Article(id=1307013318502277722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307013104081068276, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.02.021, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1739980800000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789545858264, onlineDateStr=2026-09-16, pubDate=1771776000000, pubDateStr=2026-02-23, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789545858264, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789545858264, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789545858264, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1307013104081068276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, year='2026', volume='57', issue='2', pageStart='569', pageEnd='1176', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771776000000', pubDateStr='2026-02-23', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789545807142, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789609910854, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1307281975350419753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307013104081068276, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1307281975350419754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307013104081068276, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=810, endPage=824, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1307013318837822043, articleId=1307013318502277722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, language=EN, title=Effect of Rumen-Protected Fat on Fat Deposition and Related Genes Expression of Fattening Yaks, columnId=1307007400746176631, journalTitle=Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, columnName=ANIMAL NUTRITION AND FEEDS, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary rumen-protected fat (RPF) supplementation on fat deposition and related genes expression of fattening yaks. Twenty-four male yaks with similar body weight (275.63±9.84 kg) were randomly assigned to three treatment groups (8 in each group), which were 1) Control group (CON): fed a basal diet; 2) 1.5% RPF supplementation group (RPF 1.5): fed the basal diet supplemented with 1.5% RPF; 3) 3.0% RPF supplementation group (RPF 3.0): fed the basal diet supplemented with 3.0% RPF, respectively. The experimental period was 90 d. At the end of the trial period, the longissimus dorsi muscle and abdominal adipose tissues were collected for the analysis of nutritients, fatty acid composition, adipose tissue morphology and related genes expression. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the muscle energy and protein content, the intramuscular fat (IMF) content varied significantly and increased with RPF supplementation (P<0.05). the cis-11,14-eicosenenoic acid in muscular fatty acid composition of RPF3.0 was significantly greater than that of CON group (P<0.05), in RPF 1.5 group, the cis, cis-8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid and cis-5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaoic acid were significantly greater than those in the CON group (P<0.05). RPF had no significant effect on the proportion of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in muscle tissue. In terms of the adipose tissue morphology, the number of cells per unit area and mean cell area in IMF and mean cell area in abdominal fat increased gradually with the level of RPF addition. In longissimus dorsi muscle, the expression of transcriptional regulation factors PPARγ, SREBP-1, FABP4 were significantly higher in RPF 1.5 and RPF3.0 group (P<0.05). Yaks in RPF 3.0 group had significantly lower ACC and FAS genes expression which are key enzymes in de novo fat synthesis compared with CON group. And DGAT-1 and CPT-1 (P<0.05) genes expression in RPF 1.5 and RPF 3.0 group were significantly higher than those in CON group (P<0.05). The expression of transcriptional regulation factor C/EBPα gene in abdominal adipose tissue increased significantly with the supplemental dose of RPF (P<0.05), genes expression of PPARγ and FABP4 were significantly higher in the RPF 1.5 and RPF3.0 groups than in the CON group (P<0.05). The ACC gene expression which is the key enzyme for de novo fat synthesis in the RPF 1.5 and RPF3.0 groups were significantly lower than that in the CON group (P<0.05). DGAT-1 gene expression increased significantly with the addition of RPF (P<0.05). Yaks of the RPF 1.5 and RPF3.0 groups had significantly higher gene expression of LPL when compared to CON ones (P<0.05). It can be seen that dietary RPF supplementation can effectively promote IMF and abdominal fat deposition in fattening yaks, by regulating the gene expression of transcriptional regulation factors and key enzymes involed in fat metabolism, reducing de novo fat synthesis, utilizing directly the fatty acids derived from RPF for fat synthesis. The feeding effect of 3.0% RPF supplementation is better than 1.5%.

, authors=Yue YUAN1, 2, Jianxu ZHOU3, Xiaolin LUO1, Jiuqiang GUAN1, Qin BAI1, Hongwen ZHAO1, Tianwu AN1, Zili REN2, Yanling ZHAO2, Hongxiang MAO4, Xiangfei ZHANG1, authorsList=Yue YUAN, Jianxu ZHOU, Xiaolin LUO, Jiuqiang GUAN, Qin BAI, Hongwen ZHAO, Tianwu AN, Zili REN, Yanling ZHAO, Hongxiang MAO, Xiangfei ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiangfei ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
ZHANG Xiangfei, E-mail:
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旨在探讨日粮中添加过瘤胃脂肪(RPF)对育肥牦牛脂肪沉积及相关基因表达的影响。选取体重相近的公牦牛24头(275.63±9.84 kg)随机分为3个处理组,每组8头牛,分别为:1)对照组(CON),饲喂基础日粮;2)1.5%RPF添加组(RPF 1.5),饲喂基础日粮添加1.5% RPF;3)3%RPF添加组(RPF 3.0),饲喂基础日粮添加3.0% RPF。试验期90 d,试验期末统一屠宰后采集背最长肌及腹部脂肪样本分析营养成分、脂肪酸组成、脂肪组织形态学及相关基因表达。结果表明:各组牦牛肌肉能量、蛋白质含量无显著差异,肌内脂肪(IMF)含量差异显著(P<0.05),并随RPF补充剂量增加而显著增加(P<0.05)。RPF3.0组肌肉脂肪酸组成中顺-11,14-二十碳二烯酸显著大于CON组(P<0.05),RPF1.5组中顺,顺,顺-8,11,14-二十碳三烯酸以及顺-5,8,11,14,17-二十碳五烯酸显著大于CON组(P<0.05),RPF对育肥牦牛肌肉组织中饱和脂肪酸、不饱和脂肪酸比例无显著影响。在脂肪组织形态学方面,单位面积IMF细胞个数、平均细胞面积及腹部脂肪细胞面积随RPF添加水平增加而逐渐增加。背最长肌中,RPF1.5与RPF3.0组脂肪代谢转录调控因子PPARγ、SREBP-1、FABP4基因表达均显著高于CON组(P<0.05),RPF 3.0组中脂肪从头合成关键酶ACC和FAS基因表达显著低于CON组(P<0.05),同时RPF1.5与RPF3.0组DGAT-1与CPT-1表达显著高于CON组(P<0.05)。腹部脂肪组织中转录调控因子C/EBPα基因表达随RPF补充剂量增加而显著增加(P<0.05),RPF1.5与RPF3.0组中PPARγ、FABP4基因表达显著高于CON组(P<0.05),RPF1.5与RPF3.0组中脂肪从头合成的关键酶ACC基因表达显著低于CON组(P<0.05),DGAT-1基因表达随RPF添加剂量增加而显著升高(P<0.05),RPF1.5与RPF3.0组中LPL基因表达显著高于CON组(P<0.05)。综上,日粮补充RPF能够有效促进育肥牦牛IMF及腹部脂肪沉积,通过调控脂肪组织脂肪代谢相关转录调控因子及关键酶基因表达,减弱脂肪从头合成,直接利用PRF的脂肪酸以脂肪合成,3.0% RPF补充效果优于1.5%。

, authors=袁越1, 2, 周建旭3, 罗晓林1, 官久强1, 柏琴1, 赵洪文1, 安添午1, 任子利2, 赵彦玲2, 毛宏祥4, 张翔飞1, authorsList=袁越, 周建旭, 罗晓林, 官久强, 柏琴, 赵洪文, 安添午, 任子利, 赵彦玲, 毛宏祥, 张翔飞, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张翔飞, authorNote=

袁越,硕士,主要从事牦牛营养与饲料科学研究,E-mail:

周建旭,本科,主要从事畜牧学研究,E-mail:

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张翔飞,主要从事牦牛营养与饲料科学研究,E-mail:
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supplementation on transcriptional regulation factors gene expression related to intramuscular fat metabolism of fattening yaks

Different letters on the bars of the same indicators indicate significant differences among groups (P<0.05), while with no letter or the same letter indicate no signifcant difference (P>0.05). The same as below

, figureFileSmall=kVket7BtQ7bCzYKDV8lwpQ==, figureFileBig=QIAy5HJi/n1RYZE2l1FSLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282867072033069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013318502277722, language=CN, label=图3, caption=过瘤胃脂肪对育肥牦牛肌内脂肪代谢相关转录调控因子基因表达的影响

同一指标柱上标字母不同为组间差异显著(P<0.05),无字母或相同字母为差异不显著(P>0.05)。下图同

, figureFileSmall=kVket7BtQ7bCzYKDV8lwpQ==, figureFileBig=QIAy5HJi/n1RYZE2l1FSLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282867134947630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013318502277722, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effect of dietary rumen-protected fat supplementation on gene expression of lipogenesis enzymes in intramuscular fat of fattening yaks, figureFileSmall=h9E6bhm2zdjzKQpyee9aEw==, figureFileBig=0c3awf97pi+Www7wX9wd8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282867227222319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013318502277722, language=CN, label=图4, caption=过瘤胃脂肪对育肥牦牛肌内脂肪合成代谢酶基因表达的影响, figureFileSmall=h9E6bhm2zdjzKQpyee9aEw==, figureFileBig=0c3awf97pi+Www7wX9wd8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282867466297648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013318502277722, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effect of dietary rumen-protected fat supplementation on gene expression of lipolysis enzymes in intramuscular fat of fattening yaks, figureFileSmall=8udCH/kLIUOML8aKpJ1MTw==, figureFileBig=pCKqahAz17jPtb7KU/FYgw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282869139824945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013318502277722, language=CN, label=图5, caption=过瘤胃脂肪对育肥牦牛肌内脂肪分解代谢酶基因表达的影响, figureFileSmall=8udCH/kLIUOML8aKpJ1MTw==, figureFileBig=pCKqahAz17jPtb7KU/FYgw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282869202739506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013318502277722, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Effect of dietary rumen-protected fat supplementation on transcriptional regulation factors gene expression related to abdominal fat metabolism of fattening yaks, figureFileSmall=MgUE2lvd9I2GkfvmNGm56w==, figureFileBig=KMJ3AtSBgeuiVGaEt5H7Bg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282869274042675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013318502277722, language=CN, label=图6, caption=过瘤胃脂肪对育肥牦牛腹部脂肪代谢相关转录调控因子基因表达的影响, figureFileSmall=MgUE2lvd9I2GkfvmNGm56w==, figureFileBig=KMJ3AtSBgeuiVGaEt5H7Bg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282869546672436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013318502277722, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Effect of dietary rumen-protected fat supplementation on gene expression of lipogenesis enzymes in abdominal fat of fattening yaks, figureFileSmall=Fi1YABsanhQIW/DmwSDULg==, figureFileBig=eSggfCTPBaD7xJ8JPzf01Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282869609586997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013318502277722, language=CN, label=图7, caption=过瘤胃脂肪对育肥牦牛腹部脂肪合成代谢酶基因表达的影响, figureFileSmall=Fi1YABsanhQIW/DmwSDULg==, figureFileBig=eSggfCTPBaD7xJ8JPzf01Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282869685084470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013318502277722, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Effect of dietary rumen-protected fat supplementation on gene expression of lipolysis enzymes in abdominal fat of fattening yaks, figureFileSmall=TKF1KUQY6f+PW9YssLYH6Q==, figureFileBig=tklamN+s1vzaSr34BkUu7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282870049988919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013318502277722, language=CN, label=图8, caption=过瘤胃脂肪对育肥牦牛腹部脂肪分解代谢酶基因表达的影响, figureFileSmall=TKF1KUQY6f+PW9YssLYH6Q==, figureFileBig=tklamN+s1vzaSr34BkUu7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282870389727544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013318502277722, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Composition and nutrient levels of basic diet (dry matter basis)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

项目

Item

含量/%

Content

原料Ingredient
玉米 Corn31.23
小麦麸 Wheat bran5.14
豆粕 Soybean meal2.97
菜籽饼 Rapeseed meal3.17

发酵蛋白饲料

Fermented protein concentrate

3.02
酵母硒 Yeast selenium0.11
碳酸钙 CaCO30.23
小苏打 NaHCO30.73
食盐 NaCl0.57
预混料 Premix1)2.83
燕麦干草 Oat hay50.00
合计 Total100.00
营养水平Nutrient level
综合净能/(MJ·kg‒1) NEmf2)5.35
粗蛋白 CP12.18
中性洗涤纤维 NDF38.72
酸性洗涤纤维 ADF23.82
钙 Ca0.60
磷 P0.36
), ArticleFig(id=1307282870461030714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013318502277722, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

基础日粮组成及营养水平(干物质基础)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

项目

Item

含量/%

Content

原料Ingredient
玉米 Corn31.23
小麦麸 Wheat bran5.14
豆粕 Soybean meal2.97
菜籽饼 Rapeseed meal3.17

发酵蛋白饲料

Fermented protein concentrate

3.02
酵母硒 Yeast selenium0.11
碳酸钙 CaCO30.23
小苏打 NaHCO30.73
食盐 NaCl0.57
预混料 Premix1)2.83
燕麦干草 Oat hay50.00
合计 Total100.00
营养水平Nutrient level
综合净能/(MJ·kg‒1) NEmf2)5.35
粗蛋白 CP12.18
中性洗涤纤维 NDF38.72
酸性洗涤纤维 ADF23.82
钙 Ca0.60
磷 P0.36
), ArticleFig(id=1307282870523945275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013318502277722, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Primer information table for gene expression analysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

基因

Gene

方向

Direction

引物序列(5'→3')

Primer sequences (5′→3′)

产物长度/bp

Product length

β-ActinFORWARDCAAGCAGGAGTACGATGAGT/
REVERSETTGTCAAGAAAAAGGGTGTAAC
PPARγFORWARDAAGCCCTTTGGTGACTTTATG172
REVERSEGCAGCAGGTTGTCTTGTATGT
C/EBPαFORWARDTGGACAAGAACAGCAACGAGTACC136
REVERSECGGTCATTGTCACTGGTCAGCTC
C/EBPβFORWARDACAGCGACGAGTACAAGATCC154
REVERSEGACAGTTGCTCCACCTTCTTCT
SREBP-1FORWARDGCTGCCATCAATGACAAGATCGTTG128
REVERSETTCTGGTTGCTGTGCTGAAGGAAG
FABP4FORWARDGACAGGAAAGTCAAGAGCATCGTAAAC125
REVERSEACACATTCCAGCACCATCTTATCATCC
ACCFORWARDGTACCTGCGAGTAGAGACACAATTCC131
REVERSETCCTGGTGACCTGAGCATGAGAG
FASFORWARDTGGTGATGAATGTCTACCGTGAT80
REVERSECTGCTCCTCGGGCTTGTCT
SCDFORWARDCTACACAACCACCACCACCATCAC116
REVERSECTCTCATTTCAGGGCGGATGTCTTC
DGAT-1FORWARDGACAGTGGCTTCAGCAACTACCG112
REVERSECCACCAGGATGCCATACTTGATGAG
LPLFORWARDGGAGTGACCGAATCTGTGGCTAAC104
REVERSEGGCACCCAACTCTCATACATTCCTG
HSLFORWARDGTGACACAACAGACACGCCAGAG115
REVERSEGCCTCAGACATTTCAGATCCATCCTC
ATGLFORWARDTGTCCTTCACCATCCGCTTGC79
REVERSECTGCCCGTCTGCTCCTTCATC
CPT-1FORWARDGACTTTACACGGATGACGGCTCTG125
REVERSETATTCCTCCCACCAGTCGCTCAC
ACOXFORWARDGACTTCATCCTGGACTCACCGATTG145
REVERSEAACTTCCTATGACGGGCTTGTTGAC
), ArticleFig(id=1307282870591054140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013318502277722, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

基因表达分析引物信息表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

基因

Gene

方向

Direction

引物序列(5'→3')

Primer sequences (5′→3′)

产物长度/bp

Product length

β-ActinFORWARDCAAGCAGGAGTACGATGAGT/
REVERSETTGTCAAGAAAAAGGGTGTAAC
PPARγFORWARDAAGCCCTTTGGTGACTTTATG172
REVERSEGCAGCAGGTTGTCTTGTATGT
C/EBPαFORWARDTGGACAAGAACAGCAACGAGTACC136
REVERSECGGTCATTGTCACTGGTCAGCTC
C/EBPβFORWARDACAGCGACGAGTACAAGATCC154
REVERSEGACAGTTGCTCCACCTTCTTCT
SREBP-1FORWARDGCTGCCATCAATGACAAGATCGTTG128
REVERSETTCTGGTTGCTGTGCTGAAGGAAG
FABP4FORWARDGACAGGAAAGTCAAGAGCATCGTAAAC125
REVERSEACACATTCCAGCACCATCTTATCATCC
ACCFORWARDGTACCTGCGAGTAGAGACACAATTCC131
REVERSETCCTGGTGACCTGAGCATGAGAG
FASFORWARDTGGTGATGAATGTCTACCGTGAT80
REVERSECTGCTCCTCGGGCTTGTCT
SCDFORWARDCTACACAACCACCACCACCATCAC116
REVERSECTCTCATTTCAGGGCGGATGTCTTC
DGAT-1FORWARDGACAGTGGCTTCAGCAACTACCG112
REVERSECCACCAGGATGCCATACTTGATGAG
LPLFORWARDGGAGTGACCGAATCTGTGGCTAAC104
REVERSEGGCACCCAACTCTCATACATTCCTG
HSLFORWARDGTGACACAACAGACACGCCAGAG115
REVERSEGCCTCAGACATTTCAGATCCATCCTC
ATGLFORWARDTGTCCTTCACCATCCGCTTGC79
REVERSECTGCCCGTCTGCTCCTTCATC
CPT-1FORWARDGACTTTACACGGATGACGGCTCTG125
REVERSETATTCCTCCCACCAGTCGCTCAC
ACOXFORWARDGACTTCATCCTGGACTCACCGATTG145
REVERSEAACTTCCTATGACGGGCTTGTTGAC
), ArticleFig(id=1307282870674940221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013318502277722, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Effect of dietary rumen-protected fat supplementation on muscle nutritients of fattening yaks

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

项目

Item

对照组

CON

1.5%RPF添加组

RPF1.5

3.0%RPF添加组

RPF3.0

均值标准误

SEM

P值

P-value

能量/(kJ·100g-1) Energy476.33516.67541.3334.130.571
蛋白质/% Protein22.1722.0721.830.420.861
肌内脂肪/% IMF2.60c3.53b4.57a0.200.005
), ArticleFig(id=1307282870867878206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013318502277722, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

过瘤胃脂肪对育肥牦牛肌肉营养成分的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

项目

Item

对照组

CON

1.5%RPF添加组

RPF1.5

3.0%RPF添加组

RPF3.0

均值标准误

SEM

P值

P-value

能量/(kJ·100g-1) Energy476.33516.67541.3334.130.571
蛋白质/% Protein22.1722.0721.830.420.861
肌内脂肪/% IMF2.60c3.53b4.57a0.200.005
), ArticleFig(id=1307282871228588351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013318502277722, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Effect of dietary rumen-protected fat supplementation on muscle fatty acid composition of fattening yaks

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

项目

Item

对照组

CON

1.5%RPF添加组

RPF1.5

3.0%RPF添加组

RPF3.0

均值标准误

SEM

P值

P-value

葵酸 Decanoic acid0.130.120.130.010.406
十二碳酸(月桂酸) Lauric acid0.050.080.090.010.223
十三碳酸 Tridecylic acid0.010.010.010.010.956
十四碳酸(肉豆蔻酸) Myristic acid2.412.812.810.140.169
顺-9-十四碳一烯酸(肉豆蔻油酸) cis-9-Tetradecenoic acid0.230.340.290.050.432
十五碳酸 Pentadecanoic acid0.350.450.430.040.282
十六碳酸(棕榈酸) Palmitic acid27.7330.0029.730.840.197
顺-9-十六碳一烯酸(棕榈油酸) Palmitoleic acid3.684.653.760.390.268
十七碳酸 Margatic acids0.900.930.980.080.768
十八碳酸(硬酯酸) Stearic acid23.2720.8322.771.160.405
顺-9-十八碳一烯酸(油酸) Oleic acid37.4337.3336.330.940.756
反-反-9,12-十八碳二烯酸(反亚油酸) Linolelaidic acid0.150.100.100.020.347
顺,顺-9,12-十八碳二烯酸(亚油酸) Linoleic acid1.981.231.370.310.464
二十碳酸(花生酸) Arachidic acid0.230.210.220.010.819
顺,顺,顺-9,12,15-十八碳三烯酸(亚麻酸) Linolenic acid0.190.140.170.030.554
顺-11-二十碳一烯酸(花生烯酸) cis-11-Eicosenoicacid0.110.120.090.010.323
顺-11,14-二十碳二烯酸 11,14-Eicosadienoic acid0.00b0.02ab0.03a0.010.046
二十二碳酸(山嵛酸) Behenic acid0.020.060.040.010.298
顺,顺,顺-8,11,14-二十碳三烯酸 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoicacid0.02b0.07a0.06ab0.010.111
顺-11,14,17-二十碳三烯酸 11,14,17-Eicosatrienoicacid0.600.290.350.130.360
二十三碳酸 Tricosanoic acid0.070.050.040.020.733
二十四碳酸(木焦油酸) Lignoceric acid0.100.060.070.030.727
顺-5,8,11,14,17-二十碳五烯酸(花生五烯酸) EPA0.01b0.04a0.03ab0.000.023
顺-15-二十四碳一烯酸(鲨油酸) Nervonic acid0.020.020.010.010.942
顺-4,7,10,13,16,19-二十二碳六烯酸 DHA0.060.030.050.020.598
饱和脂肪酸/% SFA55.3055.6257.321.180.550
单不饱和脂肪酸/% MUFA41.6642.4640.501.200.589
多不饱和脂肪酸/% PUFA3.051.932.160.470.446
), ArticleFig(id=1307282871304085824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013318502277722, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

过瘤胃脂肪对育肥牦牛肌肉脂肪酸组成的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

项目

Item

对照组

CON

1.5%RPF添加组

RPF1.5

3.0%RPF添加组

RPF3.0

均值标准误

SEM

P值

P-value

葵酸 Decanoic acid0.130.120.130.010.406
十二碳酸(月桂酸) Lauric acid0.050.080.090.010.223
十三碳酸 Tridecylic acid0.010.010.010.010.956
十四碳酸(肉豆蔻酸) Myristic acid2.412.812.810.140.169
顺-9-十四碳一烯酸(肉豆蔻油酸) cis-9-Tetradecenoic acid0.230.340.290.050.432
十五碳酸 Pentadecanoic acid0.350.450.430.040.282
十六碳酸(棕榈酸) Palmitic acid27.7330.0029.730.840.197
顺-9-十六碳一烯酸(棕榈油酸) Palmitoleic acid3.684.653.760.390.268
十七碳酸 Margatic acids0.900.930.980.080.768
十八碳酸(硬酯酸) Stearic acid23.2720.8322.771.160.405
顺-9-十八碳一烯酸(油酸) Oleic acid37.4337.3336.330.940.756
反-反-9,12-十八碳二烯酸(反亚油酸) Linolelaidic acid0.150.100.100.020.347
顺,顺-9,12-十八碳二烯酸(亚油酸) Linoleic acid1.981.231.370.310.464
二十碳酸(花生酸) Arachidic acid0.230.210.220.010.819
顺,顺,顺-9,12,15-十八碳三烯酸(亚麻酸) Linolenic acid0.190.140.170.030.554
顺-11-二十碳一烯酸(花生烯酸) cis-11-Eicosenoicacid0.110.120.090.010.323
顺-11,14-二十碳二烯酸 11,14-Eicosadienoic acid0.00b0.02ab0.03a0.010.046
二十二碳酸(山嵛酸) Behenic acid0.020.060.040.010.298
顺,顺,顺-8,11,14-二十碳三烯酸 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoicacid0.02b0.07a0.06ab0.010.111
顺-11,14,17-二十碳三烯酸 11,14,17-Eicosatrienoicacid0.600.290.350.130.360
二十三碳酸 Tricosanoic acid0.070.050.040.020.733
二十四碳酸(木焦油酸) Lignoceric acid0.100.060.070.030.727
顺-5,8,11,14,17-二十碳五烯酸(花生五烯酸) EPA0.01b0.04a0.03ab0.000.023
顺-15-二十四碳一烯酸(鲨油酸) Nervonic acid0.020.020.010.010.942
顺-4,7,10,13,16,19-二十二碳六烯酸 DHA0.060.030.050.020.598
饱和脂肪酸/% SFA55.3055.6257.321.180.550
单不饱和脂肪酸/% MUFA41.6642.4640.501.200.589
多不饱和脂肪酸/% PUFA3.051.932.160.470.446
), ArticleFig(id=1307282871643824449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013318502277722, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Morphological analysis of intramuscular adipose tissue of fattening yaks received dietary rumen-protected fat supplementation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

项目

Item

对照组

CON

1.5%RPF添加组

RPF1.5

3.0%RPF添加组

RPF3.0

均值标准误

SEM

P值

P-value

脂肪细胞个数/(个·mm-2) Number of adipocytes76.33100.28163.1436.60630.118
平均细胞面积/mm2 Average cell area0.002 90.004 00.004 10.000 60.373
), ArticleFig(id=1307282871710933314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013318502277722, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

过瘤胃脂肪对育肥牦牛肌内脂肪组织形态学分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

项目

Item

对照组

CON

1.5%RPF添加组

RPF1.5

3.0%RPF添加组

RPF3.0

均值标准误

SEM

P值

P-value

脂肪细胞个数/(个·mm-2) Number of adipocytes76.33100.28163.1436.60630.118
平均细胞面积/mm2 Average cell area0.002 90.004 00.004 10.000 60.373
), ArticleFig(id=1307282872050671939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013318502277722, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Morphological analysis of abdominal adipose tissue of fattening yaks received dietary rumen-protected fat supplementation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

项目

Item

对照组

CON

1.5%RPF添加组

RPF1.5

3.0%RPF添加组

RPF3.0

均值标准误

SEM

P值

P-value

脂肪细胞个数/(个·mm-2) Number of adipocytes164.63142.18130.2114.268 60.200
平均细胞面积/mm2 Average cell area0.004 60.005 30.006 40.000 80.120
), ArticleFig(id=1307282873749365060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013318502277722, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

过瘤胃脂肪对育肥牦牛腹部脂肪组织形态学分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

项目

Item

对照组

CON

1.5%RPF添加组

RPF1.5

3.0%RPF添加组

RPF3.0

均值标准误

SEM

P值

P-value

脂肪细胞个数/(个·mm-2) Number of adipocytes164.63142.18130.2114.268 60.200
平均细胞面积/mm2 Average cell area0.004 60.005 30.006 40.000 80.120
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过瘤胃脂肪对育肥牦牛脂肪沉积及相关基因表达的影响
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袁越 1, 2 , 周建旭 3 , 罗晓林 1 , 官久强 1 , 柏琴 1 , 赵洪文 1 , 安添午 1 , 任子利 2 , 赵彦玲 2 , 毛宏祥 4 , 张翔飞 1
畜牧兽医学报 | 营养与饲料 2026,57(2): 810-824
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畜牧兽医学报 |营养与饲料 2026 , 57 (2) : 810 -824
过瘤胃脂肪对育肥牦牛脂肪沉积及相关基因表达的影响
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袁越1, 2 , 周建旭3 , 罗晓林1, 官久强1, 柏琴1, 赵洪文1, 安添午1, 任子利2, 赵彦玲2, 毛宏祥4, 张翔飞1
作者信息
  • 1.四川省草原科学研究院 高原动物研究所,成都 611731
  • 2.西藏农牧学院动物科学学院,林芝 860000
  • 3.小金县科学技术和农业畜牧水务局,小金 624200
  • 4.丰益(天津)反刍饲料研发有限公司,天津 300461
通讯作者:
张翔飞,主要从事牦牛营养与饲料科学研究,E-mail:
作者简介:

袁越,硕士,主要从事牦牛营养与饲料科学研究,E-mail:

周建旭,本科,主要从事畜牧学研究,E-mail:

Effect of Rumen-Protected Fat on Fat Deposition and Related Genes Expression of Fattening Yaks
Yue YUAN1, 2 , Jianxu ZHOU3 , Xiaolin LUO1, Jiuqiang GUAN1, Qin BAI1, Hongwen ZHAO1, Tianwu AN1, Zili REN2, Yanling ZHAO2, Hongxiang MAO4, Xiangfei ZHANG1
Affiliations
  • 1.Institute of Plateau Animals,Sichuan Academy of Grassland Sciences,Chengdu 611731,China
  • 2.College of Animal Science,Xizang Agricultural and Animal Husbandry University,Nyingchi 860000,China
  • 3.Science and Technology,Agriculture,Animal Husbandry and Water Affairs Bureau of Xiaojin County,Xiaojin 624200,China
  • 4.Wilt (Tianjin) Rant Feed Research and Development Co. ,LTD. ,Tianjin 300461,China
  • Corresponding Author:
    ZHANG Xiangfei, E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-02-23 doi: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.02.021
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旨在探讨日粮中添加过瘤胃脂肪(RPF)对育肥牦牛脂肪沉积及相关基因表达的影响。选取体重相近的公牦牛24头(275.63±9.84 kg)随机分为3个处理组,每组8头牛,分别为:1)对照组(CON),饲喂基础日粮;2)1.5%RPF添加组(RPF 1.5),饲喂基础日粮添加1.5% RPF;3)3%RPF添加组(RPF 3.0),饲喂基础日粮添加3.0% RPF。试验期90 d,试验期末统一屠宰后采集背最长肌及腹部脂肪样本分析营养成分、脂肪酸组成、脂肪组织形态学及相关基因表达。结果表明:各组牦牛肌肉能量、蛋白质含量无显著差异,肌内脂肪(IMF)含量差异显著(P<0.05),并随RPF补充剂量增加而显著增加(P<0.05)。RPF3.0组肌肉脂肪酸组成中顺-11,14-二十碳二烯酸显著大于CON组(P<0.05),RPF1.5组中顺,顺,顺-8,11,14-二十碳三烯酸以及顺-5,8,11,14,17-二十碳五烯酸显著大于CON组(P<0.05),RPF对育肥牦牛肌肉组织中饱和脂肪酸、不饱和脂肪酸比例无显著影响。在脂肪组织形态学方面,单位面积IMF细胞个数、平均细胞面积及腹部脂肪细胞面积随RPF添加水平增加而逐渐增加。背最长肌中,RPF1.5与RPF3.0组脂肪代谢转录调控因子PPARγ、SREBP-1、FABP4基因表达均显著高于CON组(P<0.05),RPF 3.0组中脂肪从头合成关键酶ACC和FAS基因表达显著低于CON组(P<0.05),同时RPF1.5与RPF3.0组DGAT-1与CPT-1表达显著高于CON组(P<0.05)。腹部脂肪组织中转录调控因子C/EBPα基因表达随RPF补充剂量增加而显著增加(P<0.05),RPF1.5与RPF3.0组中PPARγ、FABP4基因表达显著高于CON组(P<0.05),RPF1.5与RPF3.0组中脂肪从头合成的关键酶ACC基因表达显著低于CON组(P<0.05),DGAT-1基因表达随RPF添加剂量增加而显著升高(P<0.05),RPF1.5与RPF3.0组中LPL基因表达显著高于CON组(P<0.05)。综上,日粮补充RPF能够有效促进育肥牦牛IMF及腹部脂肪沉积,通过调控脂肪组织脂肪代谢相关转录调控因子及关键酶基因表达,减弱脂肪从头合成,直接利用PRF的脂肪酸以脂肪合成,3.0% RPF补充效果优于1.5%。

育肥牦牛  /  过瘤胃脂肪  /  脂肪沉积  /  基因表达

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary rumen-protected fat (RPF) supplementation on fat deposition and related genes expression of fattening yaks. Twenty-four male yaks with similar body weight (275.63±9.84 kg) were randomly assigned to three treatment groups (8 in each group), which were 1) Control group (CON): fed a basal diet; 2) 1.5% RPF supplementation group (RPF 1.5): fed the basal diet supplemented with 1.5% RPF; 3) 3.0% RPF supplementation group (RPF 3.0): fed the basal diet supplemented with 3.0% RPF, respectively. The experimental period was 90 d. At the end of the trial period, the longissimus dorsi muscle and abdominal adipose tissues were collected for the analysis of nutritients, fatty acid composition, adipose tissue morphology and related genes expression. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the muscle energy and protein content, the intramuscular fat (IMF) content varied significantly and increased with RPF supplementation (P<0.05). the cis-11,14-eicosenenoic acid in muscular fatty acid composition of RPF3.0 was significantly greater than that of CON group (P<0.05), in RPF 1.5 group, the cis, cis-8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid and cis-5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaoic acid were significantly greater than those in the CON group (P<0.05). RPF had no significant effect on the proportion of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in muscle tissue. In terms of the adipose tissue morphology, the number of cells per unit area and mean cell area in IMF and mean cell area in abdominal fat increased gradually with the level of RPF addition. In longissimus dorsi muscle, the expression of transcriptional regulation factors PPARγ, SREBP-1, FABP4 were significantly higher in RPF 1.5 and RPF3.0 group (P<0.05). Yaks in RPF 3.0 group had significantly lower ACC and FAS genes expression which are key enzymes in de novo fat synthesis compared with CON group. And DGAT-1 and CPT-1 (P<0.05) genes expression in RPF 1.5 and RPF 3.0 group were significantly higher than those in CON group (P<0.05). The expression of transcriptional regulation factor C/EBPα gene in abdominal adipose tissue increased significantly with the supplemental dose of RPF (P<0.05), genes expression of PPARγ and FABP4 were significantly higher in the RPF 1.5 and RPF3.0 groups than in the CON group (P<0.05). The ACC gene expression which is the key enzyme for de novo fat synthesis in the RPF 1.5 and RPF3.0 groups were significantly lower than that in the CON group (P<0.05). DGAT-1 gene expression increased significantly with the addition of RPF (P<0.05). Yaks of the RPF 1.5 and RPF3.0 groups had significantly higher gene expression of LPL when compared to CON ones (P<0.05). It can be seen that dietary RPF supplementation can effectively promote IMF and abdominal fat deposition in fattening yaks, by regulating the gene expression of transcriptional regulation factors and key enzymes involed in fat metabolism, reducing de novo fat synthesis, utilizing directly the fatty acids derived from RPF for fat synthesis. The feeding effect of 3.0% RPF supplementation is better than 1.5%.

fattening yak  /  rumen protected fat  /  fat deposition  /  gene expression
袁越, 周建旭, 罗晓林, 官久强, 柏琴, 赵洪文, 安添午, 任子利, 赵彦玲, 毛宏祥, 张翔飞. 过瘤胃脂肪对育肥牦牛脂肪沉积及相关基因表达的影响. 畜牧兽医学报, 2026 , 57 (2) : 810 -824 . DOI: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.02.021
Yue YUAN, Jianxu ZHOU, Xiaolin LUO, Jiuqiang GUAN, Qin BAI, Hongwen ZHAO, Tianwu AN, Zili REN, Yanling ZHAO, Hongxiang MAO, Xiangfei ZHANG. Effect of Rumen-Protected Fat on Fat Deposition and Related Genes Expression of Fattening Yaks[J]. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, 2026 , 57 (2) : 810 -824 . DOI: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.02.021
牦牛(Bos grunniens)主要分布于中国青藏高原及其周围海拔3 000米以上的区域,是我国高寒牧区的优势家畜,更是当地人民必不可少的生活和生产资料。但目前,牦牛依然以传统天然放牧的饲养方式为主,暖季时天然草地牧草丰盛,但营养供给仍不足以充分发挥牦牛的生长潜力;而在冷季,由于牧草产量及营养品质的显著降低,牦牛营养摄入严重缺乏,需消耗自身的脂肪、蛋白质来维持体温和基础代谢,牦牛每经过一个冷季掉膘可达25%[1],使得牦牛生长发育缓慢,性能低,生产周期长,制约着牦牛产业的养殖效率与效益。
近年来,为促进牦牛养殖提质增效,舍饲成为除放牧外的主要饲养方式之一。舍饲条件下的日粮营养调控是改善牦牛性能的重要手段。脂肪作为动物必需的养分,具有为机体提供和储存能量、维持能量代谢平衡、调节内分泌系统、固定和保护组织器官[2]等重要生理功能。脂肪代谢是合成与分解代谢的动态平衡,当机体摄入大量能量时,脂肪合成的速度大于脂肪分解的速度,即为脂肪沉积;当摄入能量过少或低于所需能量时,脂肪分解的速度大于脂肪合成的速度,即为脂肪分解。动物的脂肪沉积不仅与动物的脂肪合成与分解代谢有关,也是机体摄入能量与机体消耗能量之间的动态平衡的结果,此过程受神经调节、体液调节、一系列激素和脂肪代谢酶的共同调控。过氧化物酶体增殖物活化受体γ(PPARγ)对脂肪细胞分化成熟和脂滴合成开启起着关键的正向调控作用[3]。CCAAT/增强子结合蛋白α、β(C/EBPα、C/EBPβ)是碱性亮氨酸拉链转录因子家族成员,是动物脂肪沉积的关键调控因子[4]。脂肪酸结合蛋白4(FABP4)是IMF沉积的重要候选基因,参与脂肪酸摄入和胞间转运,将已经结合的脂肪酸运输到所需要的部位,最终在脂肪细胞中发挥作用,对肌肉组织中肌内脂肪(IMF)的沉积密切相关[5]。在脂肪代谢过程中,乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(ACC)基因是控制脂肪酸从头合成的限速酶,可以催化乙酰CoA生成丙二酸单酰CoA[6]。脂肪酸合成酶(FAS)基因是脂肪酸从头合成过程中合成长链脂肪酸的关键酶,其基因的表达水平与脂肪沉积紧密相关[7]。脂蛋白脂肪酶(LPL)能够将血液中存在的三酰甘油进一步分解成甘油和脂肪酸,最终产生合成三酰甘油所需要的原材料,对IMF沉积起着重要的作用[8]。激素敏感脂肪酶(HSL)是脂肪分解过程中的关键酶和限速酶[9],脂肪分解时HSL首先将甘油三酯分解为甘油和游离脂肪酸。反刍动物饲粮中补充适量脂肪可提高日粮能量水平进而提升生产性能,但过量脂类添加会对瘤胃发酵、养分消化产生一定负面影响[10]。过瘤胃脂肪(rumen-protected fat,RPF)是一类采用物理或化学方法将脂肪包裹的产品,可避免在瘤胃中的降解及其对瘤胃微生物的干扰,同时能够有效提升日粮能量。目前,关于RPF在牦牛日粮中的相关报道较少,RPF能否通过脂肪代谢影响牦牛脂肪沉积有待进一步研究。因此,本文拟探究RPF对育肥牦牛脂肪沉积及相关基因表达的影响,以期为RPF在牦牛产业的应用提供科学依据,改善牦牛养殖效率低、产品品质不高等产业瓶颈问题,促进牦牛产业提质增效和标准化发展。
研究选取体重相近(275.63±9.84 kg)的公牦牛(3~4岁)24头,随机分配到3个处理组,每个处理组8个重复,每个重复1头牦牛。三个处理组分别为:1)对照组(CON),饲喂基础日粮;2)1.5%RPF添加组(RPF 1.5),饲喂基础日粮添加1.5% RPF;3)3%RPF添加组(RPF 3.0),饲喂基础日粮添加3.0% RPF。PRF由丰益油脂科技(天津)有限公司惠赠,于每日饲喂时添加并均匀混合至基础日粮中。基础日粮根据《中国肉牛饲养标准(2004)》[11]推荐营养需要标准配制,粗饲料为燕麦干草,精粗比为50∶50,基础日粮组成及营养水平见表1。日粮营养成分参考张丽英[12]的方法测定。
试验开始前,统一对所有牛只进行编号、免疫及驱虫,饲养管理按照牛场标准程序进行,每月进行圈舍消毒。试验期饲养方式为全舍饲饲养,预饲期7 d,试验期90 d。通过基础日粮中逐渐增加RPF比例的方式,过渡为试验处理日粮,每日08:00和18:00定时饲喂2次,保证充足清洁饮水,记录每日饲喂量以及余料量,并根据余料情况适时调整次日饲喂量。
本研究生产性能、血清生化及屠宰性能数据已发表于袁越等[13]的研究成果中。试验期结束每组随机选取3头牦牛统一屠宰后采集背最长肌样本(12~13肋骨)于-20 ℃保存,用于营养成分、脂肪酸组成分析;采集背最长肌及腹部脂肪组织样本放置多聚甲醛中,用于组织形态学分析;另采集背最长肌及腹部脂肪组织样本液氮保存,用于脂肪代谢相关转录调控因子以及脂肪合成、分解代谢基因表达测定。
能量含量:根据GB 28050—2011中的规定计算所得;蛋白质含量:采用凯氏定氮仪,参照国标(GB 5009.5—2016)测定;IMF含量:参照国标(GB 5009.6—2016)采用索氏抽提法测定。
利用气相色谱法进行测定,参照国标(GB 5009.168—2016)采用第三种方法(归一化法),试样在碱性条件下皂化和甲酯化,生成脂肪酸甲酯,经气相色谱仪(安捷伦7820)与气相毛细管色谱柱(CD-2560, CNW Technologies)分析,测定脂肪酸含量,每个样品重复2次。仪器在测定前使用37种脂肪酸甲酯固体混标(坛墨质检科技股份有限公司)进行校准。
将各组3头牦牛的背最长肌及腹部脂肪样品于脱水机内依次梯度酒精进行脱水。将浸好蜡的组织于包埋机内进行包埋,于-20 ℃冻台冷却,蜡凝固后将蜡块从包埋框中取出并修整蜡块。将修整好的蜡块置于石蜡切片机切片,厚3~4 μm。对背最长肌进行HE染色(石蜡切片脱蜡至水-苏木素染色-伊红染色-脱水封片);对腹部脂肪进行油红O染色(新鲜冰冻切片固定-油红O染色-背景分化-苏木素染色-封片)。在显微镜下镜检,采用36.5×采集图像,每个切片选择3个视野进行测定。运用ImageJ图像分析系统统计区域内的脂肪细胞数量,计算平均细胞面积。
利用RT-PCR法分析育肥牦牛背最长肌以及腹部脂肪转录调控因子、关键酶基因表达。转录调控因子包括:过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ(PPARγ)、CCAAT增强子结合蛋白α(C/EBPα)、CCAAT增强子结合蛋白β(C/EBPβ)、固醇调节元件结合蛋白-1(SREBP-1)、脂肪酸结合蛋白4(FABP4)。脂肪合成代谢关键酶:乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(ACC)、脂肪酸合成酶(FAS)、硬脂酰辅酶A去饱和酶(SCD)、二酰甘油酰基转移酶-1(DGAT-1)、脂蛋白脂酶(LPL)。脂肪分解代谢酶:激素敏感脂肪酶(HSL)、脂肪甘油三酯水解酶(ATGL)、肉碱脂酰转移酶-1(CPT-1)、脂酰辅酶A氧化酶(ACOX)。
引物设计软件采用Primer3Plus,引物序列见表2,由上海生工生物工程股份有限公司合成,使用Primer-BLAST(NCBI)检查引物特异性。利用5× All-In-One MasterMix(with AccuRT Genomic DNA Removal kit)和EvaGreen Express 2×qPCR MasterMix-No Dye试剂盒(abm)对背最长肌、腹部脂肪组织进行总RNA抽提、反转录及定量PCR分析,荧光定量PCR仪型号为StepOne Plus(ABI),使用预混液推荐通用退火温度(60 ℃),每样本设3个复孔。具体操作如下:1)利用RNA提取试剂盒对组织总RNA进行抽提。2)反转录程序:首先25 ℃ 10 min,然后42 ℃ 15 min,最后85 ℃ 5 min,结束后置于冰上冷却。3)稀释引物:将引物干粉4 000 r·min-1离心1 min至管底,加入管身上标识体积的ddH2O进行溶解,得到浓度为100 μmol·L-1的引物溶液;按比例配置7.5 μmol·L-1上下游引物mix。4)配制定量PCR反应体系:2×qPCR MasterMix(10.0 μL);7.5 μmol·L-1基因引物mix(1.2 μL);反转录产物(2.0 μL);ddH2O(6.8 μL);总体系20.0 μL。5)PCR扩增:95 ℃预变性10 min,1 个循环;95 ℃变性10 s,60 ℃退火延伸30 s,共40 个循环;熔解曲线:60 ℃升至95℃,每15 s升温0.3 ℃。
基因表达通过2-∆∆CT法计算,采用Excel 2017对试验数据进行整理,利用SAS 9.4统计软件的one-way ANOVA程序进行方差分析,采用LSD模型进行组间多重比较,结果变异程度以均值标准误(SEM)表示,P<0.05为差异显著。
由表3可知,各组牦牛肌肉能量随RPF补充剂量增加而升高,但未达到显著水平(P>0.05),蛋白质含量在各组间差异不显著(P>0.05),IMF含量随RPF增加而显著增加(P<0.05),RPF3.0组IMF含量达到4.57%。
由表4可知,RPF3.0组牦牛肌肉脂肪酸组成中顺-11,14-二十碳二烯酸含量显著高于CON组(P<0.05),RPF1.5组中顺,顺,顺-8,11,14-二十碳三烯酸以及顺-5,8,11,14,17-二十碳五烯酸含量显著高于CON组(P<0.05),其余各项脂肪酸在不同处理间无显著差异(P>0.05),饱和脂肪酸、单不饱和脂肪酸、多不饱和脂肪酸比例未观测显著差异(P>0.05)。
各组牦牛肌肉IMF细胞形态观察结果见图1,细胞个数及平均细胞面积的测定结果见表5。牦牛IMF细胞位于肌纤维之间,呈长条状、蜂窝状外观,细胞轮廓清晰,细胞核位于细胞边缘,形态饱满紧凑,大小清晰可辨,多呈椭圆形或不规则多边形,脂肪组织内有血管和结缔组织分布,组间对比来看,RPF1.5组与RPF3.0组IMF细胞体积稍大,细胞数量更多。经测算,单位面积内可见脂肪细胞个数随RPF添加水平增加而逐渐增加,由76.33个/mm2提高至163.14个/mm2,平均细胞面积表现出类似趋势,由0.002 9 mm2增加至0.004 1 mm2。
各组牦牛腹部脂肪细胞形态观察结果见图2,细胞个数及平均细胞面积的测定结果见表6。牦牛腹部脂肪组织油红O染色结果可见正常脂肪组织细胞形状规则,呈蜂窝状外观,细胞形态大小清晰可辨,细胞面积较大,形态饱满,多呈多边形,细胞核位于细胞边缘,细胞排列紧凑,脂肪细胞内可见大量红色脂滴。组间对比来看,CON组脂肪细胞体积相对较小,RPF3.0组细胞体积稍大,脂滴沉积饱满。单位面积内可见平均细胞面积随RPF添加水平增加而逐渐增加,由0.004 6 mm2增加至0.006 4 mm2,脂肪细胞个数由164.63个/mm2降至130.21个/mm2。
由图3可知,RPF1.5与RPF3.0组牦牛肌肉中脂肪代谢相关转录调控因子PPARγ、SREBP-1、FABP4基因表达均显著高于CON组(P<0.05),RPF1.5与RPF3.0组组间未观测到显著差异(P>0.05),其余转录调控因子C/EBPα、C/EBPβ在不同处理间无显著差异(P>0.05)。
由图4可知,RPF 3.0组牦牛肌肉中脂肪从头合成的关键酶ACC和FAS的基因表达显著低于CON组(P<0.05)。DGAT-1基因表达在各处理间差异显著,并随RPF添加剂量增加而显著升高(P<0.05)。由图5可知,RPF 1.5、RPF3.0组CPT-1表达较CON组显著升高(P<0.05),其余脂肪分解关键酶HSL、ATGL、ACOX基因表达在各处理组牦牛肌肉中均无显著差异(P>0.05)。
由图6可知,各组牦牛腹部脂肪组织中C/EBPα基因表达差异显著,并随RPF补充剂量增加而显著增加(P<0.05)。RPF1.5与RPF3.0组PPARγ、FABP4基因表达显著高于CON组(P<0.05)。
由图7可知,RPF1.5与RPF3.0组牦牛腹部脂肪组织中脂肪从头合成关键酶ACC基因表达显著低于CON组(P<0.05)。DGAT-1基因表达随RPF添加剂量增加而显著上调(P<0.05)。由图8可知,RPF1.5与RPF3.0组LPL基因表达显著高于CON组(P<0.05)。FAS、SCD基因表达在各处理组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。其余脂肪分解关键酶HSL、CPT-1、ACOX基因表达在各处理组牦牛脂肪中未观测到显著差异(P>0.05)。
脂肪合成与分解动态平衡对IMF沉积具有决定作用,当合成效果强于分解效果时脂肪表现为沉积[14]。在本研究中,饲粮添加RPF显著提高了育肥牦牛背最长肌IMF含量,这与刘凯[15]研究中额外添加2.4%RPF使育肥湖羊体内脂肪沉积率提高,促进脂肪沉积的结果一致。RPF经过瘤胃后在小肠中吸收进入血液,为肌肉组织中IMF合成提供了充足的脂肪酸底物。从脂肪酸组成分析来看,RPF对育肥牦牛肌肉中饱和与不饱和脂肪酸组成无显著差异,仅顺-11,14-二十碳二烯酸、顺,顺,顺-8,11,14-二十碳三烯酸、顺-5,8,11,14,17-二十碳五烯酸有显著提高,这与杨致玲等[16]的研究中不同添加比例过瘤胃不饱和脂肪对安格斯牛肉脂肪酸组成的影响结果一致,且与后续SCD基因表达分析无显著差异结果相符,由此可见,不同种类脂肪酸在IMF的沉积中是同步完成的。
脂肪的沉积包括IMF沉积归根于脂肪细胞的数量及其集脂能力,同时与脂肪细胞大小紧密相关[17]。当脂肪细胞数量相对平稳时,脂肪细胞体积的增大代表脂肪沉积[18]。牦牛对青藏高原高寒、缺氧和饲草料供应季节性变化的强适应性也与其脂肪组织代谢有关[19]。本研究表明,RPF的添加提高了育肥牦牛IMF中单位面积脂肪细胞个数、平均细胞面积及腹部脂肪平均细胞面积。动物机体在摄入的能量存在富余的情况下,会以甘油三酯的形式将其沉积到脂肪细胞中,脂肪细胞数量的增加和脂肪细胞体积的增大是脂肪组织生长的主要途径[20]。本研究从组织形态学方面证实:RPF促进了育肥牦牛IMF与腹部脂肪组织中脂肪细胞的增殖分化与脂滴沉积,进一步增加了脂肪细胞个数和体积。这与Sun等[21]研究中添加3%的过瘤胃保护亚麻油可显著增强肉牛IMF沉积的结果相一致。不同部位脂肪沉积总体上按照一定的时间顺序:肾周脂肪、皮下和内脏脂肪、IMF[22],同时不同部位脂肪组织的代谢机制也有所差异,Smith等[23]研究发现,IMF脂肪从头合成的乙酰基底物来源乙酸、葡萄糖分别占58.8%、41.2%;而皮下脂肪则分别为85.1%、14.9%。但在本研究中,RPF的添加均不同程度地促进了IMF与腹部脂肪的沉积,脂肪细胞增大,脂滴沉积增加,未观测到不同脂肪组织部位间的明显差异,这可能与RPF经过瘤胃从小肠吸收后为IMF与腹部脂肪合成提供了脂肪酸链,从而降低了脂肪从头合成底物的需求有关。RPF添加对不同部位脂肪组织的脂肪代谢途径的影响,笔者将在下一部分通过相关关键酶基因表达进行探讨。
PPARγ、C/EBPα和SREBP-1是影响脂肪细胞分化成熟和脂滴合成重要的调控因子[24]。PPARγ作为脂肪形成的主要调节因子[25],不仅可调控成纤维细胞分化为脂肪细胞[26],同时也可通过激活FABP4和C/EBPα促进脂肪细胞分化,从而增强脂肪沉积[27]。有研究报道,干扰C/EBPα基因表达能够显著抑制人体脂肪细胞的分化,表明C/EBPα在脂肪分化过程中起着积极的调节作用[28]。抑制小鼠PPARγ、SREBP-1、C/EBPα基因表达,会导致下游生脂基因LPL、FAS表达受到抑制[29]。本研究观察到,在IMF沉积更高的RPF组牦牛IMF和腹部脂肪PPARγ基因表达同样显著高于CON组,同时,腹部脂肪的C/EBPα基因表达水平以RPF组显著高于CON组,提示RPF补充条件下育肥牦牛脂肪组织转录调控因子PPARγ、C/EBPα上调表达促进了脂肪细胞的分化和脂滴沉积,从而提高腹部脂肪、IMF沉积能力,与其脂肪细胞形态学分析结果一致。此外,育肥牦牛IMF的SREBP-1基因表达量随RPF补充剂量的增长而显著升高,SREBP-1基因参与调节脂质合成和脂肪酸氧化分解代谢途径[30],RPF的补充上调了SREBP-1基因表达,进一步调控下游肌肉生脂基因的表达,正向促进IMF沉积。IMF及腹部脂肪的转录调控因子FABP4基因表达结果同样以RPF组显著高于CON组,FABP4参与脂肪酸摄入和胞间转运,与IMF沉积呈正相关[31]。RPF补充可能通过FABP4基因增强长链脂肪酸运输以促进IMF及腹部脂肪沉积。由此可见,本研究中RPF组牦牛肌肉组织参与IMF沉积的转录调控因子PPARγ、FABP4及SREBP-1基因表达均呈现不同程度的上调,作用于下游脂肪代谢关键促进脂肪沉积,且主要集中在RPF3.0组,这与IMF含量自RPF1.5组显著提高,RPF3.0组含量最高结果相符合。
动物机体可通过脂肪合成酶和分解酶的基因表达以及脂肪转运蛋白的数量和方向来调节脂肪沉积[32]。首先,在脂肪合成途径中,Herrera-Marcos等[33]、Gamarra等[34]研究发现,ACC、FAS、SCD、DGAT-1都是脂肪合成代谢的关键酶和正向促进因子。ACC为脂肪酸合成的限速酶,催化乙酰辅酶A缩合为丙二酸单酰辅酶A,转化为长链脂肪酸的重要原料[35]。FAS是脂肪酸从头合成的关键酶,结构域分别执行缩合、脱水和转移功能,催化脂酰辅酶A和丙二酸单酰辅酶A反应合成棕榈酸酯[36]。LPL是脂肪转运的关键酶,其基因表达是决定游离脂肪酸流动的有效指标,组织中基因表达的增加表明体内的游离脂肪酸聚集在脂肪组织中,用于脂质积累和能量储存[37]。从本研究背最长肌IMF含量及脂肪组织形态学分析结果来看,随着RPF添加水平的升高,育肥牦牛的脂肪沉积得到增强,但同时背最长肌的FAS和ACC基因表达显著降低,作者推测RPF经过瘤胃后从小肠吸收为完整的脂肪酸链进入血液,进一步被肌肉或脂肪组织利用直接进行脂肪酸链的延长、与甘油合成甘油三酯[38],因而减弱了从乙酰辅酶A开始的脂肪从头合成长链脂肪酸这一过程,相应的关键酶FAS、ACC基因表达下调,提高了育肥牦牛的脂肪合成效率。牦牛IMF和腹部脂肪中DGAT-1基因表达显著增加,并在3.0%RPF水平达到高峰,与上述推测相符,表明RPF的补充为脂肪合成提供了更多的脂肪酸底物,DGAT-1以甘油、脂肪酸为底物催化合成甘油三酯,脂肪合成速度得到增强,促进了牦牛IMF与腹部脂肪合成[39]。此外,本团队前期研究发现,RPF显著提高了育肥牦牛血清中甘油三酯及非酯化脂肪酸水平[13],在腹部脂肪组织中检测到的LPL表达升高有利于血液中脂肪酸的吸收转运,促进腹部脂肪细胞对FFA的摄取,从而增加腹部脂肪沉积。在脂肪分解方面,HSL参与脂肪酸分解的限速酶之一,将甘油三酯水解为游离脂肪酸、甘油和甘油二酯[40]。CPT-1参与脂肪酸的β氧化,是脂肪酸分解的关键酶之一[41]。本研究显示,随着RPF添加水平的升高,IMF的CPT-1基因表达显著上调。研究表明脂肪酸可以诱导CPT-1基因表达升高,增强脂肪酸的氧化作用,为机体提供能量,RPF可能通过PPARγ影响CPT-1基因转录,诱导其基因表达增强[42]。
综上所述,日粮补充RPF能够通过调控脂肪组织脂肪代谢相关转录调控因子及关键酶基因表达,促进脂肪细胞分化与体积增大,直接利用PRF的脂肪酸以合成脂肪,减弱脂肪从头合成,有效增强育肥牦牛IMF及腹部脂肪沉积,3.0%RPF补充效果优于1.5%。
  • 省级科技专项海南州科技创新平台培育建设项目:草畜耦合牦牛生态高效牧养技术研究与示范
  • 四川省林草科技创新团队:草牧业关键技术研究与应用
  • 乡村振兴科技示范县专项:玉树市乡村振兴科技示范县(2024-NK-X02)
  • 国家肉牛牦牛产业技术体系(CARS-37)
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2026年第57卷第2期
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doi: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.02.021
  • 接收时间:2025-02-20
  • 首发时间:2026-09-16
  • 出版时间:2026-02-23
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-20
基金
省级科技专项海南州科技创新平台培育建设项目:草畜耦合牦牛生态高效牧养技术研究与示范
四川省林草科技创新团队:草牧业关键技术研究与应用
乡村振兴科技示范县专项:玉树市乡村振兴科技示范县(2024-NK-X02)
国家肉牛牦牛产业技术体系(CARS-37)
作者信息
    1.四川省草原科学研究院 高原动物研究所,成都 611731
    2.西藏农牧学院动物科学学院,林芝 860000
    3.小金县科学技术和农业畜牧水务局,小金 624200
    4.丰益(天津)反刍饲料研发有限公司,天津 300461

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张翔飞,主要从事牦牛营养与饲料科学研究,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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