Article(id=1307013385535648435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307013104081068276, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.02.026, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1740067200000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-21, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789545874246, onlineDateStr=2026-09-16, pubDate=1771776000000, pubDateStr=2026-02-23, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789545874246, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789545874246, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789545874246, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1307013104081068276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, year='2026', volume='57', issue='2', pageStart='569', pageEnd='1176', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771776000000', pubDateStr='2026-02-23', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789545807142, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789609910854, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1307281975350419753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307013104081068276, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1307281975350419754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307013104081068276, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=873, endPage=888, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1307013385749557940, articleId=1307013385535648435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, language=EN, title=Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Enhances Late-Phase Laying Hen Performance via Gut Microbiota Remodeling, columnId=1307007400746176631, journalTitle=Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, columnName=ANIMAL NUTRITION AND FEEDS, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study aimed to investigate the effects of gut microbiota on the production performance of aged laying hens during the late laying period by altering their intestinal microbiota structure through fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). Forty 28-week-old and 250 68-week-old hens were observed for 7 weeks to record their laying rate. The hens were divided into three groups based on the laying rate (LR) and age which recorded previously: 35-week-old high-yielding hens (YH, LR>90%, 37 hens), 75-week-old high-yielding hens (OH, LR>90%, 76 hens), and 75-week-old low-yielding hens (OL, 30%<LR<60%,104 hens). FMT was then performed at the 8th week for 4 weeks to remodel the gut microbiota of aged hens: aged high-yielding hens received fecal microbiota suspension from young high-yielding hens (OHFMT-YH group), while aged low-yielding hens received fecal microbiota suspension from aged high-yielding hens (OLFMT-OH group). Control groups (OH and OL) were established, with each group comprising 5 replicates of 6 hens. The results were showed as follows: Compared to the OH group, aged high-yielding hens transplanted with microbiota from young high-yielding hens (OHFMT-YH group) exhibited significant decreases (P<0.05) in laying rate, eggshell strength, eggshell thickness, serum sIgA and IL-10 levels, jejunal villus height, mucosal layer thickness, jejunal FOXP3 and ZO-1 mRNA expression, acetate content, and Bacteroidetes abundance. Conversely, yolk weight, serum IL-1β, IL-17A, and IL-6 levels, cecal mucosal layer and intestinal wall thickness, and Firmicutes abundance significantly increased (P<0.05), the number of OTUs decreased, and the structure of the flora was obviously separated. In the OLFMT-OH group, compared to the OL group, aged low-yielding hens transplanted with microbiota from aged high-yielding hens showed significant increases (P<0.05) in laying rate, eggshell strength, serum IL-10 levels, jejunal villus height and mucosal layer thickness, FOXP3 and ZO-1 mRNA expression, goblet cell count, cecal mucosal layer thickness, acetate content, and Bacteroidetes abundance. However, egg weight, egg longitudinal diameter, yolk weight, serum IL-1β levels, cecal intestinal wall thickness, jejunal STAT3 mRNA expression, and Firmicutes abundance significantly decreased (P<0.05). β-diversity showed that the structure of the microbiota had changed. The LEfSe analysis revealed that Firmicutes showed the greatest contribution to the differences in both the OHFMT-YH and OL groups, while Bacteroidetes were the most significant contributors to the disparities in the OH and OLFMT-OH groups. In conclusion, FMT from young high-yielding hens to aged high-yielding hens increased Firmicutes abundance in the gut but reduced laying performance. Conversely, enhancing Bacteroidetes abundance in aged low-yielding hens through FMT from aged high-yielding hens improved gut microbiota structure, intestinal health, and laying performance. These findings suggest that modulating gut microbiota composition via FMT may serve as a potential strategy to enhance productivity in aged laying hens during the late laying period.

, authors=Chong GAO, Yifan CHEN, Xinying WANG, Chen ZHANG, Haoyang CAO, Ying LI, Hui CHEN, Erying HAO, authorsList=Chong GAO, Yifan CHEN, Xinying WANG, Chen ZHANG, Haoyang CAO, Ying LI, Hui CHEN, Erying HAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Erying HAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
HAO Erying, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1307013387611828935, articleId=1307013385535648435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, language=CN, title=粪菌移植通过重塑肠道菌群结构改善产蛋后期蛋鸡生产性能, columnId=1307007401962524793, journalTitle=畜牧兽医学报, columnName=营养与饲料, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

旨在通过粪菌移植(fecal microbiota transplantation,FMT)改变老年蛋鸡肠道菌群结构,探讨肠道菌群重塑对产蛋后期蛋鸡生产性能的影响。选取28周龄海兰灰蛋鸡40只和68周龄海兰灰蛋鸡250只,观察记录7周产蛋率后,根据产蛋性能分为35周龄高产(YH,产蛋率(LR)>90%,37只),75周龄高产(OH,LR>90%,76只)、75周龄低产(OL,30%<LR<60%,104只)。第8周时进行粪菌移植(FMT),菌群移植周期为4周。将青年高产蛋鸡粪菌悬浊液灌喂给老年高产蛋鸡(OHFMT-YH组),将老年高产蛋鸡粪菌悬浊液灌喂给老年低产蛋鸡(OLFMT-OH组),OH组、OL组为对照组。每组5个重复,每个重复6只鸡。结果表明,与OH组相比,老年高产蛋鸡接受青年高产蛋鸡菌群移植后(OHFMT-YH组),产蛋率、蛋壳强度、蛋壳厚度,血液中sIgA、IL-10水平、空肠绒毛高度、黏膜层厚度、空肠FOXP3、ZO-1 mRNA表达水平、乙酸含量和拟杆菌丰度显著下降(P<0.05),蛋黄重,血液中IL-1β、IL-17A、IL-6水平,盲肠黏膜层、肠壁厚度和厚壁菌丰度显著上升(P<0.05),OTUs数量减少,菌群结构呈明显分离。与OL组相比,老年低产蛋鸡接受老年高产蛋鸡菌群移植后(OLFMT-OH组),产蛋率,蛋壳强度,血液中IL-10水平,空肠绒毛高度、黏膜层厚度,FOXP3、ZO-1 mRNA表达水平,杯状细胞数量,盲肠黏膜层厚度,乙酸含量,拟杆菌丰度显著上升(P<0.05),蛋重,鸡蛋长径,蛋黄重,血液中IL-1β水平,盲肠肠壁厚度,空肠STAT3 mRNA表达水平和厚壁菌丰度显著下降(P<0.05),β多样性显示菌群结构发生改变。LEfSe分析显示OHFMT-YH组和OL组中对差异性贡献度最大的均为厚壁菌,而OH组和OLFMT-OH组中对差异性贡献度最大的均为拟杆菌。综上所述,老年高产蛋鸡接受青年高产蛋鸡FMT会增加肠道中厚壁菌丰度,降低产蛋率,接受老年高产蛋鸡FMT进而提高老年低产蛋鸡肠道中拟杆菌丰度,可以改善肠道菌群结构及肠道健康,提高产蛋性能。以上发现说明,通过FMT调节肠道菌群组成将会是一项提高老年蛋鸡在产蛋后期生成性能在潜在策略。

, authors=高崇, 陈一凡, 王新颖, 张晨, 曹昊洋, 李颖, 陈辉, 郝二英, authorsList=高崇, 陈一凡, 王新颖, 张晨, 曹昊洋, 李颖, 陈辉, 郝二英, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=郝二英, authorNote=

高崇,硕士生,主要从事蛋鸡肠道菌群调控研究,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
郝二英,主要从事蛋鸡肠道健康与生产性能研究,E-mail:
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高崇,硕士生,主要从事蛋鸡肠道菌群调控研究,E-mail:

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authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SUNG M M,KIM T T,DENOU E,et al.Improved glucose homeostasis in obese mice treated with resveratrol is associated with alterations in the gut microbiome[J].Diabetes,2017,66(2):418-425., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307282833605681211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013385535648435, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[59], rfOrder=58, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIAO Q,WU T,FU Q,et al.Effects of dietary inclusion of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate on growth performance,fat deposition,bile acid metabolism,and gut microbiota function in high-fat and high-cholesterol diet-challenged layer chickens[J].Curr Issues Mol Biol,2022,44(8):3413-3427., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1307282827444249597, 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*** means P<0.001, ** means P<0.01, which means the difference is extremely significant, * means P<0.05, which means the difference is significant. OH. Old high-yielding laying hens; OHFMT-YH. Young high yield FMT old high yield layer group; OL. Old low laying group; OLFMT-OH. Aged high-yielding FMT aged low-laying group. The same as below

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***代表P<0.001、**代表P<0.01均表示差异极显著,*表示P<0.05,表示差异显著。OH.老年高产蛋鸡组;OHFMT-YH.青年高产FMT老年高产蛋鸡组;OL.老年低产蛋鸡组;OLFMT-OH.老年高产FMT老年低产蛋鸡组。下同

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Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet %

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项目 Item含量 Content
原料 Ingredients
玉米 Corn62.60
豆粕 Soybean meal23.90
麦麸 Wheat bran1.80
大豆油 Soybean oil0.90
石粉 Limestone8.00
磷酸氢钙 CaHPO41.50
氯化钠 NaCl0.30
预混料 Premix1)1.00
合计 Total100.00
营养水平 Nutrient levels2)
代谢能/(MJ·kg-1) ME11.24
粗蛋白质 CP16.70
钙 Ca3.50
有效磷 AP0.44
蛋氨酸 Met0.34
赖氨酸 Lys0.81
), ArticleFig(id=1307282827180008442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013385535648435, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

基础日粮组成和营养组成水平

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 Item含量 Content
原料 Ingredients
玉米 Corn62.60
豆粕 Soybean meal23.90
麦麸 Wheat bran1.80
大豆油 Soybean oil0.90
石粉 Limestone8.00
磷酸氢钙 CaHPO41.50
氯化钠 NaCl0.30
预混料 Premix1)1.00
合计 Total100.00
营养水平 Nutrient levels2)
代谢能/(MJ·kg-1) ME11.24
粗蛋白质 CP16.70
钙 Ca3.50
有效磷 AP0.44
蛋氨酸 Met0.34
赖氨酸 Lys0.81
), ArticleFig(id=1307282827251311611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013385535648435, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The primer sequence of genes

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目的基因

Target gene

引物序列(5'→3')

Primer sequence (5'→3')

产物大小/bp

Product size

FOXP3F: ATACCTCTATACACTACTGCTTCCA102
R: ACTGTTCGTATGCTCCATTGC
STAT3F: CATTGACAAGGACTCTGGTGATG132
R: AGGTGCTTGAACTCTGCTGAA
ZO-1F: TCGCTGGTGGCAATGATGTT88
R: TGGTCTCCTTCCTCTAATCCTTCT
ACTINF: GAGAAATTGTGCGTGACATCA152
R: CCTGAACCTCTCATTGCCA
), ArticleFig(id=1307282827314226172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013385535648435, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

基因的引物序列

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

目的基因

Target gene

引物序列(5'→3')

Primer sequence (5'→3')

产物大小/bp

Product size

FOXP3F: ATACCTCTATACACTACTGCTTCCA102
R: ACTGTTCGTATGCTCCATTGC
STAT3F: CATTGACAAGGACTCTGGTGATG132
R: AGGTGCTTGAACTCTGCTGAA
ZO-1F: TCGCTGGTGGCAATGATGTT88
R: TGGTCTCCTTCCTCTAATCCTTCT
ACTINF: GAGAAATTGTGCGTGACATCA152
R: CCTGAACCTCTCATTGCCA
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粪菌移植通过重塑肠道菌群结构改善产蛋后期蛋鸡生产性能
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高崇 , 陈一凡 , 王新颖 , 张晨 , 曹昊洋 , 李颖 , 陈辉 , 郝二英
畜牧兽医学报 | 营养与饲料 2026,57(2): 873-888
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畜牧兽医学报 |营养与饲料 2026 , 57 (2) : 873 -888
粪菌移植通过重塑肠道菌群结构改善产蛋后期蛋鸡生产性能
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高崇 , 陈一凡, 王新颖, 张晨, 曹昊洋, 李颖, 陈辉, 郝二英
作者信息
  • 河北农业大学动物科技学院,保定 071000
通讯作者:
郝二英,主要从事蛋鸡肠道健康与生产性能研究,E-mail:
作者简介:

高崇,硕士生,主要从事蛋鸡肠道菌群调控研究,E-mail:

Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Enhances Late-Phase Laying Hen Performance via Gut Microbiota Remodeling
Chong GAO , Yifan CHEN, Xinying WANG, Chen ZHANG, Haoyang CAO, Ying LI, Hui CHEN, Erying HAO
Affiliations
  • College of Animal Science and Technology,Hebei Agricultural University,Baoding 071000,China
  • Corresponding Author:
    HAO Erying, E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-02-23 doi: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.02.026
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旨在通过粪菌移植(fecal microbiota transplantation,FMT)改变老年蛋鸡肠道菌群结构,探讨肠道菌群重塑对产蛋后期蛋鸡生产性能的影响。选取28周龄海兰灰蛋鸡40只和68周龄海兰灰蛋鸡250只,观察记录7周产蛋率后,根据产蛋性能分为35周龄高产(YH,产蛋率(LR)>90%,37只),75周龄高产(OH,LR>90%,76只)、75周龄低产(OL,30%<LR<60%,104只)。第8周时进行粪菌移植(FMT),菌群移植周期为4周。将青年高产蛋鸡粪菌悬浊液灌喂给老年高产蛋鸡(OHFMT-YH组),将老年高产蛋鸡粪菌悬浊液灌喂给老年低产蛋鸡(OLFMT-OH组),OH组、OL组为对照组。每组5个重复,每个重复6只鸡。结果表明,与OH组相比,老年高产蛋鸡接受青年高产蛋鸡菌群移植后(OHFMT-YH组),产蛋率、蛋壳强度、蛋壳厚度,血液中sIgA、IL-10水平、空肠绒毛高度、黏膜层厚度、空肠FOXP3、ZO-1 mRNA表达水平、乙酸含量和拟杆菌丰度显著下降(P<0.05),蛋黄重,血液中IL-1β、IL-17A、IL-6水平,盲肠黏膜层、肠壁厚度和厚壁菌丰度显著上升(P<0.05),OTUs数量减少,菌群结构呈明显分离。与OL组相比,老年低产蛋鸡接受老年高产蛋鸡菌群移植后(OLFMT-OH组),产蛋率,蛋壳强度,血液中IL-10水平,空肠绒毛高度、黏膜层厚度,FOXP3、ZO-1 mRNA表达水平,杯状细胞数量,盲肠黏膜层厚度,乙酸含量,拟杆菌丰度显著上升(P<0.05),蛋重,鸡蛋长径,蛋黄重,血液中IL-1β水平,盲肠肠壁厚度,空肠STAT3 mRNA表达水平和厚壁菌丰度显著下降(P<0.05),β多样性显示菌群结构发生改变。LEfSe分析显示OHFMT-YH组和OL组中对差异性贡献度最大的均为厚壁菌,而OH组和OLFMT-OH组中对差异性贡献度最大的均为拟杆菌。综上所述,老年高产蛋鸡接受青年高产蛋鸡FMT会增加肠道中厚壁菌丰度,降低产蛋率,接受老年高产蛋鸡FMT进而提高老年低产蛋鸡肠道中拟杆菌丰度,可以改善肠道菌群结构及肠道健康,提高产蛋性能。以上发现说明,通过FMT调节肠道菌群组成将会是一项提高老年蛋鸡在产蛋后期生成性能在潜在策略。

蛋鸡  /  粪菌移植  /  肠道菌群  /  产蛋率

This study aimed to investigate the effects of gut microbiota on the production performance of aged laying hens during the late laying period by altering their intestinal microbiota structure through fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). Forty 28-week-old and 250 68-week-old hens were observed for 7 weeks to record their laying rate. The hens were divided into three groups based on the laying rate (LR) and age which recorded previously: 35-week-old high-yielding hens (YH, LR>90%, 37 hens), 75-week-old high-yielding hens (OH, LR>90%, 76 hens), and 75-week-old low-yielding hens (OL, 30%<LR<60%,104 hens). FMT was then performed at the 8th week for 4 weeks to remodel the gut microbiota of aged hens: aged high-yielding hens received fecal microbiota suspension from young high-yielding hens (OHFMT-YH group), while aged low-yielding hens received fecal microbiota suspension from aged high-yielding hens (OLFMT-OH group). Control groups (OH and OL) were established, with each group comprising 5 replicates of 6 hens. The results were showed as follows: Compared to the OH group, aged high-yielding hens transplanted with microbiota from young high-yielding hens (OHFMT-YH group) exhibited significant decreases (P<0.05) in laying rate, eggshell strength, eggshell thickness, serum sIgA and IL-10 levels, jejunal villus height, mucosal layer thickness, jejunal FOXP3 and ZO-1 mRNA expression, acetate content, and Bacteroidetes abundance. Conversely, yolk weight, serum IL-1β, IL-17A, and IL-6 levels, cecal mucosal layer and intestinal wall thickness, and Firmicutes abundance significantly increased (P<0.05), the number of OTUs decreased, and the structure of the flora was obviously separated. In the OLFMT-OH group, compared to the OL group, aged low-yielding hens transplanted with microbiota from aged high-yielding hens showed significant increases (P<0.05) in laying rate, eggshell strength, serum IL-10 levels, jejunal villus height and mucosal layer thickness, FOXP3 and ZO-1 mRNA expression, goblet cell count, cecal mucosal layer thickness, acetate content, and Bacteroidetes abundance. However, egg weight, egg longitudinal diameter, yolk weight, serum IL-1β levels, cecal intestinal wall thickness, jejunal STAT3 mRNA expression, and Firmicutes abundance significantly decreased (P<0.05). β-diversity showed that the structure of the microbiota had changed. The LEfSe analysis revealed that Firmicutes showed the greatest contribution to the differences in both the OHFMT-YH and OL groups, while Bacteroidetes were the most significant contributors to the disparities in the OH and OLFMT-OH groups. In conclusion, FMT from young high-yielding hens to aged high-yielding hens increased Firmicutes abundance in the gut but reduced laying performance. Conversely, enhancing Bacteroidetes abundance in aged low-yielding hens through FMT from aged high-yielding hens improved gut microbiota structure, intestinal health, and laying performance. These findings suggest that modulating gut microbiota composition via FMT may serve as a potential strategy to enhance productivity in aged laying hens during the late laying period.

hens  /  fecal microbiota transplantation  /  intestinal microbiota  /  laying rate
高崇, 陈一凡, 王新颖, 张晨, 曹昊洋, 李颖, 陈辉, 郝二英. 粪菌移植通过重塑肠道菌群结构改善产蛋后期蛋鸡生产性能. 畜牧兽医学报, 2026 , 57 (2) : 873 -888 . DOI: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.02.026
Chong GAO, Yifan CHEN, Xinying WANG, Chen ZHANG, Haoyang CAO, Ying LI, Hui CHEN, Erying HAO. Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Enhances Late-Phase Laying Hen Performance via Gut Microbiota Remodeling[J]. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, 2026 , 57 (2) : 873 -888 . DOI: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.02.026
鸡的肠道微生物群落是一个动态演替的微环境,其连续更替有助于维持宿主肠道内的生态平衡[1]。相关研究表明,家禽年龄可能是肠道微生物群变化的主要驱动力[2⁃3],在肠道微生物菌群结构特征方面,蛋鸡不同生长阶段其肠道菌群呈现出明显的变化规律[4]。例如,在育雏期,肠道微生物主要由变形菌门和厚壁菌门组成,2周后,变形菌的相对丰度下降,而厚壁菌和拟杆菌的相对丰度上升[5]。早期研究发现,肠免疫系统的发育与肠微生物群的发育是平行的[6]。因此,在蛋鸡育成期肠道中具有高丰度变形菌的短期定植可能与激活肠免疫应答和促进免疫系统发育有关[7]。到产蛋高峰期,蛋鸡盲肠微生物中厚壁菌门占优势,而拟杆菌门超越变形菌门成为丰度第二大的门。随着年龄的增长,到产蛋后期,拟杆菌门丰度超过厚壁菌门成为主要优势菌,同时变形菌门丰度再次下降[8]。这些不同阶段的菌群结构特点反映了蛋鸡肠道微生物的动态演变过程,但菌群延迟更替对蛋鸡生产性能的影响尚不明晰,如老年高产蛋鸡菌群结构向青年高产蛋鸡靠近是否可以延长产蛋周期,老年低产蛋鸡菌群结构向老年高产蛋鸡靠近是否会提升产蛋率,这些问题有待进一步研究。
随着蛋鸡年龄的增长,尤其是步入老年阶段,其肠道健康往往会出现诸多问题,进而影响生产性能[9]。同时,疾病易感性也会增加,肠道菌群紊乱、病原微生物感染的几率上升[10]。而肠道微生物在蛋鸡肠道健康以及整体生理状态中起着关键作用,菌群结构和组成的变化与蛋鸡的生长发育、生产性能等息息相关。相关试验表明,产蛋鸡的肠道微生物群对营养利用的改善具有积极的作用[11],对肠屏障[12]、生产性能和蛋品质[13]具有重要影响,肠道微生物及其代谢物还充当连接肠、肝、脑和生殖道的信号分子[14],同时又对家禽健康和蛋品质产生直接或间接影响。在产蛋后期,仍有蛋鸡个体保持高产的生产性能,这就需要考虑同周龄不同产蛋率蛋鸡之间的菌群差异,以便更有效地塑造有利于提高生产性能的菌群结构。
粪便微生物群移植(fecal microbiota transplantation,FMT)作为供体与受体间功能性微生物群落传递的治疗手段,已成为调控肠道生态系统动态平衡和改善宿主表型的重要方法。近年研究表明,该技术在禽类生产体系中具有多维度的应用价值。除恢复微生物多样性[15]外,FMT通过协同生物机制产生多维度功能效益,其免疫调节作用表现为抑制肠道炎症[16⁃17]及改善老龄期肠道菌群结构[18],通过传递饲料效率相关菌群提升营养利用率[19],而高脂供体盲肠微生物移植可重塑脂代谢通路调控脂肪沉积[20],还可以通过调节Th17/Treg平衡促进生长性能[21],高产供体FMT可系统性改善卵巢类固醇生成、肠道屏障完整性与生殖道功能[22],通过竞争性排斥病原菌等策略性微生物移植可增强疾病抵抗力,如移植诱导的拟杆菌富集可降低肠炎沙门菌定植并强化黏膜免疫[23]。相关研究确立了FMT可以作为家禽肠道菌群改良的有效手段。
基于以上发现,本研究采用FMT技术重塑产蛋后期高产和低产蛋鸡的肠道菌群,并利用16S rDNA基因测序技术探讨肠道菌群结构对蛋鸡生产性能所产生的影响。这对提高产蛋后期蛋鸡总体产蛋率,增加养殖场收益具有重要意义。
选取28周龄海兰灰蛋鸡40只和68周龄海兰灰蛋鸡250只。观察记录7周产蛋率后,根据产蛋性能分为35周龄青年高产(YH,产蛋率(LR)>90%,37只),75周龄老年高产(OH,LR>90%,76只)、75周龄老年低产(OL,30%<LR<60%,104只)。第8周时进行粪菌移植(FMT),菌群移植周期为4周。将青年高产蛋鸡粪菌悬浊液灌喂给老年高产蛋鸡(OHFMT-YH组),将老年高产蛋鸡粪菌悬浊液灌喂给老年低产蛋鸡(OLFMT-OH组),OH(老年高产)组、OL(老年低产)组为对照组。每组5个重复,每个重复6只鸡。采用单笼饲养,自由采食与饮水,每天16 h光照,所饲喂基础饲粮组成及营养水平见表1。本研究所用试验动物经河北农业大学实验动物伦理委员会(2023029)审核,符合动物保护、动物福利和伦理原则。
参照Ma等[21]的粪菌液制备方法,具体操作为:以无菌方式收集青年高产、老年高产蛋鸡的新鲜粪便(除去白色尿酸盐,供体为未经过任何处理的青年高产和老年高产蛋鸡各15只),然后立即运送到实验室进行处理。取粪便称重20 g,加入生理盐水120 mL,充分混合,无菌纱布过滤2次,取滤液,1 000 r·min-1离心10 min,取上清液每日每只蛋鸡灌喂3 mL,对照组灌喂等量生理盐水,连续FMT 4周,FMT结束后观察2周产蛋情况并计算产蛋率。
试验结束时,每个重复随机选取1只鸡,从翅静脉采血。血样在4 °C下3 000 r·min-1离心15 min,血清在-80 °C下保存。屠宰后取空肠、盲肠中段(2 cm),生理盐水冲洗后置于4%多聚甲醛溶液中固定,用于之后的形态学分析。将盲肠内容物收集到无菌管中,立即投入液氮冷冻,-80 °C保存,用于后续16S rDNA测序。
每天下午2点记录产蛋数。采集每周最后1 d的鸡蛋,用于测定蛋品质。蛋黄颜色、哈氏单位采用多功能蛋品分析仪(北京Bulader公司)测定。蛋形测定仪(日本FHK, Fujihira industrial Co., Ltd.公司)测量长、短径。蛋黄重量使用精密数字秤(华超电器,上海,中国)进行测量。蛋力测定仪(ESTG-01,ORKA)用于检测蛋壳强度。
使用ELISA试剂盒(上海江莱生物科技有限公司,上海,中国)检测血液中白介素-1β(IL-1β)、白细胞介素-17A(IL-17A)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、转化生长因子-β(TGF-β)、白细胞介素-10(IL-10)、鸡分泌型免疫球蛋白A(sIgA)含量,按照试剂盒说明书进行操作。
固定组织经全自动脱水机脱水(脱水时长:75%酒精1 h,85%酒精1 h,95%酒精50 min,95%酒精50 min,100%酒精 50 min,100%酒精50 min,100%酒精:二甲苯一比一混合20 min,二甲苯25 min,二甲苯25 min,石蜡1 h,石蜡2 h,石蜡3 h),包埋、切片、染色、封片等,最后镜检。苏木精-伊红(HE)染色观察空肠、盲肠和卵泡形态,过碘酸雪夫氏染色Periodic Acid-Schiff(PAS)观察空肠杯状细胞数量并进行人工计数。
石蜡切片脱蜡至水:依次将切片放入脱蜡液Ⅰ 15 min,脱蜡液Ⅱ 15 min,脱蜡液Ⅲ 15 min,无水乙醇Ⅰ 5 min;无水乙醇Ⅱ 5 min,85%酒精5 min,75%酒精5 min,蒸馏水洗。之后进行抗原修复、阻断内源性过氧化物酶、血清封闭,滴加配好的一抗,切片平放于湿盒内4 ℃孵育过夜,PBS洗3次,每次5 min;滴加二抗,37 ℃ 30 min;PBS洗3次,每次5 min,复染细胞核:苏木素复染3 min,自来水洗,清水返蓝后流水冲洗,脱水封片:将切片依次置于75%、85%、95%、无水乙醇、二甲苯中分别浸泡10 min,中性树胶封片。DAB显色:配制新鲜的DAB显色液,滴加到组织上,室温显色,显微镜下控制显色时间,蒸馏水洗涤切片终止显色。使用显微摄像系统对切片进行图像采集,苏木素染细胞核为蓝色,FOXP3显出的阳性表达为棕黄色,使用Halo数据分析系统计算每张图像阳性面积占比(%DAB Positive Tissue)。
用Total RNA Extraction Kit (DNase Ⅰ)试剂盒(GenePool,Cat# GPQ1801) 提取组织样本中总RNA,试验操作按产品说明书进行,取5 μL RNA用1%琼脂糖凝胶进行电泳,以检测RNA的完整性。用mRNA cDNA Synthesis Kit(GenePool,Cat# GPQ1803)进行反转录,试验操作按产品说明书进行,用BIOER LineGene 9600Plus型荧光定量PCR仪,采用2-ΔΔCt法进行数据的相对定量分析。引物序列见表2。
采用高效气相色谱(Agilent Technologies Inc.,USA)内标法测定盲肠食糜中的短链脂肪酸(SCFAs)浓度。首先准确称量25 g偏磷酸和0.217 mL 2-乙基丁酸,定容到100 mL容量瓶中,即配制成含有2 g·L-1内标物2EB的25%(w/v)偏磷酸去蛋白溶液,在5个1.5 mL离心管中添加0.2 mL含有2EB的偏磷酸去蛋白溶液,在其中分别添加1、0.8、0.6、0.4和0.2 mL的混合标准贮备液,以及0、0.2、0.4、0.6 和0.8 mL的蒸馏水。之后将处理好的样品进行离心(5 400 r·min-1 10 min);在1.5 mL离心管内准确加入1 mL离心上清液和0.2 mL含有内标物2EB的25%偏磷酸溶液,混匀,冰水浴中放置30 min以上;再次离心(10 000 r·min-1 10 min),去除样品中沉淀物,取上清液上机测定峰面积。某酸浓度(mmol·L-1)=(样品中某酸的峰面积×标准溶液中内标物的峰面积×某酸的标准浓度)/(样品内标物的峰面积×标准溶液中某酸的峰面积)。
使用专用粪便DNA试剂盒(Tiangen,中国北京)从盲肠内容物样本中提取微生物基因组DNA。通过1.0%琼脂糖凝胶电泳验证基因组DNA的纯度和完整性。利用专门设计的条形码引物:341F(5'-CCTACGGGNGGCWGCAG-3')和806 R(5'- GGACTACNVGGGTATCTAAT-3'),从DNA中扩增出细菌16S rDNA基因的V3-V4区域,跨越核苷酸341至806。采用高精度Biometra TOne 96G PCR热循环仪(德国)进行PCR。反应体系为50 μL,每个引物1.5 μL,模板DNA 100 ng,10×KOD Buffer 5 μL, 2.5 mmol·L-1 dNTPs 5 μL,KOD聚合酶1 μL。纯化的扩增子按等摩尔比例组合,并在Illumina Hiseq PE250平台上使用配对端测序,按照Genedenovo公司(广州,中国)的标准方案进行测序。在微生物群落分析中,采用1.30.1版的motherur软件计算细菌群落的α-多样性。采用主坐标分析(PcoA)评价β多样性。采用线性判别分析(LDA),并对不同样本的分类组成差异进行分析。
使用SPSS 27进行数据分析,用GraphPad Prism 9对数据进行可视化处理。采用t检验进行两组比较,结果以“均数±标准差(mean±SD)”表示。***代表P<0.001、**代表P<0.01均表示差异极显著,*表示P<0.05,表示差异显著。
如图1所示,OH(老年高产)组第5、6周产蛋率显著高于OHFMT-YH组(P<0.05,图1A),第4周蛋重显著低于OHFMT-YH组(P<0.05,图1B),OL(老年低产)组第4~6周产蛋率显著低于OLFMT-OH组(P<0.01,图1C),第1、5、6周蛋重显著高于OLFMT-OH组(P<0.01,图1D)。结果表明,老年高产蛋鸡接受青年高产蛋鸡FMT产蛋率发生下降,老年低产蛋鸡接受老年高产蛋鸡FMT可以提高产蛋率,但蛋重发生下降。
如图2所示,OH(老年高产)组第6周蛋壳强度显著高于OHFMT-YH组(P<0.01,图2D),蛋黄重显著低于OHFMT-YH组(P<0.01,图2G),第3周蛋壳厚度显著低于OHFMT-YH组(P<0.05),第4、6周蛋壳厚度显著高于OHFMT-YH组(P<0.05,图2H)。OL(老年低产)组第5、6周鸡蛋长径显著高于OLFMT-OH组(P<0.05,图2I),第2周短径显著高于OLFMT-OH组(P<0.05,图2J),第1、3周蛋壳强度显著高于OLFMT-OH组(P<0.05),第5周蛋壳强度显著低于OLFMT-OH组(P<0.001,图2L),第3、6周蛋黄重显著高于OLFMT-OH组(P<0.05,图2O)。结果表明,FMT可以改变蛋品质。
如图3所示,OH(老年高产)组sIgA、IL-10水平显著高于OHFMT-YH组(P<0.05,图3A、F),IL-1β、IL-17A、IL-6显著低于OHFMT-YH组(P<0.01,图3B-D)。OL(老年低产)组IL-1β显著高于OLFMT-OH组(P<0.05,图3H),IL-10显著低于OLFMT-OH组(P<0.05,图3L)。结果表明,FMT后老年高产蛋鸡抗炎能力显著降低,老年低产蛋鸡抗炎能力增加。
如图4所示,OH(老年高产)组空肠绒毛高度、黏膜层厚度显著高于OHFMT-YH组(P<0.001,图4A、D),盲肠黏膜层、肠壁厚度显著低于OHFMT-YH组(P<0.01,图4E、F)。OL(老年低产)组空肠绒毛高度、黏膜层厚度、盲肠黏膜层厚度显著低于OLFMT-OH组(P<0.05,图4G、J、K),肠壁厚度显著高于OLFMT-OH组(P<0.05,图4L)。结果表明,FMT可以显著改变老年蛋鸡的肠道形态,老年高产蛋鸡FMT改善了老年低产蛋鸡的肠道形态。
如图5所示,接受青年高产蛋鸡FMT后,老年高产蛋鸡空肠FOXP3阳性占比显著降低(P<0.05,图5B),而接受老年高产蛋鸡FMT后的老年低产蛋鸡空肠杯状细胞数量和FOXP3阳性占比显著增加(P<0.05,图5C、D)。如图5F所示,OH(老年高产)组FOXP3、ZO-1的mRNA表达水平显著高于OHFMT-YH组(P<0.05)。OL(老年低产)组FOXP3、ZO-1的mRNA表达水平显著低于OLFMT-OH组(P<0.05),STAT3的mRNA表达水平显著高于OLFMT-OH组(P<0.05,图5G)。结果表明,老年低产蛋鸡接受老年高产蛋鸡菌群移植后抗炎能力增强,肠道通透性得到改善。
如图6所示,接受青年高产蛋鸡FMT后,老年高产蛋鸡盲肠内容物中检测到的乙酸浓度显著降低,丁酸浓度显著升高(P<0.05,图6A)。接受老年高产蛋鸡FMT的老年低产蛋鸡盲肠内容物乙酸浓度显著升高,丙酸和丁酸浓度显著降低(P<0.05,图6B)。结果表明,不同菌群结构对产生不同类型的短链脂肪酸具有显著影响,这与年龄变化的生理适应相关。
如图7所示,两组间α多样性无显著差异(P>0.05,图7A~7D),OH(老年高产)组OTUs数量要高于OHFMT-YH组(图8E),β多样性显示两组呈明显分离状态(图7F)。在门水平上,优势菌为拟杆菌门和厚壁菌门(图7G),OH组拟杆菌门丰度显著高于OHFMT-YH组,厚壁菌门丰度显著低于OHFMT-YH组(P<0.05,图7J)在属水平上,OH组拟杆菌属丰度显著高于OHFMT-YH组(P<0.05,图7H、7K),LEfSe分析显示OHFMT-YH组对差异性贡献度最大的为厚壁菌,而OH组中对差异性贡献度最大的为拟杆菌。结果显示,青年高产蛋鸡FMT老年高产蛋鸡后,肠道菌群发生明显改变,厚壁菌门显著增加,拟杆菌门显著减少。
如图8所示,两组间α多样性无显著差异(P>0.05,图8A-D),β多样性显示两组呈明显分离状态(图8F)。在门水平上,优势菌为拟杆菌门和厚壁菌门(图8G),OL(老年低产)组厚壁菌门丰度显著高于OLFMT-OH组(P<0.05,图8J),在属水平上,OL组拟杆菌属丰度显著低于OLFMT-OH组(P<0.05,图8H、K),在种水平上,OL组bacteroides caecigallinarum丰度显著低于OLFMT-OH组(P<0.05,图8I、L)。LEfSe分析显示OL组对差异性贡献度最大的为厚壁菌,而OLFMT-OH组中对差异性贡献度最大的为拟杆菌。结果显示,老年高产蛋鸡FMT老年低产蛋鸡后,肠道菌群发生明显改变,厚壁菌门显著减少,拟杆菌属显著增加。
在产蛋后期,蛋鸡的生产性能不断下降严重影响经济效益。而在产蛋后期仍然存在高产蛋鸡。因此,识别高产和低产老龄蛋鸡之间的差异至关重要,以便采取措施改善低产老龄蛋鸡的生产性能,这对于提高养殖场的经济效益至关重要。相关研究表明,肠道健康对蛋鸡整体健康及生产性能有重要影响[24],而肠道微生物群对调节肠道健康具有重要作用[25]。
产蛋性能与肠道菌群组成和年龄变化密切相关[4],老年高产蛋鸡接受青年高产蛋鸡菌群移植后,产蛋率发生显著下降,而老年低产蛋鸡接受老年高产蛋鸡菌群移植后,产蛋率显著上升,鸡蛋长径显著下降,蛋壳强度显著上升。相关研究表明FMT可以使受体的肠道菌群结构及生产性能更接近供体[19⁃20],OLFMT-OH组接受老年高产蛋鸡FMT后产蛋率发生显著上升,但老年高产蛋鸡接受青年高产蛋鸡菌群移植后并没有达到延长产蛋周期的效果,反而OHFMT-YH组产蛋率发生显著下降,这就需要考虑肠道菌群演替对生产性能的重要影响。在本试验中OL组和OHFMT-YH组蛋鸡肠道菌群具有更多的厚壁菌,这是肠道菌群更替延迟的表现。在青年高产蛋鸡肠道中存在较多厚壁菌的菌群更有助于提高青年高产蛋鸡生产性能[26],而随着时间的增加,在产蛋后期肠道菌群结构应具有更多的拟杆菌 [4],老年蛋鸡肠道中存在过多厚壁菌,则可能导致生产性能发生下降。
在本研究中,老年高产蛋鸡接受青年高产蛋鸡菌群移植后,sIgA、IL-10水平显著下降,IL-1β、IL-17A、IL-6水平显著上升。老年低产蛋鸡接受老年高产蛋鸡菌群移植后IL-1β水平显著下降,IL-10水平显著上升。先前的研究已经证明,IL-10是由活化的免疫细胞产生的关键的抗炎细胞因子,并且具有延缓衰老的潜力 [27],IL-1β、IL-6这些炎症因子可以进一步激活其他免疫细胞并引发炎症反应[28],会破坏蛋鸡免疫平衡,促进局部和整体炎症的发生[29]。
老年高产蛋鸡接受青年高产蛋鸡菌群移植后,空肠FOXP3、ZO-1的mRNA表达水平显著下降,老年低产蛋鸡接受老年高产蛋鸡菌群移植后,空肠杯状细胞数量,FOXP3、ZO-1表达显著增加,STAT3水平显著下降。Th17和Treg细胞在平衡肠道免疫稳态中具有重要作用[21],FOXP3转录可以促进Treg细胞的分化[30],Treg细胞可以产生TGF-β、IL-10来调节免疫耐受,从而限制Th17细胞的分化,缓解炎症反应,维持肠道内环境的稳定[31]。IL-6会激活STAT3信号转导从而促进Th17细胞的增殖分化,进而加重宿主炎症[32]。慢性肠道炎症介导的IL-1β分泌也会诱导Th17细胞聚集,从而加重炎症的发生[33]。紧密连接蛋白水平和杯状细胞数量是评价肠道完整性的重要指标,因为它们有助于上皮细胞粘附并充当屏障[34],通常紧密连接蛋白的表达降低可导致抗原或细菌大分子进入肠腔,而在应激和炎症的状态下会导致紧密连接蛋白的减少[35]。家禽对营养物质的吸收与肠道绒毛形态密切相关。老年低产蛋鸡接受老年高产蛋鸡菌群移植后绒毛高度和黏膜层厚度显著增加,当肠道VH较高时,表明吸收营养的能力较强[36],VH的增加可以增加吸收面积,增加黏膜腺体的数量和酶的产生,从而导致更好的营养物消化和吸收[37],有相关试验表明,改善攻毒鸡小肠的VH,对肠道形态具有保护作用[38]。以上结果表明,老年低产蛋鸡接受老年高产蛋鸡菌群移植提高了的抗炎和免疫能力。
菌群结构与蛋鸡的生产性能密切相关,本试验发现老年高产蛋鸡接受青年高产蛋鸡菌群移植后,厚壁菌门显著增加,伴随着还有炎症因子水平的上升,产蛋性能发生显著下降,这可能是由于FMT使老年高产蛋鸡发生菌群延迟更替所导致的,产蛋高峰期时更多的厚壁菌有利于提高蛋鸡生产性能,而在产蛋后期肠道菌群动态演替会产生更多拟杆菌[4,26]。老年低产蛋鸡接受老年高产蛋鸡菌群移植后,拟杆菌显著增加,炎症因子的表达得到抑制,肠道及宿主健康得到改善,产蛋率上升。鸡蛋质量是家禽生产效率的关键决定因素。本研究发现OL和 OLFMT-OH组之间具有差异,与OLFMT-OH组相比,OL组蛋鸡的鸡蛋表现出明显更大的长度和重量,并伴随着较低的产蛋率。这种矛盾模式与衰老的既定观察结果一致,尽管产蛋率在产蛋周期后期显着下降,但单个鸡蛋重量往往会随之增加[39]。这可能是由于与年龄相关的肠道退化损害了营养吸收效率,矛盾地触发了补偿机制,将代谢资源重定向到更少但更大的鸡蛋,而不是维持生产量[40]。OL母鸡蛋壳强度受损可能是由于钙稳态的双重缺陷引起的,特别是与年龄相关的肠道钙吸收效率和子宫碳酸钙沉积能力的下降。这破坏了壳腺(子宫)内精确协调的离子运输系统,最终损害乳腺层和栅栏基质的结构组织[9,41]。这些与年龄相关的变化似乎具有协同作用,其中营养吸收减少会加剧钙代谢缺陷。肠道绒毛结构是家禽营养吸收的结构基础。VH影响着营养吸收效率,我们的研究结果表明,FMT改变了老年低产蛋鸡的肠道形态,OH组和OLFMT-OH组都表现出较好的绒毛结构。接受FMT的老年低产蛋鸡通过增加VH/CD比率和杯状细胞增殖表现出良好的肠道形态。相关研究表明,杯状细胞数量增加增强了粘蛋白分泌,以防止管腔病原体[42],同时保持上皮完整性[43]。这种黏膜修复可能与FMT诱导的微生物调节协同作用,以保护肠道健康。VH/CD比率与营养吸收能力呈正相关[44]解释了OLFMT-OH组性能的改善,增加的VH扩大了吸收表面积[45],微生物结构的改善可以通过微生物代谢串扰稳定这种形态[38,46]。年龄依赖性的ROS积累通过氧化损伤诱导肠道退化[47]。FMT通过微生物介导的氧化还原稳态来抵消这一点[21,48]。老年蛋鸡恢复的绒毛结构表明微生物代谢物可能会减轻ROS诱导的上皮细胞凋亡。多项研究已证明,在产蛋后期拟杆菌丰度对生产性能具有重要影响,如在产蛋后期添加女贞子可以改变肠道菌群结构,拟杆菌显著增加,厚壁菌显著下降,提高生产性能[49],添加中药混合物也可改变肠道菌群结构,提高生产性能[50]。发酵饲料改变了蛋鸡产蛋后期肠道微生物的组成,拟杆菌显著增加,厚壁菌显著下降,使生产性能得以提升[51]。这些与本研究结果较为相似,通过粪菌移植(FMT)策略调控肠道菌群可显著改善老龄蛋鸡产蛋后期性能,将高产蛋鸡菌群移植至老龄低产个体后,拟杆菌属丰度显著提升并伴随生产性能改善,这可能是由于拟杆菌介导的多糖发酵可增强营养生物利用度,并通过产生短链脂肪酸(SCFA)上调紧密连接蛋白表达[52],强化肠道屏障完整性;拟杆菌丰度的增加可以提升Treg相关因子,激活IL-10依赖性Treg细胞分化[53],而在产蛋后期Treg相关因子IL-10的表达与改善老龄蛋鸡肠道免疫稳态,延长产蛋周期有关,可以维持产蛋周期中肠道免疫稳态[54],短链脂肪酸可减轻炎症、消除耐药病原体、调节肠道中关键基因的表达,并抑制促炎性LPS信号传导[55]。代谢层面,鸡脂肪沉积与拟杆菌丰度呈负相关拟杆菌通过抑制PPARγ信号通路减少脂肪沉积[56],将脂质资源重新分配至卵泡发育而非内脏脂肪积累,这一代谢重编程与持续产蛋能力直接相关[57]。FMT处理还可以改善葡萄糖稳态,拟杆菌属相对丰度的变化会改变体内的糖脂代谢[58],FMT可以减少肠道微生物菌群源性脂多糖缓解氧化应激引起的肠道炎症,而LPS引起的炎症得到缓解与拟杆菌丰度的增加有关。还可以上调激素受体(ESR1、ESR2、FSHR、AMHR)表达,通过调控SIRT1相关凋亡信号降低卵巢细胞凋亡(Bax/caspase家族基因下调,Bcl2/PARP上调)[22],有利于老年蛋鸡保持较好的生产性能[59]。综上所述,随着蛋鸡年龄的增加,肠道菌群结构如果不能进行正常更替,在产蛋后期仍以厚壁菌为主,可能引起肠道发生炎症,影响蛋鸡健康,而通过措施增加肠道中拟杆菌的丰度,则可能改善肠道健康,提高生产性能。
老年高产蛋鸡接受青年高产蛋鸡菌群移植无法使其产蛋周期得以延长,反而造成菌群更替延迟,使产蛋率发生下降。通过粪菌移植提高老年低产蛋鸡肠道中拟杆菌丰度,可以促进肠道菌群演替,改善部分品种老年蛋鸡的肠道健康,提高产蛋率。
  • 国家现代农业产业技术体系资助(CARS-40)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(32202736)
  • 河北省自然科学基金资助项目(C2022204149)
  • 河北省现代农业产业技术体系建设项目(HBCT2023210201)
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2026年第57卷第2期
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doi: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.02.026
  • 接收时间:2025-02-21
  • 首发时间:2026-09-16
  • 出版时间:2026-02-23
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-21
基金
国家现代农业产业技术体系资助(CARS-40)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(32202736)
河北省自然科学基金资助项目(C2022204149)
河北省现代农业产业技术体系建设项目(HBCT2023210201)
作者信息
    河北农业大学动物科技学院,保定 071000

通讯作者:

郝二英,主要从事蛋鸡肠道健康与生产性能研究,E-mail:
参考文献
分享链接
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/xmsyxb/CN/10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.02.026
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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