Article(id=1307013363813344160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307013104081068276, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.02.022, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1736956800000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-16, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789545869066, onlineDateStr=2026-09-16, pubDate=1771776000000, pubDateStr=2026-02-23, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789545869066, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789545869066, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789545869066, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1307013104081068276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, year='2026', volume='57', issue='2', pageStart='569', pageEnd='1176', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771776000000', pubDateStr='2026-02-23', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789545807142, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789609910854, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1307281975350419753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307013104081068276, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1307281975350419754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307013104081068276, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=825, endPage=838, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1307013364182442913, articleId=1307013363813344160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, language=EN, title=Comparative Analysis of Rumen Fermentation Parameters and Microbial Community of Holstein Steer and Xiangxi Cattle, columnId=1307007400746176631, journalTitle=Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, columnName=ANIMAL NUTRITION AND FEEDS, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study aims to study the differences in rumen fermentation parameters and microbial communities between Holstein steer and Xiangxi cattle. It provided a reference for exploring the composition and functional characteristics of rumen microbial ecosystems in animals with different genetic backgrounds, and offered a scientific basis for the formulation of breed-specific feeding strategies. Twelve adult Holstein steer (241.3±9.1 kg) and twelve adult Xiangxi cattle (206.0±8.4 kg) with good body condition were selected as experimental subjects and all animals were fed their respective standard diets. The experimental procedure involved the collection of ruminal fluid for the determination of ruminal fermentation parameters. Additionally, 16S rRNA sequencing was applied to analyze the structure and function of the ruminal microbial community. The results showed that: 1) The dry matter digestibility (DMD), organic matter digestibility (OMD), neutral detergent fiber digestibility (NDFD), and acid detergent fiber digestibility (ADFD) in Xiangxi cattle were significantly higher than those in Holstein steer (P<0.001). 2) The ruminal pH in Xiangxi cattle was significantly higher than that in Holstein steer (P<0.001). The concentrations of dissolved hydrogen (dH2), dissolved methane (dCH4), and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) in Xiangxi cattle were significantly lower than those in Holstein steer (P<0.001), while the dissolved hydrogen to dissolved methane ratio (dH2/dCH4) was significantly higher in Xiangxi cattle than Holstein steer (P<0.001). In rumen fermentation products, the total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) concentration and molar ratios of propionate, butyrate, iso-butyrate, valerate, and iso-valerate were higher in Holstein steer, while the molar ratios of acetate and acetate to propionate ratio were higher in Xiangxi cattle (P<0.001). 3) The results of α-diversity showed that Xiangxi cattle possessed richer and more diverse rumen microbial communities. In comparison, it was found that Holstein steer were primarily differentially enriched functional bacteria such as Agathobacter, Butyrivibrio and Lachnospira while functional bacteria differentially enriched in Xiangxi cattle included Fibrobacteres, Saccharofermentans, Lentimicrobium, Succiniclasticum and Acetatifactor (P<0.05). 4) The pathways of carbohydrate metabolism and metabolism of other amino acids were significantly enriched in Holstein steer, and the nucleotide metabolism and biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites pathways were significantly enriched in Xiangxi cattle (P<0.05).These results showed that there were significant differences in nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation parameters and microbial communities between Holstein steer and Xiangxi cattle. Specifically, the rumen of Holstein steer was inclined to propionate-type fermentation mode and was more capable of digesting non-fiber plant polysaccharides and proteins, while the rumen of Xiangxi cattle was inclined to acetate-type fermentation mode and was more capable of digesting fiber.

, authors=Wenxing WANG1, 2, Qi LI3, Xiang ZHOU1, 2, Qiushuang LI1, 2, Rong WANG1, 2, Xiumin ZHANG1, 2, Min WANG1, 2, authorsList=Wenxing WANG, Qi LI, Xiang ZHOU, Qiushuang LI, Rong WANG, Xiumin ZHANG, Min WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Min WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
WANG Min, E-mail:
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旨在研究荷斯坦牛和湘西黄牛瘤胃发酵参数及微生物区系的差异,为探索不同遗传背景的动物瘤胃微生物生态系统的组成和和功能特征提供参考,同时也为品种特异性饲养策略的制定提供科学依据。选择状态良好的成年荷斯坦牛(241.3±9.1 kg)和湘西黄牛(206.0±8.4 kg)各12头作为试验对象,所有试验动物均饲喂其常规饲粮。试验采集瘤胃液进行瘤胃发酵参数测定,同时应用16S rRNA测序分析瘤胃微生物群落结构和功能。结果表明:1)湘西黄牛的干物质消化率(DMD)、有机物消化率(OMD)、中性洗涤纤维消化率(NDFD)和酸性洗涤纤维消化率(ADFD)均显著高于荷斯坦牛(P<0.001)。2)湘西黄牛的瘤胃pH显著高于荷斯坦牛(P<0.001);湘西黄牛的瘤胃溶解氢(dH2)、溶解甲烷(dCH4)和氨态氮(NH3-N)浓度显著低于荷斯坦牛(P<0.001),而溶解氢与溶解甲烷比值(dH2/dCH4)显著高于荷斯坦牛(P<0.001);瘤胃发酵产物中,荷斯坦牛的总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)浓度及丙酸、丁酸、异丁酸、戊酸和异戊酸摩尔比例更高,而湘西黄牛的乙酸摩尔比例和乙丙比更高(P<0.001)。3)α多样性结果显示,湘西黄牛拥有更丰富和多样性的瘤胃微生物群落;荷斯坦牛瘤胃中主要差异富集了有益杆状菌属(Agathobacter)、丁酸弧菌属(Butyrivibrio)和毛螺菌属(Lachnospira)等功能菌(P<0.05),而湘西黄牛瘤胃微生物中主要差异富集了纤维杆菌门(Fibrobacteres)、糖发酵菌属(Saccharofermentans)、慢生微菌属(Lentimicrobium)、解琥珀酸菌属(Succiniclasticum)和醋杆菌属(Acetatifactor)等功能菌(P<0.05)。4)碳水化合物代谢通路(Carbohydrate metabolism)和其他氨基酸的代谢通路(Metabolism of other amino acids)在荷斯坦牛中显著富集(P<0.05),核苷酸代谢通路(Nucleotide metabolism)和其他次级代谢的生物合成通路(Biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites)在湘西黄牛中显著富集(P<0.05)。上述结果表明,荷斯坦牛和湘西黄牛营养物质消化率、瘤胃发酵参数及瘤胃微生物区系存现明显差异;荷斯坦牛瘤胃偏向丙酸型发酵模式,对非纤维植物多糖和蛋白质的消化能力更强;湘西黄牛瘤胃偏向乙酸型发酵模式,对纤维类物质的消化能力更强。

, authors=王文星1, 2, 李琪3, 周翔1, 2, 李秋爽1, 2, 王荣1, 2, 张秀敏1, 2, 王敏1, 2, authorsList=王文星, 李琪, 周翔, 李秋爽, 王荣, 张秀敏, 王敏, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王敏, authorNote=

王文星,博士生,主要从事反刍动物营养研究,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
王敏,主要从事瘤胃氢迁移和甲烷排放研究,E-mail:
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* There is a significant difference in the relative abundance of the bacterium between the two breeds. Red indicates significant enrichment in Holstein steer, blue indicates significant enrichment in Xiangxi cattle, * indicates P<0.05, ** indicates P<0.01, *** indicates P<0.001

, figureFileSmall=AssOTjH4Cxs+65pi4XCeww==, figureFileBig=kctLWgE/Io7EhDNJg/Woow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282284801971125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013363813344160, language=CN, label=图3, caption=门水平(A)和属水平(B)物种组成

*表示该菌相对丰度在两牛品种中差异显著,红色表示在荷斯坦牛中显著富集,蓝色表示在湘西黄牛中显著富集,*表示P<0.05,**表示P<0.01,***表示P<0.001

Bacteroidetes:拟杆菌门;Firmicutes:厚壁菌门;Proteobacteria:变形菌门;Actinobacteria:放线杆菌门;Fibrobacteres:纤维杆菌门;Lentisphaerae:黏结球形菌门;Planctomycetes:浮霉状菌门;Kiritimatiellaeota:圣诞环礁菌门;Spirochaetes:螺旋体门;Candidatus Saccharibacteria:拟糖菌门Prevotella:普雷沃氏菌属;Agathobacter:有益杆状菌属;Saccharofermentans:糖发酵菌属;Lentimicrobium:慢生微菌属;Butyrivibrio:丁酸弧菌属;Paraprevotella:副普雷沃氏菌属;Rikenella:理化所菌属;Succiniclasticum:解琥珀酸菌属;Ruminococcus:瘤胃球菌属;Faecalibacterium:栖粪杆菌属;Parabacteroides:副拟杆菌属;Christensenella:克里斯滕森氏菌属;Phascolarctobacterium:考拉杆菌属;Mitsuokella:光岗氏菌属;Acetatifactor:醋杆菌属;Herbivorax:草食菌属;Coprococcus:粪球菌属;Acidaminococcus:氨基酸球菌属;Lachnospira:毛螺菌属;Eisenbergiella:艾森贝格氏菌属

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Paraprevotella:副普雷沃氏菌属;Papillibacter:乳头杆菌属;Emergencia:紧急弧菌属;Lawsonibacter:劳森氏杆菌属;Coprococcus:粪球菌属;Parabacteroides:副拟杆菌属;Agathobacter:有益杆状菌属;Faecalimonas:粪样单胞菌属;Succinivibrio:琥珀酸弧菌属;Succiniclasticum:解琥珀酸菌属;Lachnospira:毛螺菌属;Dialister:戴阿利斯特菌属;Marvinbryantia:马文布赖恩特菌属;Intestinimonas:鼠肠单胞菌属;Fibrobacter:丝状杆菌属;Victivallis:食谷菌属;Proteiniphilum:嗜蛋白质菌属;Caproiciproducens:产己酸杆菌属;Anaerocolumna:厌氧柱状菌属;Monoglobus:单球菌属;Phascolarctobacterium:考拉杆菌属;Faecalibacterium:栖粪杆菌属;Lentimicrobium:慢生微菌属;Rikenella:理化所菌属;Lactobacillus:乳杆菌属;Tenuifilum:细丝状菌属;Christensenella:克里斯滕森氏菌属;Duncaniella:邓肯氏菌属;Mitsuokella:光岗氏菌属;Butyrivibrio:丁酸弧菌属;Acetatifactor:醋杆菌属;Enterocloster:肠道梭状菌属;Saccharofermentans:糖发酵菌属;Collinsella:柯林斯氏菌属;Pseudoscardovia:假斯卡多维氏菌属;Bulleidia:布雷德氏菌属;Tidjanibacter:提坚尼巴克菌属;Alistipes:别样杆菌属

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Composition and nutrient levels of basal diet (DM basis)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

项目

Item

品种Breed
荷斯坦牛 Holstein steer湘西黄牛 Xiangxi cattle
原料 Ingredients
稻草 Straw-800
青贮玉米 Silage corn-200
大麦 Barley500-
玉米皮 Corn bran300-
菜籽粕 Rapeseed meal150-
预混料 Premix1)40.0-
缓释蛋白 Slow-release protein5.00-
小苏打 Sodium bicarbonate5.00-
合计 Total1 0001 000
营养水平 Nutrient levels2)
干物质 DM820986
有机物 OM736864
粗蛋白质 CP16050.0
中性洗涤纤维 NDF336684
酸性洗涤纤维 ADF128409
粗灰分 Ash84.0136
粗脂肪 EE64.037.0
总能/(MJ·kg-1) GE16.616.4
), ArticleFig(id=1307282285280121787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013363813344160, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

基础饲粮组成和营养水平(干物质基础) (g·kg-1)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

项目

Item

品种Breed
荷斯坦牛 Holstein steer湘西黄牛 Xiangxi cattle
原料 Ingredients
稻草 Straw-800
青贮玉米 Silage corn-200
大麦 Barley500-
玉米皮 Corn bran300-
菜籽粕 Rapeseed meal150-
预混料 Premix1)40.0-
缓释蛋白 Slow-release protein5.00-
小苏打 Sodium bicarbonate5.00-
合计 Total1 0001 000
营养水平 Nutrient levels2)
干物质 DM820986
有机物 OM736864
粗蛋白质 CP16050.0
中性洗涤纤维 NDF336684
酸性洗涤纤维 ADF128409
粗灰分 Ash84.0136
粗脂肪 EE64.037.0
总能/(MJ·kg-1) GE16.616.4
), ArticleFig(id=1307282285380785084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013363813344160, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison of apparent digestibility of nutrients between Holstein steer and Xiangxi cattle

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

项目

Item

荷斯坦牛

Holstein steer

湘西黄牛

Xiangxi cattle

SEM

P值

P-value

干物质消化率 DMD60.265.92.526<0.001
有机物消化率 OMD62.569.62.636<0.001
粗蛋白消化率 CPD65.451.73.017<0.001
中性洗涤纤维消化率 NDFD42.667.62.772<0.001
酸性洗涤纤维消化率 ADFD32.767.32.956<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1307282285477254077, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013363813344160, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

荷斯坦牛和湘西黄牛的营养物质表观消化率比较 (%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

项目

Item

荷斯坦牛

Holstein steer

湘西黄牛

Xiangxi cattle

SEM

P值

P-value

干物质消化率 DMD60.265.92.526<0.001
有机物消化率 OMD62.569.62.636<0.001
粗蛋白消化率 CPD65.451.73.017<0.001
中性洗涤纤维消化率 NDFD42.667.62.772<0.001
酸性洗涤纤维消化率 ADFD32.767.32.956<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1307282285561140158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013363813344160, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Comparison of rumen fermentation parameters between Holstein steer and Xiangxi cattle

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

项目

Item

荷斯坦牛

Holstein steer

湘西黄牛

Xiangxi cattle

SEM

P值

P-value

pH6.597.270.030<0.001
溶解气体 Dissolved gas
溶解氢/(µmol·L-1) dH21.840.300.190<0.001
溶解甲烷/(mmol·L-1) dCH40.350.030.010<0.001
溶解氢与溶解甲烷比值 dH2 to dCH4 ratio5.2610.040.395<0.001
氨态氮/(mg·dL-1) NH3-N9.985.730.421<0.001
总挥发性脂肪酸/(mmol·L-1) TVFA63.245.72.242<0.001
挥发性脂肪酸摩尔比例/(mol·100 mol-1) VFA molar percentage
乙酸 Acetate54.174.30.500<0.001
丙酸 Propionate28.016.40.361<0.001
丁酸 Butyrate11.17.200.285<0.001
异丁酸 Iso-butyrate2.770.440.089<0.001
戊酸 Valerate2.200.800.2730.021
异戊酸 Iso-valerate1.830.860.109<0.001
乙丙比 Acetate to propionate ratio1.934.530.054<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1307282285649220543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013363813344160, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

荷斯坦牛和湘西黄牛的瘤胃发酵参数比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

项目

Item

荷斯坦牛

Holstein steer

湘西黄牛

Xiangxi cattle

SEM

P值

P-value

pH6.597.270.030<0.001
溶解气体 Dissolved gas
溶解氢/(µmol·L-1) dH21.840.300.190<0.001
溶解甲烷/(mmol·L-1) dCH40.350.030.010<0.001
溶解氢与溶解甲烷比值 dH2 to dCH4 ratio5.2610.040.395<0.001
氨态氮/(mg·dL-1) NH3-N9.985.730.421<0.001
总挥发性脂肪酸/(mmol·L-1) TVFA63.245.72.242<0.001
挥发性脂肪酸摩尔比例/(mol·100 mol-1) VFA molar percentage
乙酸 Acetate54.174.30.500<0.001
丙酸 Propionate28.016.40.361<0.001
丁酸 Butyrate11.17.200.285<0.001
异丁酸 Iso-butyrate2.770.440.089<0.001
戊酸 Valerate2.200.800.2730.021
异戊酸 Iso-valerate1.830.860.109<0.001
乙丙比 Acetate to propionate ratio1.934.530.054<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1307282285733106624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013363813344160, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Comparison of alpha diversity of rumen bacteria between Holstein steer and Xiangxi cattle

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

项目

Item

荷斯坦牛

Holstein steer

湘西黄牛

Xiangxi cattle

SEM

P值

P-value

Chao1指数 Chao 1 index976.61 518.269.859<0.001
ACE指数 ACE index1 071.71 776.981.984<0.001
Shannon指数 Shannon index4.2164.7470.0730.001
Simpson指数 Simpson index0.0650.0380.0050.057
覆盖度指数 Coverage index0.9980.9960.0020.723
), ArticleFig(id=1307282285812798401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013363813344160, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

荷斯坦牛和湘西黄牛的瘤胃细菌群落α多样性比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

项目

Item

荷斯坦牛

Holstein steer

湘西黄牛

Xiangxi cattle

SEM

P值

P-value

Chao1指数 Chao 1 index976.61 518.269.859<0.001
ACE指数 ACE index1 071.71 776.981.984<0.001
Shannon指数 Shannon index4.2164.7470.0730.001
Simpson指数 Simpson index0.0650.0380.0050.057
覆盖度指数 Coverage index0.9980.9960.0020.723
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荷斯坦牛和湘西黄牛瘤胃发酵参数和微生物区系的比较分析
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王文星 1, 2 , 李琪 3 , 周翔 1, 2 , 李秋爽 1, 2 , 王荣 1, 2 , 张秀敏 1, 2 , 王敏 1, 2
畜牧兽医学报 | 营养与饲料 2026,57(2): 825-838
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畜牧兽医学报 |营养与饲料 2026 , 57 (2) : 825 -838
荷斯坦牛和湘西黄牛瘤胃发酵参数和微生物区系的比较分析
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王文星1, 2 , 李琪3, 周翔1, 2, 李秋爽1, 2, 王荣1, 2, 张秀敏1, 2, 王敏1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.中国科学院亚热带农业生态研究所,长沙 410125
  • 2.中国科学院大学,北京 100049
  • 3.广西大学动物科学技术学院,南宁 530003
通讯作者:
王敏,主要从事瘤胃氢迁移和甲烷排放研究,E-mail:
作者简介:

王文星,博士生,主要从事反刍动物营养研究,E-mail:

Comparative Analysis of Rumen Fermentation Parameters and Microbial Community of Holstein Steer and Xiangxi Cattle
Wenxing WANG1, 2 , Qi LI3, Xiang ZHOU1, 2, Qiushuang LI1, 2, Rong WANG1, 2, Xiumin ZHANG1, 2, Min WANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.Institute of Subtropical Agriculture,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Changsha 410125,China
  • 2.University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100049,China
  • 3.College of Animal Science and Technology,Guangxi University,Nanning 530003,China
  • Corresponding Author:
    WANG Min, E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-02-23 doi: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.02.022
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旨在研究荷斯坦牛和湘西黄牛瘤胃发酵参数及微生物区系的差异,为探索不同遗传背景的动物瘤胃微生物生态系统的组成和和功能特征提供参考,同时也为品种特异性饲养策略的制定提供科学依据。选择状态良好的成年荷斯坦牛(241.3±9.1 kg)和湘西黄牛(206.0±8.4 kg)各12头作为试验对象,所有试验动物均饲喂其常规饲粮。试验采集瘤胃液进行瘤胃发酵参数测定,同时应用16S rRNA测序分析瘤胃微生物群落结构和功能。结果表明:1)湘西黄牛的干物质消化率(DMD)、有机物消化率(OMD)、中性洗涤纤维消化率(NDFD)和酸性洗涤纤维消化率(ADFD)均显著高于荷斯坦牛(P<0.001)。2)湘西黄牛的瘤胃pH显著高于荷斯坦牛(P<0.001);湘西黄牛的瘤胃溶解氢(dH2)、溶解甲烷(dCH4)和氨态氮(NH3-N)浓度显著低于荷斯坦牛(P<0.001),而溶解氢与溶解甲烷比值(dH2/dCH4)显著高于荷斯坦牛(P<0.001);瘤胃发酵产物中,荷斯坦牛的总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)浓度及丙酸、丁酸、异丁酸、戊酸和异戊酸摩尔比例更高,而湘西黄牛的乙酸摩尔比例和乙丙比更高(P<0.001)。3)α多样性结果显示,湘西黄牛拥有更丰富和多样性的瘤胃微生物群落;荷斯坦牛瘤胃中主要差异富集了有益杆状菌属(Agathobacter)、丁酸弧菌属(Butyrivibrio)和毛螺菌属(Lachnospira)等功能菌(P<0.05),而湘西黄牛瘤胃微生物中主要差异富集了纤维杆菌门(Fibrobacteres)、糖发酵菌属(Saccharofermentans)、慢生微菌属(Lentimicrobium)、解琥珀酸菌属(Succiniclasticum)和醋杆菌属(Acetatifactor)等功能菌(P<0.05)。4)碳水化合物代谢通路(Carbohydrate metabolism)和其他氨基酸的代谢通路(Metabolism of other amino acids)在荷斯坦牛中显著富集(P<0.05),核苷酸代谢通路(Nucleotide metabolism)和其他次级代谢的生物合成通路(Biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites)在湘西黄牛中显著富集(P<0.05)。上述结果表明,荷斯坦牛和湘西黄牛营养物质消化率、瘤胃发酵参数及瘤胃微生物区系存现明显差异;荷斯坦牛瘤胃偏向丙酸型发酵模式,对非纤维植物多糖和蛋白质的消化能力更强;湘西黄牛瘤胃偏向乙酸型发酵模式,对纤维类物质的消化能力更强。

荷斯坦牛  /  湘西黄牛  /  营养物质消化率  /  发酵模式  /  微生物群落

This study aims to study the differences in rumen fermentation parameters and microbial communities between Holstein steer and Xiangxi cattle. It provided a reference for exploring the composition and functional characteristics of rumen microbial ecosystems in animals with different genetic backgrounds, and offered a scientific basis for the formulation of breed-specific feeding strategies. Twelve adult Holstein steer (241.3±9.1 kg) and twelve adult Xiangxi cattle (206.0±8.4 kg) with good body condition were selected as experimental subjects and all animals were fed their respective standard diets. The experimental procedure involved the collection of ruminal fluid for the determination of ruminal fermentation parameters. Additionally, 16S rRNA sequencing was applied to analyze the structure and function of the ruminal microbial community. The results showed that: 1) The dry matter digestibility (DMD), organic matter digestibility (OMD), neutral detergent fiber digestibility (NDFD), and acid detergent fiber digestibility (ADFD) in Xiangxi cattle were significantly higher than those in Holstein steer (P<0.001). 2) The ruminal pH in Xiangxi cattle was significantly higher than that in Holstein steer (P<0.001). The concentrations of dissolved hydrogen (dH2), dissolved methane (dCH4), and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) in Xiangxi cattle were significantly lower than those in Holstein steer (P<0.001), while the dissolved hydrogen to dissolved methane ratio (dH2/dCH4) was significantly higher in Xiangxi cattle than Holstein steer (P<0.001). In rumen fermentation products, the total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) concentration and molar ratios of propionate, butyrate, iso-butyrate, valerate, and iso-valerate were higher in Holstein steer, while the molar ratios of acetate and acetate to propionate ratio were higher in Xiangxi cattle (P<0.001). 3) The results of α-diversity showed that Xiangxi cattle possessed richer and more diverse rumen microbial communities. In comparison, it was found that Holstein steer were primarily differentially enriched functional bacteria such as Agathobacter, Butyrivibrio and Lachnospira while functional bacteria differentially enriched in Xiangxi cattle included Fibrobacteres, Saccharofermentans, Lentimicrobium, Succiniclasticum and Acetatifactor (P<0.05). 4) The pathways of carbohydrate metabolism and metabolism of other amino acids were significantly enriched in Holstein steer, and the nucleotide metabolism and biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites pathways were significantly enriched in Xiangxi cattle (P<0.05).These results showed that there were significant differences in nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation parameters and microbial communities between Holstein steer and Xiangxi cattle. Specifically, the rumen of Holstein steer was inclined to propionate-type fermentation mode and was more capable of digesting non-fiber plant polysaccharides and proteins, while the rumen of Xiangxi cattle was inclined to acetate-type fermentation mode and was more capable of digesting fiber.

Holstein steer  /  Xiangxi cattle  /  nutrient digestibility  /  fermentation pattern  /  microbial community
王文星, 李琪, 周翔, 李秋爽, 王荣, 张秀敏, 王敏. 荷斯坦牛和湘西黄牛瘤胃发酵参数和微生物区系的比较分析. 畜牧兽医学报, 2026 , 57 (2) : 825 -838 . DOI: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.02.022
Wenxing WANG, Qi LI, Xiang ZHOU, Qiushuang LI, Rong WANG, Xiumin ZHANG, Min WANG. Comparative Analysis of Rumen Fermentation Parameters and Microbial Community of Holstein Steer and Xiangxi Cattle[J]. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, 2026 , 57 (2) : 825 -838 . DOI: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.02.022
瘤胃作为反刍动物消化道中的关键部分,是一个独特的微生态系统,其中微生物群落对于宿主的消化、代谢和整体健康发挥着至关重要的作用[1]。瘤胃内的微生物,包括细菌、真菌、古菌以及原生动物等,通过协同作用将复杂的多糖转化为宿主能够吸收利用的挥发性脂肪酸(volatile fatty acid,VFA)和微生物蛋白,从而为宿主动物提供必需的能量和营养物质[2]。同时,这一过程伴随着甲烷的产生,甲烷是瘤胃微生物厌氧发酵过程中的天然产物[3]。
瘤胃微生物群落的多样性和功能直接关系到饲粮的转化效率、动物的生产性能以及环境的可持续性。不同品种的牛因其遗传背景和适应环境的差异,其瘤胃微生物群落的组成和功能存在显著差异,这些差异可能会对瘤胃发酵效率和代谢产物的产生造成影响[4]。武斌等[5]在研究中比较了不同遗传基础肉牛对饲粮中养分的消化率,发现遗传基础对肉牛粗蛋白质和粗脂肪的消化率具有显著影响。Li等[6]比较了三个肉牛品种的瘤胃微生物区系及降解酶活性,发现宿主品种基因型和瘤胃微生物组之间的相互作用导致显著的饲料效率差异。除此之外,不同品种牛的瘤胃微生物菌群特征、瘤胃发酵模式和代谢功能通路也存在品种特异性差异。Li等[7]的研究发现,荷斯坦牛和娟姗牛相比,荷斯坦牛拥有以γ变形菌纲(Gammaproteobacteria)为特征的瘤胃微生物群组,而娟姗牛拥有以梭菌纲(Clostridia)为特征的瘤胃微生物群组,导致荷斯坦牛瘤胃发酵产生更多的丙酸,而娟姗牛瘤胃发酵产生更多的乙酸和丁酸。
荷斯坦牛在全世界广泛饲养,具有遗传稳定、适应性强的特点,其耐寒能力较强,而耐热能力较差。湘西黄牛是我国重要的地方黄牛品种资源,具有高粗饲料适应性、生长迅速、饲料报酬高、高自然适应性等特点[8]。湘西黄牛在长期与我国湘西地区气候和地貌的共同进化过程中,塑造了其瘤胃微生物群落的独特特征,这种特征在适应低质粗饲粮饲喂方面发挥着关键作用。湘西黄牛瘤胃微生物群落的独特性不仅反映了其对当地环境及饲喂方式的高度适应性,也为研究牛种的遗传特性和微生物生态提供了宝贵的资源。因此,本研究通过对比荷斯坦牛和湘西黄牛的消化代谢能力、瘤胃发酵参数和瘤胃微生物群落特征,深入研究荷斯坦牛和湘西黄牛瘤胃微生物生态系统的组成和功能特征,有利于充分认识和利用我国的牛种资源,将有助于优化饲养管理,提高肉牛产业的生产效率和可持续性。
本试验的所有程序遵循《实验动物管理与使用指南》要求,试验动物的使用经中国科学院亚热带农业生态研究所动物伦理委员会批准(ISA-W-202202)。
本试验于湖南省西部某典型荷斯坦牛育肥场和国家级湘西黄牛保种场开展研究工作,分别随机选取状态良好、体重接近的成年荷斯坦牛(241.3±9.1 kg)和湘西黄牛(206.0±8.4 kg)各12头作为试验对象。试验期间对所选试验动物进行单栏式饲养,每天分别于8:00和16:00进行2次饲喂,所有试验动物均饲喂其常规饲粮,自由采食和饮水。试验期共9 d,其中消化代谢试验7 d,瘤胃液采集2 d。
在试验期为1~7 d时进行营养物质的消化率测定,采用点收样方式开展消化代谢试验。整个消化代谢试验共持续7 d,其中适应期2 d让试验动物适应单栏饲养环境并保持采食量稳定。试验期5 d,连续5 d精准记录每头牛的采食量,收集饲粮样品,并于每日8:00和16:00通过直肠采样方法收集200 g的新鲜粪便样品,其中100 g粪样加10%硫酸固氮,并混合均匀;另100 g粪样不做添加,直接分装成3份,置于65 ℃烘干至恒重,粉碎过40目筛后干燥保存,用于饲粮样品和粪便样品的常规营养成分测定。饲粮养分表观消化率的计算公式如下:
饲粮某养分表观消化率(%)=100×[1-(饲粮中酸不溶灰分含量/粪样中酸不溶灰分含量)×(粪样中养分含量/饲粮中养分含量)]。
在试验期为8~9 d时,晨饲前(0 h)通过口腔胃管从瘤胃抽取瘤胃液约400 mL,为避免唾液污染,弃去最初100 mL瘤胃液,剩余瘤胃液用于pH、溶解气体、VFA、氨态氮(ammonia nitrogen,NH3-N)和瘤胃微生物的测定。取一份瘤胃液样品(20 mL),用于瘤胃pH测定;取两份样品(35 mL),用于溶解气体的测定;取三份样品(10 mL),4 ℃条件下12 000×g离心10 min后取1.5 mL上清液转移到添加150 μL 25%(w/v)偏磷酸的2 mL冻存管中,-20 ℃保存,用于VFA测定;取2份样品(10 mL),立即于液氮中冻存,用于NH3-N和瘤胃微生物区系的测定。
依据GB/T6435—2006方法测定干物质(dry matter,DM)含量,依据GB/T6432—2018测定粗蛋白质(crude protein, CP)含量,依据GB/T6433—2006测定粗脂肪(crude fat,EE)含量,依据GB/T6438—2007测定粗灰分(crude ash,Ash)含量并计算有机物(organic matter,OM)含量,依据GB/T20806—2022测定中性洗涤纤维(neutral detergent fiber,NDF)含量,依据NY/T1459—2022测定酸性洗涤纤维(acid detergent fiber,ADF)含量,依据ISO 9831:1998测定总能(gross energy,GE)。
收集瘤胃液之后,取约20 mL立即使用便携式pH计(奥塞斯仪器有限公司,上海)测量pH;取2份约35 mL瘤胃液置于50 mL注射器中,并连接含有10 mL纯N2的20 mL注射器,排尽其他气体后固定在摇床上,以200 r·min-1的速率震荡5 min提取瘤胃液中溶解态气体至气相中,用气相色谱仪测量,使用Wang等[9]的方程计算溶解氢(dissolved hydrogen,dH2)和溶解甲烷(dissolved methane,dCH4)的浓度;将“1.3”中液氮保存的瘤胃液4 ℃解冻,参照Shahinian和Reinhold[10]报道的方法测定NH3-N浓度。将“1.3”中添加了偏磷酸的样品室温下进行解冻,参照Zhang等[11]的方法,采用气相色谱仪测定VFA浓度。
根据制造商的使用说明,使用PowerSoil DNA分离试剂盒从瘤胃液中提取微生物基因组DNA,1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳(5 V/cm, 20 min)检测DNA的完整性,NanoDrop 2000 UV-vis分光光度计检测DNA的纯度和浓度。使用ABI GeneAmp®9700聚合酶链式反应热循环仪将提取的DNA样品中细菌16S rRNA基因高变区V3-V4进行扩增,该区域的扩增引物为:341F(5'-CCTAYGGGRBGCASCAG-3')和806R(5'- GGACTACNNGGGTATCTAAT-3')。16S rRNA基因扩增按以下步骤进行:95 ℃预变性3 min;随后进行27个循环的扩增,每个循环包括:95 ℃变性30 s,55℃退火30 s,72 ℃延伸45 s;循环结束后于72 ℃延伸10 min,4 ℃结束。扩增条件包括:4 μL 5×TransStart FastPfu Buffer,2 μL 2.5 mmol·L-1 dNTPs,0.8 μL正向引物(5 μmol·L-1),0.8 μL反向引物(5 μmol·L-1),0.4 μL TransStart FastPfu DNA聚合酶,10 ng模板DNA,最后加入20 μL的ddH2O。从2%琼脂糖凝胶中提取扩增产物后,用AxyPrep DNA Gel提取试剂盒纯化。使用Quantus™荧光仪对聚合酶链式反应产物进行定量分析[12]。
纯化的扩增产物等摩尔混合,在Illumina MiSeq平台(Illumina,http://www.illumina.com/)上按标准方案进行双端测序。用Trimmomatic对原始的16S rRNA基因测序读数进行质控,并使用FLASH软件进行拼接合并。使用UPARSE(Version7.1,http://drive5.com/uparse/)对具有97%相似性的操作分类单元(Operational Taxonomic Units,OTU)进行聚类,并鉴定和移除嵌合序列[13]。
所有试验数据使用Excel 2010软件进行初步整理。使用SPSS 27.0软件进行单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),使用Wilcoxon秩和检验分析微生物群落组成数据。数据以P<0.05为差异显著性判断标准。
由表1可知,荷斯坦牛的常规饲粮以大麦、玉米皮和菜籽粕为主,并额外添加预混料、缓释蛋白和小苏打补充维生素、矿物质和氨基酸等营养成分;湘西黄牛的常规饲粮为稻草和青贮玉米。荷斯坦牛的常规饲粮在营养水平上(干物质基础)含有更高的CP和EE,湘西黄牛的常规饲粮在营养水平上(干物质基础)则含有更高的DM、OM、NDF、ADF和Ash。
由表2可知,湘西黄牛的干物质消化率(dry matter digestibility,DMD)、有机物消化率(organic matter digestibility,OMD)、中性洗涤纤维消化率(neutral detergent fiber digestibility,NDFD)和酸性洗涤纤维消化率(acid detergent fiber digestibility,ADFD)均显著高于荷斯坦牛(P<0.001),而粗蛋白质消化率(crude protein digestibility,CPD)显著低于荷斯坦牛(P<0.001)。
由表3可知,湘西黄牛的瘤胃pH显著高于荷斯坦牛(P<0.001),但两品种牛瘤胃pH均处于正常变化范围内(6.0~7.5);湘西黄牛的瘤胃dH2、dCH4和NH3-N浓度显著低于荷斯坦牛(P<0.001),溶解氢与溶解甲烷比值(dH2 to dCH4 ratio,dH2/dCH4)显著高于荷斯坦牛(P<0.001)。瘤胃发酵产物中,荷斯坦牛的总挥发性脂肪酸(total volatile fatty acid, TVFA)浓度及丙酸、丁酸、异丁酸、戊酸和异戊酸摩尔比例更高(P<0.001),而湘西黄牛的乙酸摩尔比例和乙丙比更高(P<0.001)。
为了使所有样品在同一测序深度进行比较分析,从每个样品中随机抽取27 525个序列进行后续分析。由表4可知,荷斯坦牛和湘西黄牛测序样品的覆盖度指数均在0.99以上,可以完整地反映瘤胃细菌群落的组成和结构的多样性。湘西黄牛的Chao1指数、ACE指数和Shannon指数均显著高于荷斯坦牛(P<0.001),湘西黄牛和荷斯坦牛的Simpson指数差异不显著(P>0.05)。
基于Bray-Curtis距离的主坐标分析(PCoA,图1)结果显示,主坐标1(PCoA1)对差异结果诠释的比重为54.11%,主坐标2(PCoA2)对差异结果诠释的比重为17.61%,荷斯坦牛和湘西黄牛的瘤胃细菌群落分别聚类并呈现出明显分离(R2=0.44,P=0.001),表明荷斯坦牛和湘西黄牛之间瘤胃细菌群落结构存在显著差异。
对检测序列相似度大于阈值97%划为相同的OTUs,由图2可知,两牛品种共鉴定出4 133个OTUs,其中,荷斯坦牛和湘西黄牛共享1 248个OTUs,荷斯坦牛存在912个特有的OTUs(占荷斯坦牛总OTU数的42.22%),湘西黄牛存在1 973个特有的OTUs(占湘西黄牛总OTU数的61.25%),进一步说明荷斯坦牛和湘西黄牛之间瘤胃液细菌群落的物种种类存在显著差异。
图3A展示了荷斯坦牛和湘西黄牛瘤胃细菌群落门水平组成(Top10)的相对丰度。共鉴定出28个门,且这28个门均为全部样品所共有。荷斯坦牛瘤胃优势菌门为厚壁菌门(Firmicutes,荷斯坦牛vs.湘西黄牛:48.3% vs. 40.2%,下同),湘西黄牛瘤胃优势菌门为拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes,45.8% vs. 52.1%),且相对丰度差异均不显著(P>0.05)。其余top10的菌门为变形菌门(Proteobacteria,2.1% vs. 2.7%)、放线杆菌门(Actinobacteria,2.3% vs. 1.0%)、纤维杆菌门(Fibrobacteres,0.4% vs. 0.7%)、黏结球形菌门(Lentisphaerae,<0.1% vs. 0.1%)、浮霉状菌门(Planctomycetes, 0.5% vs. 0.5%)、圣诞环礁菌门(Kiritimatiellaeota,<0.1% vs. 0.6%)、螺旋体门(Spirochaetes,0.3% vs. 0.3%)和拟糖菌门(Candidatus Saccharibacteria, 0.2% vs. 0.2%),其中放线杆菌门(Actinobacteria)在荷斯坦牛中显著富集(P<0.001),而变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、纤维杆菌门(Fibrobacteres)、黏结球形菌门(Lentisphaerae)和圣诞环礁菌门(Kiritimatiellaeota)在湘西黄牛中显著富集(P<0.001)。
图3B展示了荷斯坦牛和湘西黄牛瘤胃细菌群落属水平组成(Top20)的相对丰度。Top20的属中有15个属的相对丰度在两品种牛之间存在显著差异(P<0.05),其中有益杆状菌属(Agathobacter, 4.9% vs. 0.3%)、丁酸弧菌属(Butyrivibrio, 3.4% vs. 1.1%)、栖粪杆菌属(Faecalibacterium, 2.2% vs. 1.2%)、光岗氏菌属(Mitsuokella, 2.3% vs. 0.1%)、粪球菌属(Coprococcus, 1.5% vs. 0.7%)、毛螺菌属(Lachnospira, 1.8% vs. 0.1%)和艾森贝格氏菌属(Eisenbergiella, 1.1% vs. 0.7%)在荷斯坦牛中显著富集(P<0.05);糖发酵菌属(Saccharofermentans, 1.4% vs. 3.8%)、慢生微菌属(Lentimicrobium, 0.9% vs. 3.9%)、副普雷沃氏菌属(Paraprevotella, 0.9% vs. 3.4%)、理化所菌属(Rikenella, 0.9% vs. 3.3%)、解琥珀酸菌属(Succiniclasticum, 1.2% vs. 2.6%)、副拟杆菌属(Parabacteroides, 0.8% vs. 2.4%)、克里斯滕森氏菌属(Christensenella, 0.6% vs. 2.2%)和醋杆菌属(Acetatifactor, 0.2% vs. 2.2%)在湘西黄牛中显著富集(P<0.05);其余Top20的菌属差异不显著(P>0.05),分别为普雷沃氏菌属(Prevotella, 39.8% vs. 31.0%)、瘤胃球菌属(Ruminococcus, 2.1% vs. 1.7%)、考拉杆菌属(Phascolarctobacterium, 1.0% vs. 1.5%)、草食菌属(Herbivorax, 1.6% vs. 0.6%)和氨基酸球菌属(Acidaminococcus, 1.3% vs. 0.7%)。
如图4所示的LEfSe分析结果在荷斯坦牛和湘西黄牛中分别筛选出13和25个不同的属水平瘤胃标志性差异菌(LDA>3.5),其中荷斯坦牛中以有益杆状菌属(Agathobacter)和栖粪杆菌属(Faecalibacterium)为代表的7个标志性差异菌属以及湘西黄牛中以糖发酵菌属(Saccharofermentans)、慢生微菌属(Lentimicrobium)、副普雷沃氏菌属(Paraprevotella)为代表的9个标志性差异菌属均在“2.4”中进行过分析。未在“2.4”分析过的属中,戴阿利斯特菌属(Dialister)、布雷德氏菌属(Bulleidia)、紧急弧菌属(Emergencia)、肠道梭状菌属(Enterocloster)、马文布赖恩特菌属(Marvinbryantia)、假斯卡多维氏菌属(Pseudoscardovia)和琥珀酸弧菌属(Succinivibrio)在荷斯坦牛中显著富集(P<0.05, LDA>3.5),而别样杆菌属(Alistipes)、厌氧柱状菌属(Anaerocolumna)、产己酸杆菌属(Caproiciproducens)、柯林斯氏菌属(Collinsella)、邓肯氏菌属(Duncaniella)、粪样单胞菌属(Faecalimonas)、丝状杆菌属(Fibrobacter)、鼠肠单胞菌属(Intestinimonas)、乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)、劳森氏杆菌属(Lawsonibacter)、单球菌属(Monoglobus)、乳头杆菌属(Papillibacter)、嗜蛋白质菌属(Proteiniphilum)、细丝状菌属(Tenuifilum)、提坚尼巴克菌属(Tidjanibacter)和食谷菌属(Victivallis)在湘西黄牛中显著富集(P<0.05, LDA>3.5)。
对荷斯坦牛和湘西黄牛瘤胃细菌群落基于KEGG数据库进行代谢通路功能预测比较结果显示,共比对到6条初级代谢通路,但差异均不显著(P>0.05),包括新陈代谢(Metabolism)、环境信息处理(Environmental Information Processing)、遗传信息处理(Genetic Information Processing)、细胞过程(Cellular Processes)、生物系统(Organismal Systems)和人类疾病(Human Diseases);共比对到34条次级代谢通路,其中碳水化合物代谢通路(Carbohydrate metabolism)和其他氨基酸的代谢通路(Metabolism of other amino acids)在荷斯坦牛中显著富集(P<0.05),核苷酸代谢通路(Nucleotide metabolism)和其他次级代谢的生物合成通路(Biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites)在湘西黄牛中显著富集(P<0.05)。
瘤胃pH是反映瘤胃发酵状态的重要指标,主要受瘤胃发酵产生的VFA和NH3-N的影响,通常情况下瘤胃pH的正常范围为6.0~7.5[14⁃15]。本研究中,所有动物瘤胃pH均在正常范围内(6.33~7.39),湘西黄牛瘤胃pH显著高于荷斯坦牛,这与湘西黄牛瘤胃TVFA含量显著低于荷斯坦牛的结果一致。此外,较高的瘤胃pH有利于提高纤维降解效率,这是湘西黄牛在瘤胃发酵特性上表现出的优势之一[16]。本研究中,湘西黄牛的DMD、OMD、NDFD和ADFD均显著高于荷斯坦牛,这进一步表明湘西黄牛在瘤胃纤维降解方面具有更好的效率。湘西黄牛具有耐粗饲的特性,其饲粮中NDF和ADF含量较高,也可能导致瘤胃pH升高,这种高pH环境可能有助于湘西黄牛更有效地降解高纤维饲粮,从而在消化率方面表现优于荷斯坦牛[17]。
饲粮中的碳水化合物在瘤胃微生物的作用下降解产生VFA,其提供宿主80%以上的能量[18]。乙酸、丙酸和丁酸占TVFA的90%以上,其中乙酸是纤维性碳水化合物的主要产物,丙酸则是非纤维碳水化合物的主要产物。本研究中湘西黄牛的乙酸摩尔比例和乙丙比显著高于荷斯坦牛,丙酸和丁酸摩尔比例显著低于荷斯坦牛,不同品种牛的瘤胃发酵模式具有显著不同[7],即荷斯坦牛更倾向于丙酸型发酵模式,而湘西黄牛更倾向于乙酸型发酵模式,这与湘西黄牛更高的纤维降解能力相对应。此外,湘西黄牛的瘤胃中dH2/dCH4值显著高于荷斯坦牛,这反映了其瘤胃微生物群落对氢代谢的独特适应性,湘西黄牛长期采食高纤维饲粮,促进纤维代谢向生氢的乙酸生成途径富集,同时利于纤维分解菌和产甲烷菌富集,增加瘤胃生成dCH4过程对dH2的消耗[19]。
瘤胃NH3-N是瘤胃微生物蛋白合成过程中的关键前体物质,NH3-N浓度可以反映瘤胃内微生物对饲粮含氮物质降解及机体利用NH3-N产生微生物蛋白的动态变化[20]。本研究中瘤胃NH3-N浓度为5.16~10.99 mg·dL-1,均在正常范围内(5~30 mg·dL-1)[21],湘西黄牛瘤胃NH3-N浓度显著低于荷斯坦牛,这可能与湘西黄牛的高效氮利用率有关,湘西黄牛能够更高效地利用饲粮中的纤维物质,产生乙酸为机体提供能量,瘤胃微生物有效地利用氮源合成微生物蛋白的过程促进微生物的生长和代谢,进而进一步提高乙酸的生成,这种加强氮利用率实现能量的提升有助于湘西黄牛在低质量饲粮条件下维持生产性能[22]。
反刍动物经过长期的自然选择和环境适应,宿主与微生物之间以及微生物内部形成了相互依存、相互制衡的动态平衡状态,共同维持着瘤胃微生态系统的稳定性和功能性[23]。本研究中PCoA分析结果表明,荷斯坦牛和湘西黄牛瘤胃微生物群落组成具有显著差异,湘西黄牛Chao1指数、ACE指数和Shannon指数均高于荷斯坦牛,此外,湘西黄牛瘤胃微生物OTU数量3 221个,高于荷斯坦牛的2 160个,以上结果充分说明了湘西黄牛的瘤胃微生物组成具有特殊性,且湘西黄牛的瘤胃微生物具有更丰富的菌群丰度和菌群多样性。这可能与湘西黄牛长期适应粗饲粮饮食有关,粗饲粮能够提供更多样化的微生物栖息环境,从而促进微生物多样性增加[24]。
瘤胃中微生物相互作用形成复杂且协调的代谢网络,能够响应来自饲粮、瘤胃微环境以及宿主生理状态的波动,通过菌群组成、丰度和代谢活性的调控保持瘤胃发酵过程的均衡[25]。现有研究表明,拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)是反刍动物的优势菌门,普雷沃氏菌(Prevotella)和瘤胃球菌(Ruminococcus)是瘤胃中关键的功能菌属,并且几乎不受饲粮、宿主品系、生理状态等因素影响[26],与本研究结果一致。本研究还发现,湘西黄牛瘤胃中富集了更多的纤维杆菌门(Fibrobacteres)、糖发酵菌属(Saccharofermentans)、慢生微菌属(Lentimicrobium)、解琥珀酸菌属(Succiniclasticum)和醋杆菌属(Acetatifactor);而荷斯坦牛瘤胃中富集了更多的有益杆状菌属(Agathobacter)、丁酸弧菌属(Butyrivibrio)、光岗氏菌属(Mitsuokella)和毛螺菌属(Lachnospira);并且LEfSe结果显示了这些差异富集菌属的是荷斯坦牛和湘西黄牛瘤胃中的差异标志菌。纤维杆菌门(Fibrobacteres)[27]是反刍动物肠道中木质纤维素物质的主要降解细菌;糖发酵菌属(Saccharofermentans)[28]、慢生微菌属(Lentimicrobium)[29]、解琥珀酸菌属(Succiniclasticum)[30]和醋杆菌属(Acetatifactor)[31]都是瘤胃中的关键微生物,参与纤维素降解、糖类发酵和乙酸的生成;有益杆状菌属(Agathobacter)[32]、丁酸弧菌属(Butyrivibrio)[33]、光岗氏菌属(Mitsuokella)[34]和毛螺菌属(Lachnospir)a[35]被报道是瘤胃中的关键功能菌,它们包含广泛的纤维相关酶库,使其能够发酵淀粉、植物纤维素和其他碳水化合物产生丙酸和丁酸等VFAs,这对维持瘤胃的酸碱平衡和提供能量具有重要作用。这些结果与消化代谢中两者的纤维消化率及乙酸和丙酸的摩尔比例差异一致,表明湘西黄牛在纤维降解功能上优于荷斯坦牛,并且发酵产生更高比例的乙酸。
荷斯坦牛饲料通常富含碳水化合物,如玉米和谷物,这促进了荷斯坦牛瘤胃中碳水化合物代谢通路的富集。相比之下,湘西黄牛作为地方品种,更多地依赖于粗饲料,这可能导致其核苷酸代谢和其他次级代谢的生物合成通路的富集。饲料成分的差异直接影响瘤胃微生物的发酵模式和代谢活动,进而影响瘤胃微生物群落的结构和功能,这也说明了瘤胃微生物群落结构的差异可能与宿主的遗传特性和饲养环境有关[36]。
这些结果表明,湘西黄牛的瘤胃微生物群落可能更适应于高纤维日粮,这使得它们能够在瘤胃中实现更高效的纤维降解。瘤胃微生物群落能够响应来自饲粮和瘤胃微环境的波动,并通过调控菌群组成、丰度和代谢活性来保持瘤胃发酵过程的均衡。这种动态调控能力是瘤胃微生物群落适应性和灵活性的体现[37]。
本研究揭示了不同遗传背景的牛种瘤胃微生物群落与发酵模式的适应性差异,为品种特异性饲养策略的制定提供了科学依据。荷斯坦牛表现出更高的氨态氮含量,拥有以有益杆状菌属(Agathobacter)、丁酸弧菌属(Butyrivibrio)和栖粪杆菌属(Faecalibacterium)为主的功能菌群,使其瘤胃形成偏向丙酸型的发酵模式;湘西黄牛表现出更好的纤维消化率,拥有以纤维杆菌门(Fibrobacteres)、糖发酵菌属(Saccharofermentans)、慢生微菌属(Lentimicrobium)、解琥珀酸菌属(Succiniclasticum)和醋杆菌属(Acetatifactor)为主的功能菌群,使其瘤胃形成偏向乙酸型的发酵模式。对于荷斯坦牛,可通过提高日粮中非纤维碳水化合物的比例以匹配其丙酸型发酵模式,从而提升能量利用效率;而对于湘西黄牛,可充分利用其纤维降解优势,在粗饲料资源丰富的区域推广低精料饲养模式,降低生产成本。湘西黄牛和荷斯坦牛在瘤胃发酵参数和微生物区系上的差异,与宿主的遗传特性和饲养环境紧密相关,体现了它们对不同饲粮饮食习惯的适应性生理响应。
  • 国家自然科学基金(U22A20512)
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2026年第57卷第2期
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doi: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.02.022
  • 接收时间:2025-01-16
  • 首发时间:2026-09-16
  • 出版时间:2026-02-23
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-16
基金
国家自然科学基金(U22A20512)
作者信息
    1.中国科学院亚热带农业生态研究所,长沙 410125
    2.中国科学院大学,北京 100049
    3.广西大学动物科学技术学院,南宁 530003

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王敏,主要从事瘤胃氢迁移和甲烷排放研究,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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