Article(id=1307013498014290918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307013423896753139, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.03.008, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1741622400000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789545901063, onlineDateStr=2026-09-16, pubDate=1774195200000, pubDateStr=2026-03-23, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789545901063, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789545901063, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789545901063, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1307013423896753139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, year='2026', volume='57', issue='3', pageStart='1177', pageEnd='1776', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774195200000', pubDateStr='2026-03-23', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789545883392, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789609930841, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1307282058464743901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307013423896753139, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1307282058464743902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307013423896753139, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1254, endPage=1266, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1307013498219811815, articleId=1307013498014290918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, language=EN, title=Research Progress on Microbial-Mediated Bile Acid Metabolism and Its Regulation of Intestinal Mucosal TH17/Treg Cell Homeostasis, columnId=1307007397399126026, journalTitle=Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, columnName=REVIEW, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Bile acids, which are significant metabolites, are generated by the liver and conveyed to the intestine. Microorganisms in the intestine modify and process bile acids into secondary bile acids. Historically, it was believed that bile acids were engaged in the absorption and metabolism processes of lipids and fat-soluble vitamins. An increasing number of studies have shown that bile acids can act as multiple signaling metabolites, which are essential for maintaining bile acid homeostasis, enterohepatic circulation, metabolism, intestinal barrier integrity, and intestinal mucosal immune homeostasis by regulating bile acid-related receptors and interactions with the microbiota. Unique lymphocyte populations cooperate with each other to jointly maintain the stability of the intestinal immune system. Among these elements, the equilibrium between pro-inflammatory T helper 17 cells (TH17) and anti-inflammatory regulatory T cells (Treg) holds particular significance. It is of great importance in safeguarding the homeostasis of the intestinal immune system. This article reviews the complex relationship and latest research progress between bile acids, intestinal microorganisms and intestinal mucosal immunity from the following three aspects: the interaction between bile acids and intestinal microorganisms, bile acid-related receptors, and the balance between TH17/Treg cells, in order to provide a theoretical basis for revealing the physiological functions of bile acids and their application in animal production.

, authors=Ruixin YANG, Wenliang TAO, Wangjing LIU, Zhaomin LEI, authorsList=Ruixin YANG, Wenliang TAO, Wangjing LIU, Zhaomin LEI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Wangjing LIU, Zhaomin LEI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
LIU Wangjing, E-mail:
LEI Zhaomin,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1307013503005512686, articleId=1307013498014290918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, language=CN, title=微生物介导的胆汁酸代谢及调控肠黏膜TH17/Treg细胞稳态机制的研究进展, columnId=1307007397566898188, journalTitle=畜牧兽医学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

胆汁酸是由肝产生并运输到肠道的重要代谢物。在肠道中的胆汁酸经微生物的修饰和加工变为次级胆汁酸。传统上,胆汁酸被认为参与脂质和脂溶性维生素的吸收和代谢。越来越多的研究表明,胆汁酸可作为多项信号代谢物,通过调节胆汁酸相关受体以及微生物群的相互作用,对维持胆汁酸稳态、肠肝循环、代谢、肠屏障完整性和肠黏膜免疫稳态至关重要。独特的淋巴细胞群相互配合,共同维持着肠道免疫系统的稳定,其中促炎性的辅助性T细胞(T helper 17 cells,TH17)与发挥抗炎作用的调节性T细胞(regulatory T cells,Treg),二者间的平衡状态尤为关键,对肠道免疫稳态的维系起到了重要作用。本文将从胆汁酸与肠道微生物的相互作用、胆汁酸相关受体以及肠道TH17/Treg细胞间的平衡这三个方面的最新研究进展进行综述,以期揭示胆汁酸、肠道微生物和肠黏膜免疫之间的复杂互作关系,为进一步了解胆汁酸的生理功能及其在动物生产中的应用提供理论依据。

, authors=杨瑞鑫, 陶文亮, 刘旺景, 雷赵民, authorsList=杨瑞鑫, 陶文亮, 刘旺景, 雷赵民, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=刘旺景, 雷赵民, authorNote=

杨瑞鑫,博士生,主要从事动物遗传育种与繁殖研究,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
刘旺景,主要从事反刍动物营养与畜产品品质调控研究,E-mail:
雷赵民,主要从事反刍动物健康高效养殖研究,E-mail:
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DOI:10.1136/gut.2010.212159, articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307281446385766909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013498014290918, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[93], rfOrder=92, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YANG J L,HU J P,FENG L J,et al.Decreased expression of TGR5 in vogt-koyanagi-harada (VKH) disease[J].Ocul Immunol Inflamm,2020,28(2):200-208. 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Cholesterol is synthesized in the liver by the classical pathway or the alternative pathway, into a variety of primary bile acids bound to oxaloacetate or glycine, which are held in the gallbladder and conveyed via bile ducts to the duodenum. Roughly 90%-95% of primary bile acids undergo reabsorption in the ileum, traversing the intestinal wall via portal blood to return to the liver within the enterohepatic circulation framework. About 5%-10% of bile acids enter the large intestine to generate secondary bile acids via the biological pathways of past conjugation, dehydroxylation and differential isomerization

, figureFileSmall=7Hvkou6Ew4WhkuE6zMttKw==, figureFileBig=adVjE54bMO0uE2mGY5t27g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307281430988476814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013498014290918, language=CN, label=图1, caption=胆汁酸合成、微生物修饰和再循环(本图由Figdraw绘制)

胆固醇在肝中通过经典途径或替代途径合成多种与牛磺酸或甘氨酸结合的初级胆汁酸,储存在胆囊中,经胆管运输到十二指肠。约90%~95%的初级胆汁酸在回肠末端穿过肠壁通过门静脉血被重吸收,作为肠肝循环的一部分转运回到肝脏。约5%~10%的胆汁酸进入大肠经过去共轭化、脱羟基化和差向异构化等生物学途径生成次级胆汁酸

, figureFileSmall=7Hvkou6Ew4WhkuE6zMttKw==, figureFileBig=adVjE54bMO0uE2mGY5t27g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307281431089140111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013498014290918, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Influence of secondary bile acids on intestinal TH17/Treg cell balance (This figure was drawn by Figdraw)

TH17 cells secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-17, IL-21, and IL-22, and Treg cells secrete anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 and TGFβ. 3-Oxocitric acid and isocitric acid inhibit TH17 cell differentiation by binding to RORγt. UDCA, isoDCA and isoLCA inhibit differentiation of -TH17 cells by regulating the expression of genes related to -TH17 cell differentiation/IL-17/PPAR signaling pathway. Isoallocatecholic acid or 3-oxoLCA and isoalloLCA promotes mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production and regulates T-cell differentiation via Foxp3. The combination of 3-oxoLCA and LCA was able to maintain a high frequency of Treg cell subsets. CA, CDCA, and UDCA promoted Treg cell differentiation, and 3β-hydroxydeoxycholic acid activated the FXR, which provides an anti-inflammatory phenotype for DCs and promotes Treg cell differentiation

, figureFileSmall=E//f0QsrXVmgVnREkJexFQ==, figureFileBig=hmOGnJtea/ki3FEtKb3raw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307281431177220496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013498014290918, language=CN, label=图2, caption=次级胆汁酸影响肠道TH17/Treg细胞平衡机制图(本图由Figdraw绘制)

TH17细胞能够产生如IL-17、IL-21、IL-22 等具有促炎作用的细胞因子;与之相对,Treg细胞则分泌IL-10、TGFβ 这类发挥抗炎功效的细胞因子。3-oxoLCA和isoLCA通过结合RORγ抑制TH17细胞分化。UDCA、isoDCA和isoLCA通过调控TH17细胞分化/IL-17/ PPAR信号通路相关基因的表达,抑制TH17细胞分化。isoalloLCA或者3-oxoLCA和isoalloLCA的组合可以促进线粒体活性氧的产生,通过Foxp3调节T细胞分化;3-oxoLCA和LCA的组合能够维持Treg细胞亚群的高频率;CA、CDCA和UDCA可促进Treg细胞分化;3β-羟基脱氧胆酸激活FXR,为树突状细胞提供抗炎表型,促进Treg细胞分化

, figureFileSmall=E//f0QsrXVmgVnREkJexFQ==, figureFileBig=hmOGnJtea/ki3FEtKb3raw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307281431252717969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013498014290918, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Bile acids receptors, ligands and their role in intestinal mucosal immunity

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

胆汁酸受体

Bile acid receptor

缩写

Abbreviation

配体

Ligands

作用

Function

参考文献

Reference

法尼醇X受体

Farnesoid-X-Receptor

FXRCDCA>DCA>LCA>CA胆汁酸稳态,肠内BA运输,Fgf15-Shp信号轴[37⁃38]

维生素D受体

Vitamin D receptor

VDR

LCA, 3-oxoLCA,

isoalloLCA

抗炎,肠黏膜屏障,在炎症性肠病中起重要作用[39⁃40]

孕烷X受体

Pregnane-X-Receptor

PXRCDCA, LCA维持肠黏膜稳态,抗炎[41]

组成型雄兹烷受体

Costitutive androstane

receptor

CARCDCA, LCA诱导CD4+T细胞中解毒酶和转运蛋白表达;诱导抗炎因子IL-10表达[41-42]

G蛋白偶联受体5

Takeda G-proteinreceptor 5

TGR5LCA>DCA>CDCA>CATGR5-cAMP-PKA轴抑制NLRP3炎症小体依赖性炎症;抑制NFκB,减少炎症因子[43⁃44]

1-磷酸-鞘氨醇受体2

Sphingosine 1 phosphate

receptor 2

S1PR2TCA, TDCA, TUDCA, GCA,GDCA抑制NF-κB与JNK 2条促炎通路,下调炎症因子的表达[45⁃46]
), ArticleFig(id=1307281431365964178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013498014290918, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

胆汁酸受体、配体及其在肠黏膜免疫中的作用

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

胆汁酸受体

Bile acid receptor

缩写

Abbreviation

配体

Ligands

作用

Function

参考文献

Reference

法尼醇X受体

Farnesoid-X-Receptor

FXRCDCA>DCA>LCA>CA胆汁酸稳态,肠内BA运输,Fgf15-Shp信号轴[37⁃38]

维生素D受体

Vitamin D receptor

VDR

LCA, 3-oxoLCA,

isoalloLCA

抗炎,肠黏膜屏障,在炎症性肠病中起重要作用[39⁃40]

孕烷X受体

Pregnane-X-Receptor

PXRCDCA, LCA维持肠黏膜稳态,抗炎[41]

组成型雄兹烷受体

Costitutive androstane

receptor

CARCDCA, LCA诱导CD4+T细胞中解毒酶和转运蛋白表达;诱导抗炎因子IL-10表达[41-42]

G蛋白偶联受体5

Takeda G-proteinreceptor 5

TGR5LCA>DCA>CDCA>CATGR5-cAMP-PKA轴抑制NLRP3炎症小体依赖性炎症;抑制NFκB,减少炎症因子[43⁃44]

1-磷酸-鞘氨醇受体2

Sphingosine 1 phosphate

receptor 2

S1PR2TCA, TDCA, TUDCA, GCA,GDCA抑制NF-κB与JNK 2条促炎通路,下调炎症因子的表达[45⁃46]
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微生物介导的胆汁酸代谢及调控肠黏膜TH17/Treg细胞稳态机制的研究进展
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杨瑞鑫 , 陶文亮 , 刘旺景 , 雷赵民
畜牧兽医学报 | 综述 2026,57(3): 1254-1266
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畜牧兽医学报 |综述 2026 , 57 (3) : 1254 -1266
微生物介导的胆汁酸代谢及调控肠黏膜TH17/Treg细胞稳态机制的研究进展
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杨瑞鑫 , 陶文亮, 刘旺景 , 雷赵民
作者信息
  • 甘肃农业大学动物科学技术学院,兰州 730070
通讯作者:
刘旺景,主要从事反刍动物营养与畜产品品质调控研究,E-mail:
雷赵民,主要从事反刍动物健康高效养殖研究,E-mail:
作者简介:

杨瑞鑫,博士生,主要从事动物遗传育种与繁殖研究,E-mail:

Research Progress on Microbial-Mediated Bile Acid Metabolism and Its Regulation of Intestinal Mucosal TH17/Treg Cell Homeostasis
Ruixin YANG , Wenliang TAO, Wangjing LIU , Zhaomin LEI
Affiliations
  • College of Animal Science and Technology,Gansu Agricultural University,Lanzhou 730070,China
  • Corresponding Author:
    LIU Wangjing, E-mail:
    LEI Zhaomin,E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-03-23 doi: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.03.008
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胆汁酸是由肝产生并运输到肠道的重要代谢物。在肠道中的胆汁酸经微生物的修饰和加工变为次级胆汁酸。传统上,胆汁酸被认为参与脂质和脂溶性维生素的吸收和代谢。越来越多的研究表明,胆汁酸可作为多项信号代谢物,通过调节胆汁酸相关受体以及微生物群的相互作用,对维持胆汁酸稳态、肠肝循环、代谢、肠屏障完整性和肠黏膜免疫稳态至关重要。独特的淋巴细胞群相互配合,共同维持着肠道免疫系统的稳定,其中促炎性的辅助性T细胞(T helper 17 cells,TH17)与发挥抗炎作用的调节性T细胞(regulatory T cells,Treg),二者间的平衡状态尤为关键,对肠道免疫稳态的维系起到了重要作用。本文将从胆汁酸与肠道微生物的相互作用、胆汁酸相关受体以及肠道TH17/Treg细胞间的平衡这三个方面的最新研究进展进行综述,以期揭示胆汁酸、肠道微生物和肠黏膜免疫之间的复杂互作关系,为进一步了解胆汁酸的生理功能及其在动物生产中的应用提供理论依据。

胆汁酸  /  肠道微生物  /  胆汁酸受体  /  肠黏膜免疫  /  TH17/Treg细胞平衡

Bile acids, which are significant metabolites, are generated by the liver and conveyed to the intestine. Microorganisms in the intestine modify and process bile acids into secondary bile acids. Historically, it was believed that bile acids were engaged in the absorption and metabolism processes of lipids and fat-soluble vitamins. An increasing number of studies have shown that bile acids can act as multiple signaling metabolites, which are essential for maintaining bile acid homeostasis, enterohepatic circulation, metabolism, intestinal barrier integrity, and intestinal mucosal immune homeostasis by regulating bile acid-related receptors and interactions with the microbiota. Unique lymphocyte populations cooperate with each other to jointly maintain the stability of the intestinal immune system. Among these elements, the equilibrium between pro-inflammatory T helper 17 cells (TH17) and anti-inflammatory regulatory T cells (Treg) holds particular significance. It is of great importance in safeguarding the homeostasis of the intestinal immune system. This article reviews the complex relationship and latest research progress between bile acids, intestinal microorganisms and intestinal mucosal immunity from the following three aspects: the interaction between bile acids and intestinal microorganisms, bile acid-related receptors, and the balance between TH17/Treg cells, in order to provide a theoretical basis for revealing the physiological functions of bile acids and their application in animal production.

bile acid  /  intestinal microorganisms  /  bile acid receptors  /  intestinal mucosal immunity  /  TH17/Treg cells equilibrium
杨瑞鑫, 陶文亮, 刘旺景, 雷赵民. 微生物介导的胆汁酸代谢及调控肠黏膜TH17/Treg细胞稳态机制的研究进展. 畜牧兽医学报, 2026 , 57 (3) : 1254 -1266 . DOI: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.03.008
Ruixin YANG, Wenliang TAO, Wangjing LIU, Zhaomin LEI. Research Progress on Microbial-Mediated Bile Acid Metabolism and Its Regulation of Intestinal Mucosal TH17/Treg Cell Homeostasis[J]. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, 2026 , 57 (3) : 1254 -1266 . DOI: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.03.008
胆汁酸(bile acids,BAs)是由肝中的胆固醇通过经典或替代途径产生的羟基化甾醇[1]。传统上认为BAs参与脂质和脂溶性维生素的吸收和代谢,而随着基因组学和代谢组学的发展,越来越多的研究表明,BAs可作为多项信号代谢物,通过调节BAs相关受体以及微生物群的相互作用,对维持BAs稳态、肠肝循环、代谢、肠屏障完整性和肠黏膜免疫稳态至关重要[2]。机体内BAs主要包括两类,一类是初级胆汁酸(primary bile acids,PBAs),如胆酸(cholic acid,CA)和鹅脱氧胆酸(chenodeoxycholic acid,CDCA),是在肝中通过多步酶促反应与牛磺酸或甘氨酸结合生成的,此类BAs可以进入到小肠中帮助消化脂类及维生素等物质[3⁃4]。大部分PBAs可以穿过小肠壁通过门静脉血被重吸收,并作为肠肝循环的一部分转运回到肝,但一小部分BAs会转运到大肠[5]。肠道作为重要的免疫器官,含有大量的免疫细胞和微生物。肠道菌群可以将饲粮营养成分转化或修饰为小分子代谢物进而影响免疫细胞的分化和功能[6]。因此,肠道菌群代谢同样与肠道免疫微环境密切相关。从回肠开始一直到结肠,宿主合成的PBAs成为微生物酶促反应的平台,微生物通过去共轭化、脱羟基化及差向异构化等生物转化过程,直接参与BAs的代谢,从而生成第二类BAs——次级胆汁酸(secondary bile acids,SBAs)[7⁃8](BAs合成、微生物修饰和再循环机制见图1)。SBAs通过与其受体的相互作用和信号通路调节肠黏膜免疫稳态和炎症反应,介导宿主与肠道微生物的交互作用[7]。最新研究发现,微生物修饰的BAs及其衍生物可以通过调节肠道中促炎辅助性TH17(T helper 17 cells,TH17)细胞和调节性Treg(regulatory T cells,Treg)细胞的发育和功能来维持局部肠黏膜免疫稳态[9]。TH17细胞可以抵抗真菌等病原体,维持消化道免疫屏障的完整性,具有促炎作用,而TH17细胞过度的诱导则会引发各种疾病[10]。Treg细胞通常起免疫抑制作用,对维持肠道稳态以及减少炎症信号发挥关键作用[11]。因此,机体内TH17细胞和Treg细胞间的平衡对维持肠道正常免疫反应至关重要。影响这些细胞产生和维持的主要调节因子包括:胆汁酸代谢物、T细胞受体信号传导、肠道菌群及产生的细胞因子等。本文从肠道微生物介导的BAs代谢、BAs相关受体以及BAs调控肠黏膜TH17/Treg细胞稳态机制方面进行综述,揭示BAs在动物肠道黏膜免疫中的作用机理,以期为动物肠道健康及炎症性肠病等的预防和治疗提供新的策略。
在肝中合成的PBAs从肝转运到胆囊,经过胆管进入肠道,然后受到肠道微生物的各种修饰[12]。微生物对PBAs常见的第一反应是解偶连,即去除侧链偶连物(牛磺酸或甘氨酸)[13],此过程是由广泛分布的一类细菌酶介导的,称为胆盐水解酶(bile salt hydrolase,BSH)。BSH基因广泛表达于12个门112个微生物属,其中包括梭状芽胞杆菌(Clostridium)、双歧杆菌(Bifidobacterium)、乳杆菌(Lactobacillus)、拟杆菌(Bacteroides)和肠球菌(Enterococcus)等肠道共生菌,59.73% BSH基因表达于厚壁菌门(Firmicutes),其次是拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和放线菌门(Actinobacteria)[14]。另外,肠道共生菌中单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌(L. monocytogenes)和牛布鲁氏菌(Brucella abortus)也可表达BSH基因[15⁃16]。乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)在啮齿动物和人类中具有最高的BSH活性,因此对肠道微生物BSH研究集中在乳杆菌属[17]。
另一个重要的反应称为7-α去羟基化,在7α-脱羟基酶的作用下去除胆汁酸C-7上的7α-羟基。7α-脱羟基后的BAs称SBAs[7]。与解偶连相反,7α-脱羟基是由相对少数的严格厌氧细菌介导的,主要是梭菌属(Clostridium)[18],包括梭状芽胞杆菌(C. hylemonae)、闪烁梭菌(C. scindens)、索氏梭菌(C. sordelli)和平氏梭菌(C. hiranonis)等[19⁃20]。BAs的合成、运输和代谢存在物种特异性差异,在人类中,SBAs的主要形式是脱氧胆酸(deoxycholic,DCA)(源自胆酸(CA))和石胆酸(lithocholic acid,LCA)(源自CDCA);在小鼠中,DCA和鼠脱氧胆酸(murideoxycholic acid, MDCA)是主要的SBAs,后者衍生自β-鼠胆酸(β-muricholic,β-MCA);在猪体内,CDCA则转化为猪胆酸(hyocholic,HCA),并最终转化为猪去氧胆酸(hyodeoxycholic,HDCA)[21]。在对CA脱羟基的信号通路展开深入解析后,研究人员发现,带有核心BAs诱导酶(bai)基因簇的菌株,具备诱导脱羟基化的能力。这些菌株大多源自乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)、梭状芽孢杆菌属(Clostridium)、真杆菌属(Eubacterium)、埃希氏菌属(Escherichia)和拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)等[22]。
最后是差向异构化过程,这是增加肠道BAs多样性的关键步骤。CDCA经过7α/β-差向异构化生成熊去氧胆酸(ursodeoxycholic acid,UDCA)[23],UDCA通过7β-脱羟基酶转化为LCA,而β-MCA则通过6β-差向异构化生成ω-鼠胆酸(ω-MCA),后者进一步通过7β-脱羟基作用生成HDCA,或通过7β-差向异构化形成HCA[19]。此外在BAs的C-3,C-7,C-12位羟基上发生氧化、差向异构化形成一些氧带BAs,如来自放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)的多种肠道细菌通过3α-羟类固醇脱氢酶(3αHSDH)的作用将DCA和LCA转化为3-氧代脱氧胆酸(3-oxo-deoxycholic acid,3-oxoDCA)和3-氧代石胆酸(3-oxo-lithocholic acid,3-oxoLCA)[24]。综上所述,肠道微生物群可将进入肠道的PBAs转化为SBAs,其中主要过程包括解偶连、脱羟基和差向异构化等,而这些转化塑造了SBAs的信号特性,将会在后续肠黏膜免疫调节中发挥重要作用。
由于肠上皮细胞具有直接抑菌活性,并能进行依赖于BAs的信号传导,因此BAs也参与了对肠道中微生物定植的相互调节[25]。研究表明,胆管结扎可导致小肠细菌水平升高,而在BAs相对不足的状态下给啮齿动物饲喂胆汁或共轭BAs可使小肠细菌生长恢复到正常水平[26],进一步说明BAs可调节肠道微生物。当一些BAs不耐受的细菌暴露于BAs时,会增加细胞膜通透性并引起细菌DNA氧化损伤,从而抑制细菌的过度生长[27]。例如,艰难梭菌(C. difficile)的孢子萌发可能受到一些PBAs如CDCA的刺激,而SBAs(LCA和UDCA)对其有抑制作用[28]。还有一种说法,由于BAs由疏水主链和亲水羟基组成,形成两亲结构,类似于抗菌肽,因此,可能限制了某些细菌生长[29]。此外,BAs能够促进BAs代谢菌的生长,如沃氏嗜胆菌(Bilophila wadsworthia)、大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)、单核细胞增生李斯特菌(Listeria monocytogenes),而抑制BAs敏感菌的繁殖[21,30]。BAs通过法尼醇X受体(farnesoid X receptor,FXR)间接调控微生物群,高浓度结合性BAs具有显著抗菌作用,而回肠末端低浓度BAs则通过信号传导调节肠道菌群。不同种类的BAs对菌群的调控能力有所差异,有研究发现,CA和牛磺胆酸(tauro-cholic acid, TCA)可促进艰难梭菌生长,而一些SBAs则能抑制艰难梭菌的生长,如CDCA等[31]。罗伊氏乳杆菌(L. reuteri)的减少会导致BAs代谢途径向葡萄糖醛酸化转变,在结肠中将CDCA转化为CDCA-3β-葡萄糖醛酸,并引发肠道上皮细胞的凋亡。Lin等[32]研究表明,缺乏罗伊氏乳杆菌会引起仔猪BAs代谢紊乱,随后产生腹泻,并导致各种肠道损伤,如炎症和细胞凋亡。Zhang等[33]研究表明,肠道感染(如李斯特菌和啮齿柠檬酸杆菌感染(Citrobacter rodentium))显著改变了胆汁中的代谢物组成,与无特定病原体(SPF)小鼠相比,无菌(GF)小鼠的胆汁中某些微生物衍生的脂质(如SBAs和短链脂肪酸)含量降低。肠道感染通过刺激肝中的特定信号通路,改变胆汁代谢物的组成。这些变化可能是宿主防御机制的一部分,有助于调节肠道微生物群的组成和功能。因此,BAs能够通过促进BAs代谢微生物的生长和抑制其他BAs敏感菌群的生长来重塑肠道微生物群落,进而影响机体免疫。综上所述,肠道微生物的修饰加工有助于PBAs向SBAs的生物转化,改变BAs的组成和结构,反过来BAs可以重塑微生物群落,促进BAs代谢菌的生长。
在核激素受体家族里,诸多可被配体激活的转录因子中,BAs被视作一种内源性配体。受体能够对BAs的生物合成、经菌群进行的修饰以及重吸收过程发挥调控作用。BAs受体(常见BAs受体、配体以及在肠黏膜免疫中的作用见表1)主要分为两类,一类是核受体:主要包括FXR、维生素D受体(vitamin D receptor,VDR)、孕烷X受体(pregnane X receptor,PXR)和组成型雄兹烷受体(costitutive androstane receptor,CAR);另一类是膜受体:主要包括G蛋白偶联受体5(takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5,TGR5)和1-磷酸-鞘氨醇受体2(sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2,S1PR2)[34],这些核受体和膜受体在肠、肝和其他器官中广泛表达。通过激活BAs相关受体可以改变许多编码酶和相关蛋白的基因表达,并在宿主免疫反应中起到关键作用[35],其中最具特征性的受体是FXR受体和TGR5受体,它们在调节BAs代谢、肠道免疫和稳态中发挥重要作用[36]。
肝细胞胆汁盐稳态的关键调节因子是FXR。FXR是肝细胞和肠细胞中BAs水平的主要传感器,可以作为单体结合,也可以通过与类视黄醇X受体形成异二聚体复合物与特定DNA反应元件结合[47],调节许多下游靶标的表达/活性。FXR靶基因之一是下游基因小异二聚体(SHP),它编码一种非典型核受体,缺乏配体结合域,与肝相关同源物(liver related homologous 1,LRH1)和肝X受体α(liver X receptor α,LXRα)形成二聚体并使其失活,导致细胞色素P450家族成员7A1(Cytochrome P450 family 7 subfamily A member 1, CYP7A1)表达减少,并通过经典途径抑制BAs合成[48⁃49]。肠道FXR的激活会增加成纤维细胞生长因子-15(fibroblast growth factor-15,FGF-15)的表达并导致FGF-15的释放,该FGF-15与肝细胞中的4型FGF受体(FGF-R4)结合后,同样会抑制CYP7A1[37]。在肠道中,FXR控制着许多重要的代谢途径,包括:通过诱导BAs结合、胆管胆盐分泌和提供替代途径的基底外侧有机溶质转运蛋白(organic solute transporter alpha-beta,OSTα/β)等途径来维持BAs稳态防止BAs中毒[38,50]。内源性FXR激动剂包括CDCA、DCA、LCA和CA(亲和力依次递减)[51]。6α/βMCA是除TCA之外在小鼠体内发现的两种主要BAs,可充当FXR拮抗剂[52⁃53]。FXR对于维系肠道屏障的完整性以及强化抗菌防御体系,同样起着不可或缺的作用。大量研究表明,FXR通过调节BAs代谢可以改善炎症性肠病的发展。在高谷物日粮饲喂奶牛的研究中发现,饲喂高谷物日粮奶牛的回肠食糜中,细菌群落和BAs组成发生了变化,回肠微生物群对BAs的代谢能力提高,导致未结合BAs的比例增加。此外,SBAs库的改变激活了FXR/FGF19信号通路,从而抑制了肝中BAs的合成,导致回肠食糜中BAs水平降低,从而引发奶牛炎症[54]。Chen等[55]发现,在结肠炎小鼠模型中,肝脏合成CA的酶胆固醇12α-羟化酶(recombinant cytochrome P450 8B1,CYP8B1)表达增加,而CYP8B1的过表达使小鼠黏膜屏障修复受损,从而导致更严重的结肠炎。具体机制显示,CA通过抑制过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体α(peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha,PPARα)导致脂肪酸氧化受损和LGR5+肠道干细胞更新。此外,Cheng等[55]还发现FXR的激活抑制了小鼠肝中CYP8B1的表达并改善了结肠炎。FGF19-M52是FGF19的类似物,据报道可抑制小鼠BAs合成、调节BAs池组成并抑制肠道炎症。全身FXR激活降低BAs合成,抑制巨噬细胞产生白细胞介素-1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)和肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α),并抑制TH1/TH17淋巴细胞极化[56]。
除了激活核受体FXR的信号分子作用外,BAs还激活TGR5[57]。在回肠和结肠中,TGR5的表达量相对较高[58]。尽管BAs的主要靶器官是肝,但肝中TGR5的表达非常低,人们普遍认为TGR5信号在能量和葡萄糖代谢以及消化系统的抗炎中发挥着重要作用[59]。例如,在TGR5敲除小鼠中观察到紧密连接结构失调和肠通透性显著增加[60]。TGR5可分别被LCA、DCA、CDCA和CA差异性激活。研究表明,补充LCA和DCA可减少结肠炎小鼠模型的肠道炎症,这种抗炎作用部分取决于TGR5[44]。炎症性肠病的发病机制与NLR家族pyrin结构域3(NLR family pyrin domain containing 3,NLRP3)炎症小体密切相关[43, 61]。研究发现,BAs可以通过TGR5-环磷酸腺苷-蛋白激酶A(TGR5-cAMP-PKA)轴抑制NLRP3炎症小体依赖性炎症,表明TGR5作为减轻炎症性肠病肠道炎症的潜在靶点[62]。Biagioli等[63]发现,激活TGR5后通过抑制核因子κB(nuclear factor-kappa B,NFκB)的核转位具有抗炎作用,从而减少促炎介质和细胞因子的产生,进而降低巨噬细胞炎症基因表达(TNF-α、IL-1、IL-6和趋化因子配体2(chemokine ligand 2,CCL2)的mRNA),减轻炎症性肠病动物模型的炎症。Azuma等[64]在葡聚糖硫酸钠(dextran sulfate sodium,DSS)诱导的结肠炎和溃疡性结肠炎患者结肠上皮的小鼠模型中表明,DCA可以通过作为TGR5的配体激活蛋白激酶B信号通路来减缓结肠上皮细胞环境中的伤口愈合。在Caco-2细胞模型中,TGR5激活可改善脂多糖诱导的跨上皮电阻减少并上调紧密连接蛋白表达,从而增强黏膜屏障功能,从而缓解炎症性肠病[65]。还有研究表明,TGR5的激活将结肠巨噬细胞从M1促炎表型转变为M2抗炎表型,从而缓解小鼠结肠炎[46,63]。此外,在炎症刺激后,TGR5的激动作用减少了巨噬细胞流入结肠固有层[63],这表明结肠中单核细胞向促炎或抗炎表型的分化受到肠道TGR5的调节。
高浓度的BAs在机体内具有强大的细胞毒性和促炎作用,因此,BAs除了与FXR和TGR5结合外,还至少与另外4种低亲和力的受体结合,包括VDR、PXR和CAR,以及S1PR2,从而保护组织免受BAs的损伤。
由1,25-二羟基维生素D激活的核受体是VDR,在结肠中高表达,调节多条重要的生物过程,如细胞代谢、增殖、分化和细胞凋亡[66]。LCA及其代谢物(3-oxoLCA和异别石胆酸(isoallo-lithocholic acid,isoalloLCA))可以激活VDR[67]。有研究表明,LCA对霉酚酸酯诱导的胃肠道毒性的治疗作用依赖于肠上皮细胞中的VDR[66]。同样,肠道中特异性缺乏VDR的小鼠对DSS诱导的结肠炎表现出更高的敏感性,而VDR表达降低可导致溃疡性结肠炎、发育不良和结肠炎相关结直肠癌的发生[68]。表明VDR在肠黏膜屏障功能中具有重要作用。据报道,LCA可通过激活VDR来改善TNF-α诱导的紧密连接蛋白(ZO-1、occludin和claudin-1)表达和分布的减少。它还显著阻断TNF-α介导的氧化应激相关基因沉默信息调节因子1、核因子红细胞2相关因子2和血红素加氧酶1的下调[69]。此外,LCA显著抑制了TNF-α诱导的NF-κB p-p65和p-IκB-α的增加[39]。这表明LCA通过VDR有效地防止TNF-α诱导的肠道屏障降解。在结肠炎动物模型中,VDR信号通过调节NF-κB通路抑制结肠上皮细胞中低氧诱导因子-1α的过度表达,从而抑制干扰素-γ(interferon-gamma,IFN-γ)和IL-1β在这些细胞中的过量产生,并减轻动物模型中结肠炎的发展[40]。还有研究表明,VDR可以与Y盒结合蛋白1物理结合,阻断其核转位,从而改善炎症存在下结肠上皮细胞的死亡[70]。VDR与肠道细菌密切相关。VDR基因在无菌和常规饲养小鼠中的表达不同,肠道中VDR表达减少可导致微生物失衡,VDR抑制NF-κB信号通路,减少有害细菌数量,导致沙门菌感染小鼠死亡。表明该基因在肠道微生物平衡中发挥重要作用[71]。
PXR和CAR分别是核受体亚家族1、I组成员2和3,对应的编号为NR1I2和NR1I3,是调节肠道稳态的关键转录因子。PXR和CAR可以容纳LCA和CDCA,并可作为LCA和CDCA的传感器[41],进而调节肠道免疫稳态。研究报道,PXR激动剂通过抑制NF-κB和降低细胞因子和趋化因子的表达,在DSS诱导的结肠炎小鼠中具有抗炎作用。在坏死性结肠炎小鼠模型中,低剂量的LCA以PXR依赖的方式降低了肠道中IL-6的表达[68]。Uehara等[72]也发现,在DSS诱导的结肠炎小鼠模型中,PXR或许能借助下调促炎细胞因子(如TNF-α与IL-1β)的mRNA表达水平,进而抑制细胞凋亡,而CAR通过诱导Gadd45b抑制细胞凋亡。它们都可以保护小鼠免受DSS诱导的结肠炎的影响。Chen等[42]发现,CAR是T细胞中多药耐药性基因1(multidrug resistance gene 1,MDR1)表达的调节剂,CD4+效应T细胞中的这种外源转运体MDR1对于维持共轭BAs存在下的肠道稳态至关重要,可保护小鼠小肠免受BAs毒性和其他炎症反应的影响。CAR的激活不仅可以诱导小肠固有层CD4+T效应细胞中解毒酶和转运蛋白的表达,还可以诱导关键抗炎细胞因子IL-10的表达。
S1PR2在回肠和结肠中高表达,已知S1PR2的BAs配体包括TCA、TDCA、TUDCA、GCA和GDCA[46]。研究发现,DCA剂量依赖性地增加了结肠炎小鼠模型中S1PR2的表达。同时,至少在一定程度上,DCA诱导的NLRP3炎性体激活是通过刺激S1PR2下游的细胞外信号调节激酶(extracellular signal-regulated kinase,ERK1/2)信号通路促进组织蛋白酶B的释放来维持机体炎症平衡[73]。ERK1/2是一类高度保守分布的丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶,可通过上调c-Jun氨基末端激酶(c-jun n-terminal kinases,JNK)基因表达介导炎症反应,而蛋白激酶B在调控细胞凋亡、生存中发挥关键作用,与炎症的发生发展密切相关[74]。当机体发生炎症反应时,S1PR2还可通过降低关键因子蛋白激酶B抑制NF-κB与JNK 2条促炎通路,下调炎症因子的表达,缓解过度的炎症反应[45]。Chen等[75]发现,S1PR2在肠上皮细胞中大量表达,刺激肠上皮细胞增殖和迁移。研究发现,S1PR2还可能通过影响鞘氨醇激酶2(sphingosine kinase,SphK2)、组蛋白去乙酰化酶1(histone deacetylase1,HDAC1)、HDAC2和ERK1/2信号通路的表达水平来影响肠上皮细胞。在炎症性肠病患者和DSS诱导结肠炎动物的肠黏膜维管束内皮细胞和巨噬细胞中,以及体外脂多糖处理的维管束内皮细胞和巨噬细胞中,S1PR2的表达均显著增强[76]。敲低或抑制S1PR2表达可显著降低维管束内皮细胞和巨噬细胞中RhoA和ROCK1的表达,而有研究发现RhoA/ROCK途径可以抑制细胞参与焦亡,并且减轻炎症[77],表明S1PR2在肠上皮细胞增殖和屏障维持中发挥重要作用。综上所述,BAs通过与特异性受体的结合可在调节BAs代谢、维持肠道屏障完整性、改善炎症性肠病和降低促炎细胞因子等方面发挥重要作用。
通过与宿主受体和微生物群的相互作用,BAs可以调节免疫细胞中的多种炎症途径。BAs在失调时具有促炎性和细胞毒性[25]。研究表明,高水平的SBAs,如LCA和DCA似乎会中断猪肠上皮细胞中紧密连接蛋白的表达,并且LCA可以刺激促炎细胞因子的产生[78]。而免疫系统有特定的机制来应对肠道固有层中的BAs毒性。独特的淋巴细胞群相互配合,共同维持着肠道免疫系统的稳定,其中TH17/Treg间的平衡状态尤为关键,对肠道免疫稳态的维系起到了重要作用。奶山羊肝组织单细胞测序结果证明,T细胞最有可能来自外周循环或肠道,肝中CCR9源于肠道,进一步说明肠道中T细胞稳态对维持整个机体免疫的重要作用[79]。TH17细胞属于CD4+T细胞,它能产生如IL-17、IL-21以及IL-22等细胞因子[80]。Treg细胞主要凭借分泌转化生长因子-β(transforming growth factor-β,TGF-β)和IL-10这类抗炎细胞因子,来对免疫细胞的活性产生抑制作用,以此实现对炎症反应的调控[81]。TH17细胞与Treg细胞之间存在关联,体现在分化过程以及功能抑制层面,二者共享由TGF-β介导的信号传导途径。研究显示,当存在IL-6或者IL-21(与TGF-β共同作用)这类促炎性细胞因子时,初始CD4+T细胞会向TH17细胞分化;反之,如果不存在促炎性细胞因子,初始CD4+T细胞便会朝着Treg细胞分化[82],一旦这种平衡遭到破坏,将会导致包括炎症性肠病在内的各类自身免疫性疾病。BAs对肠黏膜TH17/Treg细胞平衡影响的机制见图2。
叉头盒P3调节性T细胞(ForkheadboxP3 regulatory T cell,Foxp3+Treg)存在于肠道固有层,在维持肠道内环境稳定、降低炎症信号方面起着关键作用。与胸腺中的Treg细胞(thymic Treg,tTreg)有所区别,肠道Treg细胞包含这样一个亚群:它们不表达Helios和Nrp1分子,不过,这类归属于外周Treg细胞(peripheral Treg,pTreg)的细胞,却会表达转录因子类维生素A相关孤儿受体(retinoic acid receptor-related orphan nuclear receptor-γ,RORγ),因此,这类Treg细胞也被称为RORγ+Treg[83⁃84]。Song等[85]报道,用鼠PBAs(CA、CDCA和UDCA)或SBAs(3-oxoLCA和LCA)处理的小鼠表现出丰富的结肠RORγt+ pTreg细胞群。LCA的异构体异别石胆酸(isoallolithocholic acid,isoalloLCA)可以增强Treg细胞的分化,但具体机制还不完全清楚。Godlewska等[29]认为,isoalloLCA能够促进线粒体活性氧的产生,导致Foxp3的表达增强,并体外调节T细胞的分化。Hang等[9]认为,isoalloLCA可增加保守非编码序列3(CNS3)的表达,增加开放染色质结构的形成,并促进Foxp3启动子区的H3K27ac,从而增加Treg细胞中Foxp3的表达。这种机制在促进Treg分化的小分子中是独特的。还有研究表明,isoalloLCA通过核激素受体亚家族4A组成员1(nuclear receptor subfamily 4,group A,member 1,NR 4A 1)诱导幼稚T细胞分化为Treg细胞;isoalloLCA处理使得Foxp3基因座上NR 4A 1的结合增加,从而导致Foxp 3基因转录增强[86]。尽管对于isoalloLCA促进Treg细胞分化的机制还有待进一步研究,但可以确定的是,isoalloLCA通过增加Foxp3的表达来促进Treg细胞的分化。Campbell等[87]发现,异脱氧胆酸(isodeoxycholic acid,isoDCA)激活FXR,为树突状细胞(dendritic cells,DCs)提供抗炎表型,如降低促炎细胞因子、TLRs(Toll样受体)和抗原呈递相关分子的表达,从而促进Foxp3+ Treg细胞的产生。与具有功能拟杆菌属的小鼠相比,被工程拟杆菌属定植的无菌小鼠结肠中RORγt+ Foxp3+ Treg细胞的数量更少,而不能将DCA转化为isoDCA。此外,产生isoDCA的细菌在体内以保守非编码序列1(CNS1)依赖的方式促进pTreg细胞的产生。Biagioli等[88]研究表明,3-oxo-DCA等胆汁酸能够调节巨噬细胞和T细胞的极化,促进M2型巨噬细胞和Treg细胞的发育,抑制TH17细胞的分化,此外,3-oxo-DCA还能够逆转DSS诱导的结肠炎小鼠模型中的肠道菌群失调和炎症反应。还有研究表明,在回肠屏障受损时,分泌促炎细胞因子(IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α)的细菌(大肠杆菌、丹毒杆菌、肺炎链球菌和化脓性链球菌)的丰度增加[79]。异石胆酸(isolithocholic acid,isoLCA)通过VDR调节表达RORγt的结肠Foxp3+Treg细胞,并改善其对炎症性结肠炎的易感性[85]。在炎症性肠病患者体内3-oxoLCA/isoLCA水平降低,参与3-oxoLCA/isoLCA生物合成的细菌基因3α-羟基类固醇脱氢酶的相对丰度降低,也从侧面映证了其对炎症性肠病的改善作用[24]。Wang等[79]在奶山羊的研究中发现,回肠SBAs(UDCA、isoDCA和isoLCA)通过调控TH17细胞分化/IL-17/PPAR信号通路相关基因的表达,抑制TH17细胞分化,促进Treg细胞增殖。
相较于Treg细胞,SBAs对TH17细胞分化影响的研究较少。仅有的研究表明,3-oxoLCA、isoLCA和石胆酸-3-硫酸酯通过结合TH17亚群的主要调控因子RORγt并抑制其转录活性来抑制TH17细胞的分化[9]。Xiao等[89]研究发现,石胆酸的硫酸化产物3-硫酸盐比3-oxoLCA与RORγt表现出更好的结合效果,并选择性地抑制TH17细胞分化,但对TH1、TH2、和Treg细胞没有影响。Zhu等[90]研究表明,NorUDCA可通过mTORC1信号通路减少TH17效应功能和细胞分化,增加Treg细胞数量,NorUDCA处理的小鼠表现为炎症反应降低,肠道结构更加完整。Treg细胞和TH17细胞具有相互的发育途径,说明SBAs可以改变他们之间的平衡。此外,BAs受体FXR和TGR5也调节先天免疫和TH17/Treg细胞平衡[91]。利用FXR激动剂刺激炎症性肠病患者,固有层单核细胞中促炎性细胞因子IL-17、IFN-γ和TNF的分泌明显减少[92]。与CD4+T细胞共培养的巨噬细胞的TGR5活化抑制了培养上清液中IL-17的释放[93]。因此,FXR和TGR5激动剂可用于炎症性肠病的治疗。还有研究表明,在免疫调节中最高亲和力的配体未必能保证最显著的效果,例如,通过isoDCA(低亲和力)激活FXR,而不是CDCA、DCA、LCA、CA或UDCA(高亲和力)对DCs进行编程,诱导体外Treg细胞分化[87]。还有研究表明,在体内,isoalloLCA并不足以影响Treg细胞池,但与3-oxoLCA联合使用可增加结肠Treg细胞池。在后续的研究中进一步证明了SBAs及其组合作用背后的复杂性,BAs(包括LCA或3-oxoLCA)都无法影响体内TH17反应;当筛选诱导Treg细胞分化的能力时,3-oxoLCA和LCA的组合能够在体内维持该细胞亚群的高频率,并且取决于Treg细胞上的VDR表达[85]。因此,肠道菌群代谢产物BAs及其衍生物在TH17/Treg平衡中发挥重要作用,能够维持肠道健康稳态,进而参与塑造机体免疫,但具体机制还有待进一步研究。
肠道微生物在肠黏膜免疫中的作用是不可或缺的,它们的代谢作用已经通过代谢组学和细菌谱被广泛研究。BAs在肠道内被细菌代谢成各种构型及其衍生物,而BAs又反过来重塑肠道微生物群落。BAs通过与BAs受体的相互作用在调节BAs代谢、维持肠道屏障完整性、改善炎症性肠病和降低促炎细胞因子的表达中发挥关键作用;同时作为关键的信号分子调节肠道内TH17和Treg细胞的平衡,进而调节肠道免疫。肠道菌群、BAs、BAs受体、免疫细胞和细胞因子之间错综复杂的互作关系网络对维持机体正常免疫至关重要,进一步解析其中复杂互作关系有助于塑造动物机体免疫,可为未来畜牧业的生产应用提供新的方向。
  • 甘肃农业大学-青年导师扶持计划(GAU-QDFC-2024-03)
  • 甘肃省科技重大专项(25ZDNA008)
  • 国家肉羊产业技术体系(CARS-38)
  • 甘肃省高校产业支撑计划项目(2024CYZC-36)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(32402789)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(32260846)
  • 甘肃农业大学学科团队项目(GAU-XKTD-2022-22)
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2026年第57卷第3期
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doi: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.03.008
  • 接收时间:2025-03-11
  • 首发时间:2026-09-16
  • 出版时间:2026-03-23
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-11
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甘肃农业大学-青年导师扶持计划(GAU-QDFC-2024-03)
甘肃省科技重大专项(25ZDNA008)
国家肉羊产业技术体系(CARS-38)
甘肃省高校产业支撑计划项目(2024CYZC-36)
国家自然科学基金项目(32402789)
国家自然科学基金项目(32260846)
甘肃农业大学学科团队项目(GAU-XKTD-2022-22)
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    甘肃农业大学动物科学技术学院,兰州 730070

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刘旺景,主要从事反刍动物营养与畜产品品质调控研究,E-mail:
雷赵民,主要从事反刍动物健康高效养殖研究,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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