Article(id=1307013322499453225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307013104081068276, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.02.035, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1750003200000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-16, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789545859217, onlineDateStr=2026-09-16, pubDate=1771776000000, pubDateStr=2026-02-23, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789545859217, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789545859217, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789545859217, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1307013104081068276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, year='2026', volume='57', issue='2', pageStart='569', pageEnd='1176', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771776000000', pubDateStr='2026-02-23', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789545807142, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789609910854, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1307281975350419753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307013104081068276, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1307281975350419754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307013104081068276, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=994, endPage=1007, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1307013322767888682, articleId=1307013322499453225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, language=EN, title=Phylogenetic Analysis of Key Genes and Evaluation of Safety and Efficacy as a Vaccine Candidate Strain for the Attenuated FJ19 Strain of Avian Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus, columnId=1307007432299930010, journalTitle=Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, columnName=PREVENTIVE VETERINARY MEDICINE, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study aimed to analyze the genetic relatedness of key antigenic and virulence genes in the attenuated FJ19 strain of infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV), and to evaluate its safety and immunogenic efficacy in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens, thereby providing valuable groundwork for the development of an attenuated live vaccine derived from the ILTV FJ19 strain. The ILTV FJ19 strain was adapted through allantoic cavity inoculation in chicken embryos, with sequencing confirming immunogenic and virulence genes. Safety tests were assessed in 14-day-old SPF chickens. Protective efficacy was demonstrated by challenging vaccinated chickens (ocular/oral routes at 14 days) with virulent ILTV strain at 21 days post-vaccination (dpv). Vaccine durability was also determined. After serial passages in 10-day-old SPF chicken embryos via allantoic cavity inoculation, the EID50 values of harvested P0, P1, P2, and P3 viral suspensions were 105.0, 106.5, 106.9, and 106.5·mL-1, respectively. Genetic and phylogenetic analysis revealed: key immunogenic genes (gB, gC, gD, UL32) and virulence-associated genes (gE, gI, TK, ICP4, gG, gH, gK, gL, gM, gN) of FJ19 strain clustered closely with attenuated strains K317, Nobilis Laringovac®, LT Blen, Poulvac ILT®, Laryngo Vac and Chinese virulent isolates LJS09 (2009), ck/CH/LHLJ/120305 (2012), WF03 (2019). Safety assessment demonstrated: Ocular inoculation (104.0 EID50 per bird) caused mild conjunctivitis in 40% of 14-day SPF chickens, while oral administration showed no symptoms. Intratracheal challenge (104.0 EID50 per bird) of FJ19 strain in 21-day-old SPF chickens caused transient respiratory reactions in a minority (30%), with no severe ILTV-specific symptoms. Efficacy evaluation confirmed: Immunization (0.2 or 1 dose via ocular/oral routes) provided at least 90% protection against intratracheal challenge with virulent WF03 (104.0 EID50 per bird) at 21 dpv, with no clinical signs in immunized groups. However, at least 90% of unimmunized virus-challenged chickens developed characteristic severe ILTV infection symptoms. Vaccine-induced immunity persisted for ≥6 months. The results demonstrated that: The ILTV strain FJ19 achieves high-titer cultivation via allantoic cavity inoculation. Its major antigenic and virulence genes show no significant variation compared to early Chinese isolates and vaccine strains. The FJ19 strain demonstrated excellent safety and immunogenicity in 14-day-old SPF chickens, immunity duration reached 6 months, with oral administration maintaining safety and efficacy. Thus, adaptation to allantoic cavity inoculation of FJ19 strain yielded a virus suspension with optimal safety and immunogenicity, the attenuated ILTV FJ19 strain represents an ideal candidate for oral attenuated live vaccine development.

, authors=Chenyan WANG1, Weijia ZHANG1, Shan LIU2, Yajie LI2, Lixia ZHAO2, Yuntao LIU2, Bo HOU1, authorsList=Chenyan WANG, Weijia ZHANG, Shan LIU, Yajie LI, Lixia ZHAO, Yuntao LIU, Bo HOU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Bo HOU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
HOU Bo, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1307013324667908406, articleId=1307013322499453225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, language=CN, title=鸡传染性喉气管炎弱毒株FJ19株的关键基因遗传演化分析及作为候选疫苗株的安全性、有效性评价, columnId=1307007432459313564, journalTitle=畜牧兽医学报, columnName=预防兽医, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究旨在分析鸡传染性喉气管炎病毒(ILTV)弱毒株FJ19株的部分关键抗原基因及毒力基因的遗传演化特点,评估FJ19株对SPF鸡的安全性和免疫原性,为ILTV FJ19株弱毒活疫苗的开发提供参考依据。通过将FJ19株进行多次尿囊腔途径接种适应后,对其关键抗原和毒力基因进行测序分析,点眼或口服接种14日龄SPF鸡观察其安全性,并且通过点眼或口服途径免疫14日龄SPF鸡21 d后用ILTV强毒株攻毒评价保护效果,测定免疫持续期等验证FJ19株作为弱毒活疫苗的潜力。结果显示:将FJ19株在10日龄SPF鸡胚以尿囊腔途径接种连续传代适应后,收获P0、P1、P2、P3代病毒液的EID50分别为105.0、106.5、106.9、106.5·mL-1。核酸序列分析结果表明:FJ19株主要免疫原性基因gB-gC-gD-UL32和毒力相关基因gE-gI-TK-ICP4-gG-gH-gK-gL-gM-gN与弱毒株K317、Nobilis Laringovac®、LT Blen、Poulvac ILT®、Laryngo Vac和我国2009年分离株LJS09株、2012年分离株ck/CH/LHLJ/120305株、2019年分离强毒株WF03的亲缘关系较近。安全性试验显示,FJ19株以104.0 EID50·羽-1的剂量(10羽份)点眼接种14日龄SPF鸡后有40%出现轻度眼炎症状,而口服接种SPF鸡未表现出明显的临床症状;当以104.0 EID50·羽-1的剂量气管途径接种21日龄SPF鸡时有30%鸡出现一过性的呼吸道反应,未发生严重的ILTV感染典型症状。免疫后强毒攻毒结果显示,FJ19株以0.2羽份或1羽份的剂量点眼或口服途径免疫14日龄SPF鸡21 d后,采用ILTV强毒株以104.0 EID50·只-1的剂量气管攻毒后,所有免疫组的鸡均获得了至少90%的保护,未观察到明显的临床症状,而未免疫攻毒组至少有90%的鸡出现了严重的ILTV感染典型症状,FJ19株免疫后的免疫持续期至少可达6个月。ILTV FJ19株采用尿囊腔途径接种可获得高滴度病毒含量,其主要抗原基因和毒力基因与我国早期分离株和疫苗株相比未发生明显变异,通过动物试验证实点眼或口服该弱毒株对14日龄SPF鸡具有良好的安全性和免疫有效性,且免疫持续期可达6个月,通过口服接种不影响其安全性和免疫有效性。因此,ILTV弱毒株FJ19株不仅适应尿囊腔接种途径收获病毒,且具备良好的安全性和免疫有效性,还可适应口服接种途径进行免疫,是一株理想的具有潜力的弱毒疫苗候选毒株。

, authors=王晨燕1, 张巍嘉1, 柳珊2, 李亚杰2, 赵丽霞2, 刘云涛2, 侯博1, authorsList=王晨燕, 张巍嘉, 柳珊, 李亚杰, 赵丽霞, 刘云涛, 侯博, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=侯博, authorNote=

王晨燕,主要从事兽医传染病防控技术研究,E-mail:

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侯博,主要从事兽医传染病防控技术研究,E-mail:
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△. Low virulent strains; ▲. Low virulent isolate in our study; ▼. Virulent strains in the study

, figureFileSmall=NsdCWqtJqFbrBGoUziv7SQ==, figureFileBig=cDTTpuNbyJ67NsV6nsiysg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282577954468268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013322499453225, language=CN, label=图2, caption=免疫原性基因(A)和毒力相关基因(B)的遗传进化分析

△.弱毒株;▲.本研究使用的弱毒株;▼.本研究使用的强毒株

, figureFileSmall=NsdCWqtJqFbrBGoUziv7SQ==, figureFileBig=cDTTpuNbyJ67NsV6nsiysg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282578063520173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013322499453225, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Ocular immunization of 14-day-old SPF chickens with ILTV FJ19 strain (104 EID50) via eye-drop route developed clinical conjunctivitis and epiphora, figureFileSmall=llP9UFePwJHiDKF0LEVnPg==, figureFileBig=66qi4fPj2/g9zHy4v0YV5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282578139017646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013322499453225, language=CN, label=图3, caption=ILTV FJ19病毒液以10倍剂量(104 EID50)点眼免疫14日龄SPF鸡出现眼炎和流泪的临床表现, figureFileSmall=llP9UFePwJHiDKF0LEVnPg==, figureFileBig=66qi4fPj2/g9zHy4v0YV5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282578201932207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013322499453225, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Viral shedding detection in 14-day-old SPF chickens immunized with variable doses of ILTV FJ19 strain suspension via ocular or oral routes

A. Oropharyngeal swabs; B. Cloacal swabs

, figureFileSmall=sqy1Yb3VLqDtAEksd84K2g==, figureFileBig=ee6LsN/3PiavPleQStyCIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282578290012592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013322499453225, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同剂量FJ19株病毒液经点眼和口服途径免疫14日龄SPF鸡后的排毒检测结果

A.口咽拭子;B.泄殖腔拭子

, figureFileSmall=sqy1Yb3VLqDtAEksd84K2g==, figureFileBig=ee6LsN/3PiavPleQStyCIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282578352927153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013322499453225, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Primers name and sequence of this study used

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

基因名称

Gene name

引物序列(5’→3’)

Prime Sequence

产物长度/bp

Size

gKF: GCATACACAACGGTTGAGAC; R: GGAATCTACTCGCCAGGACG2 216
gGF: CTGACCGCTAGCCCATACAG; R: TCCAGTGCAAGTTCGTCCTC1 416
gEF: CAGTATCGGACACGGACTGG; R: CGGGTTGACTGGAAACGGTA1 894
gCF: AGACTGTCGCCTCGAAACTG; R: TTGGTCAACACTGCAAAGCG1 983
gLF: ACTGTAACAGCGTCTCACCG; R: TACCGGAGACAGAAGAGGGG1 377
gNF: ATTGCAAGGAATCGAGGCCA; R: TACTTCTTCGCCTCCTCCGA692
gMF: CCCCACAACCATCGACAGAA; R: GCTGAGATCGCATCCGTACA1 722
gDF: TACCGCTGGCCAAAGTACAG; R: TAGTCTGTTCGAGGCGGAGA1 850
gBF: GACAGTCGATGCTTCTATGCC; R: ATGCAATCCTACATCGCCGT[22]2 799
gHF: TGCTTCTTTGACGGAGCCAT; R: CCGAGACGGCAAGTTCTCTT2 617
gIF: CCTCCAGAAGACTCGGAGGA; R: CCGGAACGTTTCTGGGATCA1 789
TKF: CATGACTACAATTTTGCCC; R: ACGAACCCATATCAGCATT[22]1 251
UL32F: GGTATGAGATGTAGCGATGG; R: GGTAGTTTAGTTTAGCATCGGTA[22]2 023
ICP41F: TGCTTTTCCTGCAGCGTCTA; R: TCTTGTCTCAGAACGTGCCC2 244
ICP42F: CGTGAGTGAGGAAGGGG; R: GGTACAGACGGGTCGGT[22]2 668
ICP43F: GGCATCCCGTACTCTTCGAG; R: TCACTCGGGTCTTGTTCTGC1 272
), ArticleFig(id=1307282578428424626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013322499453225, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

PCR扩增使用的引物名称和序列

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

基因名称

Gene name

引物序列(5’→3’)

Prime Sequence

产物长度/bp

Size

gKF: GCATACACAACGGTTGAGAC; R: GGAATCTACTCGCCAGGACG2 216
gGF: CTGACCGCTAGCCCATACAG; R: TCCAGTGCAAGTTCGTCCTC1 416
gEF: CAGTATCGGACACGGACTGG; R: CGGGTTGACTGGAAACGGTA1 894
gCF: AGACTGTCGCCTCGAAACTG; R: TTGGTCAACACTGCAAAGCG1 983
gLF: ACTGTAACAGCGTCTCACCG; R: TACCGGAGACAGAAGAGGGG1 377
gNF: ATTGCAAGGAATCGAGGCCA; R: TACTTCTTCGCCTCCTCCGA692
gMF: CCCCACAACCATCGACAGAA; R: GCTGAGATCGCATCCGTACA1 722
gDF: TACCGCTGGCCAAAGTACAG; R: TAGTCTGTTCGAGGCGGAGA1 850
gBF: GACAGTCGATGCTTCTATGCC; R: ATGCAATCCTACATCGCCGT[22]2 799
gHF: TGCTTCTTTGACGGAGCCAT; R: CCGAGACGGCAAGTTCTCTT2 617
gIF: CCTCCAGAAGACTCGGAGGA; R: CCGGAACGTTTCTGGGATCA1 789
TKF: CATGACTACAATTTTGCCC; R: ACGAACCCATATCAGCATT[22]1 251
UL32F: GGTATGAGATGTAGCGATGG; R: GGTAGTTTAGTTTAGCATCGGTA[22]2 023
ICP41F: TGCTTTTCCTGCAGCGTCTA; R: TCTTGTCTCAGAACGTGCCC2 244
ICP42F: CGTGAGTGAGGAAGGGG; R: GGTACAGACGGGTCGGT[22]2 668
ICP43F: GGCATCCCGTACTCTTCGAG; R: TCACTCGGGTCTTGTTCTGC1 272
), ArticleFig(id=1307282578516505011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013322499453225, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

ILTV reference strain information

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

菌株名

Strain name

GenBank登陆号

GenBank accession No.

国家

Country

年

Year

VFAR-043MG775218秘鲁Peru2014
USDA referenceJN542534美国USA2012
LJS09JX458822中国China2009
WGJX458823中国China2012
CSW-1JX646899澳大利亚Australia1970
30678/14/KoMH937565韩国South Korea2014
ACC78/JN804826澳大利亚Australia2011
4787/80KP677885意大利Italy1980
193435/07KP677883意大利Italy2007
A489KY423284美国USA2017
27_CSW-1/V1-99MF156852澳大利亚Australia2016
J2MF417808美国USA2017
Rus/Ck/Penza/2013/2701MF405080俄罗斯Russia2013
ILTV.319/19MK895002澳大利亚Australia2019
ck/CH/LHLJ/120305MT876619中国China2012
40798/10/KoMH937566韩国South Korea2010
7bMN335811澳大利亚Australia2016
CAN/QC-2236832OL354140加拿大Canada2019
CAN/QC-2301711OK646550加拿大Canada2020
CAN/ON-2462242OK624781加拿大Canada1987
CAN/ON-2462241OK573459加拿大Canada2021
live attenuated strain
A20JN596963澳大利亚Australia2011
K317JX458824中国China2012
LT BlenJQ083493美国USA2011
Laryngo VacJQ083494美国USA2011
Poulvac ILT(R)KP677882意大利Italy2015
Rus/Ck/Tatarstan/2009/1643MF405079俄罗斯Russia2017
Nobilis Laringovac(R)KP677881意大利Italy2015
), ArticleFig(id=1307282578592002484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013322499453225, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

ILTV参考毒株信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

菌株名

Strain name

GenBank登陆号

GenBank accession No.

国家

Country

年

Year

VFAR-043MG775218秘鲁Peru2014
USDA referenceJN542534美国USA2012
LJS09JX458822中国China2009
WGJX458823中国China2012
CSW-1JX646899澳大利亚Australia1970
30678/14/KoMH937565韩国South Korea2014
ACC78/JN804826澳大利亚Australia2011
4787/80KP677885意大利Italy1980
193435/07KP677883意大利Italy2007
A489KY423284美国USA2017
27_CSW-1/V1-99MF156852澳大利亚Australia2016
J2MF417808美国USA2017
Rus/Ck/Penza/2013/2701MF405080俄罗斯Russia2013
ILTV.319/19MK895002澳大利亚Australia2019
ck/CH/LHLJ/120305MT876619中国China2012
40798/10/KoMH937566韩国South Korea2010
7bMN335811澳大利亚Australia2016
CAN/QC-2236832OL354140加拿大Canada2019
CAN/QC-2301711OK646550加拿大Canada2020
CAN/ON-2462242OK624781加拿大Canada1987
CAN/ON-2462241OK573459加拿大Canada2021
live attenuated strain
A20JN596963澳大利亚Australia2011
K317JX458824中国China2012
LT BlenJQ083493美国USA2011
Laryngo VacJQ083494美国USA2011
Poulvac ILT(R)KP677882意大利Italy2015
Rus/Ck/Tatarstan/2009/1643MF405079俄罗斯Russia2017
Nobilis Laringovac(R)KP677881意大利Italy2015
), ArticleFig(id=1307282578663305653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013322499453225, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Protective efficacy of immunization with FJ19 strain and commercial K317 vaccine against challenge with virulent WG and WF03 strains

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

组别

Groups

免疫毒株和剂量

Immunizing strain and dose

攻毒毒株

Challenge strain

发病率/%

Incidence rate

保护率/%

Protection rate of vaccination

G1No vaccineWF0390-
G2FJ19, 0.2 dose/birdWF030100 (10/10)
G3K317, 0.2 dose/birdWF033070 (7/10)
G4No vaccineWG80-
G5FJ19, 0.2 dose/birdWG2080 (8/10)
G6K317, 0.2 dose/birdWG0100 (10/10)
G7No vaccineNo challenge0-
), ArticleFig(id=1307282578726220214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013322499453225, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

病毒FJ19株与商品化K317疫苗免疫后采用强毒王岗(WG)株和WF03株攻毒免疫保护结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

组别

Groups

免疫毒株和剂量

Immunizing strain and dose

攻毒毒株

Challenge strain

发病率/%

Incidence rate

保护率/%

Protection rate of vaccination

G1No vaccineWF0390-
G2FJ19, 0.2 dose/birdWF030100 (10/10)
G3K317, 0.2 dose/birdWF033070 (7/10)
G4No vaccineWG80-
G5FJ19, 0.2 dose/birdWG2080 (8/10)
G6K317, 0.2 dose/birdWG0100 (10/10)
G7No vaccineNo challenge0-
), ArticleFig(id=1307282578797523383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013322499453225, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Viral shedding detection in 14-day-old SPF chickens challenged with virulent WF03 strain at 21 days post-immunization with FJ19 strain

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

攻毒后时间

Days postchallenge

免疫剂量

Immunizingdose

实时PCR Ct值

Ct values of real-time PCR

点眼途径Ocular routes口服途径Oral routes

第1天

Day 1

1 dose/birdNa35.8b35.2N36.836.4NNNN
0.2 dose/birdNNNNNNNNNN
No Vaccine c22.9124.8625.1626.0925.9727.1225.5326.425.1725.61

第3天

Day 3

1 dose/birdN34.74NNNN37.6933.07NN
0.2 dose/birdN36.19NNNN36.23NNN
No vaccine25.4525.6725.2225.122.8224.4624.4624.7822.8524.67

第5天

Day 5

1 dose/birdN33.47NNNN36.9336.15NN
0.2 dose/birdN37.11NNNN32.76NNN
No vaccine29.8933.7932.5632.931.5730.7531.8626.3729.6031.27

第8天

Day 8

1 dose/birdNNNNNN37.90NNN
0.2 dose/birdN31.1837.2NNNNNNN
No vaccineN36.8437.4834.9936.06NN-d--

第11天

Day 11

1 dose/birdNNNNNNNNNN
0.2 dose/birdNNNNNNNNNN
No vaccineNNNNNNN---

第14天

Day 14

1 dose/birdNNNNNNNNNN
0.2 dose/birdNNNNNNNNNN
No vaccineNNNNNNN---
), ArticleFig(id=1307282578868826552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013322499453225, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

病毒FJ19株免疫14日龄SPF鸡21 d后经WF03强毒株攻毒后的排毒检测结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

攻毒后时间

Days postchallenge

免疫剂量

Immunizingdose

实时PCR Ct值

Ct values of real-time PCR

点眼途径Ocular routes口服途径Oral routes

第1天

Day 1

1 dose/birdNa35.8b35.2N36.836.4NNNN
0.2 dose/birdNNNNNNNNNN
No Vaccine c22.9124.8625.1626.0925.9727.1225.5326.425.1725.61

第3天

Day 3

1 dose/birdN34.74NNNN37.6933.07NN
0.2 dose/birdN36.19NNNN36.23NNN
No vaccine25.4525.6725.2225.122.8224.4624.4624.7822.8524.67

第5天

Day 5

1 dose/birdN33.47NNNN36.9336.15NN
0.2 dose/birdN37.11NNNN32.76NNN
No vaccine29.8933.7932.5632.931.5730.7531.8626.3729.6031.27

第8天

Day 8

1 dose/birdNNNNNN37.90NNN
0.2 dose/birdN31.1837.2NNNNNNN
No vaccineN36.8437.4834.9936.06NN-d--

第11天

Day 11

1 dose/birdNNNNNNNNNN
0.2 dose/birdNNNNNNNNNN
No vaccineNNNNNNN---

第14天

Day 14

1 dose/birdNNNNNNNNNN
0.2 dose/birdNNNNNNNNNN
No vaccineNNNNNNN---
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鸡传染性喉气管炎弱毒株FJ19株的关键基因遗传演化分析及作为候选疫苗株的安全性、有效性评价
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王晨燕 1 , 张巍嘉 1 , 柳珊 2 , 李亚杰 2 , 赵丽霞 2 , 刘云涛 2 , 侯博 1
畜牧兽医学报 | 预防兽医 2026,57(2): 994-1007
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畜牧兽医学报 |预防兽医 2026 , 57 (2) : 994 -1007
鸡传染性喉气管炎弱毒株FJ19株的关键基因遗传演化分析及作为候选疫苗株的安全性、有效性评价
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王晨燕1 , 张巍嘉1, 柳珊2, 李亚杰2, 赵丽霞2, 刘云涛2, 侯博1
作者信息
  • 1.福建省农业科学院畜牧兽医研究所/福建省畜禽疫病疾病防治工程技术研究中心,福州 350013
  • 2.瑞普(保定)生物药业有限公司,保定 071030
通讯作者:
侯博,主要从事兽医传染病防控技术研究,E-mail:
作者简介:

王晨燕,主要从事兽医传染病防控技术研究,E-mail:

Phylogenetic Analysis of Key Genes and Evaluation of Safety and Efficacy as a Vaccine Candidate Strain for the Attenuated FJ19 Strain of Avian Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus
Chenyan WANG1 , Weijia ZHANG1, Shan LIU2, Yajie LI2, Lixia ZHAO2, Yuntao LIU2, Bo HOU1
Affiliations
  • 1.Fujian Animal Disease Control Technology Development Center,Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine,Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Fuzhou 350013,China
  • 2.Ringpu (Baoding) Biological Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. ,Baoding 071030,China
  • Corresponding Author:
    HOU Bo, E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-02-23 doi: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.02.035
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本研究旨在分析鸡传染性喉气管炎病毒(ILTV)弱毒株FJ19株的部分关键抗原基因及毒力基因的遗传演化特点,评估FJ19株对SPF鸡的安全性和免疫原性,为ILTV FJ19株弱毒活疫苗的开发提供参考依据。通过将FJ19株进行多次尿囊腔途径接种适应后,对其关键抗原和毒力基因进行测序分析,点眼或口服接种14日龄SPF鸡观察其安全性,并且通过点眼或口服途径免疫14日龄SPF鸡21 d后用ILTV强毒株攻毒评价保护效果,测定免疫持续期等验证FJ19株作为弱毒活疫苗的潜力。结果显示:将FJ19株在10日龄SPF鸡胚以尿囊腔途径接种连续传代适应后,收获P0、P1、P2、P3代病毒液的EID50分别为105.0、106.5、106.9、106.5·mL-1。核酸序列分析结果表明:FJ19株主要免疫原性基因gB-gC-gD-UL32和毒力相关基因gE-gI-TK-ICP4-gG-gH-gK-gL-gM-gN与弱毒株K317、Nobilis Laringovac®、LT Blen、Poulvac ILT®、Laryngo Vac和我国2009年分离株LJS09株、2012年分离株ck/CH/LHLJ/120305株、2019年分离强毒株WF03的亲缘关系较近。安全性试验显示,FJ19株以104.0 EID50·羽-1的剂量(10羽份)点眼接种14日龄SPF鸡后有40%出现轻度眼炎症状,而口服接种SPF鸡未表现出明显的临床症状;当以104.0 EID50·羽-1的剂量气管途径接种21日龄SPF鸡时有30%鸡出现一过性的呼吸道反应,未发生严重的ILTV感染典型症状。免疫后强毒攻毒结果显示,FJ19株以0.2羽份或1羽份的剂量点眼或口服途径免疫14日龄SPF鸡21 d后,采用ILTV强毒株以104.0 EID50·只-1的剂量气管攻毒后,所有免疫组的鸡均获得了至少90%的保护,未观察到明显的临床症状,而未免疫攻毒组至少有90%的鸡出现了严重的ILTV感染典型症状,FJ19株免疫后的免疫持续期至少可达6个月。ILTV FJ19株采用尿囊腔途径接种可获得高滴度病毒含量,其主要抗原基因和毒力基因与我国早期分离株和疫苗株相比未发生明显变异,通过动物试验证实点眼或口服该弱毒株对14日龄SPF鸡具有良好的安全性和免疫有效性,且免疫持续期可达6个月,通过口服接种不影响其安全性和免疫有效性。因此,ILTV弱毒株FJ19株不仅适应尿囊腔接种途径收获病毒,且具备良好的安全性和免疫有效性,还可适应口服接种途径进行免疫,是一株理想的具有潜力的弱毒疫苗候选毒株。

传染性喉气管炎  /  弱毒株  /  遗传进化  /  安全性  /  有效性

This study aimed to analyze the genetic relatedness of key antigenic and virulence genes in the attenuated FJ19 strain of infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV), and to evaluate its safety and immunogenic efficacy in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens, thereby providing valuable groundwork for the development of an attenuated live vaccine derived from the ILTV FJ19 strain. The ILTV FJ19 strain was adapted through allantoic cavity inoculation in chicken embryos, with sequencing confirming immunogenic and virulence genes. Safety tests were assessed in 14-day-old SPF chickens. Protective efficacy was demonstrated by challenging vaccinated chickens (ocular/oral routes at 14 days) with virulent ILTV strain at 21 days post-vaccination (dpv). Vaccine durability was also determined. After serial passages in 10-day-old SPF chicken embryos via allantoic cavity inoculation, the EID50 values of harvested P0, P1, P2, and P3 viral suspensions were 105.0, 106.5, 106.9, and 106.5·mL-1, respectively. Genetic and phylogenetic analysis revealed: key immunogenic genes (gB, gC, gD, UL32) and virulence-associated genes (gE, gI, TK, ICP4, gG, gH, gK, gL, gM, gN) of FJ19 strain clustered closely with attenuated strains K317, Nobilis Laringovac®, LT Blen, Poulvac ILT®, Laryngo Vac and Chinese virulent isolates LJS09 (2009), ck/CH/LHLJ/120305 (2012), WF03 (2019). Safety assessment demonstrated: Ocular inoculation (104.0 EID50 per bird) caused mild conjunctivitis in 40% of 14-day SPF chickens, while oral administration showed no symptoms. Intratracheal challenge (104.0 EID50 per bird) of FJ19 strain in 21-day-old SPF chickens caused transient respiratory reactions in a minority (30%), with no severe ILTV-specific symptoms. Efficacy evaluation confirmed: Immunization (0.2 or 1 dose via ocular/oral routes) provided at least 90% protection against intratracheal challenge with virulent WF03 (104.0 EID50 per bird) at 21 dpv, with no clinical signs in immunized groups. However, at least 90% of unimmunized virus-challenged chickens developed characteristic severe ILTV infection symptoms. Vaccine-induced immunity persisted for ≥6 months. The results demonstrated that: The ILTV strain FJ19 achieves high-titer cultivation via allantoic cavity inoculation. Its major antigenic and virulence genes show no significant variation compared to early Chinese isolates and vaccine strains. The FJ19 strain demonstrated excellent safety and immunogenicity in 14-day-old SPF chickens, immunity duration reached 6 months, with oral administration maintaining safety and efficacy. Thus, adaptation to allantoic cavity inoculation of FJ19 strain yielded a virus suspension with optimal safety and immunogenicity, the attenuated ILTV FJ19 strain represents an ideal candidate for oral attenuated live vaccine development.

infectious laryngotracheitis  /  attenuated strain  /  phylogenetic analysis  /  safety  /  efficacy
王晨燕, 张巍嘉, 柳珊, 李亚杰, 赵丽霞, 刘云涛, 侯博. 鸡传染性喉气管炎弱毒株FJ19株的关键基因遗传演化分析及作为候选疫苗株的安全性、有效性评价. 畜牧兽医学报, 2026 , 57 (2) : 994 -1007 . DOI: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.02.035
Chenyan WANG, Weijia ZHANG, Shan LIU, Yajie LI, Lixia ZHAO, Yuntao LIU, Bo HOU. Phylogenetic Analysis of Key Genes and Evaluation of Safety and Efficacy as a Vaccine Candidate Strain for the Attenuated FJ19 Strain of Avian Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus[J]. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, 2026 , 57 (2) : 994 -1007 . DOI: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.02.035
传染性喉气管炎病毒(infectious laryngotracheitis virus,ILTV)属于疱疹病毒科、α疱疹病毒亚科传染性喉气管炎病毒属。ILTV感染鸡后引起传染性喉气管炎(infectious laryngotracheitis,ILT),主要危害成年鸡和产蛋鸡,造成死亡或产蛋下降,世界上许多国家都有该病的发病报道。ILTV是一种双链DNA病毒,基因组大小约155 kb,与其他疱疹病毒一样,该基因组包括长独特区、短独特区以及两端的反向重复序列等结构,编码大量糖蛋白以及与毒力和病毒复制相关的蛋白。
ILTV最早于1925年在美国被首次发现,1959年我国首次在贵阳市发现该病毒。2019年4月开始山东省多个地区发生了多起商品肉鸡、地方品种肉鸡等感染ILTV的病例,临床主要表现为严重的咳血、呼吸困难以及呼吸道粘膜出血和充血[1]。近年来仍不断有养殖场发生ILTV感染的报道[1⁃4],国内不同地区分离获得的ILTV分离株基因遗传进化存在差异。2018—2021年,山东部分地区的商品肉鸡场分离获得23株ILTV分离株,gB同源性分析显示与常用的 ILTV疫苗株遗传关系相对较近[5]。湖北省某肉鸡养殖场分离获得的ILTV毒株gJ蛋白存在T441P点突变,可导致6周龄鸡死亡[6]。2021年贵州省分离的ILTV GZNY202112株TK以及gD基因遗传进化分析显示与澳大利亚原产疫苗株CSW-1、V1-99亲缘关系最近[7]。对ILTV BT临床分株进行了TK、ICP4、gB、UL32基因序列分析表明该毒株与国内其他流行毒株相似性大于97%,属于同一进化分支,与美国强毒株1874C5和国内标准强毒株WG株差异较大,但与K317、Serva、Laeyngo和LTBlen等弱毒疫苗株保持一致[8]。
ILT临床防控选用弱毒活疫苗接种可达到良好的免疫效果,主要是可激发良好的细胞免疫。ILTV弱毒疫苗株的选育主要通过两种途径获得,一是将强毒株通过连续鸡胚传代或组织培养进行毒力致弱,二是从自然感染的亚临床症状鸡群分离获得自然弱毒株。通过鸡胚或细胞传代致弱方式获得制备疫苗用弱毒株存在着毒株毒力返强等不确定性,而自然弱毒株具有毒性低、副作用小、免疫原性好等优点。SA2株是从澳大利亚分离到的一株自然弱毒株,已被开发制备为SA2株活疫苗,于1965年开始在澳大利亚广泛应用,获得满意结果,是目前国际上公认较好的疫苗用毒株[9]。当前我国唯一生产的ILTV活疫苗K317株是通过致弱获得,该疫苗在推广使用时,不得用于5周龄以下的鸡,且具有明显的副作用,并且疫苗生产时经绒毛尿囊膜(chorioallantoic membrane,CAM)途径接种鸡胚导致疫苗生产效率不高。为应对当前我国肉鸡和小日龄鸡的ILTV感染,开发具有自主知识产权的、适应尿囊腔接种生产的无毒力返强的、高效安全、可饮水免疫的新型ILT疫苗是预防和控制ILTV感染和ILT暴发的重要手段。本研究对分离鉴定的自然弱毒株FJ19株通过繁殖性能测定、抗原基因和毒力基因遗传演化分析,安全性、点眼和口服接种的免疫有效性、与K317疫苗有效性比较等方面,综合评估FJ19毒株作为弱毒疫苗候选毒株的潜力。
含1%庆大霉素的胰蛋白磷酸盐肉汤(TPB),购自Sigma公司;1-5 TM 2×High Fidelity master Mix购自MCLAB公司;DNA胶回收试剂盒购自Thermo Fisher公司,平末端载体pClone007 试剂盒购自擎科生物科技有限公司;DNA提取试剂盒购自Qiagen公司;荧光定量PCR试剂和病毒DNA提取试剂盒(磁珠法)购自南京诺维赞生物科技股份有限公司;SPF种蛋购自济南斯帕法斯家禽有限公司,SPF鸡用SPF种蛋自行孵化和饲养;引物、探针合成以及基因测序均由生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司完成。
ILTV强毒株WF03株(专利号:ZL202110385416.X)[10]和ILTV天然弱毒株FJ19株(鸡胚绒毛尿囊膜接种)均由福建省农业科学院畜牧兽医研究所鉴定和保存。ILTV强毒株王岗株(WG)(国家兽医微生物菌(毒)种保藏中心,保藏编号:CVCC AV195)由瑞普(保定)生物药业有限公司保存。WF03株、王岗株、FJ19株的无菌检验、外源病毒检验、支原体检验均符合中华人民共和国兽药典三部(2020年版)的质量标准。K317毒株为商品化市售疫苗。FJ19株的每羽份病毒含量暂定为103 EID50/羽份。弱毒株接种或强毒株攻毒后,当动物出现咳血、张口呼吸(严重喘气)、严重眼炎中的任一临床症状,则判定为ILTV感染发病;对出现的死亡鸡随时解剖,观察喉头、气管等有血凝块或黄色酪状物栓塞时判定该只鸡为ILTV感染发病。
将保存的原始ILTV弱毒FJ19株病毒液(采用鸡胚绒毛尿囊膜接种途径获得)以TPB连续10倍稀释,取10-1、10-2、10-3、10-4、10-5、10-6稀释度采用鸡胚尿囊腔途径接种10日龄SPF鸡胚,每个稀释度接种6枚,接种量为0.2 mL·胚-1,继续孵化7 d,每日检查鸡胚存活情况,弃去24 h内死亡鸡胚,7 d后对存活鸡胚和死亡鸡胚检查绒毛尿囊膜,绒毛尿囊膜出现灰白色病斑则判定为阳性。取最高稀释度的阳性绒毛尿囊膜以1∶5的比例加入预冷的PBS进行研磨,反复冻融3次,12 000 r·min-1,4 ℃离心10 min,取上清病毒液采用同样方式继续传代4次以适应尿囊腔途径接种,将第5次收获的阳性病毒液记为FJ19株P0代。
采用尿囊腔途径以一定倍数稀释后接种10日龄SPF鸡胚,7 d后收获绒毛尿囊膜并按照上述方法制备病毒液,依次传代制备不同代次的病毒液,分别记为P1代、P2代、P3代等,并按照中华人民共和国兽药典三部(2020年版)进行无外源病毒、无支原体、无菌检验。
所有待测EID50的ILTV病毒液以TPB连续稀释成10-3.6、10-4.2、10-4.8、10-5.4和10-6.0 5个稀释度,从高稀释度到低稀释度经CAM接种病毒液,每个稀释度接种6枚胚,每胚接种0.2 mL,置37 ℃继续孵化7 d,每天检查鸡胚存活情况并作记录。同时取6个SPF鸡胚以同样方式接种TPB作为阴性对照。弃去接种后24 h内的死亡鸡胚,每个稀释度应至少有4个鸡胚存活,阴性对照鸡胚在接种后第2~7日不应该有死亡出现,试验才有效。接种24 h后死亡的鸡胚判定感染阳性,接种第7日后对所有存活鸡胚进行检查,当鸡胚绒毛尿囊膜有明显增厚出现白色病斑,判为感染阳性。采用Reed-Muench法计算鸡胚半数感染量EID50,重复测定3次,至少2次测定试验成立,结果才有效。
将100 mL ILTV FJ19株P1代病毒液以45 000 r·min-1,4 ℃离心4.5 h,弃去上清后将沉淀物使用DNA提取试剂盒按照说明书提取基因组DNA后,采用表1中的引物分别对免疫原性基因gB、UL32、gD、gC和参与毒力形成的基因TK、ICP4、gG、gE、gI、gH、gL、gK、gM、gN进行PCR扩增。反应体系:1-5 TM 2×High Fidelity master Mix 25 μL,上、下游引物各1 μL,DNA模板2 μL,ddH2O 21 μL;反应条件:98 ℃ 2 min;98 ℃ 10 s,56 ℃ 15 s,72 ℃ 30 s,共30个循环;72 ℃ 5 min。扩增结束后,将PCR产物进行1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳,将目的条带切胶并利用DNA胶回收试剂盒回收PCR产物。
将回收到的PCR产物连接到平末端载体pClone007中转化感受态细胞DH5α后涂布含氨苄抗生素的平板,每个基因均筛选5个克隆子(菌液)送生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司进行测序。
从NCBI下载ILTV国内外主要分离株和疫苗株的基因组序列(表2),使用DNAStar软件和Geneious软件对参考毒株和分离毒株的免疫原性基因gB、UL32、gC、gD和毒力相关基因TK、ICP4、gG、gE、gI、gH、gL、gK、gM、gN进行分析和串联拼接,对拼接后的序列采用MEGA7软件中的ClastalW算法对所有序列进行多重序列比对后,以邻接(Neighbor-Joining,NJ)法中重复数1 000计算bootstrap值构建免疫原性基因gB-gC-gD-UL32和毒力相关基因gE-gI-TK-ICP4-gG-gH-gK-gL-gM-gN的进化树,重点关注ILTV FJ19病毒基因序列与国内外的弱毒株A20(NCBI登录号:JN596963)、K317(NCBI登录号:JX458824)、LT Blen(NCBI登录号:JQ083493)、Laryngo Vac(NCBI登录号:JQ083494)、Poulvac ILT®(NCBI登录号:KP677882)、Rus/Ck/Tatarstan/2009/1643(NCBI登录号:MF405079)、Nobilis Laringovac®(NCBI登录号:KP677881)之间的遗传进化的亲缘关系。
将测定过EID50的FJ19株P0代病毒液以10羽份、1羽份和0.2羽份的剂量采用点眼和口服途径分别接种14日龄SPF鸡,每个剂量每个途径各接种10只鸡,同时另取10羽鸡不接种作为空白对照。另取21日龄SPF鸡10只,每只鸡经气管接种10羽份(0.2 mL)的FJ19株的病毒液,同时另取10只鸡不接种作为空白对照。每日对所有鸡进行观察两次,共观察14 d,每天记录每只鸡的临床表现和发病情况。
将测定过EID50的FJ19株P0代病毒液以10羽份、1羽份、0.2羽份的剂量以点眼途径和口服途径免疫14日龄SPF鸡,每个剂量每个途径各免疫5只鸡,同时另取10羽鸡不免疫作为空白对照。免疫后的第1、3、5、8、11和14天每只鸡采集口咽拭子和泄殖腔拭子,放入含2 mL PBS的5 mL离心管中,-70 ℃保存,采集的不同拭子按照中华人民共和国行业标准(NY/T 556—2020,鸡传染性喉气管炎诊断技术)进行样品前处理和核酸提取,用荧光定量PCR方法检测ILTV FJ19株的免疫后排毒情况,根据标准曲线计算每个样品的拷贝数。
将商品化的K317疫苗和FJ19株病毒液按照《中国兽药典三部(2020版)》推荐的点眼免疫途径分别免疫14日龄SPF鸡20羽,免疫剂量为0.2羽份·鸡-1。免疫21 d后,取免疫K317疫苗和FJ19株的鸡各10羽和未免疫鸡10羽,采用气管攻毒方式以王岗株攻毒(每鸡0.2 mL病毒液含ILTV病毒104.0EID50);另取免疫K317疫苗和FJ19株的鸡各10羽和未免疫鸡10羽,采用气管攻毒方式以WF03株攻毒(每鸡0.2 mL病毒液含ILTV病毒104.0EID50),同时以未免疫不攻毒的10羽鸡作为阴性对照。攻毒后,每日对所有鸡进行观察两次,共观察14 d,每天记录每只鸡的发病情况。
参照中华人民共和国兽药典(2020版)K317毒株质量标准所规定的每羽份病毒含量,将FJ19株免疫14日龄SPF鸡,以0.2羽份·鸡-1的剂量通过点眼和口服途径各免疫10羽,以1羽份·鸡-1的剂量通过点眼和口服途径各免疫10羽。免疫21 d后,连同未免疫的鸡10羽,以气管攻毒方式进行WF03株攻毒(每鸡0.2 mL病毒液含ILTV病毒104.0EID50),另取未免疫不攻毒的10羽鸡作为阴性对照。在攻毒后的第1、3、5、8、11和14天每组随机采集5只鸡(攻毒对照10只鸡全部采集)的口咽拭子和泄殖腔拭子,用荧光定量PCR方法检测ILTV排毒情况,同时每日对所有鸡进行观察两次,共观察14 d,每天记录每羽鸡的发病情况。
将70羽14日龄SPF鸡分为2组,其中一组30羽,以点眼方式接种FJ19、接种剂量均为每羽鸡103.0 EID50;另一组40羽,不免疫接种。免疫接种后4、5和6月时,两组分别取10羽鸡以强毒株ILTV WF03株进行气管攻毒,攻毒剂量0.2 mL·羽-1,病毒含量为104.0 EID50,攻毒后每日对所有鸡进行观察两次,共观察14 d,每天记录每羽鸡的发病情况。最后一次攻毒后的第4、8、11和14天采集口咽拭子,用荧光定量PCR方法检测ILTV排毒情况。
利用2.3中构建并测序正确的gC克隆子扩大培养后提取质粒,测定质粒浓度后以10倍倍比连续稀释,制备不同浓度的标准质粒。利用病毒DNA提取试剂盒(磁珠法)提取病毒DNA,采用标准中ILTV的荧光定量PCR检测引物(gCU771:5’- CCTTGCGTTTGAATTTTTCTGT-3’和gCL873:5’-TTCGTGGGTTAGAGGTCTGT-3’)、探针(gCprobe817:5’-FAM-CAGCTCGGTGACCCC- ATTCTA-BHQ1-3’)和方法对不同样品中的ILTV进行检测[11],当样品Ct值≤35,且出现标准的S形扩增曲线,判为阳性;当样品无Ct 值或Ct值>38,且无标准扩增曲线,判为阴性;当样品Ct值在“35<Ct值≤38”,且扩增曲线均呈标准的S形曲线,判为可疑,同时以标准质粒稀释后设定ILTV标准曲线。
经鸡胚绒毛尿囊膜接种收获的FJ19株病毒液经多次克隆、纯化以及尿囊腔接种适应,FJ19株P0代开始已完全适应尿囊腔接种,绒毛尿囊膜产生了明显的灰白色病斑等典型病变(图1),病毒含量测定表明P0、P1、P2、P3代收获的病毒液分别为105.0 EID50·mL-1、106.5 EID50·mL-1、106.9 EID50·mL-1、106.5 EID50·mL-1,可作为候选疫苗株,P1代开始已达到工业化疫苗生产的标准,且各代病毒液的纯净性检验结果符合中华人民共和国兽药典(2020年版)规定。
对串联的免疫原性基因gB-gC-gD-UL32的遗传进化分析显示:FJ19株与中国2009年的分离株LJS09株、2012年的分离株ck/CH/LHLJ/120305株、2019年的分离强毒株WF03、疫苗株K317和Nobilis Laringovac®处在一个较大的进化分支上,但与疫苗株Poulvac ILT®、Laryngo Vac和LT Blen处在同一个分支上且亲缘关系最近(图2A);而与国内早期分离的强毒株王岗株(WG)和弱毒株A20、Rus/Ck/Tatarstan/2009/1643、ILTV.319/19处在不同分支上,遗传关系最远。通过对FJ19株与参考毒株的基因序列比对显示:gB基因与参考毒株的相似性为99.73%~100%,其中与WF03株和王岗株(WG)的相似性分别为99.92%和99.73%;gC基因与参考毒株的相似性为99.68%~100.00%,与WF03株和王岗株的相似性均为100%;gD基因与参考毒株的相似性为99.08%~100.00%,与WF03株和王岗株的相似性均分别为100%和99.08%;UL32基因与参考毒株的相似性为99.89%~100.00%,与WF03株和王岗株的相似性均分别为100%和99.89%。
对串联的毒力相关基因gE-gI-TK-ICP4-gG-gH-gK-gL-gM-gN的遗传进化分析显示:FJ19株与弱毒株K317、Nobilis Laringovac®、LT Blen和强毒株WF03和我国2012年分离株ck/CH/LHLJ/120305、2009年分离株LJS09或澳大利亚2016年分离株7b株的亲缘关系同处在一个较大分支,亲缘关系较近,其次与弱毒株Poulvac ILT®和Laryngo Vac的亲缘关系较近,与强毒株王岗株和澳大利亚弱毒株A20和ILTV.319/19的亲缘关系最远(图2B)。通过FJ19株与参考毒株的基因序列比对显示:gE基因与参考毒株的相似性为99.47%~100.00%,与WF03株和王岗株的相似性均分别为99.93%和99.87%;gI 基因与参考毒株的相似性为98.81%~100.00%,与WF03株和王岗株的相似性均分别为100%和98.99%;TK基因与参考毒株的相似性为99.63%~100.00%,与WF03株和王岗株的相似性均分别为100%和99.63%;ICP4基因与参考毒株的相似性为98.75%~99.98%,与WF03株和王岗株的相似性均分别为99.96%和99.80%;gG基因与参考毒株的相似性为98.29%~99.89%,与WF03株和王岗株的相似性均分别为99.89%和98.29%;gH基因与参考毒株的相似性为99.59%~100.00%,与WF03株和王岗株的相似性均分别为100%和99.59%;gK基因与参考毒株的相似性为99.71%~100.00%,与WF03株和王岗株的相似性均为100%;gL基因与参考毒株的相似性为99.44%~100.00%,与WF03株和王岗株的相似性均为100%;gM基因与参考毒株的相似性为99.66%~100.00%,与WF03株和王岗株的相似性均分别为100%和99.92%;gN基因与参考毒株的相似性为99.44%~100.00%,与WF03株和王岗株的相似性均分别为100%和99.44%。
将毒株FJ19病毒液以10倍剂量(104 EID50)点眼接种14日龄SPF鸡,在接种后第3~7天有4只鸡陆续出现了轻微的眼炎和流泪(图3),3 d内均全部恢复,在整个观察期内未出现死亡、咳血、咳嗽、喘气、张口呼吸等ILTV感染的典型呼吸道症状,精神状态正常。气管途径注射接种10羽份病毒液(0.2 mL含104 EID50)的21日龄SPF鸡,未出现死亡和咳血、严重喘气和呼吸困难的临床症状,在接种后第3~5天仅有30%的鸡出现了短暂的一过性轻微的呼吸道反应。口服途径接种不同剂量的鸡和空白对照鸡在整个观察期内均未观察到ILTV感染后的典型临床症状。
通过荧光定量PCR方法对FJ19株以10羽份、1羽份、0.2羽份的剂量经点眼和口服途径免疫14日龄SPF鸡后的口咽拭子和泄殖腔拭子进行检测,结果发现:口咽拭子的病毒量远高于泄殖腔拭子(图4);其次接种剂量越高,排毒高峰出现越早,10羽份和1羽份接种组在接种后1 d口咽途径开始出现明显排毒,接种后第3和5天排毒达到高峰,0.2羽份点眼接种在接种后第3和5天排毒达到高峰,而口服接种在接种后第5和8天排毒达到高峰(图4)。
将病毒FJ19株与商品化K317疫苗点眼免疫14日龄SPF鸡21 d,采用强毒王岗株和WF03株进行攻毒,结果显示强毒王岗株攻毒对照组发病率为80%,主要临床表现为严重的眼炎、呼吸困难和死亡;而WF03株攻毒对照组发病率90%,主要表现为张口呼吸和死亡,两组攻毒对照组均成立。FJ19株和商品化K317疫苗免疫的鸡经王岗株攻毒后的保护率分别为80%和100%,经WF03株攻毒后的保护率分别为100%和70%(见表3)。
病毒FJ19株以0.2羽份或1羽份经点眼或口服途径免疫14日龄SPF鸡21 d后,WF03株攻毒结果显示:攻毒对照组发病率90%,主要表现为死亡、咳血和严重的张口呼吸等特异性的ILTV感染症状(其中3只鸡出现死亡),而0.2羽份和1羽份剂量的点眼或口服组的攻毒保护率均达100%,未观察到明显的特异性临床症状。对攻毒后的强毒排毒检测结果显示:强毒株主要以口咽途径排毒,排毒量较高,泄殖腔排毒量很低(数据未展示);而0.2羽份和1羽份经点眼或口服途径免疫的鸡基本不排毒(表4)。
以1羽份点眼接种14日龄SPF鸡在免疫后4、5和6月时以WF03强毒株攻毒,结果显示:未免疫未攻毒鸡未观察到可见的特异性临床症状,未免疫的鸡在攻毒后的观察期内的发病率分别为90%(9/10),100%(10/10)、80%(8/10),表现为咳血和张口呼吸等特异性临床症状,未见死亡;而免疫的鸡在攻毒后的观察期内发病率分别为0%(0/10),0%(0/10)、10%(1/10)。采用荧光定量PCR检测口咽拭子排毒结果显示:免疫鸡除攻毒后发病的鸡具有较高的排毒量外,其余鸡均未有明显排毒。对免疫后6个月的免疫攻毒鸡和攻毒对照鸡进行荧光定量PCR检测显示在攻毒4 d后免疫鸡和攻毒对照鸡的口咽拭子荧光定量平均Ct值分别为37.27和22.61,其阳性率分别为1/10和10/10。因此,FJ19株免疫14日龄的SPF鸡,其免疫持续不少于6个月。
近年来,我国多地养殖场陆续报告鸡传染性喉气管炎病毒(ILTV)感染病例,涉及肉鸡和蛋鸡多个品种,其不论是严重感染还是温和型感染都给生产带来了严重的威胁和损失。疫苗接种和生物安全管理被认为是控制ILT的有效策略。K317弱毒株是目前我国动物生物制品企业生产ILTV弱毒活疫苗的唯一毒株,主要通过绒毛尿囊膜途径接种SPF鸡胚后收获绒毛尿囊膜研磨,经一系列生产工艺制备成冻干疫苗。该疫苗在临床使用时具有明显的副作用,比如较为严重的眼炎,且不得用于5周龄以下的鸡。此外,在生产工艺中采用鸡胚绒毛尿囊膜接种易出现鸡胚使用率不高和疫苗生产效率低下等问题。因此急需对小日龄鸡安全性高、有效性好、免疫持续期长,使用方便(可饮水免疫),生产工艺相对简单和培养滴度高的新的ILTV弱毒活疫苗株。
为解决K317大规模生产效率问题,疫苗企业不断尝试用鸡胚尿囊腔接种法生产弱毒苗,有报道称采用尿囊腔接种和采用鸡胚绒毛尿囊膜接种二者收获的病毒含量差异不显著,均符合弱毒活疫苗的质量标准要求[12]。本研究将前期分离、纯化获得的FJ19株在10日龄SPF鸡胚以尿囊腔途径接种连续传代适应后,收获P1、P2和P3代病毒液的EID50分别为106.5·mL-1、106.9·mL-1和106.5·mL-1,已达到工业化生产制备疫苗的条件,证明FJ19株已经完全适应尿囊腔途径接种鸡胚,且具有足够的病毒滴度,因此该结果为FJ19株的大规模化和高效生产奠定了坚实基础。
糖蛋白gB、gC和gD以及UL32是ILTV重要的保护性抗原,可以诱导中和抗体和细胞免疫反应,并且还可以增强先天性和特异性免疫反应,是重要的免疫原蛋白[5,10⁃11,13⁃16]。FJ19株的免疫原性基因gB-gC-gD-UL32的遗传进化分析显示与疫苗株Poulvac ILT®、Laryngo Vac和LT Blen处在同一个分支上且亲缘关系最近(图2A),与中国2009年的分离株LJS09株、2019年的分离强毒株WF03、疫苗株K317和Nobilis Laringovac®处在一个较大的进化分支上,而与国内早期分离的强毒株王岗株(WG)和弱毒株A20、ILTV.319/19处在不同分支上,遗传关系最远。糖蛋白gE/gI对于ILTV病毒在细胞间扩散具有显著的作用[16]。TK基因是ILTV的主要毒力基因[17],缺失TK可以使ILTV致病力减弱但仍具有免疫原性[18],ICP4基因参与激活病毒早/晚期基因的表达,与病毒毒力存在关联[19],糖蛋白gC是ILTV主要的表面抗原蛋白[20],糖蛋白gG也是ILTV的毒力因子[21],此外还有报道糖蛋白gD、gB、gH、gL、gK、gM、gN等参与了疱疹病毒致病性的形成[22⁃25]。因此,对串联的毒力相关基因gE-gI-TK-ICP4-gG-gH-gK-gL-gM-gN的遗传进化分析显示:FJ19弱毒株与疫苗株K317、Nobilis Laringovac®、LT Blen、强毒株WF03和2009年分离株LJS09或澳大利亚2016年分离株7b株的亲缘关系同处在一个较大分支,亲缘关系较近,其次与弱毒株Poulvac ILT®和Laryngo Vac的亲缘关系较近,与强毒株王岗株和澳大利亚弱毒株A20和ILTV.319/19的亲缘关系最远(图2B)。因此表明弱毒FJ19株与当前我国分离的ILTV强毒株和国内外使用的商品化活疫苗毒株的亲缘关系较近,无显著的基因突变或变异。
安全性是ILTV疫苗株首要考虑的问题。商品化的K317疫苗经1羽份点眼免疫35日龄的SPF鸡,可出现典型的眼炎等临床症状,有报道将K317株喉头气管注射接种8周龄SPF鸡后(104.2 EID50·羽-1),未出现死亡,但部分鸡在感染7 d后出现呼吸困难,发病鸡剖检可见喉头分泌物增多,气管有黏液[2]。本研究将FJ19弱毒株通过10羽份剂量点眼接种14日龄SPF鸡,仅有40%鸡出现了轻微的眼炎或流泪;通过气管注射途径接种21日龄SPF鸡,未出现死亡、咳血、严重喘气和呼吸困难等严重的临床症状,仅在接种后3~5 d有30%的鸡出现一过性轻微的呼吸道反应。SA2株是从澳大利亚分离到的ILTV自然弱毒株,是目前国际上公认较好的疫苗株[9],该疫苗株经绒毛尿囊膜培养获得的病毒液通过气管注射接种55日龄SPF鸡(约104.0 EID50·羽-1),结果有20%的鸡出现死亡[26]。因此,与ILTV疫苗株K317株和SA2株相比,FJ19株在SPF鸡表现出良好的安全性。
ILTV疫苗的有效性至关重要。作为国际上公认较好的疫苗株SA2株[9],其具有良好的有效性。SA2株经绒毛尿囊膜培养获得的病毒液点眼免疫(大于107.0 EID50·羽-1)7和15日龄雏鸡,36日龄时用王岗株(WG)强毒株攻毒可100%获得保护,对照组鸡100%发病;同样用SA2株点眼免疫1月龄以上鸡,WG株攻毒后同样可获得100%保护,对照组100%发病,其中死亡率为40%[26]。由于鸡点眼免疫鸡胚源性(chicken embryo origin,CEO)ILTV疫苗会出现不良反应,而通过口服方式同时接种CEO疫苗和chIL-2不仅显著减轻疫苗对鸡的副作用,还能减少组织(特别是气管和结膜)中的病毒载量[27]。英特威商品化的疫苗Nobilis BioTrach(鸡胚源)可饮水免疫,在免疫接种后4~5 d即可对鸡群产生保护力。将ILTV A20弱毒疫苗通过饮水途径大规模免疫肉鸡群后,拭子中的ILTV基因拷贝数在免疫7天后最高[28]。本研究中将0.2羽份弱毒株FJ19株点眼接种14日龄SPF鸡,21 d后采用WG株或WF03株强毒株攻毒的免疫保护率分别达到80%和100%,同样14日龄SPF鸡采用0.2羽份口服接种可达到与点眼接种同样的免疫保护力。通过荧光定量PCR方法对攻毒的WF03强毒株排毒检测表明,点眼或口服免疫均可以有效阻止ILTV强毒的复制和排毒,攻毒后第11天不论采用何种接种方式均未在口咽和泄殖腔拭子中检测到核酸。结果表明与商品化K317疫苗株相比(每羽份大于102.7 EID50),FJ19株弱毒株具有良好的有效性,接种后可有效阻止ILTV强毒株的复制和排毒,显示其作为疫苗候选株的潜力。
目前,市场上ILTV的基因工程疫苗已推广使用,ILTV重组病毒载体活疫苗虽无潜伏感染、无毒力返强等优点,但免疫效力与ILT减毒活疫苗相比还有待提高,这主要是由于对ILT免疫保护依靠T细胞免疫[29],攻毒结果显示鸡胚源性(CEO)ILTV弱毒苗免疫组(点眼免疫)的气管黏膜上皮保持完整,强毒株病毒可被迅速清除,组织源性(tissue culture origin,TCO)弱毒苗(点眼免疫)和rHVT-LT(胚内免疫)免疫组病毒清除受限,气管上皮完整性中度破坏[30]。同样,采用威多妙喉痘(Vectormune® FP-LT)[31]或FPV-LT (Vectormune®)疫苗[32]免疫鸡群,强毒株攻毒后仅能提供部分保护,而鸡胚源性ILTV疫苗不论是临床症状减轻还是病毒复制载量下降方面,均显示单次免疫的效果最佳[33]。FJ19株是鸡胚源性ILTV弱毒株,经点眼或口服途径免疫,对强毒攻击均具有优秀的保护效果,疫苗免疫后可以清除强毒并且阻止强毒株的复制,同时在免疫后4、5和6月采用强毒攻毒,仍然表现出良好的保护效果。因此,相比基因工程疫苗而言,弱毒FJ19株作为传统弱毒疫苗仍然具有良好的应用前景。
ILTV FJ19弱毒株经尿囊腔途径接种适应鸡胚后,EID50显著提升,达到了疫苗产业化生产质量要求,经点眼或口服途径接种14日龄SPF鸡和气管注射21日龄SPF鸡证明FJ19株具有足够的安全性,并用强毒株攻毒显示出FJ19株具有优秀的免疫保护效果,可以阻止气管中强毒株的复制和排毒,并且在免疫后6个月强毒攻毒仍然具有良好的保护效果。综上所述,FJ19株可作为ILTV弱毒疫苗候选毒株,具有良好的安全性和有效性,可以通过口服(饮水)途径接种,在产业化生产中可适应尿囊腔途径接种且具有高滴度的EID50,未来将按照我国新兽药注册管理办法等规章制度进一步完善实验室研究,开展更多相关临床试验进行验证FJ19株作为弱毒疫苗毒株的潜力。
  • 河北省中央引导地方科技专项项目(246Z2905G)
  • 福建省农业科学院优秀科技创新人才专项(YCZX202508)
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2026年第57卷第2期
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doi: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.02.035
  • 接收时间:2025-06-16
  • 首发时间:2026-09-16
  • 出版时间:2026-02-23
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-16
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河北省中央引导地方科技专项项目(246Z2905G)
福建省农业科学院优秀科技创新人才专项(YCZX202508)
作者信息
    1.福建省农业科学院畜牧兽医研究所/福建省畜禽疫病疾病防治工程技术研究中心,福州 350013
    2.瑞普(保定)生物药业有限公司,保定 071030

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侯博,主要从事兽医传染病防控技术研究,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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