Article(id=1307013436345442820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307013104081068276, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.02.005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1736438400000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789545886360, onlineDateStr=2026-09-16, pubDate=1771776000000, pubDateStr=2026-02-23, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789545886360, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789545886360, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789545886360, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1307013104081068276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, year='2026', volume='57', issue='2', pageStart='569', pageEnd='1176', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771776000000', pubDateStr='2026-02-23', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789545807142, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789609910854, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1307281975350419753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307013104081068276, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1307281975350419754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307013104081068276, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=624, endPage=637, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1307013436722930181, articleId=1307013436345442820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, language=EN, title=Mitigating Methane Emissions in Ruminants: From Dietary Adjustments to Grazing Optimization, columnId=1307007397399126026, journalTitle=Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, columnName=REVIEW, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Rumen fermentation in ruminants results in a loss of 2% to 12% of feed energy as methane, which not only represents an energy loss but also has negative environmental impacts. Consequently, finding economical and effective methods to reduce methane emissions from ruminants has become the focus of current research. Proper feeding and grazing management strategies can reduce methane emissions by modulating the metabolic pathways of rumen microorganisms, inhibiting methanogenic activity and enhancing the host's nutrient utilization efficiency. This review summarizes current research on the effectiveness of different dietary strategies, including adjusting dietary composition, optimizing forage selection and utilization, and improving forage processing and preservation, as well as grazing management strategies such as stocking rate, grazing methods, and grazing intensity. It also discusses the applicability and potential of these strategies, providing theoretical insights and practical guidance for methane mitigation in ruminant production.

, authors=Tian YANG, Mingming WANG, Jikang ZHENG, Yongju ZHAO, authorsList=Tian YANG, Mingming WANG, Jikang ZHENG, Yongju ZHAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yongju ZHAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
ZHAO Yongju, E-mail:
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反刍动物瘤胃发酵以甲烷形式损失2%~12%的饲料能量,同时对环境造成不利影响,寻找经济有效的方法减少反刍动物甲烷排放,成为当前研究的重点。通过合理的饲粮搭配和放牧管理措施,可以调控瘤胃微生物代谢途径,降低产甲烷菌活性,并提高宿主对养分的利用率,从而减少甲烷排放。本文综述了目前关于不同饲粮营养策略(如调整日粮组成、牧草的选择与利用、牧草加工与保存等)和放牧管理措施(如载畜量、放牧方式和放牧强度)对反刍动物肠道甲烷减排的有效性及其缓解机制,并讨论了这些策略的适用性和应用潜力,为反刍动物甲烷减排提供理论依据和实践指导。

, authors=杨恬, 王明明, 郑继康, 赵永聚, authorsList=杨恬, 王明明, 郑继康, 赵永聚, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=赵永聚, authorNote=

杨 恬,硕士生,主要从事动物遗传育种与繁殖研究,E-mail:

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赵永聚,主要从事山羊遗传育种研究,E-mail:
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pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[79], rfOrder=79, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MCCAUGHEY W P,WITTENBERG K,CORRIGAN D.Methane production by steers on pasture[J].Can J Anim Sci,1997,77(3):519-524., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307282168468754544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013436345442820, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[80], rfOrder=80, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ALCOCK D,HEGARTY R S.Effects of pasture improvement on productivity,gross margin and methane emissions of a grazing sheep enterprise[J].Int Congr Ser,2006,1293:103-106., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307282168548446321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013436345442820, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[81], rfOrder=81, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=PINARES-PATIÑO C S,D’HOUR P,JOUANY J P,et al.Effects of stocking rate on methane and carbon dioxide emissions from grazing cattle[J].Agr Ecosyst Environ,2007,121(1-2):30-46., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307282168628138098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013436345442820, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[82], rfOrder=82, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CHIAVEGATO M B,ROWNTREE J E,CARMICHAEL D,et al.Enteric methane from lactating beef cows managed with high-and low-input grazing systems[J].J Anim Sci,2015,93(3):1365-1375., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307282168695246963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013436345442820, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[83], rfOrder=83, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=TANG S,MA L,WEI X,et al.Methane emissions in grazing systems in grassland regions of China:A synthesis[J].Sci Total Environ,2019,654:662-670., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307282168787521652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013436345442820, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[84], rfOrder=84, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SOLLENBERGER L E,NEWMAN Y C,MACOON B.Pasture design and grazing management[C]//In Forages:The science of grassland agriculture.2020,2:803-814., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307282168896573557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013436345442820, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[85], rfOrder=85, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SAVIAN J V,NETO A B,DE DAVID D B,et al.Grazing intensity and stocking methods on animal production and methane emission by grazing sheep:Implications for integrated crop–livestock system[J].Agr Ecosyst Environ,2014,190:112-119., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307282168976265334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013436345442820, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[86], rfOrder=86, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SAVIAN J V,SCHONS R M T,MARCHI D E,et al.Rotatinuous stocking:A grazing management innovation that has high potential to mitigate methane emissions by sheep[J].J Clean Prod,2018,186:602-608., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307282169043374199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013436345442820, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[87], rfOrder=87, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=孙小富,唐华江,杨红文,等.我国草地退化原因及治理对策[J].安徽农业科学,2024,52(9):39-44,50., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307282169123065976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013436345442820, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[87], rfOrder=88, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SUN X F,TANG H J,YANG H W,et al.The causes of grassland degradation and countermeasures in china[J].Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,2024,52(9):39-44,50.(in Chinese), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307282169244700793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013436345442820, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[88], rfOrder=89, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=TANG S,WANG C,WILKES A,et al.Contribution of grazing to soil atmosphere CH4 exchange during the growing season in a continental steppe[J].Atmos Environ,2013,67:170-176., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307282169366335610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013436345442820, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[89], rfOrder=90, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=JU X,WANG B,WU L,et al.Grazing decreases net ecosystem carbon exchange by decreasing shrub and semi‐shrub biomass in a desert steppe[J].Ecol Evol,2024,14(6):e11528., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307282169454415995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013436345442820, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[90], rfOrder=91, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CHEN W,WOLF B,ZHENG X,et al.Annual methane uptake by temperate semiarid steppes as regulated by stocking rates,aboveground plant biomass and topsoil air permeability[J].Global Change Biol,2011,17(9):2803-2816., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307282169546690684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013436345442820, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[91], rfOrder=92, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CEZIMBRA I M,DE ALBUQUERQUE NUNES P A,DE SOUZA FILHO W,et al.Potential of grazing management to improve beef cattle production and mitigate methane emissions in native grasslands of the Pampa biome[J].Sci Total Environ,2021,780:146582., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1307282155760013341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013436345442820, awardId=2023YFD1300900, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFD1300900), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1307282155848093726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013436345442820, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Integrated strategies for CH4 mitigation of ruminants, figureFileSmall=lihALwtig+wxEK+Qhjwmaw==, figureFileBig=refIXF7Xyftajj0TNvrjTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282155256696856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013436345442820, language=CN, label=图 2, caption=减少反刍动物CH4排放的综合策略, figureFileSmall=lihALwtig+wxEK+Qhjwmaw==, figureFileBig=refIXF7Xyftajj0TNvrjTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307282155344777241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013436345442820, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Effects of dietary regulation on CH4 emission of ruminants

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

减排方案

Mitigation schemes

措施

Strategies

试验动物

Experimentalanimals

减排效果/%

Reduction effect

机制

Mechanism

可能存在的问题

Problems

参考文献

References

优化日粮组成Optimizing dietcomposition增加精料绵羊6与产甲烷菌竞争底物,减少CH4生成瘤胃酸中毒[28]
奶牛14[28]
肉牛26[28]
牧草选择与利用Forage selection and utilization豆科牧草绵羊14~33直接减少瘤胃内产甲烷菌数量引起反刍动物瘤胃胀气,降低动物的生产性能[47, 52]
肉牛9.1~21[45, 48, 49]
奶牛9~17.8[46, 51, 53]
山羊6.4[50]
草本植物绵羊4.9~37较低的纤维含量以及单宁的存在影响牧草的适口性[40, 56]
奶牛16~32.7[9, 15, 57]

芸苔属

饲用作物

绵羊6~64抑制产甲烷菌活性;含有硝酸盐、GSL和SMCO等GSL摄入过多容易引起动物中毒,影响动物健康;降低饲料的适口性[59, 76]
牧草加工与保存Forage processing and preservation玉米青贮与其他青贮相比奶牛13~24提高瘤胃流通速率,减少食糜在瘤胃中的滞留时间,抑制氢的产生造成霉菌毒素污染,影响动物健康;引起SARA[69]
粗饲料粉碎、制粒肉牛20~40破坏牧草细胞壁,提高瘤胃流通速率粉碎过细会降低动物的消化率;制粒条件不当可能影响饲料的营养价值[72]
蒸汽压片玉米与干碾压玉米相比奶牛17提高瘤胃淀粉、过瘤胃淀粉和总肠道淀粉消化率破坏营养成分;易受潮发霉,影响饲料品质和口感[74]
), ArticleFig(id=1307282155462217754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013436345442820, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

日粮调控对反刍动物CH4排放的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

减排方案

Mitigation schemes

措施

Strategies

试验动物

Experimentalanimals

减排效果/%

Reduction effect

机制

Mechanism

可能存在的问题

Problems

参考文献

References

优化日粮组成Optimizing dietcomposition增加精料绵羊6与产甲烷菌竞争底物,减少CH4生成瘤胃酸中毒[28]
奶牛14[28]
肉牛26[28]
牧草选择与利用Forage selection and utilization豆科牧草绵羊14~33直接减少瘤胃内产甲烷菌数量引起反刍动物瘤胃胀气,降低动物的生产性能[47, 52]
肉牛9.1~21[45, 48, 49]
奶牛9~17.8[46, 51, 53]
山羊6.4[50]
草本植物绵羊4.9~37较低的纤维含量以及单宁的存在影响牧草的适口性[40, 56]
奶牛16~32.7[9, 15, 57]

芸苔属

饲用作物

绵羊6~64抑制产甲烷菌活性;含有硝酸盐、GSL和SMCO等GSL摄入过多容易引起动物中毒,影响动物健康;降低饲料的适口性[59, 76]
牧草加工与保存Forage processing and preservation玉米青贮与其他青贮相比奶牛13~24提高瘤胃流通速率,减少食糜在瘤胃中的滞留时间,抑制氢的产生造成霉菌毒素污染,影响动物健康;引起SARA[69]
粗饲料粉碎、制粒肉牛20~40破坏牧草细胞壁,提高瘤胃流通速率粉碎过细会降低动物的消化率;制粒条件不当可能影响饲料的营养价值[72]
蒸汽压片玉米与干碾压玉米相比奶牛17提高瘤胃淀粉、过瘤胃淀粉和总肠道淀粉消化率破坏营养成分;易受潮发霉,影响饲料品质和口感[74]
), ArticleFig(id=1307282155541909531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013436345442820, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Effects of grazing management strategies on CH4 emissions of ruminants

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

减排方案

Mitigation schemes

措施

Strategies

试验动物

Experimental

animals

CH4排放变化

Emission changes of CH4

参考文献

References

载畜量 Stocking rate

1.1 steer·ha-1vs. 2.2 steer·ha-1

连续放牧

阉牛增加21.03%[79]

1.1 steer·ha-1vs. 2.2 steer·ha-1

轮换放牧

阉牛增加6.18%[79]

1.1 LU·ha-1vs. 2.2 LU·ha-1

连续放牧

奶牛增加0.94%[81]

9 ewes·ha-1vs. 3.5 ewes·ha-1

改良管理牧场vs.未改良管理牧场

绵羊增加130%[80]
放牧方式 Grazing system传统轮牧与连续放牧相比奶牛减少21~55%[78]
优化轮牧与传统轮牧相比绵羊减少39%[86]
放牧强度 Grazing intensity中度放牧与未放牧相比绵羊增加6.8%[88]
重度放牧与未放牧相比绵羊增加37.9%[88]
中度放牧与重度放牧相比肉牛减少28%[91]
), ArticleFig(id=1307282155613212700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307013436345442820, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

放牧管理措施对反刍动物CH4排放的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

减排方案

Mitigation schemes

措施

Strategies

试验动物

Experimental

animals

CH4排放变化

Emission changes of CH4

参考文献

References

载畜量 Stocking rate

1.1 steer·ha-1vs. 2.2 steer·ha-1

连续放牧

阉牛增加21.03%[79]

1.1 steer·ha-1vs. 2.2 steer·ha-1

轮换放牧

阉牛增加6.18%[79]

1.1 LU·ha-1vs. 2.2 LU·ha-1

连续放牧

奶牛增加0.94%[81]

9 ewes·ha-1vs. 3.5 ewes·ha-1

改良管理牧场vs.未改良管理牧场

绵羊增加130%[80]
放牧方式 Grazing system传统轮牧与连续放牧相比奶牛减少21~55%[78]
优化轮牧与传统轮牧相比绵羊减少39%[86]
放牧强度 Grazing intensity中度放牧与未放牧相比绵羊增加6.8%[88]
重度放牧与未放牧相比绵羊增加37.9%[88]
中度放牧与重度放牧相比肉牛减少28%[91]
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减少反刍动物甲烷排放:从饲粮调整到放牧优化
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杨恬 , 王明明 , 郑继康 , 赵永聚
畜牧兽医学报 | 综述 2026,57(2): 624-637
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畜牧兽医学报 |综述 2026 , 57 (2) : 624 -637
减少反刍动物甲烷排放:从饲粮调整到放牧优化
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杨恬 , 王明明, 郑继康, 赵永聚
作者信息
  • 西南大学动物科学技术学院 草食动物科学重庆市重点实验室 重庆市草食动物资源保护与利用工程技术研究中心,重庆 400715
通讯作者:
赵永聚,主要从事山羊遗传育种研究,E-mail:
作者简介:

杨 恬,硕士生,主要从事动物遗传育种与繁殖研究,E-mail:

Mitigating Methane Emissions in Ruminants: From Dietary Adjustments to Grazing Optimization
Tian YANG , Mingming WANG, Jikang ZHENG, Yongju ZHAO
Affiliations
  • Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Herbivores Resource Protection and Utilization,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Herbivore Science,College of Animal Science and Technology,Southwest University,Chongqing 400715,China
  • Corresponding Author:
    ZHAO Yongju, E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-02-23 doi: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.02.005
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反刍动物瘤胃发酵以甲烷形式损失2%~12%的饲料能量,同时对环境造成不利影响,寻找经济有效的方法减少反刍动物甲烷排放,成为当前研究的重点。通过合理的饲粮搭配和放牧管理措施,可以调控瘤胃微生物代谢途径,降低产甲烷菌活性,并提高宿主对养分的利用率,从而减少甲烷排放。本文综述了目前关于不同饲粮营养策略(如调整日粮组成、牧草的选择与利用、牧草加工与保存等)和放牧管理措施(如载畜量、放牧方式和放牧强度)对反刍动物肠道甲烷减排的有效性及其缓解机制,并讨论了这些策略的适用性和应用潜力,为反刍动物甲烷减排提供理论依据和实践指导。

反刍动物  /  瘤胃发酵  /  甲烷排放  /  饲粮策略  /  放牧管理

Rumen fermentation in ruminants results in a loss of 2% to 12% of feed energy as methane, which not only represents an energy loss but also has negative environmental impacts. Consequently, finding economical and effective methods to reduce methane emissions from ruminants has become the focus of current research. Proper feeding and grazing management strategies can reduce methane emissions by modulating the metabolic pathways of rumen microorganisms, inhibiting methanogenic activity and enhancing the host's nutrient utilization efficiency. This review summarizes current research on the effectiveness of different dietary strategies, including adjusting dietary composition, optimizing forage selection and utilization, and improving forage processing and preservation, as well as grazing management strategies such as stocking rate, grazing methods, and grazing intensity. It also discusses the applicability and potential of these strategies, providing theoretical insights and practical guidance for methane mitigation in ruminant production.

ruminants  /  rumen fermentation  /  methane emissions  /  feeding strategies  /  grazing managements
杨恬, 王明明, 郑继康, 赵永聚. 减少反刍动物甲烷排放:从饲粮调整到放牧优化. 畜牧兽医学报, 2026 , 57 (2) : 624 -637 . DOI: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.02.005
Tian YANG, Mingming WANG, Jikang ZHENG, Yongju ZHAO. Mitigating Methane Emissions in Ruminants: From Dietary Adjustments to Grazing Optimization[J]. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, 2026 , 57 (2) : 624 -637 . DOI: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.02.005
全球温室气体排放是当今环境面临的一个主要问题。根据联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会(The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,IPCC)发布的第六次评估报告,2011年至2020年间,全球地表平均气温相较于1850年至1900年间升高了1.1 ℃,预计2030年全球温室气体排放量可能使21世纪气温升幅超过1.5 ℃~2 ℃的门槛[1]。甲烷(CH4)作为增温效应快速的“超级温室气体”,对全球变暖的贡献率约占四分之一,仅次于二氧化碳(CO2)。但相较于CO2,CH4吸附热量的能力更强,其全球增温潜势在20年内约为CO2的80倍,在100年内约为CO2的28倍[2]。
根据国际能源署(International Energy Agency,IEA)数据显示(图1a),2024年全球CH4排放量为369 262千吨,其中我国CH4排放量为59 591千吨,占全球CH4排放总量的16.14%。与我国CH4排放的主要来源为能源活动不同,全球CH4排放的最大来源为农业活动,占比41.09%;其次为能源活动,占比39.15%(数据来源于https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/charts/main-sources-of-methane-emissions)。根据联合国粮食及农业组织(Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,FAO)统计(图1b),2023年与畜牧业供应链相关的温室气体年排放量为62亿吨二氧化碳当量,占全球人为温室气体排放总量的12%左右[3⁃4]。其中,畜牧业温室气体主要来源包括反刍动物胃肠道发酵产生的CH4、畜禽粪便腐化过程中缺氧产生的CH4以及粪便在收集、贮存和堆肥等过程中释放的一氧化二氮(N2O)等。目前,畜牧业CH4排放量约占畜牧业温室气体总排放量的44%,是农业中最重要的污染物之一[5⁃6]。
反刍动物瘤胃中的微生物将饲粮中的纤维素和碳水化合物发酵为挥发性脂肪酸(volatile fatty acid,VFA)、CO₂和H₂等代谢产物,其中产甲烷菌利用这些底物生成并释放CH₄。瘤胃CH4的生成主要通过三种途径:氢营养型途径(CO₂-H₂还原途径)、乙酸裂解途径和甲基营养型途径[7],其中氢营养型途径是瘤胃CH4生成的主要方式,大约80%的产甲烷菌通过此途径产生CH4。瘤胃内CH4生成受多种因素影响,主要包括动物种类和品种[8]、饲粮类型和组成[9]、采食量、瘤胃流通速率[10]以及微生物菌群结构[11]等。其中,不同种类(如牛、羊、鹿等)及品种(荷斯坦牛与娟姗牛)的反刍动物因生理特性和生存环境不同,其CH4排放量存在较大差异。较高的采食量和较快的瘤胃流通速率可缩短饲料在瘤胃中的滞留时间,减少H2积累,从而降低CH4生成。此外,瘤胃微生物菌群结构也是影响CH4生成的重要因素,高CH4产量动物的毛螺菌科(Lachnospiraceae)和瘤胃球菌科(Ruminococcaceae)丰度较高,而低CH4产量动物的夏普氏菌属(Sharpea spp.)丰度较高[12]。其他因素如季节变化、环境温度及饲料添加剂的使用等也可能影响CH4排放水平。
近年来,减少反刍动物CH4排放已成为全球关注的热点问题。自2000年代中期FAO发布《牲畜的巨大阴影:环境问题与选择》报告以来,有关缓解环境问题策略的研究不断增加,主要包括提高动物生产力以降低CH4排放、使用添加剂抑制产甲烷菌活性,以及提供替代氢汇与产甲烷菌竞争等[13]。研究发现,饲喂谷物类精饲料或玉米青贮时,饲料中的碳水化合物通过影响瘤胃内VFA的比例,调节产甲烷菌合成CH4所需氢的供给量,从而影响CH4生成[14]。饲喂含单宁的豆科牧草通过抑制产甲烷菌的生长,减少其在瘤胃内的数量和活性,降低CH4生成和排放[15⁃16]。此外,通过饲喂优质牧草可提高饲料在瘤胃内的流通速率,进而影响瘤胃微生物的生长和繁殖,减少CH4排放[17⁃18]。调整日粮营养结构[19⁃21]、改善牧草营养价值[18]以及优化放牧强度[17,22⁃23]等措施也被证明是有效的CH4减排策略。然而,目前关于饲粮营养调控与放牧管理对反刍动物CH₄排放影响的研究仍相对有限,尤其是在不同牧草种类、加工方式及放牧策略方面,仍需进一步深入探讨。基于此,本文从饲粮营养和放牧管理两方面出发,系统阐述减少反刍动物CH4排放的具体策略,以期为畜牧业的可持续发展和生态环境保护提供理论依据与实践指导。
调整日粮营养结构与牧草质量是降低CH4排放的重要策略。饲粮组成通过影响瘤胃微生物区系及其代谢产物,进而影响CH4生成与排放;同时,不同饲料类型及加工方法也会导致CH4排放水平的变化。因此,从饲粮营养角度入手,通过合理搭配牧草与谷物类饲料、提升牧草质量、优化饲料加工与保存方法,可有效调控瘤胃发酵模式,降低产甲烷菌活性,从而减少CH4排放,促进反刍动物养殖的可持续发展。
通过增加日粮中淀粉含量或降低粗饲料与精饲料比例,可以提高丙酸盐产量,降低CH4排放。与饲喂粗饲料相比,给反刍动物饲喂更多的精饲料(特别是高淀粉日粮)可以减少肠道CH4造成的能量损失[24]。高纤维日粮通过富集纤维分解菌群,提高纤维利用率和乙酸产量,从而促进产甲烷菌的增殖,增加CH4生成。而高淀粉日粮则通过富集淀粉降解菌群和乳酸利用菌群,激活以乳酸为中间产物的丙烯酸途径,改变乙酸与丙酸比例,促进丙酸生成,降低CH4排放[25]。此外,更多的精饲料摄入还会加快瘤胃内容物的流通速率,缩短食糜在瘤胃中的滞留时间,从而抑制氢的产生,进一步减少CH4排放[24,26]。因此,在反刍动物日粮中增加谷物类精饲料(或饲喂淀粉含量较高的饲料)可以提高动物生产力,减少CH4排放。
Li等[25]给24头肉牛分别饲喂高纤维和高淀粉日粮,发现饲喂高纤维日粮组的肉牛瘤胃中乙酸、H2和CH4产量均有所增加,而饲喂高淀粉日粮组则显著提高了丙酸产量,同时降低了H2和CH4产量。Van Gastelen等[27]通过24项研究探讨了改变精料与粗料比例(精粗比)对绵羊、泌乳奶牛和肉牛的影响,发现随着日粮中精料比例的增加,所有反刍动物的CH4排放量均呈线性下降。研究发现,当精料中干物质(dry matter,DM)含量平均增加至386 g·kg-1时,绵羊、奶牛和肉牛的CH4排放量分别减少了6%、14%、26%;同时每种动物的CH4强度也都有所下降,绵羊降低了10%,奶牛降低了27%,肉牛降低了31%[28]。
然而,最佳精粗比的量化较为复杂,受日粮组成、动物种类及其生理状态等多种因素影响。当日粮组成全部为纤维类粗饲料时,超过10%的日粮能量随CH4排放而损失;当精料添加量为30%~40%时,CH4排放量会相对线性减少,同时动物生产力提高;当精料添加量超过50%~55%时,对牛奶质量的负面影响较为明显[29⁃30];当精料添加量超过80%时,CH4排放量显著下降,仅有3%~4%的日粮总能转化为CH4[29,31⁃32]。但是,高精料日粮通常纤维含量较低,导致瘤胃pH降低,长期饲喂可能导致动物患有亚急性瘤胃酸中毒(subacute ruminal acidosis,SARA)、蹄叶炎、肝衰竭等疾病[33⁃34],并可能增加粪便中可发酵有机物浓度,导致粪便储存时的CH4排放量增加[35]。
牧草是反刍动物的主要饲料来源,动物的CH4产量随着所食用牧草中纤维素含量的增加而增加,蛋白质含量的增加而下降[36],因此,牧草的种类、比例以及成熟度会对反刍动物CH4产量产生显著影响。不同类型牧草的营养品质和消化率差异很大,不同物种甚至同一物种的不同品种间也存在着实质性的差异[37]。
多年生黑麦草(perennial ryegrass,PRG;Lolium perenne)因其较高的产量和在放牧草地上的持久性,成为畜牧业生产系统中最常见的草种之一[38]。研究发现,当多年生黑麦草中水溶性碳水化合物(water-soluble carbohydrates,WSC)与中性洗涤纤维(neutral detergent fiber,NDF)比例显著增加时,才会观察到CH4产量的减少。目前通过选择性育种,可获得WSC含量更高的多年生黑麦草栽培品种[39]。Waghorn等[40]报告称,通过给绵羊饲喂红三叶草、百脉根、菊苣和其他豆类牧草,其CH4排放量比饲喂含多年生黑麦草和白三叶草的混合牧草(white clover/PRG,WCPRG)CH4排放量低20%~52%。
与禾本科植物相比,豆科植物具有更易消化的组织(即叶肉)、更高的粗蛋白质浓度以及更快的微生物降解速度[23]。豆科植物能降低CH4排放的原因可能与其含有缩合单宁(condensed tannin,CT)、较低的纤维含量、较高的干物质摄入量(dry matter intake,DMI)以及较快的瘤胃流通速率有关[30]。
1.2.2.1 三叶草(clover):白三叶草(white clover,Trifolium repens)和红三叶草(red clover,T. pratense)具有将大气中的氮固定为植物可用氮的独特能力,因此常被纳入放牧草场中[41⁃42]。在饲喂白三叶草和红三叶草的动物中曾分别观察到瘤胃产甲烷菌(体外)和甲烷短杆菌(体内)相对丰度的减少[43⁃44],这些变化表明,三叶草可能通过影响瘤胃特定微生物类群的活性或组成,进而调控瘤胃发酵过程中的CH4生成。研究表明,用三叶草饲喂肉牛时CH4排放量相比于用多年生黑麦草饲喂时低21%[45],目前,关于三叶草对肉牛生产性能和CH4排放量影响的公开数据较少。Jonker等[46]研究表明,与放牧于其他植物草地的奶牛相比,放牧于WCPRG草地的奶牛CH4排放量减少了9%。在绵羊日粮中添加多年生黑麦草和白三叶草组合后,其CH4排放量较多年生黑麦草组、多年生黑麦草与菊苣组、多年生黑麦草与车前草组分别减少了27%、14%和17%,而与多年生黑麦草和红三叶草组相比,CH4排放量无显著差异[47]。研究表明,高CT含量的白三叶草可成为畜牧业生产系统的潜在减排措施,但将其应用于实际生产前,仍需全面评估对动物生产力的影响。
1.2.2.2 苜蓿(Alfalfa;Medicago sativa)和百脉根(Birdsfoot trefoil;Lotus corniculatus):苜蓿和百脉根是温带地区常见的豆科植物。研究表明,与单播草地雀麦(Bromus biebersteinii)相比,苜蓿与草地雀麦的混播对肉牛CH4排放量有显著影响,其中40%的苜蓿和60%的草地雀麦混播可使肉牛CH4排放量降低13.3%[48];而78%的苜蓿和22%的草地雀麦混播可使肉牛CH4排放量降低9.1%[49]。与饲喂禾本科牧草的山羊相比,饲喂苜蓿的山羊CH4排放量降低了6.4%[50]。此外,苜蓿在奶牛饲养中也表现出了降低CH4排放量的潜力,饲喂苜蓿的奶牛CH4排放量较饲喂三叶草的奶牛减少了14.3%[51]。百脉根因含有较高水平的CT,在反刍动物饲养中对降低CH4排放量也具有显著效果。研究表明,饲喂百脉根的绵羊CH4排放量较饲喂多年生黑麦草的绵羊减少了33%,且DMI无显著变化[52]。Woodward等[53]发现,饲喂富含2.62%CT的百脉根可将奶牛的CH4排放量减少17.8%。
虽然豆科牧草具有减缓CH4排放的潜力,但其在实际应用中面临一些挑战。例如,豆科牧草在温暖气候地区的持久性较低以及种植周期较长。此外,三叶草、苜蓿等豆科牧草中富含皂苷等起泡物质,这些物质在瘤胃中经微生物发酵后产生大量泡沫,导致瘤胃内产生的气体被泡沫包裹而无法排出,容易引起反刍动物瘤胃胀气,降低动物的采食量,进而影响动物的生产性能,对养殖业造成一定的经济损失[54⁃55]。
菊苣(Chicory;Cichorium intybus)作为反刍动物的饲料,具有良好的营养价值和饲用价值,其降低CH4排放的效果因饲喂方式不同而有所差异。研究表明,当菊苣作为单一饲料来源时,其减排效果较为显著。例如,与饲喂WCPRG的绵羊相比,饲喂菊苣的绵羊CH4排放量降低了37%,且DMI无显著差异[40]。另一项研究也发现,与饲喂多年生黑麦草的绵羊相比,饲喂菊苣的绵羊CH4排放量降低了22.7%[56]。然而,当菊苣与其他牧草混合饲喂时,其CH4减排效果表现出较大差异。例如,将多年生黑麦草与菊苣等比例混合饲喂,可提高绵羊采食量,加快饲料颗粒在瘤胃中的分解速度,减少氮的损失,且CH4排放量相比于多年生黑麦草减少了4.9%[56]。此外,与多年生黑麦草和红三叶草混合饲喂相比,菊苣和红三叶草混合饲喂可使奶牛CH4排放量减少28.6%[15]。然而,Williams等[57]研究发现,与饲喂苜蓿的奶牛相比,饲喂苜蓿和菊苣混合饲料的奶牛CH4排放量增加了24.3%,同时产奶量下降。这一现象可能与试验所用的菊苣生长于炎热干燥环境且在生殖期采收有关,导致其营养价值降低,从而影响奶牛的生产性能和CH4排放。值得注意的是,当奶牛日粮中菊苣的添加量过高时,可能会影响牛奶质量。
另一方面,车前草(Plantain;Plantago)由于其较高的可消化性和较低的纤维含量[58],有助于降低反刍动物的CH4排放,但其具体作用机制仍未完全明确。研究发现,与放牧于WCPRG混合种植草地的奶牛相比,以菊苣和车前草等草本植物为主的草地,奶牛CH4排放量减少了16%[9]。此外,在车前草与红三叶草混合种植的草地中,奶牛CH4排放量减少了32.7%[15]。目前有关车前草和菊苣对CH4排放影响的研究仍较为有限,尤其是针对的肉牛的相关研究信息仍显不足。
芸苔属饲用作物主要包括甜菜根、芜菁、甘蓝和欧洲油菜等,具有生长快、产量高、营养价值高等特点。与禾本科植物相比,芸苔属饲用作物具有较高的饲料消化率和WSC含量,以及较低的纤维比例,可能会导致瘤胃中丙酸盐含量增加,pH降低,从而对产甲烷菌产生负面影响,减少瘤胃产CH4。硝酸盐也可能是CH4排放减少的部分原因,硝酸盐的摄入会对瘤胃中的CH4生成产生负面影响,研究显示,饲用油菜中硝酸盐浓度是多年生黑麦草的10倍[59]。植物次生代谢产物的作用尚不清楚,硫代葡萄糖苷(Glucosinolate,GSL)、甲硫半胱氨酸亚砜(S-Methyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide,SMCO)及其代谢产物可能通过缩短食糜停留时间,提高瘤胃流通速率来减少CH4排放[60]。Sun[62]对绵羊摄入不同芸苔属饲用作物与多年生黑麦草的CH4减排潜力进行评估,发现当绵羊饲喂饲用油菜和蕉青甘蓝时,其CH4产量最低[61]。而且在其他研究中,饲用油菜也能有效降低反刍动物的CH4排放。
牧草成熟度是影响反刍动物CH4排放的重要因素。随着牧草成熟,叶/茎比值下降(茎秆比例增加,叶片比例减少),茎秆质量变差,同时茎中NDF在总NDF中的占比升高,NDF消化率降低(豆科或禾草叶片中NDF消化率高于茎秆),最终导致牧草营养价值降低,CH4产量增加[63]。当牧草成熟度过高时,其在瘤胃内的发酵过程中会产生更多的H2和乙酸,为产甲烷菌提供更多的底物,从而促进CH₄的合成。研究表明,早熟期牧草(生长早期刈割的牧草)中可溶性多糖含量较高、NDF含量较低,有助于提高牧草消化率和瘤胃流通速率,抑制CH4生成。而晚熟期牧草(生长后期刈割的牧草)中可溶性碳水化合物、蛋白质和脂肪含量减少,细胞壁成分(纤维素、半纤维素和木质素)增加,导致动物饲料消化率和DMI降低,从而增加CH₄产量[64⁃65]。此外,有研究发现,苜蓿草地放牧的肉牛CH₄排放量高于禾本科草地,这可能与试验中苜蓿的成熟度较高有关[48]。
根据动物的不同特征,如品种、年龄、性别和生理状态(如维持、怀孕、哺乳)等,成熟牧草可能无法为动物提供足够的营养价值,导致动物生产力下降,CH4产量增加[66]。因此,饲喂纤维含量较低、可溶性碳水化合物含量较高的幼嫩牧草,有助于改善牧草品质并降低CH4排放。
青贮作为一种饲料保存方法,不仅可以改善牧草的适口性、降低营养成分流失,还能提高饲料利用率,目前也被证明可以减少CH4排放。牧草青贮通常在生长后期收获,可消化有机物含量、乳酸盐含量、糖和氮的含量较低,因此,用牧草青贮饲喂的动物CH4排放量可能较高;而玉米青贮或全株谷物青贮,通常干物质和易发酵的非结构性碳水化合物(例如淀粉)含量更高,可提高日粮品质、改善动物的繁殖性能、降低CH4排放[30]。
增加玉米青贮的比例是刺激奶牛采食量增加并减少CH4排放的有效策略。研究发现,与牧草青贮相比,饲喂玉米青贮的泌乳奶牛采食量较高,CH4排放量较低,对产奶量无显著影响[67⁃68]。在泌乳奶牛日粮中分别添加相同比例(375 g·kg-1 DM)的玉米青贮和牧草青贮发现,与牧草青贮组相比,玉米青贮组的CH4排放量减少了24%[69]。且与牧草青贮:玉米青贮(75∶25)相比,饲喂牧草青贮:玉米青贮(25∶75)的奶牛单位干物质采食量和单位产奶量的CH4排放量分别减少了13%和6%[70]。此外,含有淀粉的优质玉米青贮能显著提高奶牛的产奶量,增加饲料消化率并降低乳脂率,但只有当日粮淀粉浓度达到临界水平时,才能有效减少奶牛或肉牛的CH4排放[71]。
饲料加工通过破坏牧草细胞壁,进而提高瘤胃流通速率,减少CH4排放,但过度加工会使饲料颗粒度过细,导致食糜在瘤胃中的停留时间缩短,降低饲料消化率。研究表明,粗饲料的粉碎和制粒可以增加瘤胃流通速率,减少20%~40%的CH4排放量[72]。当肉牛日粮中精料比例达到80%时,相比于饲喂蒸汽压片玉米,饲喂蒸汽碾压玉米的肉牛粪便中淀粉含量增加,CH4产量增加[73]。Hales等[74]通过在呼吸测热箱中给娟姗公牛饲喂相同比例但加工方式不同的玉米(分别为干碾压玉米与蒸汽压片玉米),发现蒸汽压片玉米的消化率更高,CH4排放量减少了约17%。Yang等[75]通过比较大麦的精密加工(根据大麦颗粒的均匀程度调整轧辊设置)与传统加工(即混合轻大麦和重大麦并用一种轧辊设置进行轧制),发现精密加工提高了反刍动物的DMI、饲料消化率和利用率(表1)。
生产系统的多样性要求开发多种减少反刍动物肠道CH4排放的方法,同时尽量减少这些方法对农场劳动活动、生产成本和盈利能力的影响。不同放牧管理策略下反刍动物CH4排放量变化范围较大,每头牛的CH4排放量为107~421 g·d-1(39~154 kg·年-1),每只羊为10.9~41.7 g·d-1(3.9~15.2 kg·年-1)[22],这种个体间差异表明,通过优化放牧管理来减少反刍动物的CH4排放具有较大的潜力和空间。载畜量、放牧方式和放牧强度是关键的放牧管理工具,能够控制牧草的可用性与质量,同时维护草场的生态平衡[77]。有效的放牧管理策略不仅能减少CH4排放,还能提高动物的生产性能,为牧场的可持续发展提供坚实保障。
根据牧草生长速度的不同,载畜量(一定时期内单位面积草场可承载的牲畜数量)会显著影响牧草的高度、生物量及其营养价值,进而影响动物的采食量和CH4产量[22]。研究发现,增加载畜量会降低牧草生物量,增加牧草营养价值,使牧草维持在最佳营养生长阶段[77]。在此阶段,牧草细胞壁浓度较低,蛋白质含量较高,纤维素含量较少,动物采食后能够增加DMI,缩短食物在瘤胃中的滞留时间,降低CH4产量[78]。然而,当牧草的可获得性受到限制,无法满足动物的营养需求时,较高的载畜量可能会增加CH4排放强度或产量。
McCaughey等[79]研究了不同放牧方式(连续放牧和在10块地轮牧)和载畜量(1.1 steer·ha-1;2.2 steer·ha-1)对苜蓿(Medicago sativa)和草地雀麦(Bromus biebersteinii)混合种植的草地(60∶29)上阉牛(steer)CH4排放量的影响,发现在连续放牧模式中,低载畜量时段的CH4排放量(306.7 L·d-1)显著高于高载畜量时段的CH4排放量(242.2 L·d-1);但以单位体重计算时,两者的CH4排放量并无显著差异(0.77 vs. 0.64 L·kg-1 BW·d-1)(BW:Body Weight)。相比之下,在轮牧模式中,无论是低载畜量时段的CH4排放量(280.1 L·d-1)还是高载畜量时段时段的CH4排放量(263.8 L·d-1),均未表现出显著差异。Alcock和Hegarty[80]通过GrassGro™模型模拟发现,改良管理牧场(载畜量为9 ewes·ha-1;母羊·公顷-1)的CH4排放量是未改良管理牧场(载畜量为3.5 ewes·ha-1)的2.3倍;但当以羊毛销售量为基准计算每只羊的CH4排放量时,并没有观察到显著变化。Pinares-Patiño等[81]在温带草本植物与豆科植物混合种植的草地上对荷斯坦-弗里斯兰母牛连续放牧两年,同时记录饲料摄入量、活体重增重和CH4排放量的数据,发现当载畜量从1.1 LU·ha-1(LU:Livestock Unit)增加至2.2 LU·ha-1时,无论是每单位干物质摄入量还是每单位平均日增重的CH4排放,均未表现出显著差异。同样,Chiavegato等[82]在研究安格斯牛的放牧系统中发现,不同的载畜量(1 vs. 2.5 cow·ha-1)对CH4排放量也无显著差异。这些试验均在牧草充足的条件下进行,表明在选择性放牧的情况下,动物采食的牧草质量可能较为一致,从而使CH4排放量不受载畜量的显著影响。然而,对于天然草地而言,载畜量对于平衡草地生态系统中CH4的排放和吸收非常重要。Tang等[83]建议,中国草地生态系统的放牧强度应低于2 sheep·ha-1·year-1,以维持草原土壤对大气中CH4的吸收能力,从而抵消反刍动物胃肠道发酵和粪便的碳排放。
以上研究表明,不同的载畜量可能会导致相似的CH4排放量,主要取决于牧场条件(包括牧草种类、生长状况和牧场本身的生态特性、土壤质量等),因此,建议在提高动物饲料摄入量和改善动物生产性能的同时,降低载畜量,设置低到中等的放牧强度,从而减少全球畜牧业的CH4排放,实现畜牧业的可持续发展。
放牧方式也是牧场用于控制牧草产量及其营养价值的管理决策,一般分为轮换放牧(rotational stocking)和连续放牧(continuous stocking)[77]。轮换放牧通常被认为是一种优化放牧管理的方法,可控制牧草产量与质量,提高放牧的承载能力和效率,是降低草地生态系统CH4排放的潜在放牧模式之一[84]。与此相反,在牧草供给量相似的情况下,连续放牧往往会促进动物更多的选择性采食,从而提高摄入量[85]。因此不同的放牧方式对CH4排放的影响结果并不一致。
研究发现,与连续放牧相比,轮牧于百喜草(Paspalum notatum)和狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon)草地的奶牛CH4强度分别降低了21%和55%[78]。合理的轮换放牧管理模式对于减缓CH4排放具有巨大的潜力。Savian等[86]研究了两种放牧方式:RT(traditional rotational stocking,传统轮牧;放牧前后牧草高度分别为25 cm和5 cm)与RN(“rotatinuous”stocking,一种兼具轮牧与连续放牧特征的放牧模式;放牧前后牧草高度为18 cm和11 cm)。结果发现,与RT相比,RN模式下绵羊的CH4日排放量(24.8 vs. 22.2 g·d-1)显著增加,但单位有机物摄入量(organic matter intake,OMI)的CH4排放量(31.4 vs. 35.8 g·kg-1 OMI)显著降低,单位日增重(average daily gain,ADG)的CH4排放量减少了63%(217 vs. 586 g·kg-1 ADG)。总体而言,RN模式下每公顷的CH4日排放量较RT减少了39%(645 vs. 1 056 g·d-1)。
然而,轮换放牧模式并非都会减缓动物CH4排放,亦与放牧强度和草地状况有关。当绵羊以中等或低等放牧强度连续放牧于意大利黑麦草(Lolium multiflorum)草场时,单位面积CH4排放量与轮牧(0.76 vs. 0.78 kg·ha-1·d-1)相比无显著差异,但连续放牧显著降低了单位日增重的CH4排放量(171 vs. 263 g·kg-1 ADG)[86]。表明在生物量和营养成分较高的草地中,相比于轮牧,适度连续放牧条件下动物能够更有效地选择采食优质牧草,进而增加其采食量和ADG。McCaughey等[79]发现,通过改变放牧方式(连续放牧和在10块地轮牧)和载畜量(1.1 steer·ha-1;2.2 steer·ha-1),阉牛在苜蓿和草地雀麦混合种植的草地(60∶29)上的采食量和CH4产量无显著变化。因此,无论是放牧方式还是载畜量的改变,都没有影响动物的随意采食量,因此无法基于采食量和草地质量来预测CH4产量的变化。所以,连续放牧与轮换放牧相比,并不是一种未改进或低效率的管理策略,相反,不调整牧草供给量对两种管理方式都是不利的,单纯的轮牧并不能解决过度放牧问题。
综上所述,需要根据草地生物量和结构状况,适时优化放牧管理模式,平衡草地生态系统结构和相应的动植物之间关系,不仅有助于维持草地的生态健康,还能促进家畜的高效生产,从而在源头上减少CH4的排放。然而,目前针对连续放牧与轮换放牧的比较研究仍较为有限,制约了其对CH4排放影响的全面评估。此外,目前尚未有研究探讨其他放牧方式(如先放牧后放牧)对CH4排放的潜在影响。
放牧强度是影响养分循环的主要因素,通常用载畜量或放牧家畜头数与放牧草地面积的比值来表示,它在提供生态系统服务的同时也决定了动物的生产力[77]。通常,轻度和中度放牧对草地牧草生物量的影响较小,而重度放牧则会显著降低草地牧草生物量,增加CH4排放强度。
目前,中国约有90%的草原出已现不同程度的退化,主要原因是过度放牧[87]。过度放牧由高载畜量引起,不仅降低了家畜采食牧草的有机物消化率和生产性能(如减少有机物摄入量和活体增重),还削弱了土壤对CH₄的吸收能力(降幅达36.47%),同时增加了CH4排放强度(单位有机物摄入量或单位日增重的CH₄排放量),使草地从大气CH₄的吸收汇转变为排放源。相较之下,轻度和中度放牧对CH₄排放的影响较小[83, 88⁃89]。
研究表明,轻度放牧对草地土壤中的微生物群落具有潜在影响,这种影响可能会改变土壤中CH4的产生和消耗过程[90]。通过研究放牧强度(以每只动物每天的饲草供给量表示)对肉牛生产性能和CH4排放的影响,发现当放牧强度从重度(575 kg LW·ha-1)(LW:Live Weight)降低到中度放牧(377 kg LW·ha-1)时,CH4排放量减少了28%(71.3 vs. 55.7 kg·ha-1·year-1)。然而,当进一步降低放牧强度(264 kg LW·ha-1)时,单位面积的CH4排放量并未进一步减少[90⁃91],这表明,适度降低放牧强度有助于减少CH₄排放,但过度降低可能削弱减排效果,并影响动物的生产性能。
Cezimbra等[91]研究指出,当载畜量小于1 sheep·ha-1·year-1的轻度至中度放牧时,每年的土壤CH4吸收量未发生显著变化,而重度放牧则使年CH4吸收量减少24%~31%。重度放牧可能导致土壤紧实,改变土壤的孔隙度与水分状况,从而抑制土壤中甲烷氧化细菌的活性,减少土壤对大气CH4的清除能力。Tang等[88]在内蒙古的三种草原类型(草甸草原、典型草原和荒漠草原)中研究了不同放牧强度对CH4吸收通量的影响,发现放牧强度对草原CH4吸收具有显著影响,其中荒漠草原的CH4吸收量最高,典型草原次之,草甸草原最低。轻度放牧与未放牧相比,CH4吸收没有显著变化,而中度和重度放牧则显著降低了CH4吸收通量,分别减少了6.8%和37.9%。
综上所述,通过优化放牧管理,如将放牧强度从重度放牧降低至轻度放牧,不仅有助于提高草地与家畜的生产力,还可显著减少放牧系统中的CH4排放(表2),从而实现生产与环境效益的平衡。
综上,饲粮营养策略(如调整日粮组成、优化牧草的选择与利用、改进牧草加工与保存等)可通过减少瘤胃H2产生、促进丙酸发酵、抑制产甲烷菌活性以及提高瘤胃流通速率,进而有效减少CH4排放。放牧管理策略(如优化载畜量、调整放牧方式与放牧强度)则通过改善牧草质量、调控反刍动物采食行为,进而间接影响瘤胃发酵模式,并减少其CH4的排放(图2)。当前,随着分子分析技术的不断发展,基因组测序等工具的应用将进一步揭示瘤胃微生物群落与CH4产生之间的复杂关系,从而为精准调控瘤胃发酵、降低CH4排放提供新的研究思路。此外,对反刍动物遗传改良、优化饲养管理模式及开发新型甲烷抑制剂也将在未来的CH4减排中发挥重要作用。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFD1300900)
  • 重庆市现代农业产业技术体系资助(草食牲畜:CQMAITS202413)
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2026年第57卷第2期
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doi: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.02.005
  • 接收时间:2025-01-10
  • 首发时间:2026-09-16
  • 出版时间:2026-02-23
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-10
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国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFD1300900)
重庆市现代农业产业技术体系资助(草食牲畜:CQMAITS202413)
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    西南大学动物科学技术学院 草食动物科学重庆市重点实验室 重庆市草食动物资源保护与利用工程技术研究中心,重庆 400715

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赵永聚,主要从事山羊遗传育种研究,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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