Article(id=1307013764587483493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307013423896753139, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.03.026, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1755446400000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789545964619, onlineDateStr=2026-09-16, pubDate=1774195200000, pubDateStr=2026-03-23, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789545964619, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789545964619, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789545964619, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1307013423896753139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, year='2026', volume='57', issue='3', pageStart='1177', pageEnd='1776', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774195200000', pubDateStr='2026-03-23', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789545883392, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789609930841, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1307282058464743901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307013423896753139, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1307282058464743902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307013423896753139, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1483, endPage=1492, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1307013766466531686, articleId=1307013764587483493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, language=EN, title=Targeted Metabolomics Analysis of the Steroid Metabolome in Different Stages of Follicular Development in Holstein Cows Using LC-MS/MS Technology, columnId=1307007399437562052, journalTitle=Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, columnName=ANIMAL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND REPRODUCTION, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The study aimed to further understand the changes in steroid hormones and their related substances at different stages of follicular development in Holstein cows, and to provide a theoretical basis for exploring the process and mechanism of follicular development in cows. In this study, based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) technology, Holstein cows (n=18) were used as research subjects. Targeted steroid metabolomics analysis was performed on follicles of three sizes at different developmental stages, with exploration and group comparison conducted on small (Small follicle, SF, <5 mm, n=6), medium (Medium follicle, MF, 5-8 mm, n=6), and large (Large follicle, LF, >8 mm, n=6) follicles. A total of 24 steroid substances were identified. Among them, 8 differential metabolites (6 down-regulated, 2 up-regulated) were found in the comparison between SF and MF; 6 differential metabolites (2 down-regulated, 4 up-regulated) were found in the comparison between MF and LF; and 6 differential metabolites (4 down-regulated, 2 up-regulated) were found in the comparison between SF and LF. Subsequent analysis of differential metabolites based on the KEGG database revealed that in SF and MF, the endocrine resistance pathway (P=0.04) and prostate cancer pathway (P=0.03) were significantly enriched. In conclusion, this study confirmed significant changes in steroid hormones and their related substances during follicular development in Holstein cows, providing a theoretical basis for in-depth understanding of changes in the cow reproductive system.

, authors=Wenxin QIAN1, Guang SHAO2, Xiaochen JIA3, Keya YU4, Chuang XU5, Cheng XIA1, Yunlong BAI1, Yuxi SONG1, authorsList=Wenxin QIAN, Guang SHAO, Xiaochen JIA, Keya YU, Chuang XU, Cheng XIA, Yunlong BAI, Yuxi SONG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yunlong BAI, Yuxi SONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
BAI Yunlong, E-mail:
SONG Yuxi, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1307013770958631279, articleId=1307013764587483493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, language=CN, title=基于LC-MS/MS技术对荷斯坦奶牛卵泡发育不同阶段的类固醇组靶向代谢组学分析, columnId=1307007399861186759, journalTitle=畜牧兽医学报, columnName=生物技术与繁殖, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为进一步了解荷斯坦奶牛卵泡发育不同阶段类固醇激素及其相关物质的变化,同时为探究奶牛卵泡发育进程以及机制提供理论基础。本研究基于液相色谱串联质谱(liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, LC-MS/MS)技术以荷斯坦奶牛为研究对象(n=18),对其不同发育阶段的3种大小的卵泡进行了靶向类固醇代谢组学分析,通过对小卵泡(small follicle, SF, <5 mm, n=6)、中卵泡(medium follicle, MF, 5-8 mm, n=6)、大卵泡(large follicle, LF, >8 mm, n=6)3种尺寸卵泡的探查以及分组比较。共鉴定出24种类固醇物质,其中,在SF与MF的比对中发现8种差异代谢物(6种下调,2种上调),在MF与LF的比对中发现6种差异代谢物(2种下调,4种上调),在SF与LF的比对中发现6种差异代谢物(4种下调,2种上调)。而后基于KEGG数据库分析差异代谢物,发现SF与MF中,内分泌抵抗通路(P=0.04)与前列腺癌通路(P=0.03)存在显著富集。综上所述,本研究确定了在荷斯坦奶牛卵泡发育过程中存在着显著的类固醇激素及其相关物质的改变,为深入了解奶牛生殖系统变化提供了理论依据。

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钱文鑫,硕士生,主要从事奶牛营养与代谢病的研究,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
白云龙,主要从事奶牛繁殖与营养代谢病的研究,E-mail:
宋玉锡,主要从事奶牛营养与代谢病的研究,E-mail:
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companyId=1307281562760934046, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=5.College of Veterinary Medicine,China Agricultural University,Beijing 100193,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1307281562781905568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013764587483493, companyId=1307281562760934046, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=5.中国农业大学动物医学院,北京 100193)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1307281567420805843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013764587483493, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Multivariate statistical analysis results

PCA score plots for SF vs MF, MF vs LF, and SF vs LF (A-C); OPLS-DA score plots for SF vs MF, MF vs LF, and SF vs LF (D-F); Permutation test plots for SF vs MF, MF vs LF and SF vs LF (G-I)

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SF与MF,MF与LF,SF与LF的PCA评分图(A-C);SF与MF,MF与LF,SF与LF的OPLS-DA评分图(D-F);SF与MF,MF与LF,SF与LF的置换检验图(G-I)

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A. SF group vs MF group; B. MF group vs LF group; C. SF group vs LF group

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A. SF组与MF组;B. MF组与LF组;C. SF组与LF组

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Main composition and nutritional levels of TMR for experimental Holstein cows

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原料

Ingredient

含量/kg

Content

营养水平

Nutrient level

含量

Content

水 Water5.47干物质/% Dry matter55.60
棉籽 Cottonseed1.03干物质采食量/% Dry matter intake23.50
大豆皮 Soybean hulls1.50淀粉/% Starch22.70
燕麦草 Oat grass0.50粗蛋白/% Crude protein16.00
苜蓿 Afalfa2.50脂肪/% Fat5.60
青贮 Silage25.37钙/g Calcium180.00
玉米 Corn3.00磷/g Phosphorus116.00
豆粕 Soybean meal1.30中性洗涤纤维/% Neutral detergent fiber39.10
压片玉米 Flaked corn2.00酸性洗涤纤维/% Acid detergent fiber20.30
糖蜜 Molasses1.00产奶净能/(MJ·kg-1 DM) Net energy for milk7.32
乳利宝 Dairy booster1.20
高产浓缩 High-production concentrate4.09
), ArticleFig(id=1307281567940899546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013764587483493, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

试验奶牛TMR主要组成及营养水平

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

原料

Ingredient

含量/kg

Content

营养水平

Nutrient level

含量

Content

水 Water5.47干物质/% Dry matter55.60
棉籽 Cottonseed1.03干物质采食量/% Dry matter intake23.50
大豆皮 Soybean hulls1.50淀粉/% Starch22.70
燕麦草 Oat grass0.50粗蛋白/% Crude protein16.00
苜蓿 Afalfa2.50脂肪/% Fat5.60
青贮 Silage25.37钙/g Calcium180.00
玉米 Corn3.00磷/g Phosphorus116.00
豆粕 Soybean meal1.30中性洗涤纤维/% Neutral detergent fiber39.10
压片玉米 Flaked corn2.00酸性洗涤纤维/% Acid detergent fiber20.30
糖蜜 Molasses1.00产奶净能/(MJ·kg-1 DM) Net energy for milk7.32
乳利宝 Dairy booster1.20
高产浓缩 High-production concentrate4.09
), ArticleFig(id=1307281568008008411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013764587483493, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Targeted LC-MS/MS screening of differential metabolites among large, medium, and small follicles

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

组间比较

Between-group comparison

序号

Number

代谢物

Metabolites

VIP值

VIP value

差异倍数

Fold change

变化趋势

Trend of change

SF vs. MF1皮质醇 C21H30O51.630.18↓
2睾酮 C19H28O21.180.30↓
317β-雌二醇 C18H24O21.330.30↓
4双氢睾酮 C19H30O21.930.31↓
5雄烯二酮 C19H26O21.510.39↓
617α-羟基孕烯醇酮 C21H30O31.160.48↓
77-酮基胆固醇 C27H37D7O21.182.50↑
825-羟基胆固醇 C27H46O21.364.53↑
MF vs. LF1孕二醇 C21H36O21.540.20↓
2雌酮 C18H22O21.290.32↓
3双氢睾酮 C19H30O21.793.28↑
4睾酮 C19H28O21.023.30↑
57a,27-二羟基胆固醇 C27H46O21.266.97↑
67α,25-二羟基胆固醇 C27H46O31.337.96↑
SF vs. LF117β-雌二醇 C18H24O21.030.11↓
2皮质醇 C21H30O51.730.13↓
3雌酮 C18H22O21.410.32↓
4孕二醇 C21H36O22.010.36↓
525-羟基胆固醇 C27H46O21.182.84↑
67a,27-二羟基胆固醇 C27H46O21.697.95↑
), ArticleFig(id=1307281568075117276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013764587483493, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

大、中、小卵泡间差异代谢物的靶向LC-MS/MS筛选

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

组间比较

Between-group comparison

序号

Number

代谢物

Metabolites

VIP值

VIP value

差异倍数

Fold change

变化趋势

Trend of change

SF vs. MF1皮质醇 C21H30O51.630.18↓
2睾酮 C19H28O21.180.30↓
317β-雌二醇 C18H24O21.330.30↓
4双氢睾酮 C19H30O21.930.31↓
5雄烯二酮 C19H26O21.510.39↓
617α-羟基孕烯醇酮 C21H30O31.160.48↓
77-酮基胆固醇 C27H37D7O21.182.50↑
825-羟基胆固醇 C27H46O21.364.53↑
MF vs. LF1孕二醇 C21H36O21.540.20↓
2雌酮 C18H22O21.290.32↓
3双氢睾酮 C19H30O21.793.28↑
4睾酮 C19H28O21.023.30↑
57a,27-二羟基胆固醇 C27H46O21.266.97↑
67α,25-二羟基胆固醇 C27H46O31.337.96↑
SF vs. LF117β-雌二醇 C18H24O21.030.11↓
2皮质醇 C21H30O51.730.13↓
3雌酮 C18H22O21.410.32↓
4孕二醇 C21H36O22.010.36↓
525-羟基胆固醇 C27H46O21.182.84↑
67a,27-二羟基胆固醇 C27H46O21.697.95↑
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基于LC-MS/MS技术对荷斯坦奶牛卵泡发育不同阶段的类固醇组靶向代谢组学分析
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钱文鑫 1 , 邵广 2 , 贾枭晨 3 , 于克亚 4 , 徐闯 5 , 夏成 1 , 白云龙 1 , 宋玉锡 1
畜牧兽医学报 | 生物技术与繁殖 2026,57(3): 1483-1492
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畜牧兽医学报 |生物技术与繁殖 2026 , 57 (3) : 1483 -1492
基于LC-MS/MS技术对荷斯坦奶牛卵泡发育不同阶段的类固醇组靶向代谢组学分析
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钱文鑫1 , 邵广2, 贾枭晨3, 于克亚4, 徐闯5, 夏成1, 白云龙1 , 宋玉锡1
作者信息
  • 1.黑龙江八一农垦大学动物科技学院 农业农村部东北寒区牛病防治重点实验室,大庆 163319
  • 2.黑龙江省农业科学院 畜牧兽医分院,齐齐哈尔 161005
  • 3.黑龙江省牡丹江农垦将军奶牛养殖专业合作社,鸡西 158307
  • 4.北大荒集团黑龙江八五一〇农场有限公司农业发展部,鸡西 158100
  • 5.中国农业大学动物医学院,北京 100193
通讯作者:
白云龙,主要从事奶牛繁殖与营养代谢病的研究,E-mail:
宋玉锡,主要从事奶牛营养与代谢病的研究,E-mail:
作者简介:

钱文鑫,硕士生,主要从事奶牛营养与代谢病的研究,E-mail:

Targeted Metabolomics Analysis of the Steroid Metabolome in Different Stages of Follicular Development in Holstein Cows Using LC-MS/MS Technology
Wenxin QIAN1 , Guang SHAO2, Xiaochen JIA3, Keya YU4, Chuang XU5, Cheng XIA1, Yunlong BAI1 , Yuxi SONG1
Affiliations
  • 1.Key Laboratory of Cattle Disease Prevention and Control in Northeast Cold Region of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine,Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University,Daqing 163319,China
  • 2.Branch of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary,Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Qiqihar 161005,China
  • 3.Heilongjiang Mudanjiang Agricultural Reclamation Jiangjun Dairy Cattle Breeding Professional Cooperative,Jixi 158307,China
  • 4.Ministry of Agricultural Development,Beidahuang Group Heilongjiang 8510 Farm Co. ,Ltd,Jixi 158100,China
  • 5.College of Veterinary Medicine,China Agricultural University,Beijing 100193,China
  • Corresponding Author:
    BAI Yunlong, E-mail:
    SONG Yuxi, E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-03-23 doi: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.03.026
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为进一步了解荷斯坦奶牛卵泡发育不同阶段类固醇激素及其相关物质的变化,同时为探究奶牛卵泡发育进程以及机制提供理论基础。本研究基于液相色谱串联质谱(liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, LC-MS/MS)技术以荷斯坦奶牛为研究对象(n=18),对其不同发育阶段的3种大小的卵泡进行了靶向类固醇代谢组学分析,通过对小卵泡(small follicle, SF, <5 mm, n=6)、中卵泡(medium follicle, MF, 5-8 mm, n=6)、大卵泡(large follicle, LF, >8 mm, n=6)3种尺寸卵泡的探查以及分组比较。共鉴定出24种类固醇物质,其中,在SF与MF的比对中发现8种差异代谢物(6种下调,2种上调),在MF与LF的比对中发现6种差异代谢物(2种下调,4种上调),在SF与LF的比对中发现6种差异代谢物(4种下调,2种上调)。而后基于KEGG数据库分析差异代谢物,发现SF与MF中,内分泌抵抗通路(P=0.04)与前列腺癌通路(P=0.03)存在显著富集。综上所述,本研究确定了在荷斯坦奶牛卵泡发育过程中存在着显著的类固醇激素及其相关物质的改变,为深入了解奶牛生殖系统变化提供了理论依据。

靶向代谢组学  /  奶牛  /  卵泡  /  类固醇  /  LC-MS/MS

The study aimed to further understand the changes in steroid hormones and their related substances at different stages of follicular development in Holstein cows, and to provide a theoretical basis for exploring the process and mechanism of follicular development in cows. In this study, based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) technology, Holstein cows (n=18) were used as research subjects. Targeted steroid metabolomics analysis was performed on follicles of three sizes at different developmental stages, with exploration and group comparison conducted on small (Small follicle, SF, <5 mm, n=6), medium (Medium follicle, MF, 5-8 mm, n=6), and large (Large follicle, LF, >8 mm, n=6) follicles. A total of 24 steroid substances were identified. Among them, 8 differential metabolites (6 down-regulated, 2 up-regulated) were found in the comparison between SF and MF; 6 differential metabolites (2 down-regulated, 4 up-regulated) were found in the comparison between MF and LF; and 6 differential metabolites (4 down-regulated, 2 up-regulated) were found in the comparison between SF and LF. Subsequent analysis of differential metabolites based on the KEGG database revealed that in SF and MF, the endocrine resistance pathway (P=0.04) and prostate cancer pathway (P=0.03) were significantly enriched. In conclusion, this study confirmed significant changes in steroid hormones and their related substances during follicular development in Holstein cows, providing a theoretical basis for in-depth understanding of changes in the cow reproductive system.

targeted metabolomics  /  dairy cow  /  follicle  /  steroid  /  LC-MS/MS
钱文鑫, 邵广, 贾枭晨, 于克亚, 徐闯, 夏成, 白云龙, 宋玉锡. 基于LC-MS/MS技术对荷斯坦奶牛卵泡发育不同阶段的类固醇组靶向代谢组学分析. 畜牧兽医学报, 2026 , 57 (3) : 1483 -1492 . DOI: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.03.026
Wenxin QIAN, Guang SHAO, Xiaochen JIA, Keya YU, Chuang XU, Cheng XIA, Yunlong BAI, Yuxi SONG. Targeted Metabolomics Analysis of the Steroid Metabolome in Different Stages of Follicular Development in Holstein Cows Using LC-MS/MS Technology[J]. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, 2026 , 57 (3) : 1483 -1492 . DOI: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.03.026
卵泡的发育与成熟是哺乳动物雌性生殖系统活动中极为重要的环节,对卵巢的功能以及动物的繁殖性能具有着决定性作用。一般来说,卵泡的发育过程指卵巢储备中处于休眠状态的原始卵泡通过卵泡募集,在多种调控因素下被激活并不断生长发育,依次转化为初级卵泡、次级卵泡、成熟卵泡最终排卵[1,2]。在这一过程中,卵泡大小的变化是一个必然现象,并且在最终的受孕和胚胎发育阶段中,能够与精子形成合子的卵泡的尺寸大小对其繁殖性能有着重要的作用[3]。
类固醇激素是一种以环戊烷多氢菲母核为核心的四环脂肪烃化合物,主要由胆固醇衍生而来,并在雌性生殖功能活动以及卵泡发育中有着重要作用[4,5]。在雌性生殖与卵泡发育过程中起重要作用的类固醇激素包括雌激素、孕酮以及雄激素等[6]。动物体内的雌激素主要包括雌二醇、雌酮以及雌三醇,三者丰度有所差异但均具备一定的功能,雌激素通过卵泡的膜细胞合成,且随着卵泡的生长,雌激素的水平同步增加,当其浓度达到峰值时会触发促黄体生成素的释放,从而催动卵泡完全成熟从而排卵[7,8]。此外,雌激素的浓度高低也是诱发雌性动物发情的重要因素[9]。孕酮又称黄体酮,主要由排卵之后形成的黄体分泌,孕酮具有促进卵泡发育和抑制过早排卵的功能,并与雌激素联合作用影响雌性动物子宫内膜的周期性变化[10,11]。雄激素包括睾酮、雄烯二酮、双氢睾酮等,通常来说雄激素对雌性生殖的作用被认为是负面的,但雄激素实则对卵泡发育有着正反两面的作用,适量的雄性激素可以作为雌激素合成的前体从而被芳香化酶转化为雌激素,并且在卵泡发育的特定阶段,雄激素能够对其发育和成熟起到影响[12,14]。因此,了解类固醇激素在不同发育阶段卵泡中的浓度变化对我们了解卵泡与卵巢发育过程有着重要的意义[15]。
代谢组学技术能够识别并量化生物样本中的小分子代谢物,从而建立对生物系统功能状态的图谱并基于此比对出不同样本中相同物质之间的相对差异[16]。根据特性不同,代谢组学分为靶向代谢组学和非靶向代谢组学。非靶向代谢组学能够非偏倚性的检测和相对量化样品中所有的可观察的小分子代谢物。而靶向代谢组学则侧重于检测那些预先设定的已知代谢物。目前已有大量的研究使用了代谢组学。Li等[17]通过代谢组学技术分析了尘肺患者肠道菌群以及血浆中代谢物的差异。浩宇等[18]通过靶向代谢组学技术分析了卵巢静止奶牛与健康奶牛血浆代谢物之间的差异代谢物。使用液相色谱串联质谱(liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry,LC-MS/MS)对极性高、热稳定性差的化合物进行高精度的定量检测,目前已广泛应用于代谢组学研究[19,20]。
本研究采用LC-MS/MS技术,通过多元统计分析、差异代谢物分析以及KEGG分析从卵泡组织类固醇物质的角度探索奶牛不同大小卵泡的丰度差异,为进一步了解卵泡生长过程中的物质与功能的动态变化奠定基础。
选取18头年龄(2~4岁)、体况评分(五分制,3分左右)、产奶量(前胎次产奶量9吨以上)以及胎次相近(1-3胎)的饲喂全混合日粮(total mixed ration,TMR)的荷斯坦奶牛作为研究对象,具体TMR配比见表1[21]。按照根据屠宰后采集的卵巢卵泡直径大小(<5 mm, 5~8 mm, >8 mm)划分为小卵泡组(small follicle, SF, n=6)、中卵泡组(medium follicle, MF, n=6)和大卵泡组(large follicle, LF, n=6)3组[22]。所有候选奶牛均在屠宰场的临时饲养栏舍中进行观察。由两名经验丰富的专业临床兽医进行检查排除掉具有健康问题的奶牛。奶牛每天饲喂3次,自由饮水。屠宰后由技术人员采样并选择双侧卵巢均表面光滑未见黄体的卵巢样本[23]。最终所有采集的卵巢样本在显微镜下使用手术剪与镊子分离出单个卵泡,使用移液器反复吹打去除附着的组织碎片。卵泡样品每组6个重复,放置于冻存管中使用液氮速冻处理后于-80 ℃环境中保存待后续的LC-MS/MS分析。
将卵泡样品从-80 ℃冰箱中取出于冰上解冻,完全解冻后,称取50 mg样品置于带有一颗小钢珠的离心管中,以30 Hz匀浆4次,每次30 s。将匀浆后的样品加入400 μL的甲醇提取液,涡旋10 min,再于冰上静置10 min,4 ℃下12 000 r·min-1离心5 min。取上清液370 μL于1.5 mL离心管中,在20℃的条件下浓缩至完全干燥。最后再用100 μL的纯甲醇复溶,涡旋5 min后在4℃下12 000 r·min-1离心3 min,最后取80 μL上清液用于LC-MS/MS上机分析。
LC-MS/MS系统主要包括超高效液相色谱(ultra performance liquid chromatography,UPLC),(ExionLC™ AD,https://sciex.com.cn/)、串联质谱(tandem mass spectrometry,MS/MS)(QTRAP® 6500+,https://sciex.com.cn/)以及色谱柱(Phenomenex kinetex C18(1.7 μm, 100 mm×2.1 mm i.d.))。流动相A相设置为30%的乙腈和70%的水,含有0.04%的乙酸。流动相B相设置为50%的乙腈和和50%的异丙醇,含有0.04%的乙酸。洗脱梯度为:0 min A/B为95∶5(V/V),1 min A/B为95∶5(V/V),10 min A/B为10∶90(V/V),12.5 min A/B为10∶90(V/V),12.6 min A/B为95∶5(V/V),15 min A/B为95∶5(V/V)。流速0.35 mL•min-1,柱温40 ℃,进样量为5 μL。检测模式为正模式,电喷雾离子源(electrospray ionization,ESI)温度550 ℃,质谱电压5 500 V,气帘气(curtain gas,CUR)35 psi。在三重四极杆中,每个离子对是根据优化的去簇电压(declustering potential,DP)和碰撞能(collision energy,CE)进行扫描检测。基于标准品构建MWDB(metware database)数据库,对质谱检测的数据进行定性分析。定量是利用三重四级杆质谱的多反应监测模式(multiple reaction monitoring,MRM)分析完成。
根据Analyst1.6.3软件对所得到的质谱原始数据进行预处理。使用MultiQuant3.0.3软件处理质谱数据,参考标准品的保留时间与波峰型信息,对待测物在不同样本中检测到的色谱峰进行积分矫正,以保证检测定性定量的准确性。配制0.01、0.02、0.05、0.1、0.2、0.5、1、2、5、10、20、50、100、200、500 ng·mL-1不同浓度的标准品溶液,获取各个浓度标准品的对应定量信号的色谱峰强度数据;外标与内标浓度比(concentration ratio)为横坐标,外标与内标峰面积比(area ratio)为纵坐标。
将检测到的所有样本的积分峰面积的比值带入到标准曲线线性方程中计算,最终得到了实际样本中该物质的含量数据。将获得的LC-MS/MS数据矩阵导入到Metware Cloud平台中(https://cloud.metware.cn)进行数据分析,使用主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)探析样品的整体分布情况,而后采用正交偏最小二乘法-判别分析(orthogonal projections to latent structures-discriminant analysis,OPLS-DA)来有监督的区分代谢轮廓以及识别差异代谢物。OPLS-DA的模型稳健度通过200次置换检验的方式来评估。根据交叉验证得到的Q2值与R2Y值进行判别模型的有效性,其中Q2值表示当前模型可对数据方差进行预测的比例,即预测率,该值越大表示该模型的预测能力越优;R2Y值为模型的累积方差值,指当前模型可对数据方差或变异进行解释的比例,即解释率,该值越大模型解释能力越强。以差异倍数(fold change,FC) value<0.5或>2、变量投影重要性(variable importance in projection,VIP) value>1为标准筛选差异代谢物,并基于KEGG数据库对差异代谢物进行注释与富集分析。
使用无监督的PCA对样本的总体分布进行观察(图1A-C)。观察到在3组样本的两两比较结果中,SF、MF和LF三组样本存在显著的分离,说明3组代谢物存在显著的多样性差异。随后,通过有监督的OPLS-DA对各组之间的代谢特征进行分析(图1D-F)。并在数据归一化后构建OPLS-DA模型,显示了对照组和和试验组之间的鲁棒性分离。在构建的3个模型中,SF与MF的OPLS-DA模型的R2值为0.990,Q2值为0.638,MF与LF的R2值和Q2值分别为0.998和0.953,SF与LF的R2值和Q2值分别为0.992和0.862,说明模型结果稳定可靠(图1G-I)。
使用VIP值>1和FC值>2或<0.5作为标准筛选差异代谢物。如表2和图2A-C所示,SF与MF相比共鉴定出8种代谢物,其中皮质醇、睾酮、双氢睾酮、雄烯二酮、17β-雌二醇和17α-羟基孕烯醇酮在SF中相比MF下调,而7-酮基胆固醇和25-羟基胆固醇相比MF上调。MF与LF相比共鉴定出6种差异代谢物,其中孕二醇和雌酮相比在MF中相比LF下调,双氢睾酮、睾酮、7a,27-二羟基胆固醇和7α,25-二羟基胆固醇相比LF上调。SF与LF相比共鉴定出6种差异代谢物,其中17β-雌二醇、皮质醇、雌酮和孕二醇在SF中相比LF下调,25-羟基胆固醇和7a-27二羟基胆固醇相比LF上调。
为了进一步了解3组之间差异代谢物的生物学意义,使用迈维云平台(https://cloud.metware.cn)利用KEGG数据库对差异代谢物进行注释,将所有的差异代谢物分别映射到数据库中完成通路富集分析(图3)。利用交互式可视化方法来展示组间的差异代谢物富集的主要代谢通路。其中,MF与LF的差异代谢物以及SF与LF的差异代谢物无显著富集的代谢通路,而SF与MF之间共有两条代谢通路受到显著影响,包括内分泌抵抗(P=0.04)和前列腺癌通路(P=0.03)。
本研究基于LC-MS/MS技术对荷斯坦奶牛的大、中、小3种不同发育阶段的卵泡进行了深入的靶向类固醇物质代谢组分析,进一步阐明该类物质在奶牛卵泡发育过程中的代谢变化。通过LC-MS/MS技术的探查,多元统计分析和差异代谢物的分析,在所有的卵泡样品中共检测出24种类固醇物质。在各组中检测出的差异代谢物主要包括皮质醇和各类雄激素、孕激素、雌激素以及氧固醇等的相关物质。其中,在SF与MF的比较中发现了8种差异代谢物,其中6种代谢物在SF中相比于MF下调,2种上调。在MF和LF的比较中发现了6种差异代谢物,其中2种代谢物在MF中相比于LF下调,4种上调。在SF与LF的比较中发现了6种差异代谢物,其中2种代谢物在SF中相比LF上调,4种下调。而后,通过进一步的KEGG分析发现,SF与MF的差异代谢物显著参与到了两条代谢途径的变化,包括内分泌抵抗通路和前列腺癌通路。以上结果预示着类固醇激素及其相关物质在奶牛卵泡发育的过程中存在着显著的变化。
在此次试验中检测的卵泡在不同发育阶段过程中,皮质醇的水平表现为在中卵泡中显著高于小卵泡,同时与大卵泡相比没有显著差异,这预示着在卵泡的发育过程中,皮质醇的浓度水平在发育的前中期升高,后期则趋于平缓。通常来说,皮质醇与动物处于压力环境或应激状态相关,但在先前的研究中证实,在卵泡的发育过程中适当的皮质醇对卵母细胞的发育起到促进作用,并且在卵泡成熟的过程中,卵丘细胞中孕酮局部产生的增加同样能够导致卵泡中的皮质醇水平升高[24,25]。此外,在一项培养卵母细胞的试验中,在培养的初期阶段,高浓度的睾酮对卵泡生长有促进作用,而在培养后期,较高浓度的睾酮反而会抑制卵泡的生长,这与此次报告中,睾酮浓度在小卵泡和大卵泡中较低,而中卵泡中较高的结果所印证[26]。在卵泡的发育过程中,双氢睾酮的作用机制相对复杂,但在目前的研究报告中,双氢睾酮能够通过刺激雄性激素受体与促卵泡素受体的表达以及与促卵泡素相互作用从而对窦卵泡的发育起到一定的促进作用,且这种促进作用主要在卵泡发育的前中期起作用。此次研究中,双氢睾酮在中卵泡中较多,而在小卵泡与大卵泡中较少,这与之前的研究结果一致[27,28]。一般情况下雄激素被认为会对雌性生殖系统产生负面影响,但雄烯二酮可以作为合成雌激素的前体物质在卵泡的颗粒细胞中转化为雌二醇,继而对卵泡的发育起到促进作用[29,30]。同样的,17α-羟基孕烯醇酮也可以作为合成脱氢表雄酮的前体物质,继而转化为雄烯二酮,参与到卵泡颗粒细胞雌激素合成的过程中[31,32]。本次试验中,17β-雌二醇的浓度表现为随着卵泡发育过程而增加。17β-雌二醇是卵泡发育过程中卵泡体细胞快速增殖的重要影响因素[33]。此外,在一项针对山羊卵泡发育过程的研究中发现,在山羊卵泡发育期间,雌激素通过G蛋白偶联雌激素受体影响卵母细胞与卵丘细胞之间沟通的桥梁,这一过程对卵母细胞的发育和成熟有着重要意义[34]。孕二醇是机体代谢孕酮的产物,在卵泡发育的周期中,孕酮的浓度通常会呈现逐渐上升的趋势,这与本次研究中的比对结果相符合[35,36]。雌酮是雌激素的一种,可以由17β-羟基类固醇脱氢酶转化而来,通常来说,在一次排卵波中,卵泡的大小与其是否能够成为优势卵泡并完成排卵密切相关,并且较高的雌激素水平是刺激促黄体生成素分泌并完成排卵的重要前提,而在此次分析中,大卵泡的雌酮浓度显著高于中卵泡和小卵泡,这预示着雌激素在卵泡发育过程中的不断累积[37,38]。此外,本研究检测到7-酮基胆固醇、7a,27-二羟基胆固醇、7α,25-二羟基胆固醇以及25-羟基胆固醇的浓度随着卵泡的生长而显著下降,它们都是胆固醇代谢过程中的中间产物,属于氧化胆固醇或者氧固醇[39⁃41]。目前没有直接的文献提及这些氧固醇与卵泡生长之间的关系,但结合本次研究中探查到的这一类物质的变化趋势可以推测在卵泡的发育过程中氧固醇或许与类固醇激素的生物合成有关。胆固醇是卵泡发育过程中类固醇激素生物合成的重要原料,而在一项报告中指出,类固醇生成急性调节(StAR)蛋白参与并促进线粒体内胆固醇向胆固醇侧链裂解系统的递送,而胆固醇侧链裂解系统催化所有类固醇合成的第一个酶促步骤,而氧固醇可以上调StAR的表达,这一现象说明氧固醇在小卵泡与中卵泡中可能起到了促进激素合成的功能[42]。
此外,在KEGG分析中,根据小卵泡和中卵泡的差异代谢物在KEGG分析所有富集到的通路中,共有两条显著富集的通路,分别为内分泌抵抗和前列腺癌。KEGG通路命名往往基于人类疾病或特定的生物过程,但其代谢通路在不同组织、物种、性别都存在,因此各个通路实际上包括的是一系列相关的通用代谢物、信号分子以及其转运过程。两条通路在中卵泡中均表现为相比于小卵泡上调。这预示着两条通路中涉及的相关信号分子在中卵泡中活性与丰度呈现上升的趋势,如PI3K/AKT通路和MAPK通路[43,44]。PI3K/AKT信号通路是卵泡发育过程中细胞增殖的关键调控因子,其上调可以通过多方面的生物学机制促进卵泡的生长与成熟,例如该通路的关键效应分子AKT可以磷酸化以及灭活糖原合成酶激酶3以促进细胞周期的进程[45]。以上的结果通过揭示荷斯坦奶牛卵泡发育过程中不同大小卵泡的类固醇激素以及物质的变化,印证了其代谢基础,为后续的研究提供了潜在靶点。
本研究通过LC-MS/MS靶向代谢组学技术表征了荷斯坦奶牛卵泡发育不同阶段中类固醇激素以及物质的组织代谢组谱,鉴定出24种物质以及小中大卵泡之间的差异代谢物。此外,内分泌抵抗以及前列腺癌通路在卵泡发育的前中期产生了显著变化。这些变化与卵泡发育过程密切相关,为研究奶牛以及其他物种的卵泡发育过程提供了新的思路。未来的研究应当进一步探讨此次研究中验明的显著变化的代谢物的机制,例如氧胆固醇可能的对卵泡体细胞类固醇合成激素的调控作用等,以深入了解动物卵泡发育的过程,促进后续针对奶牛卵泡发育调控的研究与发展。
  • 国家自然科学基金(32573447)
  • 黑龙江省“双一流”学科协同创新成果项目(LJGXCG2025-P36)
  • 黑龙江省肉牛协同创新体系
  • 国家重点研发计划(2023YFD1801100)
  • 黑龙江省“揭榜挂帅”科技攻关项目(2023ZXJ02B03)
  • 中国博士后科学基金资助项目(2024MD753940)
  • 黑龙江省博士后科学基金资助项目(LBH-Z23243)
  • 新时代龙江优秀硕士、博士学位论文资助项目(LJYXL2023-073)
  • 国家奶牛产业技术体系任务书(CARS-36)
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2026年第57卷第3期
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doi: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.03.026
  • 接收时间:2025-08-18
  • 首发时间:2026-09-16
  • 出版时间:2026-03-23
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-18
基金
国家自然科学基金(32573447)
黑龙江省“双一流”学科协同创新成果项目(LJGXCG2025-P36)
黑龙江省肉牛协同创新体系
国家重点研发计划(2023YFD1801100)
黑龙江省“揭榜挂帅”科技攻关项目(2023ZXJ02B03)
中国博士后科学基金资助项目(2024MD753940)
黑龙江省博士后科学基金资助项目(LBH-Z23243)
新时代龙江优秀硕士、博士学位论文资助项目(LJYXL2023-073)
国家奶牛产业技术体系任务书(CARS-36)
作者信息
    1.黑龙江八一农垦大学动物科技学院 农业农村部东北寒区牛病防治重点实验室,大庆 163319
    2.黑龙江省农业科学院 畜牧兽医分院,齐齐哈尔 161005
    3.黑龙江省牡丹江农垦将军奶牛养殖专业合作社,鸡西 158307
    4.北大荒集团黑龙江八五一〇农场有限公司农业发展部,鸡西 158100
    5.中国农业大学动物医学院,北京 100193

通讯作者:

白云龙,主要从事奶牛繁殖与营养代谢病的研究,E-mail:
宋玉锡,主要从事奶牛营养与代谢病的研究,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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