1 , 杨本顺 1 , 昝林森 1 , 杨武才 1
畜牧兽医学报 | 营养与饲料 2026,57(3): 1516-1533
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畜牧兽医学报 |营养与饲料 2026 , 57 (3) : 1516 -1533
甘草多糖对育肥牛生长性能、血液指标及瘤胃内环境的影响
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叶苗苗1 , 朱潇鹏2, 周正海1, 张志鹏1, 杨本顺1, 昝林森1, 杨武才1
作者信息
  • 1.西北农林科技大学动物科技学院,杨凌 712100
  • 2.张掖市万禾草畜产业科技开发有限公司,张掖 734000
通讯作者:
杨武才,主要从事动物肉质性状形成的分子遗传调控机理、动物生殖生理调控与动物生物技术研究,E-mail:
作者简介:

叶苗苗,硕士,主要从事动物营养调控研究,E-mail:

Effects of Glycyrrhiza Polysaccharides on Growth Performance, Serum Indexes and Rumen Environment of Fattening Cattle
Miaomiao YE1 , Xiaopeng ZHU2, Zhenghai ZHOU1, Zhipeng ZHANG1, Benshun YANG1, Linsen ZAN1, Wucai YANG1
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Animal Science and Technology,Northwest A&F University,Yangling 712100,China
  • 2.Zhangye Wanhe Grass & Livestock Technology Co. ,Ltd. ,Zhangye 734000,China
  • Corresponding Author:
    YANG Wucai, E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-03-23 doi: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.03.029
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旨在探究饲粮中添加甘草多糖(Glycyrrhiza polysaccharides,GCPs)对育肥肉牛生长性能、血清指标、养分表观消化率、瘤胃发酵参数及瘤胃微生物的影响。本研究选取40头生长发育状况良好、体重(617.70±18.85) kg的西门塔尔育肥公牛为试验动物,随机分为4组,各试验组在基础日粮中分别添加0 mg·kg-1 BW(对照组,G0组)、15 mg·kg-1 BW(低剂量组,G15组)、30 mg·kg-1 BW(中剂量组,G30组)、45 mg·kg-1 BW(高剂量组,G45组)GCPs,预饲期10 d,正饲期90 d。测定每头牛正饲0、45、90 d的体重,计算平均日增重;记录每天采食量,计算平均干物质采食量及料重比;正饲45、90 d每头牛采集10 mL血液,测定血清生化指标、抗氧化指标及免疫指标;试验结束后,每头牛采集300 g粪便测定养分表观消化率,采集50 mL瘤胃液测定瘤胃发酵参数及瘤胃微生物相关指标。结果显示:与G0组相比:1)0~45 d及0~90 d阶段,G30、G45组平均日增重及干物质采食量显著增加(P<0.05);0~90 d阶段,G30、G45组料重比显著下降(P<0.05),粗脂肪消化率显著提高(P<0.05);2)G30组血清谷草转氨酶水平、谷丙转氨酶水平显著下降(P<0.05);45 d试验组血清超氧化物歧化酶与白细胞介素10水平显著提高(P<0.05);3)G15、G30组乙酸比例显著下降(P<0.05),G30组丁酸比例显著提高(P<0.05);4)G30组瘤胃微生物群落Chao1丰富度指数显著提高(P<0.05),且瘤胃微生物结构发生变化;G30组育肥肉牛瘤胃拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)、假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota)、纤维杆菌门(Fibrobacterota)、普雷沃氏菌属(Prevotella)及纤维杆菌属(Fibrobacter)相对丰度呈现显著上升趋势,而厚壁菌门(Bacillota)相对丰度呈显著下降趋势(P<0.05);G15组瘤胃微生物差异代谢通路主要集中在酮体合成与降解、硝基甲苯降解;G30组瘤胃微生物差异代谢通路主要集中在氨基酸代谢、脂肪酸生物合成;G45组瘤胃微生物差异代谢通路主要集中在C5-支链二元酸代谢。综上,日粮中添加甘草多糖提高了西门塔尔育肥肉牛的生长性能、抗氧化能力、免疫能力、养分消化率,改善了瘤胃发酵模式,促进瘤胃有益菌丰度增加。在本试验研究条件下,甘草多糖最适添加量为30 mg·kg-1 BW。

育肥牛  /  甘草多糖  /  生长性能  /  瘤胃发酵  /  瘤胃微生物

This experiment aimed to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with Glycyrrhiza polysaccharides (GCPs) on the growth performance, serum indicators, apparent nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation parameters and microbial communities in fattening beef cattle. Forty Simmental fattening bulls with good growth status and an average body weight of 617.70±18.85 kg were selected as experimental animals and randomly divided into four groups. The experimental groups received the basal diet supplemented with 0 mg·kg-1 BW (control group, G0), 15 mg·kg-1 BW (low-dose, G15), 30 mg·kg-1 BW (medium-dose, G30), or 45 mg·kg-1 BW (high-dose, G45) of GCPs, respectively. The trial included a 10-day adaptation period followed by a 90-day feeding period. The body weight were measured at 0, 45,90 d of the feeding period, daily feed intake was recorded to determine average dry matter intake and feed-to-gain ratio. At 45 and 90 d of the feeding period, 10 mL of blood sample was collected from each bull to assess serum biochemical, antioxidant and immune indicators. At the end of the trial, 300 g of feces sample was collected from each bull to evaluate nutrient apparent digestibility, and 50 mL of rumen fluid was collected to analyze rumen fermentation parameters and microbial related indicators. Compared with the G0 group: 1) During the 0-45 d and 0-90 d periods, the average daily gain and average dry matter intake of the G30 and G45 groups were significantly increased (P<0.05); in the 0-90 d period, the feed conversion ratio of the G30 and G45 groups decreased significantly (P<0.05), while the crude fat digestibility increased significantly (P<0.05); 2) The serum aspartate aminotransferase level and alanine aminotransferase level of the G30 group were significantly decreased (P<0.05); at 45 d, the serum levels of superoxide dismutase and interleukin-10 in the experimental groups increased significantly (P<0.05); 3) The acetic acid proportion of the G15 and G30 groups was significantly decreased (P<0.05), the butyric acid proportion of the G30 group was significantly increased (P<0.05); 4) The Chao1 richness index of the rumen microbial community in the G30 group was significantly increased (P<0.05), along with structural changes in microbial composition. In the G30 group, the relative abundance of Bacteroidota, Pseudomonadota, Fibrobacterota, Prevotella and Fibrobacter showed a significant upward trend, while the relative abundance of Bacillota showed a significant downward trend (P<0.05); the differential metabolic pathways of rumen microorganisms in the G15 group were mainly enriched in Synthesis and Degradation of ketonebodies, and nitrotoluene degradation. In the G30 group, these pathways were mainly linked to Amino acid metabolism, and Fatty acid biosynthesis, while the G45 group showed enrichment in C5-branched dibasic acid metabolism. In summary, dietary supplementation of Glycyrrhiza polysaccharides enhanced the growth performance, antioxidant capacity, immune function, and nutrient digestibility of Simmental fattening beef cattle, while optimizing rumen fermentation patterns and promoting beneficial rumen microorganisms. Under the conditions of this experimental study, the optimal addition amount of GCPs was 30 mg·kg-1 BW.

fattening cattle  /  Glycyrrhiza polysaccharides  /  growth performance  /  rumen fermentation  /  rumen microorganisms
叶苗苗, 朱潇鹏, 周正海, 张志鹏, 杨本顺, 昝林森, 杨武才. 甘草多糖对育肥牛生长性能、血液指标及瘤胃内环境的影响. 畜牧兽医学报, 2026 , 57 (3) : 1516 -1533 . DOI: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.03.029
Miaomiao YE, Xiaopeng ZHU, Zhenghai ZHOU, Zhipeng ZHANG, Benshun YANG, Linsen ZAN, Wucai YANG. Effects of Glycyrrhiza Polysaccharides on Growth Performance, Serum Indexes and Rumen Environment of Fattening Cattle[J]. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, 2026 , 57 (3) : 1516 -1533 . DOI: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.03.029
牛肉具有高蛋白、低脂肪、低胆固醇和氨基酸丰富等优点,其所含的营养成分也易于人体吸收。随着人民生活水平的不断提高,对牛肉的需求也与日俱增,我国牛肉消费水平增长空间巨大。同时食品安全问题日益受到关注,绿色畜产品的市场需求旺盛[1]。近年来,在高品质牛肉生产过程中,多糖的应用逐渐受到重视[2⁃3]。作为广泛存在于动植物及微生物中的高分子量碳水化合物,多糖表现出多种功能形式,例如构建细胞膜,储存能量,细胞识别、分化、增殖以及控制细胞信号传导等[4]。与微生物来源和化学合成的多糖相比,植物多糖通常具有较低的毒性和较少的副作用,作为添加剂使用其安全性更高[5]。同时,植物多糖来源广泛,且具有良好的生物相容性,不易引起免疫排斥反应。这些特性为植物多糖在抗生素禁用的背景下,作为功能性饲料添加剂的开发提供了坚实基础[6⁃7]。
甘草(Glycyrrhiza uralensis)为豆科甘草属多年生草本植物的统称,主要分布于我国西北及华北干旱、半干旱地区,具有极强的生态适应性[8],作为一种传统药食兼用植物,其主要成分包括皂苷、甘草酸、类黄酮和多糖[9]。据《中国药典》记录,乌拉尔甘草(Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch)是我国传统药用甘草的主要来源种[10]。甘草多糖(Glycyrrhiza polysaccharide,GCPs)是一种富含还原性末端的水溶性多糖,主要由鼠李糖、阿拉伯糖、木糖、甘露糖、葡萄糖和半乳糖组成,其生物活性与α-D-吡喃多糖的空间结构密切相关,具备多种药理活性[11]。研究表明,从乌拉尔甘草中分离纯化的多糖具有较好的体外DPPH和羟基自由基清除能力[12]。将甘草多糖与李特斯菌混合培养后发现,甘草多糖不仅具有抑菌和杀菌功效,还能显著提高培养上清液中水解酶活性与蛋白质含量,抑制李特斯菌生物被膜的形成,从而增强机体的抗菌和抗感染能力[13]。此外,甘草多糖可促进树突状细胞成熟,增强细胞因子分泌能力;同时甘草多糖处理后的树突状细胞表现出更强的淋巴结迁移能力,表明其在免疫激活过程中的关键作用[14]。甘草多糖在抗氧化、抗菌及免疫调节等方面具有显著的生物活性,可作为一种极具开发价值的天然产物,在畜牧生产中实现广泛应用。
虽然甘草多糖在猪和家禽促生长以及改善机体免疫健康方面已有报道[15⁃16],但其对反刍动物的影响研究不足,相关试验数据匮乏。本研究通过在育肥肉牛日粮中添加不同剂量甘草多糖,探究其对西门塔尔育肥肉牛生长性能、血清指标、营养物质消化率、瘤胃发酵参数及微生物的影响,并筛选出育肥肉牛日粮中甘草多糖的最适添加量,探究甘草多糖作为新型饲料添加剂应用于育肥肉牛产业发展的可行性,旨在为促进生态友好型畜牧业发展奠定科学基础。
本试验所用育肥肉牛选自甘肃省张掖市万禾草畜产业科技开发有限公司。试验所用甘草多糖(质量分数≥30%)购自陕西昊辰生物科技有限公司。谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)测定试剂盒(A005-1-2)、总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)测定试剂盒(A001-3-1)购自南京建成生物工程研究所;丙二醛(MDA)含量检测试剂盒(BC0025)、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)检测试剂盒(BC1315)购自北京索莱宝科技有限公司。
选择40头生长发育状况良好、体重相近的西门塔尔育肥公牛(617.70±18.85 kg)为试验动物,采取完全随机试验设计,将试验牛随机分为4组,每组10头牛,分别为:对照组(G0组、基础日粮)、低剂量组(G15组、基础日粮+15 mg·kg-1 BW GCPs)、中剂量组(G30组、基础日粮+30 mg·kg-1 BW GCPs)、高剂量组(G45组、基础日粮+45 mg·kg-1 BW GCPs)。每日09:00与17:00饲喂两次全混合日粮(TMR),各组饲粮营养水平一致,基础饲粮参照《中国肉牛饲养标准》(NY/T 815—2004) 600 kg体重西门塔尔育肥肉牛每日增重1 kg所需要的营养标准制定。饲粮基础组成及营养水平见表1,饲喂时将GCPs与日粮混合均匀,试验牛只自由饮水。每天观察试验牛体况,定期清理牛圈,保证卫生状况。试验共计100 d,其中预饲期10 d,正饲期90 d。
正饲期第0、45、90天,晨饲前连续两次测定试验育肥肉牛的空腹体重,并计算其平均值。基于每头牛的平均体重数据,进一步计算平均日增重(ADG);饲料投喂量每日定时(9:00和17:00)称重,剩料在16:00和次日8:00清理并记录,用于平均干物质采食量(ADMI)计算。并通过平均干物质采食量(ADMI)与平均日增重(ADG)的比值,计算料重比(F/G)。
正饲期第45、90天,晨饲前对空腹育肥肉牛进行尾根采血(10 mL·头-1),使用预冷离心机(4 ℃),3 000 r·min-1离心15 min,分离上清液,-20 ℃冰箱密封保存,用于血清指标检测。血清生化指标(总蛋白、白蛋白、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、葡萄糖、尿素氮、高密度脂蛋白、低密度脂蛋白、谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶)与免疫指标(免疫球蛋白A、免疫球蛋白G、免疫球蛋白M、白细胞介素4、白细胞介素6、白细胞介素10、肿瘤坏死因子-α)在北京华英生物技术研究所检测;血清抗氧化指标使用试剂盒测得,通过试剂盒说明书对丙二醛、超氧化物歧化酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶、总抗氧化能力等4种抗氧化指标进行检测。
正饲期第0、45、90天采集饲料样品500 g,样品经真空干燥箱65 ℃恒温干燥48 h粉碎过1 mm标准分样筛后室温密封保存待检。正饲期第90天每头牛采集粪便样品300 g左右,混合均匀,样品经真空干燥箱65 ℃恒温干燥72 h,后置于室温环境24 h回潮,粉碎过1 mm标准分样筛后室温密封保存待检。饲料和粪便样品在陕西源海弘途农业科技有限公司测得,基于酸不溶灰分测定营养物质表观消化率。
某营养物质表观消化率(%)=
100-100×(Cf×Ad)/(Cd×Af)
式中:Cf为粪中某营养物质含量;Ad为饲料中盐酸不溶灰分含量;Cd为饲料中某营养物质含量;Af为粪中盐酸不溶灰分含量。
正式试验第90天,晨饲前采用胃管式瘤胃液采集器采集瘤胃液50 mL,经四层纱布过滤后,立即使用便携式pH计测定其pH。随后将样品分装于5 mL离心管,置于-20 ℃冰箱保存,氨态氮浓度参照冯宗慈和高民[17]的方法测定,VFAs浓度使用气相色谱仪(Agilent 7820A Gas Chromatograph System)测定(巴豆酸为内标)。
正式试验第90天,晨饲前采用胃管式瘤胃液采集器采集瘤胃液50 mL,经四层纱布过滤后,将样品分装于5 mL离心管,置于-80 ℃冰箱保存。瘤胃液样品送至深圳微科盟科技集团有限公司进行宏基因组测定,主要包括样本DNA提取与质检、目的片段扩增纯化、测序文库制备、上机测序、数据预处理等流程。首先通过序列质控与去宿主,确保质量分数大于20%的碱基所占比例高于90%,质量分数大于30%的碱基所占比例高于85%,之后进行测序。宏基因组数据在微科盟生科云平台(https://www.bioincloud.tech/)进行分析,利用QIIME2.0软件包,对测序片段进行ASV聚类,将ASV代表序列与silva数据库进行比对分析,获取相应的丰度信息,实现物种注释与可视化、物种统计与功能注释,完成样品间物种组成和功能组成差异的挖掘。
试验数据使用SPSS 27.0软件进行分析,显著性分析采用单因素方差及Duncan’s多重比较,结果数据以“平均值±标准差”表示,P<0.05表示组间差异显著,P<0.01表示组间差异极显著。
不同剂量GCPs对育肥肉牛生长性能的影响见表2。由表2可知,0~45 d、0~90 d阶段,G30、G45组的平均日增重均显著高于G0组(P<0.05),G15、G30、G45三组的干物质采食量均显著高于G0组(P<0.05);0~90 d阶段,与G0组相比,G30、G45组的料重比显著下降(P<0.05)。
不同剂量GCPs对育肥肉牛血清生化指标的影响见表3。由表可知,添加GCPs对育肥肉牛血清TP、ALB、TC、TG、GLU、BUN、HDL、LDL水平均无显著性影响(P>0.05);45 d、90 d,G30组的血清AST和ALT水平显著低于G0组(P<0.05)。
不同剂量GCPs对育肥肉牛血清抗氧化指标的影响见表4。由表可知,添加GCPs可降低肉牛血清MDA及T-AOC水平,但差异不显著(P>0.05);45 d时,与G0组比,G30、G45组GSH-Px水平有升高趋势(P=0.06);G15、G30、G45组血清SOD水平显著提高(P<0.05)。
不同剂量GCPs对育肥肉牛血清免疫指标的影响见表5。由表可知,添加GCPs对肉牛血清IgA、IgG、IgM、IL-4、IL-6、TNF-α水平均无显著影响(P>0.05);45d时,与G0组相比,G15、G30、G45组血清IL-10水平显著提高(P<0.05)。
不同剂量GCPs对育肥肉牛营养物质表观消化率的影响见表6。由表可知,添加GCPs组肉牛干物质、粗蛋白、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维表观消化率均高于G0组,但无显著差异(P>0.05);与G0组相比,G30、G45组粗脂肪消化率显著升高(P<0.05)。
不同剂量GCPs对育肥肉牛瘤胃发酵参数的影响见表7。由表可知,添加GCPs对肉牛瘤胃pH、氨态氮、总挥发性脂肪酸、丙酸、异丁酸、戊酸、异戊酸、乙酸丙酸比均无显著性影响(P>0.05);G15、G30组瘤胃乙酸比例显著低于G0、G45组(P<0.05),G30组丁酸比例显著高于G0、G15、G45组(P<0.05)。
不同剂量GCPs对育肥肉牛瘤胃微生物数量的影响如图1所示。各组微生物群落物种分布存在一定的相似性,但同时也具有差异;基于样本物种丰度信息绘制的韦恩图显示了物种分布差异。分析结果显示,四组之间共有803个OTUs,而G0组、G15组、G30组和G45组分别有311个、309个、535个和503个特有的OTUs。
不同剂量GCPs对育肥肉牛瘤胃微生物α多样性的影响如图2所示。与G0组相比,G30组的瘤胃微生物群落的Chao1丰富度指数显著提高(P<0.05)。不同剂量的GCPs对育肥肉牛瘤胃微生物β多样性的影响如图3所示。运用主成分分析技术,对四个试验组育肥肉牛的瘤胃微生物β多样性进行多维标度分析和可视化表达,结果表明,G30组的大部分个体与G0组明显分离,说明G30组的微生物群落结构与G0组存在显著差异(P<0.05)。
各处理组西门塔尔育肥肉牛瘤胃微生物群落组成分析结果如图4所示。在门分类水平上,厚壁菌门(Bacillota)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)相对丰度占主导地位。在属分类水平上,普雷沃氏菌属(Prevotella)和甲烷短杆菌属(Methanobrevibacter)相对丰度占主导地位。
不同剂量GCPs对西门塔尔育肥肉牛门分类水平瘤胃微生物的影响如图5所示。结果显示,G30组假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota)、纤维杆菌门(Fibrobacterota)相对丰度显著高于G0组和G15组(P<0.05);G30组厚壁菌门(Bacillota)的相对丰度则显著低于其它三组,而拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)相对丰度、拟杆菌门与厚壁菌门比值(Bacteroidota/Bacillota)显著高于其它三组(P<0.05)。不同剂量GCPs对西门塔尔育肥肉牛属分类水平瘤胃微生物的影响如图6所示。G30组的普雷沃氏菌属(Prevotella)相对丰度显著高于其它三组(P<0.05),纤维杆菌属(Fibrobacter)相对丰度显著高于G0组和G15组(P<0.05)。
KEGG pathway level3功能注释结果表明,瘤胃微生物群落涉及326个代谢功能。丰度排名前15的功能类别(图7A)主要富集于氨基酸代谢与遗传功能。在不同处理组中,G30组差异代谢通路主要集中在牛磺酸和次牛磺酸代谢(Taurine and taurine metabolism)、丙氨酸、天冬氨酸和谷氨酸代谢(Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism)、脂肪酸生物合成(Fattyacid biosynthesis);G15组差异代谢通路主要集中在酮体合成与降解(Synthesis and degradation of ketonebodies)、硝基甲苯降解(Nitrotoluene degradation);G45组差异代谢通路主要集中在C5-支链二元酸代谢(C5-Branched dibacsic acid metabolism);G0组差异代谢通路主要集中在链霉素生物合成(Streptomycin biosynthesis)、阿卡波糖和有效酶素生物合成(Acarbose and validamycin biosynthesis)。
在集约化生产中,生长性能是衡量畜禽生产效益的核心指标,甘草及其提取物已经被证实对动物生长具有促进作用[18]。有研究指出,在哺乳犊牛常乳中添加1 g·kg-1甘草提取物可以显著提高犊牛平均日增重[19]。此外,在家禽上的相关研究报道显示,饮水中添加甘草提取物可以作为肉鸡饲粮中抗生素促生长剂的有效替代物[20];甘草通过促进家禽内脏器官发育而对其生长性能产生积极影响,日粮中添加2.5 g·kg-1光果甘草显著提高了肉鸡生长性能[21]。本研究中,添加30、45 mg·kg-1 BW GCPs能够显著增加育肥肉牛平均日增重与干物质采食量,可能是由于GCPs具有天然的甜味和特殊的香气,能够提升饲料风味和口感[22],提高了日粮适口性;同时GCPs通过刺激唾液腺和消化腺分泌,有助于饲料消化[23]。Zhang等[24]研究发现,在断奶仔猪日粮中添加GCPs可以显著提高仔猪日增重、干物质采食量,降低料重比,这与本研究的结果一致:G30、G45组料重比显著下降,分别降低了12.13%与13.69%,提高了饲料报酬。综上,饲喂GCPs对育肥肉牛生长发育具有正向积极作用。在畜牧业生产中,生长性能的提高与经济效益直接相关[25]。综合各项指标表现,GCPs最适添加量为30 mg·kg-1 BW。
血清生化指标的动态变化可以反映畜禽对营养物质的消化吸收水平、健康状况以及某些组织器官功能变化[26]。ALT和AST是衡量肝健康的标志物[27],这两种转氨酶在肝组织中含量丰富,当肝细胞膜完整性遭到破坏时,会大量逸出至外周血液中,血液中ALT、AST含量升高提示肝功能异常[28]。45 d及90 d,G30组血清ALT、AST活性均显著低于G0组,说明GCPs可以缓解肝细胞损伤。育肥后期由于机体代谢活动增强与饲养管理条件变化,育肥牛机体氧化应激增强[29];GCPs通过减少自由基产生,抑制一氧化氮合成酶活性进而减少一氧化氮生成等途径,减轻对肝细胞膜的损伤,促进细胞膜结构修复,保障肝细胞正常代谢和功能[30]。
在生长代谢过程中,动物细胞产生的活性氧(ROS)会参与各种细胞生物学过程[31];过量ROS会使机体内氧化和抗氧化状态失衡,导致氧化应激,损害细胞组分(如脂质、蛋白质等),使动物机体更容易感染疾病[32];SOD、GSH-Px等自由基清除酶是抵御机体氧化损伤体系的重要组成[33]。SOD是一种存在于生物体内的抗氧化金属酶,通过歧化作用来消除自由基[34];GSH-Px存在于哺乳动物细胞质和线粒体基质中,通过还原过氧化氢,防止细胞氧化损伤[35]。GCPs结构中包含多个羟基与糖苷键,能够有效清除自由基,螯合金属离子,提高抗氧化酶活性[36];研究发现,GCPs能够显著提高肝及血液中SOD、GSH-Px等抗氧化酶活性[37⁃38],这与本研究结果相似:饲喂GCPs提高了育肥牛45 d血清SOD、GSH-Px含量,促进机体抗氧化能力提升。
免疫系统通过多种调节机制减少病原体入侵与宿主损伤,以IL-10为代表的抗炎反应是其中的一种机制[39]。过度的炎症会引起对宿主有害的全身代谢紊乱,抗炎机制通过调节促炎因子与抗炎因子的产生,维持和恢复组织稳态[40]。IL-10作为重要的抗炎细胞因子,在宿主免疫调节和防御系统中起重要作用[41],研究表明敲除IL-10相关基因的小鼠发生结肠炎概率显著上升,表明其在体内控制炎症的关键作用[42];IL-10缺乏或异常表达会增强机体炎症反应,导致多种自身免疫性疾病发生,IL-10主要通过抑制促炎细胞因子的表达,发挥下调炎症反应的作用[43]。Ji等[44]研究发现,给肉鸡饲喂GCPs可以显著降低血清促炎因子水平,增加抗炎细胞因子表达;据报道,GCPs主要通过调控MAPK信号转导通路以及抑制炎症关键因子NF-κB的转录活性,发挥其抗炎特性[45]。育肥肉牛育肥后期常采用高碳水化合物或高脂饲料以实现快速增重,但高能量饲料过量摄入会引发代谢紊乱,导致动物机体炎症水平上升[46]。本研究中,添加GCPs显著增加了45 d血清IL-10水平,同时血清促炎细胞因子IL-6、TNF-α水平有下调趋势,表明GCPs能够增强抗炎因子在动物机体内的表达,增强机体免疫能力,缓解育肥后期高能量饲料补充的负面效应。
研究表明,中草药多糖能够提高育肥牛的生长性能,这可能是通过增加营养物质的消化率来实现的[47]。有研究发现,给断奶羔羊饲喂黄芪多糖显著提高了干物质、粗蛋白、粗脂肪等营养物质的表观消化率[48]。张风荣等[49]研究发现,在肉兔日粮中添加复合植物多糖提高了粗蛋白、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、粗脂肪的养分表观消化率。本研究中,G30、G45组粗脂肪消化率显著高于G0组。有研究对GCPs在模拟唾液-胃液-肠液消化中的作用机制进行分析,发现多糖在消化过程中部分降解,还原糖含量显著升高,表明GCPs在消化过程中具有一定的稳定性,可能在肠道中发挥作用,从而影响脂肪消化吸收[50]。
瘤胃是反刍动物消化系统中的核心器官,通过微生物发酵、营养物质转化、缓冲系统等维持机体健康。瘤胃pH是影响瘤胃内环境稳态的关键因素,适宜pH为6.2~7.0之间;当pH处于6.0以下时,原虫大量减少,对pH值变化敏感的纤维分解菌数量显著降低;当pH低于5.5时,会导致瘤胃酸中毒[51]。本研究中,各组育肥肉牛的瘤胃pH值均保持在正常范围内,这表明GCPs并未对肉牛瘤胃的发酵环境产生不良影响。VFAs是反刍动物瘤胃代谢碳水化合物的主要产物,也是其体内重要的能量来源[52]。VFAs的组成和比例是影响瘤胃内环境的重要因素。本研究发现,G15、G30组乙酸比例显著低于G0组,G30组丁酸比例显著高于G0组。研究表明,在高能量需求条件下,反刍动物代谢会优先利用能量密度更高的物质,以满足自身生长和繁殖的能量需求。丁酸代谢途径产能高于乙酸代谢途径产能[53],在中草药多糖的影响下,反刍动物瘤胃丁酸比例升高,以满足能量需求[54],这与本试验的研究结果一致。甘草多糖通过提高瘤胃丁酸比例,降低乙酸比例,进而提高能量利用效率,满足育肥后期牛的高能量需求。同时GCPs添加可能会降低甲烷产生,因为乙酸生成过程中会产生氢气,作为产甲烷菌的电子供体参与甲烷合成,甲烷生成增多会降低反刍动物饲料能量的利用效率[55]。此外,瘤胃内丁酸比例的增高与纤维分解菌存在密切的协同关系,可以促进纤维素分解菌活性,同时具有抑制有害菌生长的功能[56]。在本研究中,添加中剂量GCPs可以通过改变瘤胃VFAs生成模式,促进反刍动物瘤胃发酵。
瘤胃微生物群落是反刍动物消化过程中复杂且重要的生态系统,具有营养物质消化吸收、免疫调节、维护肠道屏障等作用,在调节反刍动物健康方面起着重要的作用[57]。α多样性反映了微生物群落的物种丰富度和多样性[58],本研究发现G30组、G45组瘤胃微生物群落Chao1指数显著增加,说明添加GCPs可以优化瘤胃微生物生态系统,缓解环境变化与应激因素对机体的影响,维持瘤胃微生物功能稳定性。β多样性反映了微生物群落的结构差异[59]。研究发现,给肉鸡饲喂GCPs可改变其肠道群结构[60],与本研究结果相似:G30组β多样性与G0组具有显著差异,GCPs影响育肥肉牛瘤胃微生物菌群结构。
在本研究中,拟杆菌门和厚壁菌门是普雷沃氏菌属为育肥肉牛瘤胃的核心微生物菌门,这与Cui等[61]的研究结果一致。拟杆菌门细菌在消化复杂多糖以及调节肠道免疫反应中起到关键作用,可以维持机体健康和防止病原体入侵[62];厚壁菌门丰度增加会导致有益菌减少、瘤胃菌群失调,从而引起代谢紊乱[63]。拟杆菌门/厚壁菌门与宿主获能水平显著相关,同时该值增高有利于降低心血管疾病和炎症的发生率[64]。本研究发现,与G0组相比,G30组拟杆菌门相对丰度显著升高,厚壁菌门相对丰度显著降低,中剂量GCPs摄入后,厚壁菌门丰度下调归因于拟杆菌门丰度增加,GCPs通过调节瘤胃细菌种类及丰度改善动物健康状况;日粮中添加中剂量GCPs显著增加了拟杆菌门与厚壁菌门的比值,这与G30组粗脂肪表观消化率、饲料效率以及血清免疫指标显著增高结果相对应。在瘤胃中,假单胞菌门和纤维杆菌门能够通过分泌多种酶降解植物细胞壁多糖,如纤维素、半纤维素等,从而对瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸的产生起到关键作用[65]。本研究中,G30组假单胞菌门和纤维杆菌门相对丰度均显著高于G0、G15两组,表明GCPs通过调节瘤胃菌群丰度影响机体纤维素利用率与瘤胃代谢状况。
在本研究中,普雷沃氏菌属为育肥肉牛瘤胃的核心微生物菌属,是隶属于拟杆菌门的一种有益菌属,具有促生长作用,参与多糖降解与短链脂肪酸合成,与瘤胃发酵指标中的乙酸含量呈显著负相关[66⁃67]。有研究表明,普雷沃氏菌属发酵碳水化合物过程中会产生高浓度琥珀酸,抑制拟杆菌生长,从而降低乙酸生成[68]。本试验中,G30组普雷沃氏菌属相对丰度显著高于G0组,这与G30组瘤胃发酵指标中乙酸比例显著下降结果一致。纤维杆菌属是纤维杆菌门中的一种有益菌属,在瘤胃生态系统中对纤维素的降解起重要作用,与瘤胃发酵指标中的丁酸含量呈显著正相关[69]。研究发现,纤维分解菌(如纤维杆菌)与丁酸生成菌在瘤胃中具有协同作用,丁酸生成菌能够利用纤维分解菌产生的中间产物(如糖类)进行发酵,最终生成丁酸;丁酸增加可以改变瘤胃微生物的组成,使纤维素分解菌相对丰度增加[70]。这与本研究结果一致:G30组瘤胃纤维杆菌属相对丰度显著高于G0组,这与G30组瘤胃发酵指标中丁酸比例显著提高结果一致。中剂量GCPs通过改变瘤胃菌属,影响营养物质消化吸收与机体代谢。
对细菌群落进行KEGG-Pathway Level 3水平的功能富集分析发现,各组富集程度最高的功能大多数与氨基酸代谢相关(图7-A)。微生物功能差异分析发现,G30组差异代谢通路主要集中在氨基酸代谢(牛磺酸和次牛磺酸代谢,丙氨酸、天冬氨酸和谷氨酸代谢)以及脂肪酸生物合成。牛磺酸和次牛磺酸在代谢过程中发挥抗氧化以及减少炎症反应等多种生理功能[71],这一作用机制与G30组血清抗氧化水平和免疫能力显著提高结果一致。丙氨酸、天冬氨酸和谷氨酸代谢以及脂肪酸生物合成过程主要通过合成代谢中间体,为机体的能量代谢和储存提供重要支持[72⁃73]。研究发现,甘草能够促进氨基酸代谢,为脂肪酸的合成和代谢提供前体物质,从而间接提高脂肪的消化吸收效率[74]。这一发现与本研究结果一致:G30组粗脂肪表观消化率显著高于G0组。G15组差异代谢通路主要集中在酮体合成与降解和硝基甲苯降解。酮体的合成与降解是脂肪代谢的重要组成部分,在供能和代谢过程中发挥着关键作用。研究表明,瘤胃微生物通过将硝基化合物还原为胺类物质,减少了其对瘤胃微生物的毒性,同时硝基化合物的代谢产物(如丙酸和丁酸)可以被瘤胃微生物利用,同时减少甲烷排放[75]。G45组差异代谢通路主要集中在C5-支链二元酸代谢。研究表明,瘤胃微生物能够通过代谢C5支链二元酸过程获能,调节VFAs生成,有利于维持瘤胃内环境稳定[76]。这些结果表明,不同添加剂量GCPs对瘤胃微生物的功能代谢存在显著差异,且这些差异通路可能与宿主的代谢调节和健康状态密切相关。
本研究发现,日粮中添加30 mg·kg-1 BW甘草多糖可提高西门塔尔育肥肉牛的生长性能、养分表观消化率、机体抗氧化水平与免疫能力,并发挥保肝功效。此外,30 mg·kg-1 BW甘草多糖还能改变瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸组成,显著提高瘤胃微生物多样性及有益菌相对丰度,促进氨基酸代谢与脂肪酸合成相关功能。
  • 国家肉牛牦牛产业技术体系建设(CARS-37)
  • 陕西省重点研发计划“两链”融合重点专项揭榜挂帅项目(2022GD-TSLD-46-0104)
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2026年第57卷第3期
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doi: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.03.029
  • 接收时间:2025-02-10
  • 首发时间:2026-09-16
  • 出版时间:2026-03-23
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-10
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国家肉牛牦牛产业技术体系建设(CARS-37)
陕西省重点研发计划“两链”融合重点专项揭榜挂帅项目(2022GD-TSLD-46-0104)
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    1.西北农林科技大学动物科技学院,杨凌 712100
    2.张掖市万禾草畜产业科技开发有限公司,张掖 734000

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杨武才,主要从事动物肉质性状形成的分子遗传调控机理、动物生殖生理调控与动物生物技术研究,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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