Article(id=1307013650691150789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307013423896753139, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.03.028, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1742227200000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789545937464, onlineDateStr=2026-09-16, pubDate=1774195200000, pubDateStr=2026-03-23, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789545937464, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789545937464, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789545937464, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1307013423896753139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, year='2026', volume='57', issue='3', pageStart='1177', pageEnd='1776', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774195200000', pubDateStr='2026-03-23', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789545883392, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789609930841, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1307282058464743901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307013423896753139, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1307282058464743902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307013423896753139, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1506, endPage=1515, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1307013650867311558, articleId=1307013650691150789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, language=EN, title=Effects of Folic Acid on Rumen Fermentation Parameters, Antioxidant Indicators and Microbial Population of Dairy Cows in vitro, columnId=1307007400746176631, journalTitle=Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, columnName=ANIMAL NUTRITION AND FEEDS, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The study evaluated the effects of folic acid (FA) on rumen fermentation parameters, antioxidant indicators and microbial population in dairy cows in vitro. Four early lactation Holstein dairy cows were used as the donor of ruminal fluid, and the total mixed ratio of dairy cows was used as the fermentation substrate. The supplementation level of FA was 0, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, 6.0, 7.5 and 9.0 mg·kg-1 dry matter (DM), respectively. After incubation at 39℃ for 24 h, ruminal DM degradability (DMD), gas production (GP), FA content, antioxidant indicators, fermentation parameters, microbial enzyme activity and population were determined. The results were showed as follows: 1) The DMD was greater (P<0.05) for the supplementation of FA at 1.5, 3.0 and 4.5 mg·kg-1 DM, and the 24 h GP and theoretical maximum GP were greater (P<0.05) for the supplementation of FA at 1.5, 3.0, 4.5 and 6.0 mg·kg-1 DM compared with other groups. 2) Ruminal fluid FA content was greater (P<0.05) and malondialdehyde content was lower (P<0.05) for the groups with FA supplementation compared with the control. The activity of superoxide dismutase was greater (P<0.05) in the groups with 1.5, 3.0, 4.5 and 6.0 mg·kg-1 DM FA supplementation compared with other groups. The activity of glutathione peroxidase was greater (P<0.05) in the groups with supplementation of FA at 3.0, 4.5, 6.0 and 7.5 mg·kg-1 DM than in the control and 1.5 mg·kg-1 DM FA supplementation groups. The total antioxidant capacity activity was greater (P<0.05) for the supplementation of FA at 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, 6.0 and 7.5 mg·kg-1 DM than for the control. 3) The groups with FA addition had greater (P<0.05) total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) and acetate production compared with the control, and the production of TVFA and acetate were greater (P<0.05) for the 3.0 and 4.5 mg·kg-1 DM FA supplementation than for 7.5 and 9.0 mg·kg-1 DM FA supplementation. 4) The groups with FA addition had greater (P<0.05) activities of cellobiase and xylanase compared with the control, and the activity of cellobiase was greater (P<0.05) for the supplementation of FA at 3.0, 4.5 and 6.0 mg·kg-1 DM than for the supplementation of FA 1.5 and 7.5 mg·kg-1 DM, and the activity of xylanase was greater (P<0.05) for the 1.5, 3.0 and 4.5 mg·kg-1 DM FA supplementation than for the 7.5 and 9.0 mg·kg-1 DM FA supplementation. 5) The groups with FA addition had greater (P<0.05) populations of total bacteria, protozoa and R. flavefaciens compared with the control. The total bacteria population was greater (P<0.05) in the 4.5, 6.0 and 7.5 mg·kg-1 DM FA supplementation groups than in the 1.5 and 9.0 mg·kg-1 DM FA supplementation groups. The R. flavefaciens population was greater (P<0.05) for the 1.5, 3.0 and 4.5 mg·kg-1 DM FA supplementation than for the 7.5 and 9.0 mg·kg-1 DM FA supplementation. The fungi population was greater (P<0.05) in the 3.0, 4.5, 6.0 and 7.5 mg·kg-1 DM FA groups than in the control, 1.5 and 9.0 mg·kg-1 DM FA groups. The R. albus population was greater (P<0.05) for the groups with 1.5, 3.0, 4.5 and 6.0 mg·kg-1 DM FA supplementation than for the control, 7.5 and 9.0 mg·kg-1 DM FA groups. The F. succinogenes population was greater (P<0.05) in the 4.5, 6.0, 7.5 and 9.0 mg·kg-1 DM FA groups than in the control and 1.5 mg·kg-1 DM FA group. In conclusion, the supplementation of FA improves rumen antioxidant status, stimulate cellulolytic and amylolytic bacteria growth, and resulting in an increase in DMD and TVFA production. The proper level of ruminal FA supply is 1.5-3.0 mg·kg-1 DM in the condition of the current study.

, authors=Jiang FENG, Nan SUN, Haodong ZHANG, Yuyang XIE, Qiang LIU, Gang GUO, Wenjie HUO, Cong WANG, authorsList=Jiang FENG, Nan SUN, Haodong ZHANG, Yuyang XIE, Qiang LIU, Gang GUO, Wenjie HUO, Cong WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Qiang LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
LIU Qiang,E-mail:
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旨在探究叶酸(FA)对奶牛体外瘤胃发酵参数、抗氧化指标和菌群数量的影响。采用单因素试验设计,以4头泌乳早期荷斯坦奶牛作为瘤胃液供体,奶牛全混合日粮为发酵底物,分别添加FA 0、1.5、3.0、4.5、6.0、7.5和9.0 mg·kg-1干物质(DM),39 ℃条件下体外培养24 h。测定发酵液DM降解率(DMD)、产气量(GP)、FA含量、抗氧化指标、发酵参数、酶活和微生物数量。结果显示:1)1.5、3.0和4.5 mg·kg-1 DM FA组DMD和1.5、3.0、4.5和6.0 mg·kg-1 DM FA组24 h GP和理论最大GP显著高于其余各组(P<0.05)。2)各FA添加组发酵液中FA含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),丙二醛含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。1.5、3.0、4.5和6.0 mg·kg-1 DM FA组超氧化物歧化酶活性显著高于其余各组(P<0.05)。3.0、4.5、6.0和7.5 mg·kg-1 DM FA组谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性显著高于对照和1.5 mg·kg-1 DM FA组(P<0.05)。1.5、3.0、4.5、6.0和7.5 mg·kg-1 DM FA组总抗氧化能力活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。3)各FA添加组总挥发性脂肪酸和乙酸产量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),且3.0和4.5 mg·kg-1 DM FA组显著高于7.5和9.0 mg·kg-1 DM FA组(P<0.05)。4)各FA添加组纤维二糖酶和木聚糖酶活性均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),且3.0、4.5和6.0 mg·kg-1 DM FA组纤维二糖酶活性显著高于1.5和7.5 mg·kg-1 DM FA组(P<0.05),1.5、3.0和4.5 mg·kg-1 DM FA组木聚糖酶活性显著高于7.5和9.0 mg·kg-1 DM FA组(P<0.05)。5)各FA添加组总细菌、原虫和黄色瘤胃球菌数量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),其中4.5、6.0和7.5 mg·kg-1 DM FA组总细菌数量显著高于1.5和9.0 mg·kg-1 DM FA组(P<0.05),1.5、3.0和4.5 mg·kg-1 DM FA组黄色瘤胃球菌数量显著高于7.5和9.0 mg·kg-1 DM FA组(P<0.05)。3.0、4.5、6.0和7.5 mg·kg-1 DM FA组总真菌数量显著高于对照、1.5和9.0 mg·kg-1 DM FA组(P<0.05)。1.5、3.0、4.5和6.0 mg·kg-1 DM FA组白色瘤胃球菌数量显著高于对照、7.5和9.0 mg·kg-1 DM FA组(P<0.05)。4.5、6.0、7.5和9.0 mg·kg-1 DM FA组产琥珀酸丝状杆菌数量显著高于对照和1.5 mg·kg-1 DM FA组(P<0.05)。综上表明,补充FA改善了瘤胃抗氧化状态,促进了纤维分解菌生长,进而提高了DMD和TVFA产量;本试验条件下,瘤胃较适FA添加水平为1.5~3.0 mg·kg-1 DM。

, authors=冯江, 孙楠, 张浩东, 谢宇阳, 刘强, 郭刚, 霍文婕, 王聪, authorsList=冯江, 孙楠, 张浩东, 谢宇阳, 刘强, 郭刚, 霍文婕, 王聪, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=刘强, authorNote=

冯江,硕士生,主要从事反刍动物营养研究,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
刘强,主要从事反刍动物营养研究,E-mail:
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冯江,硕士生,主要从事反刍动物营养研究,E-mail:

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冯江,硕士生,主要从事反刍动物营养研究,E-mail:

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DOI:10.3390/ani15020169, articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307281711545471121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013650691150789, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=31, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WEJDEMAR,K.Some factors stimulating the growth of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens TC33 in clarified rumen fluid[J].Swedish J Agric Res,1996,26:11-18. DOI:10.1128/aem.58.1.99-105.1992, articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307281711620968594, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013650691150789, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=32, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG C,LIU Q,LI H Q,et al.Effects of rumen-protected pantothenate supplementation on lactation performance,ruminal fermentation,nutrient digestion and blood metabolites in dairy cows[J].J Sci Food Agric,2018,98(6):2098-2104. DOI:10.1002/jsfa.8691, articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1307281707430858863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013650691150789, awardId=32272824, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(32272824), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1307281707493773424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013650691150789, awardId=YDZJSX2022A039, language=CN, fundingSource=中央引导地方科技发展资金项目(YDZJSX2022A039), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1307281707556687985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013650691150789, awardId=2025CYJSTX13, language=CN, fundingSource=山西省现代农业牛产业技术体系建设项目(2025CYJSTX13), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1307281700237627436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013650691150789, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1307281700246016045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013650691150789, companyId=1307281700237627436, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Animal Science,Shanxi Agricultural University,Taigu 030801,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1307281700254404654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013650691150789, companyId=1307281700237627436, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=山西农业大学动物科学学院,太谷 030801)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1307281704788447329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013650691150789, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Composition and nutrient levels of basal diet (DM basis)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
原料 Ingredient含量 Content营养水平2) Nutrient levels含量 Content
玉米青贮 Corn silage26.0有机物 OM94.5
苜蓿干草 Alfalfa hay13.0粗蛋白质 CP17.2
燕麦草 Oat hay11.0粗脂肪 EE3.20
玉米 Corn grain24.0中性洗涤纤维 NDF31.1
麸皮 Wheat bran6.00酸性洗涤纤维 ADF19.3
豆粕 Soybean meal10.6钙 Ca0.70
菜籽粕 Rapeseed meal2.50磷 P0.50
棉籽粕 Cottonseed meal5.00泌乳净能/(MJ·kg-1) NEL6.63
碳酸钙 CaCO30.60
食盐 NaCl0.50
磷酸氢钙 CaHPO40.30
预混料 Premix1)0.50
合计 Total100.0
), ArticleFig(id=1307281704863944802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013650691150789, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

基础日粮组成及营养水平(干物质基础) (%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
原料 Ingredient含量 Content营养水平2) Nutrient levels含量 Content
玉米青贮 Corn silage26.0有机物 OM94.5
苜蓿干草 Alfalfa hay13.0粗蛋白质 CP17.2
燕麦草 Oat hay11.0粗脂肪 EE3.20
玉米 Corn grain24.0中性洗涤纤维 NDF31.1
麸皮 Wheat bran6.00酸性洗涤纤维 ADF19.3
豆粕 Soybean meal10.6钙 Ca0.70
菜籽粕 Rapeseed meal2.50磷 P0.50
棉籽粕 Cottonseed meal5.00泌乳净能/(MJ·kg-1) NEL6.63
碳酸钙 CaCO30.60
食盐 NaCl0.50
磷酸氢钙 CaHPO40.30
预混料 Premix1)0.50
合计 Total100.0
), ArticleFig(id=1307281704952025187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013650691150789, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Effects of FA on rumen dry matter degradability and gas production parameters in vitro

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

项目

Item

FA添加水平/(mg·kg-1 DM) FA addition level

标准误

SEM

P值 P-value
01.53.04.56.07.59.0PTPLPQ
干物质降解率/% DMD65.0b72.0a72.7a73.6a63.7b65.0b64.0b0.7150.0010.0530.001
累积产气量/mL GP63.8b71.9a73.0a77.6a74.5a64.3b64.7b2.7740.0160.0720.031
理论最大产气量/mL a71.5b83.7a86.4a89.3a84.1a76.7b76.1b3.0740.0220.1140.028
产气速率/(mL·h-1)c0.090.090.080.080.080.090.090.0010.0870.1420.109
), ArticleFig(id=1307281705023328356, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013650691150789, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

FA对体外瘤胃干物质降解率和产气参数的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

项目

Item

FA添加水平/(mg·kg-1 DM) FA addition level

标准误

SEM

P值 P-value
01.53.04.56.07.59.0PTPLPQ
干物质降解率/% DMD65.0b72.0a72.7a73.6a63.7b65.0b64.0b0.7150.0010.0530.001
累积产气量/mL GP63.8b71.9a73.0a77.6a74.5a64.3b64.7b2.7740.0160.0720.031
理论最大产气量/mL a71.5b83.7a86.4a89.3a84.1a76.7b76.1b3.0740.0220.1140.028
产气速率/(mL·h-1)c0.090.090.080.080.080.090.090.0010.0870.1420.109
), ArticleFig(id=1307281705098825830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013650691150789, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Effects of FA on rumen FA content and antioxidant indicators in vitro

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

项目

Item

FA添加水平/(mg·kg-1 DM) FA addition level

标准误

SEM

P值 P-value
01.53.04.56.07.59.0PTPLPQ
叶酸/(µmol·mL-1) FA10.7b13.9a13.5a14.1a14.4a14.4a14.6a1.0920.0070.0140.367
超氧化物歧化酶/(U·mL-1) SOD17.9b24.4a24.3a26.1a27.7a21.6b19.9b2.3370.0060.2910.032
谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶/(U·mL-1)GSH-Px68.4c87.2b100a106a108a104a96.2ab4.1730.0120.0330.445
总抗氧化能力/(U·mL-1) T-AOC4.97b6.25a6.44a6.05a5.64a5.53a5.22ab0.6310.0320.0410.097
丙二醛/(nmol·L-1) MDA3.84a2.74b2.29b2.23b2.24b2.18b2.37b0.2230.0340.0270.334
), ArticleFig(id=1307281705161740391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013650691150789, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

FA对体外瘤胃FA含量和抗氧化指标的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

项目

Item

FA添加水平/(mg·kg-1 DM) FA addition level

标准误

SEM

P值 P-value
01.53.04.56.07.59.0PTPLPQ
叶酸/(µmol·mL-1) FA10.7b13.9a13.5a14.1a14.4a14.4a14.6a1.0920.0070.0140.367
超氧化物歧化酶/(U·mL-1) SOD17.9b24.4a24.3a26.1a27.7a21.6b19.9b2.3370.0060.2910.032
谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶/(U·mL-1)GSH-Px68.4c87.2b100a106a108a104a96.2ab4.1730.0120.0330.445
总抗氧化能力/(U·mL-1) T-AOC4.97b6.25a6.44a6.05a5.64a5.53a5.22ab0.6310.0320.0410.097
丙二醛/(nmol·L-1) MDA3.84a2.74b2.29b2.23b2.24b2.18b2.37b0.2230.0340.0270.334
), ArticleFig(id=1307281705245626472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013650691150789, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Effects of FA on rumen fermentation parameters in vitro

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

项目

Item

FA添加水平/(mg·kg-1 DM) FA addition level

标准误

SEM

P值 P-value
01.53.04.56.07.59.0PTPLPQ
pH7.067.077.097.106.987.157.060.0430.1760.2450.252
总挥发酸/(mmol·L-1)TVFA65.1d72.2ab73.9a75.8a72.7ab67.9c69.8c1.0790.0010.2830.001
乙酸/(mmol·L-1) Acetate40.4d46.7ab47.7a48.8a46.7ab43.4c44.2c0.3760.0010.2800.001
丙酸/(mmol·L-1)Propionate11.612.112.412.812.311.711.90.2290.1030.2260.215
丁酸/(mmol·L-1) Butyrate9.07b9.67a9.65a9.93a9.57a8.96b9.13b0.0890.0030.1410.002
戊酸/(mmol·L-1) Valerate1.071.001.101.101.130.971.170.0250.3270.8440.432
异丁酸/(mmol·L-1) Isobutyrate0.900.900.970.970.970.871.070.0200.1380.2490.333
异戊酸/(mmol·L-1)I sovalerate2.071.972.172.172.031.932.100.0410.1110.3340.117
乙酸/丙酸 Acetate/Propionate3.49b3.87a3.85a3.82a3.80a3.71a3.70a0.0320.0050.0410.078
氨态氮/(mg·dL-1) NH3-N42.5c44.5b44.7b44.8b45.2b45.3b50.6a0.5390.0010.0010.176
微生物蛋白质/(g·L-1) MCP0.590.570.590.600.570.550.580.0070.6390.2791.000
), ArticleFig(id=1307281705321123945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013650691150789, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

FA对体外瘤胃发酵参数的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

项目

Item

FA添加水平/(mg·kg-1 DM) FA addition level

标准误

SEM

P值 P-value
01.53.04.56.07.59.0PTPLPQ
pH7.067.077.097.106.987.157.060.0430.1760.2450.252
总挥发酸/(mmol·L-1)TVFA65.1d72.2ab73.9a75.8a72.7ab67.9c69.8c1.0790.0010.2830.001
乙酸/(mmol·L-1) Acetate40.4d46.7ab47.7a48.8a46.7ab43.4c44.2c0.3760.0010.2800.001
丙酸/(mmol·L-1)Propionate11.612.112.412.812.311.711.90.2290.1030.2260.215
丁酸/(mmol·L-1) Butyrate9.07b9.67a9.65a9.93a9.57a8.96b9.13b0.0890.0030.1410.002
戊酸/(mmol·L-1) Valerate1.071.001.101.101.130.971.170.0250.3270.8440.432
异丁酸/(mmol·L-1) Isobutyrate0.900.900.970.970.970.871.070.0200.1380.2490.333
异戊酸/(mmol·L-1)I sovalerate2.071.972.172.172.031.932.100.0410.1110.3340.117
乙酸/丙酸 Acetate/Propionate3.49b3.87a3.85a3.82a3.80a3.71a3.70a0.0320.0050.0410.078
氨态氮/(mg·dL-1) NH3-N42.5c44.5b44.7b44.8b45.2b45.3b50.6a0.5390.0010.0010.176
微生物蛋白质/(g·L-1) MCP0.590.570.590.600.570.550.580.0070.6390.2791.000
), ArticleFig(id=1307281705388232810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013650691150789, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Effects of FA on rumen microbial enzyme activities in vitro

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

项目

Item

FA添加水平/(mg·kg-1 DM) FA addition level

标准误

SEM

P值 P-value
01.53.04.56.07.59.0PTPLPQ
羧甲基纤维素酶 CMC1.191.401.431.471.431.341.330.0290.0960.1340.705
纤维二糖酶 Cellobiase0.19c0.40b0.53a0.56a0.51a0.43b0.49ab0.0170.0480.0270.816
木聚糖酶 Xylanase1.16c1.54a1.64a1.68a1.48ab1.42b1.42b0.0600.0400.1470.046
果胶酶 Pectinase0.50c0.78a0.88a0.83a0.80a0.72ab0.61b0.0160.0450.1310.010
α-淀粉酶 α-amylase0.21b0.24b0.26b0.52a0.58a0.59a0.59a0.0090.0280.0360.391
蛋白酶 Protease0.34c0.46b0.51b0.57ab0.62a0.62a0.64a0.0110.0400.0090.207
), ArticleFig(id=1307281707070148716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013650691150789, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

FA对体外瘤胃微生物酶活性的影响 (U·mL-1)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

项目

Item

FA添加水平/(mg·kg-1 DM) FA addition level

标准误

SEM

P值 P-value
01.53.04.56.07.59.0PTPLPQ
羧甲基纤维素酶 CMC1.191.401.431.471.431.341.330.0290.0960.1340.705
纤维二糖酶 Cellobiase0.19c0.40b0.53a0.56a0.51a0.43b0.49ab0.0170.0480.0270.816
木聚糖酶 Xylanase1.16c1.54a1.64a1.68a1.48ab1.42b1.42b0.0600.0400.1470.046
果胶酶 Pectinase0.50c0.78a0.88a0.83a0.80a0.72ab0.61b0.0160.0450.1310.010
α-淀粉酶 α-amylase0.21b0.24b0.26b0.52a0.58a0.59a0.59a0.0090.0280.0360.391
蛋白酶 Protease0.34c0.46b0.51b0.57ab0.62a0.62a0.64a0.0110.0400.0090.207
), ArticleFig(id=1307281707149840493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013650691150789, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Effects of FA on rumen microbial population in vitro

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

项目

Item

FA添加水平/(mg·kg-1 DM) FA addition level

标准误

SEM

P值 P-value
01.53.04.56.07.59.0PTPLPQ
总细菌 Total bacteria11.5c11.7b11.8ab12.0a11.9a11.9a11.7b0.0380.0030.0350.204
总真菌 Total fungi7.29c7.48b7.60a7.62a7.63a7.63a7.34c0.0610.0070.3120.042
总原虫 Total protozoa5.99b6.41a6.44a6.46a6.47a6.45a6.48a0.1020.0020.0070.205
白色瘤胃球菌 R. albus7.91c9.20a9.07a9.32a9.23a8.48b7.84c0.1110.0340.1870.017
黄色瘤胃球菌 R. flavefaciens8.04c9.38a9.42a9.49a9.12ab9.01b8.93b0.0820.0160.4360.022

产琥珀酸丝状杆菌

F. succinogenes

10.6b10.6b10.7ab10.9a11.0a10.9a10.9a0.0540.0220.0170.420

溶纤维丁酸弧菌

B. fibrisolvens

8.368.408.458.488.478.478.460.0310.1510.1720.259

栖瘤胃普雷沃氏菌

P. ruminicola

9.07b9.27a9.23a9.27a9.38a9.30a9.34a0.0220.0070.0180.354

嗜淀粉瘤胃杆菌

Rb. amylophilus

10.6b10.6b10.8a10.8a10.9a10.8a10.9a0.0150.0090.0300.479
), ArticleFig(id=1307281707258892398, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013650691150789, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

FA对体外瘤胃微生物数量的影响 (copies·mL-1)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

项目

Item

FA添加水平/(mg·kg-1 DM) FA addition level

标准误

SEM

P值 P-value
01.53.04.56.07.59.0PTPLPQ
总细菌 Total bacteria11.5c11.7b11.8ab12.0a11.9a11.9a11.7b0.0380.0030.0350.204
总真菌 Total fungi7.29c7.48b7.60a7.62a7.63a7.63a7.34c0.0610.0070.3120.042
总原虫 Total protozoa5.99b6.41a6.44a6.46a6.47a6.45a6.48a0.1020.0020.0070.205
白色瘤胃球菌 R. albus7.91c9.20a9.07a9.32a9.23a8.48b7.84c0.1110.0340.1870.017
黄色瘤胃球菌 R. flavefaciens8.04c9.38a9.42a9.49a9.12ab9.01b8.93b0.0820.0160.4360.022

产琥珀酸丝状杆菌

F. succinogenes

10.6b10.6b10.7ab10.9a11.0a10.9a10.9a0.0540.0220.0170.420

溶纤维丁酸弧菌

B. fibrisolvens

8.368.408.458.488.478.478.460.0310.1510.1720.259

栖瘤胃普雷沃氏菌

P. ruminicola

9.07b9.27a9.23a9.27a9.38a9.30a9.34a0.0220.0070.0180.354

嗜淀粉瘤胃杆菌

Rb. amylophilus

10.6b10.6b10.8a10.8a10.9a10.8a10.9a0.0150.0090.0300.479
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叶酸对奶牛体外瘤胃发酵参数、抗氧化指标和菌群数量的影响
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冯江 , 孙楠 , 张浩东 , 谢宇阳 , 刘强 , 郭刚 , 霍文婕 , 王聪
畜牧兽医学报 | 营养与饲料 2026,57(3): 1506-1515
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畜牧兽医学报 |营养与饲料 2026 , 57 (3) : 1506 -1515
叶酸对奶牛体外瘤胃发酵参数、抗氧化指标和菌群数量的影响
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冯江 , 孙楠, 张浩东, 谢宇阳, 刘强 , 郭刚, 霍文婕, 王聪
作者信息
  • 山西农业大学动物科学学院,太谷 030801
通讯作者:
刘强,主要从事反刍动物营养研究,E-mail:
作者简介:

冯江,硕士生,主要从事反刍动物营养研究,E-mail:

Effects of Folic Acid on Rumen Fermentation Parameters, Antioxidant Indicators and Microbial Population of Dairy Cows in vitro
Jiang FENG , Nan SUN, Haodong ZHANG, Yuyang XIE, Qiang LIU , Gang GUO, Wenjie HUO, Cong WANG
Affiliations
  • College of Animal Science,Shanxi Agricultural University,Taigu 030801,China
  • Corresponding Author:
    LIU Qiang,E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-03-23 doi: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.03.028
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旨在探究叶酸(FA)对奶牛体外瘤胃发酵参数、抗氧化指标和菌群数量的影响。采用单因素试验设计,以4头泌乳早期荷斯坦奶牛作为瘤胃液供体,奶牛全混合日粮为发酵底物,分别添加FA 0、1.5、3.0、4.5、6.0、7.5和9.0 mg·kg-1干物质(DM),39 ℃条件下体外培养24 h。测定发酵液DM降解率(DMD)、产气量(GP)、FA含量、抗氧化指标、发酵参数、酶活和微生物数量。结果显示:1)1.5、3.0和4.5 mg·kg-1 DM FA组DMD和1.5、3.0、4.5和6.0 mg·kg-1 DM FA组24 h GP和理论最大GP显著高于其余各组(P<0.05)。2)各FA添加组发酵液中FA含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),丙二醛含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。1.5、3.0、4.5和6.0 mg·kg-1 DM FA组超氧化物歧化酶活性显著高于其余各组(P<0.05)。3.0、4.5、6.0和7.5 mg·kg-1 DM FA组谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性显著高于对照和1.5 mg·kg-1 DM FA组(P<0.05)。1.5、3.0、4.5、6.0和7.5 mg·kg-1 DM FA组总抗氧化能力活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。3)各FA添加组总挥发性脂肪酸和乙酸产量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),且3.0和4.5 mg·kg-1 DM FA组显著高于7.5和9.0 mg·kg-1 DM FA组(P<0.05)。4)各FA添加组纤维二糖酶和木聚糖酶活性均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),且3.0、4.5和6.0 mg·kg-1 DM FA组纤维二糖酶活性显著高于1.5和7.5 mg·kg-1 DM FA组(P<0.05),1.5、3.0和4.5 mg·kg-1 DM FA组木聚糖酶活性显著高于7.5和9.0 mg·kg-1 DM FA组(P<0.05)。5)各FA添加组总细菌、原虫和黄色瘤胃球菌数量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),其中4.5、6.0和7.5 mg·kg-1 DM FA组总细菌数量显著高于1.5和9.0 mg·kg-1 DM FA组(P<0.05),1.5、3.0和4.5 mg·kg-1 DM FA组黄色瘤胃球菌数量显著高于7.5和9.0 mg·kg-1 DM FA组(P<0.05)。3.0、4.5、6.0和7.5 mg·kg-1 DM FA组总真菌数量显著高于对照、1.5和9.0 mg·kg-1 DM FA组(P<0.05)。1.5、3.0、4.5和6.0 mg·kg-1 DM FA组白色瘤胃球菌数量显著高于对照、7.5和9.0 mg·kg-1 DM FA组(P<0.05)。4.5、6.0、7.5和9.0 mg·kg-1 DM FA组产琥珀酸丝状杆菌数量显著高于对照和1.5 mg·kg-1 DM FA组(P<0.05)。综上表明,补充FA改善了瘤胃抗氧化状态,促进了纤维分解菌生长,进而提高了DMD和TVFA产量;本试验条件下,瘤胃较适FA添加水平为1.5~3.0 mg·kg-1 DM。

叶酸  /  抗氧化  /  瘤胃发酵  /  微生物酶活性  /  微生物数量

The study evaluated the effects of folic acid (FA) on rumen fermentation parameters, antioxidant indicators and microbial population in dairy cows in vitro. Four early lactation Holstein dairy cows were used as the donor of ruminal fluid, and the total mixed ratio of dairy cows was used as the fermentation substrate. The supplementation level of FA was 0, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, 6.0, 7.5 and 9.0 mg·kg-1 dry matter (DM), respectively. After incubation at 39℃ for 24 h, ruminal DM degradability (DMD), gas production (GP), FA content, antioxidant indicators, fermentation parameters, microbial enzyme activity and population were determined. The results were showed as follows: 1) The DMD was greater (P<0.05) for the supplementation of FA at 1.5, 3.0 and 4.5 mg·kg-1 DM, and the 24 h GP and theoretical maximum GP were greater (P<0.05) for the supplementation of FA at 1.5, 3.0, 4.5 and 6.0 mg·kg-1 DM compared with other groups. 2) Ruminal fluid FA content was greater (P<0.05) and malondialdehyde content was lower (P<0.05) for the groups with FA supplementation compared with the control. The activity of superoxide dismutase was greater (P<0.05) in the groups with 1.5, 3.0, 4.5 and 6.0 mg·kg-1 DM FA supplementation compared with other groups. The activity of glutathione peroxidase was greater (P<0.05) in the groups with supplementation of FA at 3.0, 4.5, 6.0 and 7.5 mg·kg-1 DM than in the control and 1.5 mg·kg-1 DM FA supplementation groups. The total antioxidant capacity activity was greater (P<0.05) for the supplementation of FA at 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, 6.0 and 7.5 mg·kg-1 DM than for the control. 3) The groups with FA addition had greater (P<0.05) total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) and acetate production compared with the control, and the production of TVFA and acetate were greater (P<0.05) for the 3.0 and 4.5 mg·kg-1 DM FA supplementation than for 7.5 and 9.0 mg·kg-1 DM FA supplementation. 4) The groups with FA addition had greater (P<0.05) activities of cellobiase and xylanase compared with the control, and the activity of cellobiase was greater (P<0.05) for the supplementation of FA at 3.0, 4.5 and 6.0 mg·kg-1 DM than for the supplementation of FA 1.5 and 7.5 mg·kg-1 DM, and the activity of xylanase was greater (P<0.05) for the 1.5, 3.0 and 4.5 mg·kg-1 DM FA supplementation than for the 7.5 and 9.0 mg·kg-1 DM FA supplementation. 5) The groups with FA addition had greater (P<0.05) populations of total bacteria, protozoa and R. flavefaciens compared with the control. The total bacteria population was greater (P<0.05) in the 4.5, 6.0 and 7.5 mg·kg-1 DM FA supplementation groups than in the 1.5 and 9.0 mg·kg-1 DM FA supplementation groups. The R. flavefaciens population was greater (P<0.05) for the 1.5, 3.0 and 4.5 mg·kg-1 DM FA supplementation than for the 7.5 and 9.0 mg·kg-1 DM FA supplementation. The fungi population was greater (P<0.05) in the 3.0, 4.5, 6.0 and 7.5 mg·kg-1 DM FA groups than in the control, 1.5 and 9.0 mg·kg-1 DM FA groups. The R. albus population was greater (P<0.05) for the groups with 1.5, 3.0, 4.5 and 6.0 mg·kg-1 DM FA supplementation than for the control, 7.5 and 9.0 mg·kg-1 DM FA groups. The F. succinogenes population was greater (P<0.05) in the 4.5, 6.0, 7.5 and 9.0 mg·kg-1 DM FA groups than in the control and 1.5 mg·kg-1 DM FA group. In conclusion, the supplementation of FA improves rumen antioxidant status, stimulate cellulolytic and amylolytic bacteria growth, and resulting in an increase in DMD and TVFA production. The proper level of ruminal FA supply is 1.5-3.0 mg·kg-1 DM in the condition of the current study.

folic acid  /  antioxidant  /  rumen fermentation  /  microbial enzyme activity  /  microbial population
冯江, 孙楠, 张浩东, 谢宇阳, 刘强, 郭刚, 霍文婕, 王聪. 叶酸对奶牛体外瘤胃发酵参数、抗氧化指标和菌群数量的影响. 畜牧兽医学报, 2026 , 57 (3) : 1506 -1515 . DOI: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.03.028
Jiang FENG, Nan SUN, Haodong ZHANG, Yuyang XIE, Qiang LIU, Gang GUO, Wenjie HUO, Cong WANG. Effects of Folic Acid on Rumen Fermentation Parameters, Antioxidant Indicators and Microbial Population of Dairy Cows in vitro[J]. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, 2026 , 57 (3) : 1506 -1515 . DOI: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.03.028
饲粮中添加叶酸(FA)能提高奶牛产奶量,改善瘤胃发酵[1⁃2]。一碳代谢中,FA以四氢叶酸的形式传递细胞代谢过程中产生的一碳基团,5-甲酰基四氢叶酸、5,10-亚甲基四氢叶酸和5-甲基四氢叶酸分别参与嘌呤、胸苷酸和蛋氨酸的合成[3],FA缺乏会导致细胞分裂减少[4⁃5]。FA调控细胞内谷胱甘肽(GSH)的合成,5-甲基四氢叶酸本身具有抗氧化的营养功能[5⁃7]。补充FA对奶牛泌乳性能影响研究的荟萃分析发现,FA对瘤胃发酵的调控是其提高产奶量的主要原因[1]。动物吸收FA的部位主要在小肠,但是饲粮中添加的FA约97%在瘤胃中消失,要实现对奶牛FA的有效供应需要使用包被叶酸(CFA)添加剂或提高FA添加水平至高于0.5 mg·kg-1体重(BW)[8⁃9]。CFA添加剂降低了FA在瘤胃中的释放量,可能不能满足瘤胃微生物生长对FA的需要,而补充高水平FA对瘤胃微生物生长和奶牛代谢有负面影响。早期瘤胃细菌体外培养试验发现,随FA添加水平的增加,黄色瘤胃球菌的生长呈二次曲线变化[10]。动物饲养试验发现,随饲粮中CFA添加水平的提高,肉牛瘤胃总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)产量、养分降解率和纤维分解菌数量呈二次曲线变化[11]。补充CFA 120 mg·500 kg-1 BW显著提高了奶牛产奶量,但是添加CFA 240 mg·500 kg-1 BW对奶牛产奶量无显著影响[12]。研究证实,FA促进瘤胃微生物生长与其对一碳代谢的调控有关[10]。瘤胃内抗氧化状态的改善也是促进微生物生长和保障瘤胃上皮健康的重要因素[13⁃14]。为实现FA在奶牛养殖中的精准供应,明晰CFA添加剂中FA在瘤胃中的最佳释放比例,充分发挥FA对瘤胃代谢的调控,需要探究瘤胃内FA适宜补充水平,以及FA对奶牛瘤胃代谢的调控特点及机制。本研究采用体外发酵技术,以奶牛饲养中CFA添加量作为依据,研究不同添加水平FA对奶牛瘤胃干物质降解率(DMD)、产气参数、发酵参数、抗氧化指标、养分降解酶活性和微生物数量的影响,以期明确FA对瘤胃代谢的调控特点和瘤胃中FA的最佳添加水平,为奶牛生产和研究提供参考。
试验在山西农业大学动物科学学院实验基地开展,动物的使用和管理依据山西农业大学实验动物伦理委员会规定(SXAU-EAW-2023CO.MC.011029225)执行。瘤胃液供体选择4头胎次(2.0±0.16)胎、产奶量(34.5±1.64) kg·d-1和泌乳天数(52±10.8) d的荷斯坦奶牛。奶牛全混合日粮(TMR)依据NASEM(2021)[9]配制(表1),单栏饲养,每天饲喂2次,自由采食和饮水,预饲15 d,第16天早晨饲喂前1 h,用胃管采样器采集每头牛瘤胃液约800 mL,等体积混合后用4层纱布过滤,装入预热的(39 ℃)的保温瓶中备用。依据Menke和Steingass[15]的方法配制发酵缓冲液,持续通入二氧化碳,39 ℃水浴预热备用。试验用FA购自广东省某公司,纯度98%。奶牛TMR风干后,粉碎过80目筛,作为体外发酵底物。
采用单因素试验设计,共7组,每组6个重复,分别在0.5 g发酵底物中添加FA 0、1.5、3.0、4.5、6.0、7.5和9.0 mg·kg-1干物质(DM)。每个发酵瓶中加25 mL瘤胃液和50 mL缓冲液,在厌氧和39 ℃条件下发酵24 h。FA添加水平依据Zhang等[16]的试验结果确定。
记录各发酵瓶0、2、4、6、8、12、16、20和24 h的产气量,用实际产气量减去空白产气量计算各处理组24 h累积产气量(GP)。参考文献[17]方法计算体外产气参数,模型如下:
GP=a(1-e(-c(t-Lag)))
其中,GP为t时间点的累积产气量(mL);a为理论最大产气量(mL);c为产气速率(mL·h-1);t为体外培养时间(h);Lag为延滞期。
各处理组发酵培养24 h,置于冰水浴中终止发酵,用酸度计(PHS-3C,中国山东)测定发酵液pH。发酵瓶经震荡后用300目尼龙袋过滤,分离发酵液和残渣。发酵残渣用水洗净,在65℃条件下烘至恒重,计算各处理发酵24 h的DMD。
收集各处理过滤后发酵液约20 mL,分成5份,其中用于瘤胃微生物酶活性和微生物数量测定的样品保存于-80 ℃,其余保存于-20 ℃。依据试剂盒说明书(上海笃玛生物科技有限公司),用酶标仪(DR200-Bn,中国山东)测定发酵液中FA含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量。采用内标法,用气相色谱仪(Trace 1300,中国四川)测定发酵液中挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)含量[18]。色谱条件为:初始柱温70 ℃,进样温度和检测器温度220 ℃,进样量2 µL,氢气流速35 mL·min-1,空气流速350 mL·min-1。采用比色法,用分光光度计(UV2100,中国上海)测定发酵液中氨态氮含量[18]。采用考马斯亮蓝法[19],用酶标仪(DR200-Bn,中国山东)测定发酵液中微生物蛋白质(MCP)含量。
发酵液在4 ℃和20 s脉冲速率条件下,超声处理10 min,25 000×g离心15 min分离上清液,依据Agarwal等[20]的方法测定羧甲基纤维素酶(CMC)、纤维二糖酶、木聚糖酶、果胶酶、α-淀粉酶和蛋白酶活性。酶活性单位用39 ℃条件下,每mL发酵液降解底物产生还原糖或水解蛋白的量(µmoL)表示。发酵液中总细菌、总真菌、总原虫、白色瘤胃球菌、黄色瘤胃球菌、产琥珀酸丝状杆菌、溶纤维丁酸弧菌、栖瘤胃普雷沃氏菌和嗜淀粉瘤胃杆菌数量用荧光定量PCR技术测定,测定工作委托青岛百迈客生物科技有限公司完成,其中菌群引物依据Zhang等[16]的试验设计。
采用SAS 9.0软件中的混合模型进行统计分析,处理效应采用ANOVA程序进行方差分析,以SAS中CONTRAST程序进行线性和二次性比较。采用Duncan's法进行多重比较,当P<0.05表示差异显著。
由表2可知,随FA添加水平的增加,DMD、GP和理论最大产气量呈二次曲线变化(P<0.05),产气速率变化不显著(P>0.05)。1.5、3.0和4.5 mg·kg-1 DM FA组DMD显著高于对照、6.0、7.5和9.0 mg·kg-1 DM FA组(P<0.05)。1.5、3.0、4.5和6.0 mg·kg-1 DM FA组GP和理论最大产气量显著高于对照、7.5和9.0 mg·kg-1 DM FA组(P<0.05)。
由表3可知,随FA添加水平的增加,发酵液中FA含量、GSH-Px和T-AOC活性、MDA含量呈线性变化(P<0.05),SOD活性呈二次曲线变化(P<0.05)。所有FA添加组发酵液中FA含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),MDA含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。1.5、3.0、4.5和6.0 mg·kg-1 DM FA组SOD活性显著高于对照、7.5和9.0 mg·kg-1 DM FA组(P<0.05)。所有FA添加组发酵液中GSH-Px活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05),3.0、4.5、6.0和7.5 mg·kg-1 DM FA组GSH-Px活性显著高于1.5 mg·kg-1 DM FA组(P<0.05)。1.5、3.0、4.5、6.0和7.5 mg·kg-1 DM FA组T-AOC活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。
由表4可知,随FA添加水平的增加,发酵液pH、丙酸、戊酸、异丁酸、异戊酸和MCP含量无显著变化(P>0.05),TVFA、乙酸和丁酸含量呈二次曲线变化(P<0.05),乙酸/丙酸和氨态氮含量呈线性变化(P<0.05)。各FA添加组发酵液TVFA和乙酸含量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),3.0和4.5 mg·kg-1 DM FA组TVFA和乙酸含量显著高于7.5和9.0 mg·kg-1 DM FA组(P<0.05)。1.5、3.0、4.5和6.0 mg·kg-1 DM FA组丁酸含量显著高于对照、7.5和9.0 mg·kg-1 DM FA组(P<0.05)。各FA添加组发酵液中乙酸/丙酸和氨态氮含量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),其中9.0 mg·kg-1 DM FA组氨态氮含量显著高于其余FA添加组(P<0.05)。
由表5可知,随FA添加水平的增加,发酵液中CMC活性无显著变化(P>0.05),纤维二糖酶、α-淀粉酶和蛋白酶活性呈线性变化(P<0.05),木聚糖酶和果胶酶活性呈二次曲线变化(P<0.05)。各FA添加组纤维二糖酶、木聚糖酶和蛋白酶活性均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),其中3.0、4.5和6.0 mg·kg-1 DM FA组纤维二糖酶活性显著高于1.5和7.5 mg·kg-1 DM FA组(P<0.05),1.5、3.0和4.5 mg·kg-1 DM FA组木聚糖酶活性显著高于7.5和9.0 mg·kg-1 DM FA组(P<0.05),6.0、7.5和9.0 mg·kg-1 DM FA组蛋白酶活性显著高于1.5和3.0 mg·kg-1 DM FA组(P<0.05)。4.5、6.0、7.5和9.0 mg·kg-1 DM FA组α-淀粉酶活性显著高于对照、1.5和3.0 mg·kg-1 DM FA组(P<0.05)。
由表6可知,随FA添加水平的增加,发酵液中总细菌、总原虫、产琥珀酸丝状杆菌、栖瘤胃普雷沃氏菌和嗜淀粉瘤胃杆菌数量呈线性变化(P<0.05),总真菌、白色瘤胃球菌和黄色瘤胃球菌数量呈二次曲线变化(P<0.05),溶纤维丁酸弧菌数量无显著变化(P>0.05)。各FA添加组总细菌数量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),且4.5、6.0和7.5 mg·kg-1 DM FA组总细菌数量显著高于1.5和9.0 mg·kg-1 DM FA组(P<0.05)。3.0、4.5、6.0和7.5 mg·kg-1 DM FA组总真菌数量显著高于对照、1.5和9.0 mg·kg-1 DM FA组(P<0.05),且1.5 mg·kg-1 DM FA组显著高于对照和9.0 mg·kg-1 DM FA组(P<0.05)。各FA添加组总原虫和栖瘤胃普雷沃氏菌数量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。1.5、3.0、4.5和6.0 mg·kg-1 DM FA组白色瘤胃球菌数量显著高于对照、7.5和9.0 mg·kg-1 DM FA组(P<0.05),且7.5 mg·kg-1 DM FA组显著高于对照和9.0 mg·kg-1 DM FA组(P<0.05)。各FA添加组黄色瘤胃球菌数量显著高于对照组,且1.5、3.0和4.5 mg·kg-1 DM FA组黄色瘤胃球菌数量显著高于显著高于7.5和9.0 mg·kg-1 DM FA组(P<0.05)。4.5、6.0、7.5和9.0 mg·kg-1 DM FA组产琥珀酸丝状杆菌数量显著高于对照和1.5 mg·kg-1 DM FA组(P<0.05)。3.0、4.5、6.0、7.5和9.0 mg·kg-1 DM FA组嗜淀粉瘤胃杆菌数量显著高于对照和1.5 mg·kg-1 DM FA组(P<0.05)。
本试验中,1.5、3.0和4.5 mg·kg-1 DM FA添加组DMD、GP和理论最大产气量显著提高,主要归因于纤维降解率的提高,与TVFA、乙酸和丁酸产量增加的结果一致。饲粮中的纤维在瘤胃中被纤维分解菌降解为乙酸和丁酸[21]。动物试验发现,补充CFA,肉牛瘤胃DM有效降解率、中性洗涤纤维慢速降解部分降解率和有效降解率均显著提高[11]。本试验中,添加FA 7.5和9.0 mg·kg-1 DM对发酵液中DMD和产气参数无显著影响,表明较高的瘤胃FA供应可能对微生物一碳代谢产生了负面影响,使其不能发挥促进微生物生长和养分降解的营养生理作用。Parnian-Khajehdizaj等[22]的奶牛瘤胃体外发酵试验同样发现,添加FA 120 mg·kg-1 DM对发酵24 h DMD、GP、理论最大产气量和产气速率均无显著影响。本试验结果显示,如果以CFA 6 mg FA·kg-1 DM[16]作为奶牛最佳FA添加水平,则CFA添加剂产品在瘤胃中FA的释放率为25%即可。
本试验中,添加FA显著提高了体外发酵24 h发酵液中FA含量,但是各水平添加组之间发酵液中FA含量无显著差异。据报道,瘤胃中的B族维生素会被微生物迅速吸收进入细胞,细菌所含的维生素B约为瘤胃液中的10倍以上[8]。Girard等[23]发现,饲粮中补充FA显著提高了奶牛采食后1 h瘤胃液中FA含量,而且高水平FA添加组瘤胃液FA含量显著高于低水平FA添加组[23]。本试验中,发酵液样品经离心后用于FA含量测定。Girard等[23]的试验中,瘤胃液样品首先进行了酸化处理,使微生物细胞膜溶解,细胞内FA被释放。由此可知,直接测定瘤胃液中的FA含量不能反映微生物的FA营养状态。
微生物代谢过程中产生的活性氧自由基对细胞脂质、蛋白质和核酸有负面影响,SOD和GSH-Px是清除微生物细胞内外活性氧自由基的主要抗氧化酶,细菌、真菌和原虫都具有类似的酶活性[13]。MDA是脂质过氧化反应的产物,可用于衡量细胞的抗氧化状态[13]。本试验发现,补充FA 1.5~6.0 mg·kg-1 DM显著提高了发酵液中SOD、GSH-Px和T-AOC活性,显著降低了MDA含量,表明发酵液抗氧化能力提高,发酵内环境得到改善,更有利于微生物生长和养分降解。该试验结果归因于FA对一碳代谢的调控、抗氧化的营养生理功能和对瘤胃菌群的影响。GSH-Px通过催化过氧化物和GSH反应生成水,清除细胞内的自由基[24]。GSH由半胱氨酸、甘氨酸和谷氨酸合成,FA可调控细胞内GSH的合成。一碳循环中,同型半胱氨酸接受5-甲基四氢叶酸的甲基转化为蛋氨酸,后者通过转硫途径生成半胱氨酸;四氢叶酸接受丝氨酸的甲基转化为甘氨酸[4⁃5]。已有报道,补充FA能显著提高鼠肝细胞中GSH水平[24]。另外,5-甲基四氢叶酸具有抗氧化的营养功能[6⁃7]。体外试验发现,添加5-甲基四氢叶酸显著降低了人血管内皮细胞活性氧自由基含量[25]。据报道,牛瘤胃液抗氧化活性随原虫数量的减少而降低[13]。因此,本试验中,FA添加组原虫数量增加也是发酵液抗氧化能力提高的原因。类似的研究也发现,日粮中添加CFA显著上调了围产期奶牛血液淋巴细胞中与抗氧化和免疫相关的基因的表达[12]。饲喂FA微胶囊显著提高了母羊血液SOD和GSH-Px活性,降低了血液MDA含量[26]。
比较不同添加水平FA对发酵液抗氧化指标的影响,试验发现,添加FA 7.5或9.0 mg·kg-1 DM对SOD活性无显著影响,与GP的变化结果一致,但是依据现有研究还不能对这一结果作出合理解释。
本试验中,补充FA对发酵液pH无显著影响,与TVFA含量显著增加的结果不一致,与前期体内试验结果(pH显著降低)[11,27]也不一致,可能与本试验发酵液中氨态氮浓度的提高有关。本试验各FA添加组发酵液中TVFA、乙酸和丁酸产量显著提高,与纤维分解酶(纤维二糖酶、木聚糖酶和果胶酶)和纤维降解菌(真菌、原虫、白色瘤胃球菌、黄色瘤胃球菌和产琥珀酸丝状杆菌)数量提高的结果一致。细菌、真菌和原虫都能分泌纤维酶,将饲料中的结构性碳水化合物降解成乙酸和丁酸[21]。在瘤胃中,约30%以上的纤维是由原虫分泌的酶降解的,真菌分泌的纤维酶是瘤胃中活性最高的,且真菌的菌丝能打开植物细胞壁,为细菌和原虫降解饲料提供更多的附着位点[21]。因此,本试验结果显示,外源补充FA促进了瘤胃纤维类分解菌的生长,提高了纤维降解酶的活性,进而使瘤胃发酵类型转化为产生更多的乙酸,表现为乙酸/丙酸显著降低。该试验结果与FA对瘤胃微生物一碳代谢的调控以及抗氧化的营养功能有关。早期的瘤胃细菌分离培养试验发现,FA是黄色瘤胃球菌的生长因子,培养液中,用FA替代其活性形式二氢叶酸、四氢叶酸或5-甲基四氢叶酸,显著降低了黄色瘤胃球菌的生长速度[10]。该试验结果表明,FA促进微生物生长与其对一碳代谢的调控有关[10]。另外,SOD催化超氧自由基与氢离子的反应消耗氢离子,导致瘤胃内氢含量降低[28]。研究发现,较低的瘤胃氢含量有利于微生物生长和瘤胃发酵[29]。类似的研究同样发现,补充FA显著提高了奶牛瘤胃液体外发酵24 h TVFA产量[22];补充CFA显著提高了泌乳奶牛瘤胃TVFA含量、乙酸摩尔比和乙酸/丙酸[27,30]。
本试验中,添加FA对发酵液中丙酸产量无显著影响,但是淀粉分解菌(栖瘤胃普雷沃氏菌和嗜淀粉瘤胃杆菌)和α-淀粉酶活性提高,表明淀粉分解菌和酶的增加不足以引起发酵液丙酸的变化,即FA可能不是淀粉分解菌的必需因子。研究发现,随饲粮中淀粉含量的增加,瘤胃中FA合成量提高,因此淀粉分解菌自身能合成FA[8]。本试验中,补充FA显著提高了发酵液中淀粉分解菌数量,可能是外源添加FA减少了淀粉分解菌自身合成FA对能量的消耗,促进了其生长,也可能与纤维降解菌数量的增加有关。研究表明,瘤胃中淀粉分解菌数量与其底物含量呈正相关,纤维降解菌分解纤维的过程中能使饲料中的淀粉颗粒释放,为淀粉分解菌的生长提供了更多的底物[21]。
本试验中,添加FA显著提高了发酵液中氨态氮含量,与蛋白酶活性、蛋白分解菌(栖瘤胃普雷沃氏菌和嗜淀粉瘤胃杆菌)数量以及原虫数量显著增加的结果一致。发酵液中的氨态氮来源于蛋白分解菌分泌蛋白酶对饲料中蛋白质的降解,原虫对细菌的吞食和消化,以及一碳代谢中,甘氨酸将甲基传递给四氢叶酸的过程。然而,动物饲养试验发现,补充CFA,肉牛或奶牛瘤胃液中氨态氮含量显著降低[11,27]。试验结果的不一致,可能与试验方法不同有关。与动物饲养试验相比,体外发酵试验没有瘤胃内容物的外流以及瘤胃壁对发酵产物的吸收,导致了发酵液中氨态氮的积累。Girard等[23]发现,FA能促进奶牛瘤胃壁对氨态氮的吸收。本试验中,添加FA对发酵液中MCP含量无显著影响,与纤维降解菌数量、氨态氮和TVFA含量显著提高的结果不一致,与文献报道结果[11,27,31]也不一致。瘤胃细菌,尤其是纤维分解菌,以氨态氮作为氮源,VFA作为碳架和能源,合成自身蛋白质[32]。早期的细菌分离培养试验发现,FA通过对一碳代谢的调控能促进溶纤维丁酸弧菌对氮的利用[31]。前期饲养试验发现,补充CFA显著提高了肉牛瘤胃中MCP产量(尿中总嘌呤衍生物含量提高)[11,27]。试验结果不一致原因可能是体外发酵试验没有瘤胃内容物的外流,导致了原虫对细菌的过度降解。
本试验中,添加FA显著提高了发酵液中细菌、真菌和原虫的数量,且真菌、白色瘤胃球菌和黄色瘤胃球菌数量呈二次曲线变化。该结果显示,高水平FA对瘤胃微生物生长有负面影响。早期瘤胃细菌体外培养试验发现,随FA添加水平的增加,黄色瘤胃球菌的生长呈二次曲线变化[10]。奶牛饲养试验发现,添加CFA 120 mg/500 kg BW显著提高了产奶量,添加CFA 240 mg/500 kg BW 对产奶量无显著影响[12]。
比较不同添加水平FA对发酵液发酵参数和微生物数量的影响,试验发现,3.0和4.5 mg·kg-1 DM FA添加组发酵液TVFA产量显著高于7.5和9.0 mg·kg-1 DM FA组,与1.5和6.0 mg·kg-1 DM FA组无显著差异。这一结果与发酵液中总细菌、真菌和原虫的变化结果基本一致。本试验结果显示,体外发酵液中FA添加水平高于3.0 mg·kg-1 DM不能进一步促进瘤胃发酵和微生物生长。如果以CFA 6 mg FA·kg-1 DM[16]作为奶牛最佳FA添加水平,则CFA添加剂产品在瘤胃中FA的释放率为25%~50%较佳。
外源补充FA能改善瘤胃抗氧化状态,促进纤维类分解菌的生长,提高瘤胃DMD和乙酸与丁酸产量。本试验条件下,瘤胃较适FA添加水平为1.5~3.0 mg·kg-1 DM,即调控CFA中FA在瘤胃中的释放率为25%~50%,能满足微生物生长和养分降解对FA的需要。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(32272824)
  • 中央引导地方科技发展资金项目(YDZJSX2022A039)
  • 山西省现代农业牛产业技术体系建设项目(2025CYJSTX13)
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2026年第57卷第3期
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doi: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.03.028
  • 接收时间:2025-03-18
  • 首发时间:2026-09-16
  • 出版时间:2026-03-23
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-18
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(32272824)
中央引导地方科技发展资金项目(YDZJSX2022A039)
山西省现代农业牛产业技术体系建设项目(2025CYJSTX13)
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    山西农业大学动物科学学院,太谷 030801

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刘强,主要从事反刍动物营养研究,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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