Article(id=1307007433335927171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307007396681900041, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.01.030, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1742140800000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789544455131, onlineDateStr=2026-09-16, pubDate=1769097600000, pubDateStr=2026-01-23, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789544455131, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789544455131, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789544455131, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1307007396681900041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, year='2026', volume='57', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='568', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769097600000', pubDateStr='2026-01-23', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789544446392, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789609890784, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1307281890638057732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307007396681900041, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1307281890738721029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307007396681900041, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=349, endPage=359, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1307007434980094341, articleId=1307007433335927171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, language=EN, title=Preparation and Characterization of Nanobody against H7 Subtype Avian Influenza Virus, columnId=1307007432299930010, journalTitle=Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, columnName=PREVENTIVE VETERINARY MEDICINE, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study aimed to express a nanobody targeting H7-subtype avian influenza virus using an E. coli system. Nanobody and antigen expression vectors were constructed via homologous recombination. Recombinant vectors were amplified using E. coli DH5α, followed by transformation into E. coli BL21(DE3) and BEVS for high-yield protein production. Nanobodies and antigens were purified using streptavidin affinity chromatography and IMAC purification, respectively. Finally, immunofluorescence assay (IFA), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) were employed to analyze nanobody titer, specificity, immunoreactivity, and antigen-nanobody interaction dynamics. Expression vectors were successfully constructed, followed by the production of a 15 ku nanobody (D67), a 42 ku fluorescent nanobody (D67-GFP) and a 55 ku avian influenza antigen (H7-HA1). In IFA, H7-HA1-positive cells incubated with the nanobody exhibited significantly stronger green fluorescence signals compared to the control group. ELISA revealed significant OD450 signals exclusively in the H7-HA1 antigen group, with P/N ratios decreasing as D67 concentrations diminished. HI assays demonstrated specific hemagglutination inhibition only for the H7 antigen group, achieving a titer of 8log2. SPR analysis quantified the interaction kinetics, yielding an association rate of 3.99×103 L·(mol·s)⁻¹, dissociation rate of 3.23×10-3 s-1, and equilibrium dissociation constant of 8.1×10-7 mol·L⁻¹, confirming strong antigen-nanobody affinity.The H7-subtype-targeting nanobody D67 was successfully prepared and validated through a multidimensional evaluation system, demonstrating its high-efficiency and specific binding to H7-HA1. This work provides a technical foundation for developing rapid detection methods for H7-subtype avian influenza.

, authors=Chenying LUO, Siqi XU, Yutong LIU, Qinying ZHANG, Fengru DENG, Saixiang FENG, authorsList=Chenying LUO, Siqi XU, Yutong LIU, Qinying ZHANG, Fengru DENG, Saixiang FENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Saixiang FENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
FENG Saixiang,Email:
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本研究旨在利用大肠杆菌系统表达出一种抗H7亚型禽流感病毒的纳米抗体。通过同源重组技术构建抗体表达载体和抗原表达载体,利用E. coli DH5α完成重组载体的扩增,接着分别将抗体表达载体和抗原表达载体转入大肠杆菌表达系统和昆虫细胞表达系统实现蛋白的高效表达,随后分别用链霉亲和素层析法和IMAC法对抗体和抗原进行纯化。最后,利用免疫荧光试验(IFA)、酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)、血凝抑制试验(HI)和表面等离子共振(SPR)分析抗体的效价、特异性、免疫反应性及与抗原的相互作用力。结果显示:成功构建了抗体表达载体和抗原表达载体,表达出大小为15 ku的纳米抗体D67、大小为42 ku的荧光纳米抗体D67-GFP和大小为55 ku的禽流感抗原H7-HA1;用IFA检测抗体的免疫反应性,经纳米抗体孵育后的H7-HA1阳性细胞呈现出显著高于对照组的绿色荧光;用ELISA检测抗体的特异性,仅H7-HA1抗原组出现明显OD450 nm,且P/N值随着D67抗体浓度降低而下降;用HI检测抗体的效价和特异性,仅H7抗原组出现明显血凝抑制效应,效价为8log2;用SPR检测抗原-抗体相互作用力,得结合常数为3.99×10³ L·(mol·s)⁻¹,解离常数为3.23×10⁻³ s-1,亲和力常数KD为8.1×10-7 mol·L-1,抗原抗体间存在强效亲和作用。本研究成功制备抗H7亚型禽流感的纳米抗体D67,并通过多维评估体系证明了D67可与H7-HA1抗原实现高效特异结合,可为建立H7亚型禽流感的快速检测方法提供技术基础。

, authors=罗琛滢, 许斯祺, 刘宇彤, 张沁莹, 邓凤如, 冯赛祥, authorsList=罗琛滢, 许斯祺, 刘宇彤, 张沁莹, 邓凤如, 冯赛祥, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=冯赛祥, authorNote=

罗琛滢,硕士生,主要从事纳米抗体的开发与应用研究,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
冯赛祥,主要从事动物病原菌基因功能研究及基因工程疫苗开发等研究,E-mail:
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罗琛滢,硕士生,主要从事纳米抗体的开发与应用研究,E-mail:

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Open Bio,2025,15(2):236-253., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307286616221966500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007433335927171, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=34, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SHI W F,GAO F.Emerging H5N8 avian influenza viruses[J].Science,2021,372(6544):784-786., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307286616310046885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007433335927171, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=35, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=谢倩梅.酵母表面展示H5亚型禽流感病毒纳米抗体载体的构建和应用[D].广州:华南农业大学,2023., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307286616381350054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007433335927171, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=36, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=XIE Q M.Construction and application of yeast surface display about the nanobody vector of H5 influenza virus[D].Guangzhou:South China Agricultural of University,2023.(in Chinese), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307286616440070311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007433335927171, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=37, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MUYLDERMANS S.Nanobodies:natural single-domain antibodies[J].Annu Rev 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A. The PCR amplification results of D67 and D67-GFP (M. DL2000 DNA marker; 1-4. D67 gene; 5-8. D67-GFP gene); B. The colony PCR results of DH5α (M. DL2000 DNA marker; 1.D67 gene; 2. D67-GFP gene); C. The colony PCR result of BL21 (M. DL2000 DNA marker; 1. D67 gene); D. The colony PCR result of BL21(M. DL2000 DNA marker; 1. D67-GFP gene)

, figureFileSmall=WFhc9/+W+VN3flhkbPbszA==, figureFileBig=hGGwvJMAmZfrtzFBbZPKLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307286610693873778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007433335927171, language=CN, label=图1, caption=抗体表达载体的构建与鉴定

A. D67和D67-GFP的PCR扩增结果(M. DL2000 DNA相对分子质量标准;1~4.D67基因;5~8. D67-GFP基因);B. DH5α的菌落PCR鉴定结果(M. DL2000 DNA相对分子质量标准;1. D67基因;2. D67-GFP基因);C. BL21的菌落PCR鉴定结果(M. DL2000 DNA相对分子质量标准;1. D67基因);D. BL21的菌落PCR鉴定结果(M.DL2000 DNA相对分子质量标准;1. D67-GFP基因)

, figureFileSmall=WFhc9/+W+VN3flhkbPbszA==, figureFileBig=hGGwvJMAmZfrtzFBbZPKLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307286610781954163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007433335927171, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=SDS-PAGE results of nanobodies D67 and D67-GFP against H7 subtype avian influenza virus

A. The SDS-PAGE result of nanobody D67(M. Protein marker; 1. D67); B. The SDS-PAGE result of nanobody D67-GFP(M. Protein marker; 1. D67-GFP)

, figureFileSmall=kVk7WbgC1oQocEZVmCcerw==, figureFileBig=dQiNvDUxDn+YxHXm5Syh1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307286610853257332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007433335927171, language=CN, label=图2, caption=H7亚型禽流感病毒纳米抗体D67和D67-GFP的SDS-PAGE鉴定结果

A.纳米抗体D67的SDS-PAGE鉴定结果(M.蛋白相对分子质量标准;1.纳米抗体D67);B.纳米抗体D67-GFP的SDS-PAGE鉴定结果(M.蛋白相对分子质量标准;1.纳米抗体D67-GFP)

, figureFileSmall=kVk7WbgC1oQocEZVmCcerw==, figureFileBig=dQiNvDUxDn+YxHXm5Syh1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307286610932949109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007433335927171, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=The construction and identification of antigen expression vector FastBac-Dual-H7-HA1

A. The PCR amplification result of H7-HA1 (M. DL2000 DNA marker; 1.H7-HA1 gene); B. The blue-white spot screening results of DH10Bac; C. The PCR amplification result of DH10Bac(M. DL5000 DNA marker; 1.the colony of DH10Bac)

, figureFileSmall=SH56tdq98AcQE4hfli/lPQ==, figureFileBig=nMIVe4z3ymufgBz6np8Oow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307286611000057974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007433335927171, language=CN, label=图3, caption=抗原表达载体pFastBac-Dual-H7-HA1的构建与鉴定

A. H7-HA1的PCR扩增结果(M.DL2000 DNA相对分子质量标准; 1.H7-HA1基因);B. DH10Bac的蓝白斑筛选鉴定结果;C. DH10Bac的菌落PCR鉴定结果(M. DL5000 DNA相对分子质量标准;1.DH10Bac菌落)

, figureFileSmall=SH56tdq98AcQE4hfli/lPQ==, figureFileBig=nMIVe4z3ymufgBz6np8Oow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307286611083944055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007433335927171, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=The SDS-PAGE result of the H7 subtype avian influenza virus antigen H7-HA1

M. Protein marker; 1. H7-HA1

, figureFileSmall=ZpIId1znNeynpiqXd602Rg==, figureFileBig=znJEbxjnRZqRysw6ulM2cA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307286611142664312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007433335927171, language=CN, label=图4, caption=H7亚型禽流感病毒抗原H7-HA1的SDS-PAGE鉴定结果

M.蛋白相对分子质量标准; 1. H7-HA1

, figureFileSmall=ZpIId1znNeynpiqXd602Rg==, figureFileBig=znJEbxjnRZqRysw6ulM2cA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307286611213967481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007433335927171, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=The immunofluorescence results of nanobody D67-GFP against H7 subtype avian influenza virus

A. Treatment group; B. Control group. Bar=100 μm

, figureFileSmall=ekYaZSzUISSTMhVzS2aDfA==, figureFileBig=DfSrA5TWauo0RgAo2Fymsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307286611281076346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007433335927171, language=CN, label=图5, caption=H7亚型禽流感病毒纳米抗体D67-GFP的免疫荧光检测结果

A.试验组; B.对照组。标尺=100 μm

, figureFileSmall=ekYaZSzUISSTMhVzS2aDfA==, figureFileBig=DfSrA5TWauo0RgAo2Fymsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307286611364962427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007433335927171, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=The ELISA result of nanobody D67 against H7 subtype avian influenza virus, figureFileSmall=5/XntEhdEGquNSxDVpHfFw==, figureFileBig=kf2Xj+K4dszZ+69/kuuSKA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307286611440459900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007433335927171, language=CN, label=图6, caption=H7亚型禽流感病毒纳米抗体D67的ELISA检测结果, figureFileSmall=5/XntEhdEGquNSxDVpHfFw==, figureFileBig=kf2Xj+K4dszZ+69/kuuSKA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307286611503374461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007433335927171, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=The HI result of nanobody D67 against H7 subtype avian influenza virus

A. H7-HA1 antigen group; B. H5 Re-8 antigen group; C. H9 Re-9 antigen group

, figureFileSmall=odLiR4qLH9jeLHZ+iPYbVg==, figureFileBig=dNLhPr++C/xSqK53uxzgxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307286611574677630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007433335927171, language=CN, label=图7, caption=H7亚型禽流感病毒纳米抗体D67的血凝抑制试验结果

A. H7-HA1抗原组;B. H5 Re-8抗原组;C. H9 Re-9抗原组

, figureFileSmall=odLiR4qLH9jeLHZ+iPYbVg==, figureFileBig=dNLhPr++C/xSqK53uxzgxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307286611645980799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007433335927171, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=The SPR results of nanobody D67 against H7 subtype avian influenza virus

A. Molecular interaction kinetic curve graph; B. Affinity curve graph

, figureFileSmall=PJnjuxIMhDj3FA0W9tOTYw==, figureFileBig=EEpoTpbkin+ieJ9Xct0IIA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307286611721478272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007433335927171, language=CN, label=图8, caption=H7亚型禽流感病毒纳米抗体D67的表面等离子共振检测结果

A.分子互作动力学曲线图;B.亲和力曲线图

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H7亚型禽流感病毒纳米抗体制备与鉴定
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罗琛滢 , 许斯祺 , 刘宇彤 , 张沁莹 , 邓凤如 , 冯赛祥
畜牧兽医学报 | 预防兽医 2026,57(1): 349-359
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畜牧兽医学报 |预防兽医 2026 , 57 (1) : 349 -359
H7亚型禽流感病毒纳米抗体制备与鉴定
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罗琛滢 , 许斯祺, 刘宇彤, 张沁莹, 邓凤如, 冯赛祥
作者信息
  • 华南农业大学兽医学院,人兽共患病防控制剂国家地方联合工程实验室,广州 510620
通讯作者:
冯赛祥,主要从事动物病原菌基因功能研究及基因工程疫苗开发等研究,E-mail:
作者简介:

罗琛滢,硕士生,主要从事纳米抗体的开发与应用研究,E-mail:

Preparation and Characterization of Nanobody against H7 Subtype Avian Influenza Virus
Chenying LUO , Siqi XU, Yutong LIU, Qinying ZHANG, Fengru DENG, Saixiang FENG
Affiliations
  • National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Zoonosis Prevention and Control Biologics,College of Veterinary Medicine,South China Agricultural University,Guangzhou 510620,China
  • Corresponding Author:
    FENG Saixiang,Email:
出版时间: 2026-01-23 doi: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.01.030
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本研究旨在利用大肠杆菌系统表达出一种抗H7亚型禽流感病毒的纳米抗体。通过同源重组技术构建抗体表达载体和抗原表达载体,利用E. coli DH5α完成重组载体的扩增,接着分别将抗体表达载体和抗原表达载体转入大肠杆菌表达系统和昆虫细胞表达系统实现蛋白的高效表达,随后分别用链霉亲和素层析法和IMAC法对抗体和抗原进行纯化。最后,利用免疫荧光试验(IFA)、酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)、血凝抑制试验(HI)和表面等离子共振(SPR)分析抗体的效价、特异性、免疫反应性及与抗原的相互作用力。结果显示:成功构建了抗体表达载体和抗原表达载体,表达出大小为15 ku的纳米抗体D67、大小为42 ku的荧光纳米抗体D67-GFP和大小为55 ku的禽流感抗原H7-HA1;用IFA检测抗体的免疫反应性,经纳米抗体孵育后的H7-HA1阳性细胞呈现出显著高于对照组的绿色荧光;用ELISA检测抗体的特异性,仅H7-HA1抗原组出现明显OD450 nm,且P/N值随着D67抗体浓度降低而下降;用HI检测抗体的效价和特异性,仅H7抗原组出现明显血凝抑制效应,效价为8log2;用SPR检测抗原-抗体相互作用力,得结合常数为3.99×10³ L·(mol·s)⁻¹,解离常数为3.23×10⁻³ s-1,亲和力常数KD为8.1×10-7 mol·L-1,抗原抗体间存在强效亲和作用。本研究成功制备抗H7亚型禽流感的纳米抗体D67,并通过多维评估体系证明了D67可与H7-HA1抗原实现高效特异结合,可为建立H7亚型禽流感的快速检测方法提供技术基础。

禽流感  /  纳米抗体  /  生物学活性  /  原核表达

This study aimed to express a nanobody targeting H7-subtype avian influenza virus using an E. coli system. Nanobody and antigen expression vectors were constructed via homologous recombination. Recombinant vectors were amplified using E. coli DH5α, followed by transformation into E. coli BL21(DE3) and BEVS for high-yield protein production. Nanobodies and antigens were purified using streptavidin affinity chromatography and IMAC purification, respectively. Finally, immunofluorescence assay (IFA), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) were employed to analyze nanobody titer, specificity, immunoreactivity, and antigen-nanobody interaction dynamics. Expression vectors were successfully constructed, followed by the production of a 15 ku nanobody (D67), a 42 ku fluorescent nanobody (D67-GFP) and a 55 ku avian influenza antigen (H7-HA1). In IFA, H7-HA1-positive cells incubated with the nanobody exhibited significantly stronger green fluorescence signals compared to the control group. ELISA revealed significant OD450 signals exclusively in the H7-HA1 antigen group, with P/N ratios decreasing as D67 concentrations diminished. HI assays demonstrated specific hemagglutination inhibition only for the H7 antigen group, achieving a titer of 8log2. SPR analysis quantified the interaction kinetics, yielding an association rate of 3.99×103 L·(mol·s)⁻¹, dissociation rate of 3.23×10-3 s-1, and equilibrium dissociation constant of 8.1×10-7 mol·L⁻¹, confirming strong antigen-nanobody affinity.The H7-subtype-targeting nanobody D67 was successfully prepared and validated through a multidimensional evaluation system, demonstrating its high-efficiency and specific binding to H7-HA1. This work provides a technical foundation for developing rapid detection methods for H7-subtype avian influenza.

avian influenza  /  nanobody  /  biological activity  /  prokaryotic expression
罗琛滢, 许斯祺, 刘宇彤, 张沁莹, 邓凤如, 冯赛祥. H7亚型禽流感病毒纳米抗体制备与鉴定. 畜牧兽医学报, 2026 , 57 (1) : 349 -359 . DOI: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.01.030
Chenying LUO, Siqi XU, Yutong LIU, Qinying ZHANG, Fengru DENG, Saixiang FENG. Preparation and Characterization of Nanobody against H7 Subtype Avian Influenza Virus[J]. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, 2026 , 57 (1) : 349 -359 . DOI: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.01.030
禽流感是由禽流感病毒引发的烈性传染病,禽流感病毒囊膜表面存在两种重要蛋白质,其中一种为血凝素蛋白,简称HA,在空间上呈现为由HA蛋白构成的三聚体[1]。在禽流感病毒侵染过程中,血凝素蛋白先通过识别并结合唾液酸受体,将病毒颗粒锚定在宿主细胞表面,随后HA蛋白三聚体被水解,空间构象发生巨大的重排变化[2],推动病毒入胞,与此同时,HA蛋白还会改变位于自身底部的α螺旋结构,促进病毒与宿主细胞发生膜融合。血凝素蛋白不仅是病毒感染宿主的关键[3],还参与病毒的跨物种传播,如H7N9亚型禽流感病毒与人源受体的结合就与血凝素蛋白第186和193位氨基酸密切相关[4⁃5]。除此之外,血凝素蛋白还会影响与病毒致病性,若将4个氨基酸插入血凝素裂解位点,H7N9亚型禽流感病毒的致病性将显著提高[6]。HA基因突变率高,易导致新型毒株的产生,给禽流感防控带来重大挑战[7]。
H7N9亚型禽流感病毒于2013年首次出现在中国,在引发五轮人类感染后,H7N9亚型禽流感不断变异并于2017年被确定为高致病性禽流感[8⁃10],其在禽类群体中传播速度快,危险系数高[11⁃12],死亡率高达40%[13]。当感染H7亚型禽流感后,母禽不仅产蛋率下降[14],且产出的蛋异常率高达18.4%[15]。随着H7毒株已发生多次基因漂移,遗传序列不断进化[16],其对人类的感染偏好性增强[17],且侵入人体后,病毒的PB2基因会发生突变,导致病毒的感染性和致病性进一步提高[18]。因此,不断升级对H7亚型禽流感的防控手段刻不容缓[19⁃21]。
作为一种较新型抗体,纳米抗体属于基因工程抗体。纳米抗体只保留了识别与结合抗原的最小单位,最显著的特点是摩尔质量极小,仅为传统抗体的1/10 000[22],极小的分子量赋予多种纳米抗体独特优势,如渗透性强、水溶性好、免疫原性低等。纳米抗体应用广泛,在疾病的体内诊断中,因Fc结构域的缺失,纳米抗体的进入不易引发细胞毒性反应,使其在体内成像领域具有重要优势。纳米抗体还可与辣根过氧化物酶、胶体金、生物素、放射性同位素等物质结合,制成蛋白探针或示踪剂,应用于各类蛋白质定位技术中[23],且当纳米抗体与辣根过氧化物酶、碱性磷酸酶等标签蛋白融合时,其在活细胞中的反应性会增强[24],识别抗原的效率会进一步提高。在疾病的治疗方面,纳米抗体可作为中和病毒试剂的材料来源,阻止病毒侵染、释放或膜融合的过程[25⁃26]。纳米抗体摩尔质量小,可穿越致密血脑屏障,将治疗物质送达复杂的脑部病灶[27],在脑肿瘤的靶向治疗中拥有广阔前景。对纳米抗体进行改造,使其能够靶向血管性血友病因子,可有效降低血小板聚集机率,现已制成双价纳米抗体药物,用于治疗血小板减少性紫癜[28]。因纳米抗体中的CDR-H3环与其亲和力密切相关,已有研究报道若对此区域进行改造或诱变,可获得亲和力更强、广谱性更高的纳米抗体[29⁃31]。
本研究通过大肠杆菌表达系统制备出新型抗H7亚型禽流感病毒纳米抗体D67,其除了具有高渗透力、低免疫原性、低表达成本等特点外,还能有效识别H7亚型禽流感病毒HA1抗原,具有良好的特异性和生物学活性,可为H7亚型禽流感的快速诊断和治疗提供参考。
质粒pET28a(+)购自翌圣生物科技有限公司;质粒pFastBac-Dual购自赛默飞世尔科技公司;菌株E. coli DH5α、E. coli BL21(DE3)和E. coli DH10Bac均购自上海维地生物技术有限公司;H7N9 Re-1毒株、H5N1 Re-8毒株和H9N2 Re-9毒株均购自华南农大生物药品有限公司。
2×Phanta Max Master Mix和BCA蛋白浓度测定试剂盒均购于南京诺唯赞生物科技股份有限公司;H7亚型Re-1株灭活抗原、H5亚型Re-8株灭活抗原和H9亚型Re-9灭活抗原均购于哈尔滨维科生物技术开发公司;羊抗鼠HRP-IgG、牛血清蛋白、Tween-20、咪唑、硫酸庆大霉素和盐酸四环素购于上海生工生物工程有限公司;蛋白预制胶、Strep-Tag鼠源单抗和High Affinity Ni-NTA Resin购于金斯瑞公司;质粒抽提试剂盒购于Omega公司;DL 2000 Marker、TMB显色液和TMB终止液购于翌圣生物科技有限公司;X-Gal和IPTG购于赛默飞世尔科技公司;Bradford 1×Dye Reagent购于美国Bio-Rad公司;Tris-HCl和硫酸卡那霉素购于广州鼎国生物科技有限公司。
从NCBI中检索H7亚型禽流感病毒抗原基因H7-HA1的DNA序列,根据该序列设计上、下游引物,引物序列如下,H7-HA1-F:5′-GACAAAATCTGCCTCGGAC-3′,H7-HA1-R:5′-TTAGTGATGGTGATGAT GATGATGA-3′。实验室已筛得纳米抗体D67的基因序列:ATGGATAATCAAGTGCAACTTG- TCGAGAGTGGTGGGGGCTCTGTACAAGTA-GCGGTTCCTTGACGCTCTCATGCGTAGCAA-GTGGTTATACCGACAACTATTGCTCAATG-GGGTGGTATCGGCAAGCACCGGGGCAACC-GCGCGAATTGGTCAGTGCGATCATCTCGA-CGGGTCGTACCGTTTACGCGGAAAGTGCA-AAAGGCCGCTTCACAATCTTCCAGAACAA-CGCAAAGAATACTGTATATTTGCAGATGA-ACTCTCTCCGCTCGGAGGATACTGCAATG-TATTACTGCAACATTGCCGTATGGAATGG-TGGTTCATGCGACAGTGGTGGGCGTGGGC-GTTACAATTATTGGGGGCAAGGTACACAA-GTTACTGTTTCATCG,根据该序列设计上下游引物,引物序列为D67-F:5′-ATGGAT- AATCAAGTGCAACTTGTC-3′, D67-R:5′- TTTTTCGAACTGCGGGTG-3′。从SnapGene官网获取绿色荧光蛋白GFP的DNA序列,再用SnapGene软件形成融合基因D67-GFP的DNA序列,根据该序列设计上下游引物,序列为D67-GFP-F:5′-ATGGATAATCAAGTGCAACTTGTC-3′,D67-GFP-R:5′-CTATTTTTCGAACTGCGGGTG-3′。引物由广州艾基生物科技有限公司合成。
对D67和D67-GFP基因进行PCR扩增,扩增体系:模板DNA 1 μL,上、下游引物各2 μL,2×Phanta Max Master Mix 25 μL,去离子水20 μL。PCR扩增程序:95 ℃ 180 s;95 ℃ 15 s, 57 ℃ 15 s,72 ℃ 30 s,进行35个循环;72 ℃ 120 s,16 ℃保温。琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测扩增产物,回收正确产物,并将其无缝克隆至线性化载体pET28a(+)中,获得的重组质粒命名为pET28a(+)-D67和pET28a(+)-D67-GFP。将重组质粒热激转化至E. coli DH5α感受态细胞,用T7引物对进行菌落PCR检测。提取重组质粒,热激转化至E. coli BL21 (DE3) 工程菌,菌落PCR检测转化情况,并外送至广州艾基生物有限公司测序鉴定。
挑取转化成功的菌落至含硫酸卡那霉素的LB液体培养基,37 ℃、220 r·min-1培养至对数期。加入IPTG,16 ℃诱导表达。16 h后,超声处理菌液,再于8 000×g条件下离心10 min,取上清液。用Strep-Tactin琼脂糖凝胶FF进行纯化,透析,SDS-PAGE检测表达产物,BCA法测定蛋白浓度。
PCR扩增H7-HA1基因,扩增体系:模板DNA 1 μL,上、下游引物各2 μL,2×Phanta Max Master Mix 25 μL,去离子水20 μL。PCR扩增程序:95 ℃ 180 s;95 ℃ 15 s,58 ℃ 15 s,72 ℃ 30 s,进行35个循环;72 ℃ 120 s,16 ℃保温。琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测PCR产物。利用同源重组酶,将H7-HA1基因与线性化载体pFastBac-Dual相连,获得抗原重组表达载体并命名为pFastBac-Dual-H7-HA1。将重组质粒热激转化至E. coli DH5α,手提法完成质粒抽提后,热激转化至E. coli DH10Bac,随后将E.coli DH10Bac接种至含400 μg·mL-1 X-Gal、7 μg·mL-1盐酸四环素、50 μg·mL-1硫酸卡那霉素、40 μg·mL-1 IPTG和7 μg·mL-1硫酸庆大霉素的LB固体培养基中,进行两次蓝白斑筛选,对第二次筛选中的白斑进行菌落PCR检测,检测产物外送至广州艾基生物有限公司测序。确认无误后手提含H7-HA1基因的重组杆粒。
将重组杆粒转染Sf9草地贪夜蛾细胞,于28 ℃下培养3 d后,用0.22 μm滤膜取毒。将新鲜Sf9草地贪夜蛾细胞溶液与携带H7-HA1基因的杆状病毒混合,于28 ℃下培养。超声破碎细胞,释放胞内抗原蛋白,8 000×g离心10 min,用镍柱亲和层析法对上清液进行纯化,4 ℃透析过夜,SDS-PAGE检测表达产物,BCA法测定H7-HA1抗原浓度。
选取经pFastBac-Dual-H7-HA1重组质粒转染且生长状态良好的Sf9细胞进行免疫荧光检测。首先,加入4%多聚甲醛室温固定15 min,再用PBS缓冲液洗涤3次,每次5 min。随后加入PBS溶解的0.5% Triton X-100,于室温下通透处理10 min,接着加入溶于PBS的5% BSA封闭处理30 min。滴加适量偶联GFP的纳米抗体D67,室温避光孵育2 h,PBS洗涤3次后封片。最后设置荧光显微镜通道参数,选取适宜物镜,观察视野内绿色荧光强度。作为阴性对照,采用同批次培养的Sf9细胞,除省略纳米抗体孵育步骤外,其余试验操作均与试验组保持完全一致。
取终浓度为1 μg·mL-1的H7-HA1抗原溶液和90 μL碳酸盐包被缓冲液加入酶标板第一孔,从第二孔开始4倍稀释,最终每孔75 μL,室温孵育2 h。向酶标板各孔加入300 μL 3% BSA封闭液,室温封闭1 h。加入终浓度为10 μg·mL-1的D67抗体溶液,每孔加入100 μL,室温孵育1 h,PBST洗涤。按1∶3 000稀释Strep-Tag鼠源单抗,每孔加入100 μL,室温孵育1 h,PBST洗涤。按1∶8 000稀释羊抗鼠HRP-IgG,每孔加入100 μL,室温孵育50 min,PBST洗涤。向酶标板各孔中加入100 μL TMB溶液,避光反应20 min。最后,向各孔中加入100 μL终止液,将酶标板置于450 nm波长下测量OD值。取H5N1亚型禽流感Re-8毒株与H9N2亚型禽流感Re-9毒株进行相同操作。
取96孔一次性反应板并向各孔中加入25 μL PBS缓冲液,随后在不同行的第1孔分别加入25 μL H7N9 Re-1抗原溶液、H5N1 Re-8抗原溶液和H9N2 Re-9抗原溶液,从第1孔吸取25 μL至第2孔,依次稀释至第11孔,向所有孔中加入25 μL 1%鸡红细胞悬液。室温反应20 min,根据孔中血凝情况制备四单位。
取96孔一次性反应板并向各孔加入25 μL PBS缓冲液,随后向第1孔加入D67溶液25 μL,倍比稀释至第11孔,第11孔混匀后弃25 μL,使最终每孔溶液量均为25 μL。向1~11孔加入25 μL四单位,随后室温下反应20 min。每孔加入25 μL 1%鸡红细胞悬液,室温反应30 min。
首先,按照操作手册启动Biacore 8K表面等离子共振仪,安装Ni-NTA传感芯片。随后,依次注入咪唑和NiCl2溶液进行芯片活化。将H7-HA1溶液用PBS缓冲液稀释50倍后注入系统,利用其组氨酸标签与Ni-NTA芯片的特异性结合实现固定。调整反应参数,反应时间为180 s,流速为20 μL·min-1。待基线稳定后,将2 000~125 nmol·L-1连续二倍稀释的D67抗体溶液注入微流控通道,使其以恒定流速流经芯片表面。SPR仪实时监测SPR角的变化,记录抗原-抗体结合和解离动力学过程,通过系统软件分析获得结合常数 (Ka)、解离常数 (Kd) 及亲和力常数 (KD)。试验结束后,将流速提升至150 μL·min-1,注入EDTA溶液清除残留物,完成传感芯片的再生处理。
D67基因的大小为662 bp,D67-GFP基因的大小为1 379 bp,利用设计的引物D67-F/R和D67-GFP-F/R对两种纳米抗体基因进行PCR扩增,结果如图1A所示,琼脂糖凝胶中出现目标条带,且条带清晰。
将D67基因和D67-GFP基因无缝克隆至pET28a(+),获得重组质粒pET28a(+)-D67和pET28a(+)-D67-GFP。利用E. coli DH5α进行质粒扩增后,对E.coli DH5α进行菌落PCR鉴定,结果如图1B所示,出现与目标条带大小一致的条带,说明抗体表达载体均已进入E. coli DH5α,可进行质粒抽提质粒并转化E. coli BL21。
将转化后的E. coli BL21菌液涂布于含硫酸卡那霉素的固体LB培养基中,挑取特征明显的菌落进行PCR鉴定。结果如图1C和1D所示,琼脂糖凝胶中均出现相应条带,将PCR产物外送至广州艾基生物科技有限公司进行测序,结果符合预期,说明E. coli BL21工程菌中已含有重组质粒pET28a(+)-D67和pET28a(+)-D67-GFP,可进行纳米抗体的蛋白表达。
加入IPTG诱导抗体蛋白表达,随后利用抗体结构中的Strep-Tag进行亲和层析,对层析后的蛋白溶液进行SDS-PAGE鉴定。纳米抗体D67的大小约15 ku,荧光纳米抗体D67-GFP的大小约42 ku,SDS-PAGE结果中均出现大小相符的条带,说明D67和D67-GFP均表达成功。用南京诺唯赞生物科技股份有限公司的BCA蛋白浓度测定试剂盒,测得纳米抗体溶液浓度为0.6 mg·mL-1。
H7-HA1基因的大小为981 bp,利用设计的引物H7-HA1-F/R对其进行PCR扩增,结果如图3A所示,琼脂糖凝胶中相应位置出现条带,条带清晰,胶回收后将H7-HA1基因与线性化载体pFastBac-Dual连接,获得重组质粒pFastBac-Dual-H7-HA1。
将扩增后的重组质粒转入DH10Bac中,再将DH10Bac菌株接种至含40 μg·mL-1 X-Gal的固体LB培养基中,进行两轮蓝白斑筛选。结果如图3B所示,培养皿中出现多个白色菌落,表明H7-HA1基因已成功转座至DH10Bac的基因组,导致DH10Bac中的LacZ基因插入失活,无法表达完整的β-半乳糖苷酶,进而无法分解X-Gal产生蓝色5-溴-4-靛蓝,使菌落显示白色。
挑取白色E. coli DH10Bac进行菌落PCR,结果如图3C所示,pFastBac-Dual-H7-HA1全长5 056 bp,出现大小一致的条带,将相应PCR产物外送至广州艾基生物科技有限公司进行测序,结果符合预期。
通过昆虫细胞表达系统表达出H7-HA1抗原,利用抗原结构中的His-Tag进行镍柱亲和层析纯化,SDS-PAGE检测纯化产物。H7-HA1的大小约45 ku,SDS-PAGE中出现符合预期大小的条带。用南京诺唯赞生物科技股份有限公司的BCA蛋白浓度测定试剂盒,测得H7-HA1溶液浓度为0.2 mg·mL-1。
对细胞进行固定和通透处理后,采用GFP标记的D67纳米抗体进行免疫荧光染色,试验组在20×物镜下可观察到Sf9细胞呈现明显的绿色荧光信号(图5A),且荧光信号强度显著高于未孵育荧光纳米抗体的对照组(图5B),说明D67纳米抗体能够特异性识别并结合细胞内的H7-HA1抗原。
用H7-HA1进行包被,以D67作为一抗,Strep-Tag鼠源单抗作为二抗,羊抗鼠HRP-IgG作为三抗进行ELISA。随着包被抗原H7-HA1浓度递减,OD450 nm梯度减弱,P/N值梯度减弱。当D67浓度达到1×103时,两者的结合接近饱和。但H5 Re-8组与H9 Re-9组中,OD450 nm并未随D67浓度升高而出现明显变化,说明抗体D67不会与H5和H9禽流感抗原发生免疫反应,该结果说明抗H7亚型禽流感病毒纳米抗体D67具有良好的特异性,可有效结合H7-HA1抗原。
通过血凝抑制试验检测纳米抗体D67的效价及特异性,仅H7-HA1抗原组有血凝抑制现象,计算可得抗体效价为8log2。另外两种禽流感亚型组中未出现血凝抑制,说明D67具有特异抗H7亚型禽流感病毒的能力。
图8A揭示了H7抗原与D67抗原相互作用的动力学过程。在一定浓度范围内,响应单位随着D67抗体浓度的升高而升高。随着反应时间的推移,响应单位逐渐增加,表明D67抗体正逐步与H7抗原结合,反应进行至150 s时,响应单位达到最大值。随后响应单位开始缓慢下降,表明D67抗体正逐步与H7抗原解离。由图8A可见,D67与H7具有结合速率快和解离速率慢的特点。
图8B展示了不同D67浓度下的最大响应值,随着D67浓度的增加,Rmax逐渐增加。试验数据点与拟合曲线重合度较高,说明该模型能比较准确地描述分子间的相互作用,动力学参数具有较高可信度,且非特异性结合较少。
根据软件分析得抗体D67与抗原H7的结合常数Ka为3.99×103 L·(mol·s)-1,解离常数Kd为3.23×10-3·s-1,计算得亲和力常数KD为8.1×10-7 mol·L-1,两者相互作用力较强。
H7亚型禽流感属于高致病性禽流感,已给家禽养殖业带来巨大威胁[14],更重要的是,已有研究表明多数H7亚型禽流感会引发人类感染[22]。因此,H7亚型禽流感防控手段的革新显得刻不容缓。纳米抗体作为一种新型的基因工程抗体,具有分子量小、渗透性强、免疫原性低等优势,已被应用于多种疾病的诊断和治疗。然而,在禽流感防控领域,纳米抗体的开发仍主要着眼于H5和H9亚型禽流感,对抗H7亚型禽流感纳米抗体的关注度较少。
本研究利用大肠杆菌表达系统,成功制备了大小为15 ku的抗H7亚型禽流感病毒纳米抗体D67,并通过IFA、ELISA、HI和SPR多种实验手段验证了其免疫反应性、特异性、效价及与抗原的相互作用力。IFA结果显示,D67-GFP处理组呈现出显著高于对照的绿色荧光信号,证明该纳米抗体可有效识别并结合细胞中的H7-HA1抗原。ELISA试验结果显示,只有H7-HA1组可测出明显吸光度,且OD450 nm随着D67浓度的增高而升高,说明D67可特异性识别并结合H7亚型禽流感病毒。HI试验中,仅H7亚型抗原组出现血凝抑制效应,效价达到8log2,对比已有文献报道出现显著提升[32],而H5和H9亚型抗原组未出现血凝抑制现象,说明D67对H7亚型禽流感病毒具有高度特异性。SPR试验揭示了抗原与抗体相互作用的动力学过程,结果显示D67与H7-HA1的结合速率较快,解离速率较慢,表明两者之间的结合较为稳定。通过动力学参数分析,D67与H7-HA1的亲和力常数KD为8.1×10-7 M,符合高亲和力标准[33]。研究结果表明,D67纳米抗体具有较高的亲和力和特异性,能够有效识别并结合H7-HA1抗原,展现出良好的抗病毒潜力,为H7禽流感的快速诊断和治疗提供了新思路。
然而,本研究仍存在一些局限性。首先,D67纳米抗体的体内抗病毒效果尚未进行验证,未来可通过动物试验进一步评估其体内抗病毒活性。其次,D67纳米抗体的广谱性仍需进一步研究,以确定其对其他H7亚型禽流感病毒株的结合能力。
4.1 本研究成功构建抗体表达载体并通过大肠杆菌系统成功表达出抗H7N9禽流感纳米抗体D67和荧光纳米抗体D67-GFP。同时,利用同源重组技术完成了重组质粒pFastBac-Dual-H7-HA1的构建,并利用SF9草地贪夜蛾细胞成功表达出H7N9禽流感HA1抗原。
4.2 本课题通过IFA、HI、ELISA和SPR技术对D67的生物学功能进行了多维检测,成功证明了D67能有效识别并结合H7亚型禽流感HA1抗原,可为H7亚型禽流感快速检测方法的开发提供技术支撑。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFD1801003)
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2026年第57卷第1期
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doi: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.01.030
  • 接收时间:2025-03-17
  • 首发时间:2026-09-16
  • 出版时间:2026-01-23
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-17
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国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFD1801003)
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    华南农业大学兽医学院,人兽共患病防控制剂国家地方联合工程实验室,广州 510620

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冯赛祥,主要从事动物病原菌基因功能研究及基因工程疫苗开发等研究,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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