Article(id=1307007432090214809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307007396681900041, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.01.029, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1744128000000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-09, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789544454833, onlineDateStr=2026-09-16, pubDate=1769097600000, pubDateStr=2026-01-23, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789544454833, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789544454833, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789544454833, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1307007396681900041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, year='2026', volume='57', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='568', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769097600000', pubDateStr='2026-01-23', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789544446392, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789609890784, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1307281890638057732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307007396681900041, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1307281890738721029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307007396681900041, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=337, endPage=348, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1307007432379621787, articleId=1307007432090214809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, language=EN, title=Establishment and Application of a Droplet Digital PCR Assay for Fowlpox Virus, columnId=1307007432299930010, journalTitle=Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, columnName=PREVENTIVE VETERINARY MEDICINE, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A microdroplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) method for the detection of fowlpox virus (FWPV) was established. In this study, a more complete ddPCR reaction system was established through the optimization of the reaction system, including the optimization of primer and probe concentrations, the optimization of annealing temperature and other steps, and reproducibility, sensitivity, and specificity experiments. In this method, the optimal primer concentration was determined to be 900 nmol·L-1, the optimal probe concentration was 200 nmol·L-1, and the results of ddPCR were optimized under the reaction condition of 55 ℃. The method showed no cross-reactivity with other common avian viruses and is highly specific. The reproducibility of the method is good, and the coefficients of variation between and within batches are less than 10%. The lowest detection limit of this ddPCR method was 2.37 copies per reaction. Using the established ddPCR detection method and the industry standard (SN/T 1226—2015) detection method for 80 samples, the coincidence rate was 100%, which was higher than the coincidence rate of 75% of the industry standard nested PCR method. In 25 artificially inoculated samples, the detection rate of ddPCR for positive samples reached 100%, while the detection rate of the nested PCR method specified in the industry standard for positive samples was 33.3%. The establishment of this method helps the relevant inspection and quarantine departments at ports to detect the FWPV in a timely manner and reduces the risk of the domestic poultry breeding industry by providing a more accurate and efficient detection method.

, authors=Yifan ZHANG1, Xiao HAN2, 3, Yena ZHANG2, Pengli KONG2, Houhui SONG1, Xiaofeng ZHANG2, Xiaodu WANG1, Jiangbing SHUAI2, authorsList=Yifan ZHANG, Xiao HAN, Yena ZHANG, Pengli KONG, Houhui SONG, Xiaofeng ZHANG, Xiaodu WANG, Jiangbing SHUAI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jiangbing SHUAI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
SHUAI Jiangbin, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1307007435873477035, articleId=1307007432090214809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, language=CN, title=禽痘病毒微滴数字PCR检测方法的建立及应用, columnId=1307007432459313564, journalTitle=畜牧兽医学报, columnName=预防兽医, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

旨在建立一种禽痘病毒(fowlpox virus,FWPV)微滴式数字聚合酶链式反应(digital droplet PCR,ddPCR)检测方法。本研究通过对反应体系优化,包括引物和探针浓度的优化、退火温度的优化等步骤,进行重复性、敏感性、特异性试验,建立了较为完整的ddPCR反应体系。本方法确定FWPV ddPCR反应体系最佳引物浓度为900 nmol·L-1,最佳探针浓度为200 nmol·L-1,且在55 ℃反应条件下,ddPCR检测结果最优;本方法与其他常见禽类病毒无交叉反应,特异性强;本方法重复性好,批间与批内变异系数均小于10%。本ddPCR方法最低检测限为2.37拷贝·反应-1。采用建立的ddPCR检测方法和行业标准(SN/T 1226—2015)检测方法对80份模拟样本进行检测,其中8份作为阴性,其余72份样品作为模拟感染样品,符合率为100%,比行业标准套式PCR方法符合率高出75%。在25份人工攻毒样本中,ddPCR对阳性样本的检出率达100%,行业标准套式PCR方法对阳性样本的检出率为33.3%。本方法的建立为检测禽及其肉制品中禽痘病毒提供了痕量精准检测方法,为降低禽痘对禽类养殖产业风险带来保障。

, authors=张熠帆1, 韩笑2, 3, 张叶娜2, 孔朋莉2, 宋厚辉1, 张晓峰2, 王晓杜1, 帅江冰2, authorsList=张熠帆, 韩笑, 张叶娜, 孔朋莉, 宋厚辉, 张晓峰, 王晓杜, 帅江冰, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=帅江冰, authorNote=

张熠帆,硕士生,主要从事畜禽病原检测方法研究,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
帅江冰,主要从事口岸重要畜禽病原研究监测技术研究,E-mail:
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张熠帆,硕士生,主要从事畜禽病原检测方法研究,E-mail:

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A. Optimization of primer and probe concentrations; B. Temperature optimization

, figureFileSmall=4BjMZ2NuBj1h/nBok8yreQ==, figureFileBig=iJ8TgRhBLiJLjfQq0XFl9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307286695544648161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007432090214809, language=CN, label=图1, caption=ddPCR反应条件优化

A.引物探针浓度优化;B.退火温度优化

, figureFileSmall=4BjMZ2NuBj1h/nBok8yreQ==, figureFileBig=iJ8TgRhBLiJLjfQq0XFl9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307286695683060194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007432090214809, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Repeatability assay of FWPV ddPCR

A. Inter-assay repeatability; B. Intra-assay repeatability

, figureFileSmall=thOa1lSkKTPR40JPLvO05A==, figureFileBig=NcNssbkdcW3YuOlYCAuxqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307286695762751971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007432090214809, language=CN, label=图2, caption=FWPV ddPCR重复性试验

A.批内重复试验结果;B.批间重复试验结果

, figureFileSmall=thOa1lSkKTPR40JPLvO05A==, figureFileBig=NcNssbkdcW3YuOlYCAuxqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307286695922135524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007432090214809, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Specificity of ddPCR for FWPV, figureFileSmall=d1sNBE3bwI+MmB0PW7dZgw==, figureFileBig=gZdBXJu84hlsxCbDZ8lR/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307286695980855781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007432090214809, language=CN, label=图3, caption=FWPV特异性试验, figureFileSmall=d1sNBE3bwI+MmB0PW7dZgw==, figureFileBig=gZdBXJu84hlsxCbDZ8lR/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307286696052158950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007432090214809, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Probit analysis sigmoid curve reporting the LoD of ddPCR

The black line represents probit curve. The blue dashed lines represent 95% confidence interval (95% CI). For each concentration, n=30

, figureFileSmall=w9XJjwKzYnhEJs2mW4cNGw==, figureFileBig=AEXvtHkq3aRFECAbWEagQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307286696333177319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007432090214809, language=CN, label=图4, caption=Probit模型分析FWPV ddPCR的LoD

黑色为拟合曲线,蓝色虚线为95%置信区间拟合曲线,每个浓度进行30个重复

, figureFileSmall=w9XJjwKzYnhEJs2mW4cNGw==, figureFileBig=AEXvtHkq3aRFECAbWEagQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307286696400286184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007432090214809, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Detection of FWPV by ddPCR and nested PCR methods

A. Results of ddPCR test method; B. Gel electrophoresis detection of the first round of PCR products; C. Gel electrophoresis detection of the second round of PCR products; Concentrations 1-8 labeled in the figure correspond to concentrations 4.67×109-4.67×102 copies per reaction; N. Negative control; P. Positive control; M. DNA marker

, figureFileSmall=htLVdSFM3IXaoQuAeF0pEA==, figureFileBig=w858eVPcrPfTPkUulHkcZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307286696467395049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007432090214809, language=CN, label=图5, caption=ddPCR和套式PCR法检测FWPV

A. ddPCR检测结果;B.凝胶电泳检测第一轮PCR产物;C.凝胶电泳检测第二轮PCR产物;图中标注的浓度1~8分别对应浓度4.67×109~4.67×102 拷贝·反应-1;N.阴性对照;P.阳性对照;M.DNA相对分子质量标准

, figureFileSmall=htLVdSFM3IXaoQuAeF0pEA==, figureFileBig=w858eVPcrPfTPkUulHkcZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307286696530309610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007432090214809, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=ddPCR and nested PCR to detect samples, figureFileSmall=QOBSYVBYuiHKinMMwzxdGQ==, figureFileBig=oQ90qltrrVHGOyNo8yoNWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307286696601612779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007432090214809, language=CN, label=图6, caption=ddPCR和套式PCR分别检测模拟样本, figureFileSmall=QOBSYVBYuiHKinMMwzxdGQ==, figureFileBig=oQ90qltrrVHGOyNo8yoNWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307286696760996332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007432090214809, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

PCR primers and probes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

引物/探针

Primer/probe

序列(5→3')

Sequence

位置

Position

长度/bp

Product

FWPV-FAGAAAACGAAGCGTCGCAATAGC88 824—88 846132
FWPV-RATTGTGGCCGCGCTTAACGGTG88 715—88 736
FWPV-PTTCACGCAAATAGCTGTCAAACTGG88 797—88 821/
FWPV-1CAGCAGGTGCTAAACAACAA201 978—201 997558
FWPV-2CGGTAGCTTAACGCCGAATA201 420—201 439
FWPV-3ACGACCTATGCGTCTTC201 962—201 978419
FWPV-4ACGCTTGATATCTGGATG201 560—201 577
), ArticleFig(id=1307286696849076717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007432090214809, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

PCR引物和探针

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

引物/探针

Primer/probe

序列(5→3')

Sequence

位置

Position

长度/bp

Product

FWPV-FAGAAAACGAAGCGTCGCAATAGC88 824—88 846132
FWPV-RATTGTGGCCGCGCTTAACGGTG88 715—88 736
FWPV-PTTCACGCAAATAGCTGTCAAACTGG88 797—88 821/
FWPV-1CAGCAGGTGCTAAACAACAA201 978—201 997558
FWPV-2CGGTAGCTTAACGCCGAATA201 420—201 439
FWPV-3ACGACCTATGCGTCTTC201 962—201 978419
FWPV-4ACGCTTGATATCTGGATG201 560—201 577
), ArticleFig(id=1307286696932962798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007432090214809, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Sensitivity of ddPCR

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

质粒浓度/(拷贝·反应-1)

Plasmids concentration(copies per reaction)

微滴式数字PCR ddPCR

检测值(x±s)/(拷贝·反应-1)

Detected values (x±s)/(copies per reaction)

阳性/样本数

Positive/Reactions

相对标准偏差

RSD

1031 003.50 ±61.4330/300.88%
102103.73±7.3730/301.52%
109.80±1.5330/306.80%
7.58.32±2.1130/3012.23%
55.83±1.3730/3014.02%
2.5ND29/30/
1ND22/30/
), ArticleFig(id=1307286697029431791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007432090214809, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

敏感性试验

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

质粒浓度/(拷贝·反应-1)

Plasmids concentration(copies per reaction)

微滴式数字PCR ddPCR

检测值(x±s)/(拷贝·反应-1)

Detected values (x±s)/(copies per reaction)

阳性/样本数

Positive/Reactions

相对标准偏差

RSD

1031 003.50 ±61.4330/300.88%
102103.73±7.3730/301.52%
109.80±1.5330/306.80%
7.58.32±2.1130/3012.23%
55.83±1.3730/3014.02%
2.5ND29/30/
1ND22/30/
), ArticleFig(id=1307286697100734960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007432090214809, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Rate of compliance with results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

结果

Results

方法 Method

PCR

(SN/T 1226—2015)

微滴式数字PCR

ddPCR

阳性

Positive

1872

阴性

Negative

628

总数

Total

8080

符合率/%

Compliance rate

25100
), ArticleFig(id=1307286697167843825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007432090214809, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

模拟样本结果符合率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

结果

Results

方法 Method

PCR

(SN/T 1226—2015)

微滴式数字PCR

ddPCR

阳性

Positive

1872

阴性

Negative

628

总数

Total

8080

符合率/%

Compliance rate

25100
), ArticleFig(id=1307286697247535602, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007432090214809, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Detection rate of actual sample results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

检测部位

Detection site

检出阳性数 Number of positive
攻毒组(n=3) Challenge group阴性组(n=2) Negative group
ddPCRPCRddPCRPCR
阳性检出率/% Positive detection rate100(15/15)33.3(5/15)0(0/10)0(0/10)
鸡冠 Cockscomb3/33/30/20/2
鸡爪 Foot3/32/30/20/2
肺 Lung3/30/30/20/2
肾脏 Kidney3/30/30/20/2
血液 Blood3/30/30/20/2
), ArticleFig(id=1307286697310450163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007432090214809, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

实际样本结果检出率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

检测部位

Detection site

检出阳性数 Number of positive
攻毒组(n=3) Challenge group阴性组(n=2) Negative group
ddPCRPCRddPCRPCR
阳性检出率/% Positive detection rate100(15/15)33.3(5/15)0(0/10)0(0/10)
鸡冠 Cockscomb3/33/30/20/2
鸡爪 Foot3/32/30/20/2
肺 Lung3/30/30/20/2
肾脏 Kidney3/30/30/20/2
血液 Blood3/30/30/20/2
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禽痘病毒微滴数字PCR检测方法的建立及应用
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张熠帆 1 , 韩笑 2, 3 , 张叶娜 2 , 孔朋莉 2 , 宋厚辉 1 , 张晓峰 2 , 王晓杜 1 , 帅江冰 2
畜牧兽医学报 | 预防兽医 2026,57(1): 337-348
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畜牧兽医学报 |预防兽医 2026 , 57 (1) : 337 -348
禽痘病毒微滴数字PCR检测方法的建立及应用
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张熠帆1 , 韩笑2, 3, 张叶娜2, 孔朋莉2, 宋厚辉1, 张晓峰2, 王晓杜1, 帅江冰2
作者信息
  • 1.浙江农林大学动物科技学院·动物医学院,杭州 311300
  • 2.浙江省检验检疫科学技术研究院,杭州 310016
  • 3.浙江大学动物科学学院,杭州 310058
通讯作者:
帅江冰,主要从事口岸重要畜禽病原研究监测技术研究,E-mail:
作者简介:

张熠帆,硕士生,主要从事畜禽病原检测方法研究,E-mail:

Establishment and Application of a Droplet Digital PCR Assay for Fowlpox Virus
Yifan ZHANG1 , Xiao HAN2, 3, Yena ZHANG2, Pengli KONG2, Houhui SONG1, Xiaofeng ZHANG2, Xiaodu WANG1, Jiangbing SHUAI2
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Animal Science and Technology·College of Veterinary Medicine,Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University,Hangzhou 311300,China
  • 2.Zhejiang Academy of Science and Technology for Inspection and Quarantine,Hangzhou 310016,China
  • 3.College of Animal Sciences,Zhejiang University,Hangzhou 310058,China
  • Corresponding Author:
    SHUAI Jiangbin, E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-01-23 doi: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.01.029
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旨在建立一种禽痘病毒(fowlpox virus,FWPV)微滴式数字聚合酶链式反应(digital droplet PCR,ddPCR)检测方法。本研究通过对反应体系优化,包括引物和探针浓度的优化、退火温度的优化等步骤,进行重复性、敏感性、特异性试验,建立了较为完整的ddPCR反应体系。本方法确定FWPV ddPCR反应体系最佳引物浓度为900 nmol·L-1,最佳探针浓度为200 nmol·L-1,且在55 ℃反应条件下,ddPCR检测结果最优;本方法与其他常见禽类病毒无交叉反应,特异性强;本方法重复性好,批间与批内变异系数均小于10%。本ddPCR方法最低检测限为2.37拷贝·反应-1。采用建立的ddPCR检测方法和行业标准(SN/T 1226—2015)检测方法对80份模拟样本进行检测,其中8份作为阴性,其余72份样品作为模拟感染样品,符合率为100%,比行业标准套式PCR方法符合率高出75%。在25份人工攻毒样本中,ddPCR对阳性样本的检出率达100%,行业标准套式PCR方法对阳性样本的检出率为33.3%。本方法的建立为检测禽及其肉制品中禽痘病毒提供了痕量精准检测方法,为降低禽痘对禽类养殖产业风险带来保障。

禽痘病毒  /  微滴数字PCR  /  定量检测

A microdroplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) method for the detection of fowlpox virus (FWPV) was established. In this study, a more complete ddPCR reaction system was established through the optimization of the reaction system, including the optimization of primer and probe concentrations, the optimization of annealing temperature and other steps, and reproducibility, sensitivity, and specificity experiments. In this method, the optimal primer concentration was determined to be 900 nmol·L-1, the optimal probe concentration was 200 nmol·L-1, and the results of ddPCR were optimized under the reaction condition of 55 ℃. The method showed no cross-reactivity with other common avian viruses and is highly specific. The reproducibility of the method is good, and the coefficients of variation between and within batches are less than 10%. The lowest detection limit of this ddPCR method was 2.37 copies per reaction. Using the established ddPCR detection method and the industry standard (SN/T 1226—2015) detection method for 80 samples, the coincidence rate was 100%, which was higher than the coincidence rate of 75% of the industry standard nested PCR method. In 25 artificially inoculated samples, the detection rate of ddPCR for positive samples reached 100%, while the detection rate of the nested PCR method specified in the industry standard for positive samples was 33.3%. The establishment of this method helps the relevant inspection and quarantine departments at ports to detect the FWPV in a timely manner and reduces the risk of the domestic poultry breeding industry by providing a more accurate and efficient detection method.

fowlpox virus  /  droplet digital PCR  /  quantitation assay
张熠帆, 韩笑, 张叶娜, 孔朋莉, 宋厚辉, 张晓峰, 王晓杜, 帅江冰. 禽痘病毒微滴数字PCR检测方法的建立及应用. 畜牧兽医学报, 2026 , 57 (1) : 337 -348 . DOI: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.01.029
Yifan ZHANG, Xiao HAN, Yena ZHANG, Pengli KONG, Houhui SONG, Xiaofeng ZHANG, Xiaodu WANG, Jiangbing SHUAI. Establishment and Application of a Droplet Digital PCR Assay for Fowlpox Virus[J]. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, 2026 , 57 (1) : 337 -348 . DOI: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.01.029
禽痘(fowlpox)是由禽痘病毒(fowlpox virus,FWPV)引起的一种可感染家禽和野生鸟类的高传染性疾病,在野生鸟类中通过重组、突变等出现的新型禽痘病毒感染养殖家禽的风险也大大提高[1]。其典型特征是皮肤非羽毛区域的结节性皮肤病变,在组织学上的典型特征是表皮的显著增生,产生特征性的皮肤结节,这是由肿胀和棘层细胞数量增加引起的[2⁃3]。FWPV主要通过气溶胶和虫媒叮咬等方式在禽类中水平传播,吸入飞沫、灰尘可导致口腔、咽喉部更严重的感染,即所谓的“白喉感染”(俗称“湿痘”),其临床特征是呼吸道黏膜出现纤维坏死、增生性病变[4⁃5]。与其他呼吸道感染疾病尤其是传染性喉气管炎类似,因而造成临床诊断困难。现在常用的禽痘病毒分子生物学诊断方法有限制性片段长度多态性(RFLP)、PCR、Southernblot杂交等方法[6],其中普通的PCR使用最多,但其较为繁琐且灵敏度不高。预防禽痘感染的主要方法是接种疫苗,此方法在产蛋鸡中得到广泛应用[7]。此外,禽痘病毒与其他传染性病原体同时感染可能会增加受感染鸟类疾病的严重程度和病程[8]。因此,快速且特异性地检测出禽痘病毒对切断禽痘病毒的传播及其可能对禽类所构成威胁具有重要意义。
FWPV的常见诊断方法有组织病理学检查、病毒分离、血清学方法和核酸检测[9],目前国内检验检疫行业标准采用套式PCR法进行检测。此外,文献中描述了基于PCR的FWPV检测方法,如Mapaco等[10]使用普通PCR检测FWPV的疑似样本;Murer等[11]对鹦鹉中气管碎片和眼周皮肤进行PCR检测;Matos等[12]使用real-time PCR鉴别FWPV和网状内皮组织增生症病毒;Tadese等[13]使用real-time PCR鉴别携带网状内皮组织增生症病毒序列的禽痘病毒。然而,上述的检测方法均无法实现对FWPV直接定量。数字PCR(digital polymerase chain reaction,dPCR)是继普通PCR、实时荧光定量PCR(quantitative real-time PCR,qPCR)之后发展起来的第三代PCR技术,具有准确性好、耗时短,无需依赖标准品即可实现对目标分子绝对定量等优势[14⁃17],在病原检测领域微滴式数字PCR(droplet digital PCR,ddPCR)技术应用更为广泛,在多种动物源性病原的核酸检测技术中得到应用,例如已开发了布鲁氏菌、非洲猪瘟病毒等多种病原的ddPCR检测技术[18⁃21]。在禽病检测中,现已报道鸡传染性贫血病毒、禽流感病毒ddPCR检测方法[22⁃24],然而,目前ddPCR技术尚未应用于禽痘病毒检测。
ddPCR通过油膜将水性PCR反应液包裹其中,生成稳定的油性微滴,以此在独立微滴中形成单一PCR反应体系,随后微滴完成PCR扩增,最后微滴分析仪对微滴逐个进行荧光检测[25⁃27]。相比阴性微滴,包含至少一个目标核酸分子的阳性微滴的荧光信号强度增加,统计阴性和阳性微滴的数目后通过统计学泊松分布方法分析就能计算出原始样品中目标核酸分子的拷贝数[28⁃30]。
本研究以ddPCR技术为基础,通过优化反应条件并进行重复性、敏感性和特异性试验建立禽痘病毒微滴式数字PCR检测方法,该方法具有高灵敏度和高特异性,能够实现对禽痘病毒的快速定量检测,为禽痘病毒的早期防控及精准检测提供新方法。
传染性喉气管炎病毒(infectious laryngo tracheitis virus,ILTV)、鸡传染性法氏囊病毒(infectious bursal disease virus,IBDV)活疫苗B87株、鸡马立克病火鸡疱疹病毒(Marek’s disease virus,MDV)活疫苗FC-126株和鸭瘟病毒(duck plague virus,DPV)活疫苗CVCC AV1222株由浙江迪普诊断技术有限公司惠赠;禽痘病毒FWPV分离株(JH-1)由浙江省农业科学院惠赠。
天隆磁珠法核酸提取试剂盒购自天隆科技有限公司;ddPCR Supermix for Probes (No dUTP)、ddPCR Oils购自伯乐(上海)生命科学研究发展有限公司;引物、探针及质粒由生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司合成;2× Phanta Flash Master Mix (Dye Plus)购自南京诺唯赞生物科技股份有限公司。
天隆磁珠法核酸仪(天隆科技有限公司);NanoDrop spectrophotometer超微量分光光度计(Thermo Fisher);AuTo DG自动微滴生成器[伯乐(上海)生命科学研究发展有限公司];T100TMPCR仪[伯乐(上海)生命科学研究发展有限公司];PX1微孔板封膜仪(Bio-red);QX 600数字微滴PCR仪(伯乐)。
通过比对20个不同地区来源的FWPV TK1基因序列,发现TK1的序列高度保守,其同源性为100%,根据GenBank上FWPV的TK1基因序列(基因号:MH709125),选择保守区域[31⁃32],再根据ddPCR反应所需条件进行引物(FWPV-F、R)、探针(FWPV-P)设计,将设计引物、探针序列(表1)通过NCBI BLAST工具进行特异性比对。在生工生物工程(上海)份有限公司合成后使用。行业标准SN/T 1226—2015禽痘检疫技术规范[33]套式PCR的引物为FWPV-1、FWPV-2、FWPV-3和FWPV-4。
使用天隆磁珠法核酸提取试剂盒在GeneRotex 96全自动核酸提取仪中进行禽痘(FWPV)、传染性喉气管炎病毒(ILTV)、鸡传染性法氏囊病毒(IBDV)、鸡马立克病毒(MDV)、鸭瘟病毒(DPV)的核酸提取,提取好的病毒核酸于-20 ℃保存备用。
FWPV质粒标准品,测定其浓度,根据公式:拷贝浓度(拷贝·反应-1)=[6.02×1023×(质粒浓度ng·μL-1×10-9)]×反应体积/[DNA长度(bp)×660],本研究中反应体系为20 μL,经ddH2O稀释后,测定其初始浓度为3×1011 拷贝·反应-1,于-20 ℃保存备用。
将FWPV质粒标准品稀释后,以1×104 拷贝·反应-1浓度的FWPV阳性质粒为模板,进行ddPCR反应并优化引物和探针浓度。根据不同的引物浓度(300、500、700和900 nmol·L-1)和不同的探针浓度(100、200和400 nmol·L-1),两两组合进行ddPCR反应,使用棋盘法确定最优引物和探针浓度,随后在54~61 ℃的温度区间对引物退火温度进行优化。
使用10倍比稀释的FWPV阳性质粒(101~105拷贝·反应-1)进行ddPCR反应,每个浓度设置16个重复,计算每个浓度相应的变异系数(coefficient of variation,CV),用于评估该体系的批内重复性。同时用上述质粒分别在4个不同的时间进行批间检测(n=4),计算4批次试验的CV,以此评估该体系的批间重复性。
为确定本ddPCR方法敏感性,将FWPV标准质粒分别稀释为1×103、1×102、1×101、7.5、5、2.5和1 拷贝·反应-1共7个浓度梯度进行ddPCR检测,各浓度重复30次,计算每个稀释度相应的平均反应浓度(mean concentration)、标准差(standard deviation,SD)和相对标准偏差(relative standard deviation,RSD),以30个重复均可检出且RSD≤25%的最低浓度为本方法检出FWPV最低定量限(limit of quantification,LoQ)。为确定本ddPCR体系准确的最低检测限(limit of detection,LoD),根据可重复概率为95% probit回归模型,计算本方法在95%置信区间(95% confidence interval,95% CI)内的LoD,以此评估本ddPCR方法的敏感性。
以禽痘病毒(FWPV)、传染性喉气管炎病毒(ILTV)、鸡传染性法氏囊病毒(IBDV)、鸡马立克病病毒(MDV)、鸭瘟病毒(DPV)核酸为模板,以ddH2O为阴性对照,进行ddPCR反应以验证FWPV ddPCR反应体系的特异性。
禽类感染FWPV后,少毛或无毛的皮肤处(像鸡冠部、鸡爪等部位)会出现痘疹[6],所以选择鸡头、鸡翅根、鸡爪三个部位制备模拟样品。将浓度为4.67×1012 拷贝·反应-1的禽痘分离株JH-1按10倍比稀释,并与各部分的组织混匀后抽提核酸作为模拟阳性样本备用。现有FWPV检验检疫行业检测标准(SN/T 1226—2015),利用行标中的套式PCR检测方法与本研究建立FWPV ddPCR检测方法对模拟的阳性样品进行方法间比对,定量样品中的病毒浓度并评估建立的体系在实际样品中的准确性。
选取5只30日龄的健康鸡进行禽痘病毒人工攻毒,其中3只作为阳性鸡在翅膀内侧无血管处接种200 μL JH-1毒株(1×105拷贝)感染,其余2只作为阴性对照注射同等体积生理盐水。攻毒8 d后阳性鸡均出现皮肤痘痂、呼吸阻塞等显著临床症状,分别采集5只鸡的鸡冠、鸡爪、肺、肾脏和血液。取样后将组织剪碎,并用组织匀浆机充分匀浆,吸取100 μL上清提取核酸,随后分别用ddPCR方法和SN/T检测方法进行检测。
为进一步应用建立的ddPCR检测方法,随机选取25只60日龄鸡,翼下静脉采血约1 mL获得25份血液样本,提取核酸后分别用ddPCR和SN/T方法进行检测。
使用104 拷贝·反应-1浓度FWPV阳性质粒进行ddPCR,根据不同引物浓度(300、500、700和900 nmol·L-1)和不同的探针浓度(100、200和400 nmol·L-1)按照棋盘法进行试验。结果如图1A所示,通过阴阳微滴离散程度确定最优引物和探针浓度分别为900和200 nmol·L-1。在上述最优引物和探针浓度下,于54~61 ℃对引物退火温度进行优化(图1B),结果表明最优退火温度为55 ℃。最终确定所建立的ddPCR方法最适反应体系为ddPCR Supermix for Probes (No dUTP) 10.0 μL,引物各1.98 μL(终浓度900 nmol·L-1)探针0.44 μL(终浓度200 nmol·L-1),ddH2O 3.6 μL,模板核酸2.0 μL。PCR反应条件为95 ℃ 10 min;94 ℃ 30 s,55 ℃ 1 min,共40个循环;98 ℃ 10 min;4 ℃维持。
将10倍梯度稀释后浓度为101~105 拷贝·反应-1的FWPV标准质粒进行ddPCR重复性试验,每个浓度设置16个重复,作为批内重复性检测。结果如图2A所示,5个浓度批内重复性变异系数CV%分别为0.12%、0.21%、0.55%、1.35%和3.40%,均小于5%;在4个不同时间,将上述浓度质粒每个浓度设置4个重复进行批间重复性试验,各浓度4批次间差异分别为0.47%、0.64%、0.88%、1.52%和6.80%,均小于10%,无显著差异(图2B),以上结果表明本研究建立的ddPCR批内和批间重复性良好。
分别以FWPV、ILTV、IBDV、MDV和DPV基因组核酸为模板,以ddH2O为阴性对照,验证FWPV ddPCR特异性。如图3所示,本ddPCR体系仅对FWPV有显著扩增信号,其余病毒核酸均未出现特异性扩增,说明建立的FWPV ddPCR体系特异性良好,与其他4种禽类病毒未出现交叉反应。
使用103~100 拷贝·反应-1的FWPV标准质粒通过建立的ddPCR体系进行敏感性试验,重复检测30次。检测结果如表2所示,ddPCR检测FWPV的浓度为5 拷贝·反应-1。进一步计算ddPCR的最低检测限(LoD),建立重复概率为95%的概率回归模型,结果得到 ddPCR LoD为2.37 拷贝·反应-1 (95%CI:1.73~8.20 拷贝·反应-1)(图4),因此可以得出本ddPCR方法在95%置信区间的检测范围为2.37~105 拷贝·反应-1。
以4.67×1012 拷贝·反应-1浓度的FWPV分离株JH-1基因组为模板,抽提基因组DNA,进行10倍稀释后用ddPCR检测,试验结果如图5A所示,在4.67×102 拷贝·反应-1仍可检出。同时将上述浓度梯度的JH-1毒株基因组作为模板,使用行业标准中套式PCR引物进行第一轮PCR扩增,当模板浓度稀释至4.67×104 拷贝·反应-1时无法检出(图5B);继续使用行业标准中套式PCR引物进行第二轮PCR扩增,在4.67×102 拷贝·反应-1也可检出(图5C),表明所建立的ddPCR法检测灵敏度达到和行业标准中套式PCR法相同水平(4.67×102 拷贝·反应-1),值得注意的是,与第一轮套式PCR检测结果(4.67×104 拷贝·反应-1)相比,ddPCR法的检测灵敏度更高。
根据FWPV的感染部位,选择鸡头、鸡翅根、鸡爪三个部位进行样品的模拟,其中每个浓度梯度模拟6份样品;样品匀浆后取出8份作为阴性,其余72份作为模拟感染样品,共80份样品,分别与4.67×1010、4.67×108、4.67×106和4.67×104 拷贝·反应-1的四个浓度梯度的JH-1毒株充分混匀并抽提核酸(图6)。分别用建立好的ddPCR方法和SN/T检测方法对感染的样品进行检测,最终两种方法的检测符合率如表3所示,ddPCR的符合率100%(72/72),行标PCR的符合率25%(18/72),ddPCR方法比行业标准PCR方法符合率高出75%。
对5只健康鸡进行禽痘病毒人工攻毒,3只鸡接种JH-1毒株作为攻毒组,其余2只作为阴性对照注射生理盐水。8 d后阳性鸡出现典型临床症状,剖检后取鸡冠、鸡爪、肺部、肾脏和血液五个部分研磨并提取核酸。分别用ddPCR方法和SN/T检测方法进行检测。两种方法在攻毒组鸡组织样本中的阳性检出率如表4所示,其中ddPCR的检出率达100%(15/15),行标PCR法的检出率为33.3%(5/15),表明ddPCR方法较行业标准PCR方法检出率更高。表明本研究建立的FWPV ddPCR检测方法敏感性高于现有的SN/T检测方法,同时ddPCR可以直接对样品进行病毒核酸的绝对定量检测,ddPCR结果显示鸡冠和鸡爪中病毒含量最高(3×105拷贝·反应-1),而肺部、肾脏和血液病毒含量较低(1×101~1×102 拷贝·反应-1)。
除了检测上述模拟及人工感染样本外,从鸡养殖场随机选取25只鸡,进行翼下静脉采血,共获得25份血液样本。25份样本使用两种检测方法结果均为阴性。
检验检疫基层实验室检测场景的技术需求特征主要集中在小型化、快速检测、自动化、成本效益、环境适应性、多功能性和信息化等方面。这些需求反映了基层实验室检测在资源有限的情况下对高效、便捷检测技术的迫切需求[34⁃35],而目前动物疫病检测也趋向基层化发展,其目的是及早发现预警并控制动物疫病的流行。ddPCR技术在灵敏度、特异性和检测通量等方面不断提升,广泛应用于疾病检测、肿瘤诊断等领域[36⁃37],可以快速、准确地检测多种病原体。但与现阶段常用的普通PCR和qPCR检测相比,ddPCR在设备和试剂上还存在成本较高、设备元器件制造工艺不完善的不足[38],可通过反应试剂和设备国产化,来降低试剂成本、提高仪器普及度和制造工艺来克服这些局限性。目前,市售伯乐ddPCR进口试剂单孔反应成本在100元以上,而国产试剂成本相比进口试剂可控制在50%以内,但进口试剂在检测稳定性和样本普适性上可能仍不可替代。未来随着技术进一步成熟和政策支持加码,国产产品有望在更多领域实现进口替代,推动数字PCR技术的普及应用,同时相关技术自主国产化也有助于突破外部技术壁垒,防范不稳定国际贸易摩擦中的技术贸易手段,从而保障疫病检测的有序开展。
近年来,ddPCR法已在禽病检测中得到应用,如蒋文明等[22]建立了H7亚型禽流感病毒(avian influenza virus,AIV)的ddPCR检测方法,该方法对重组质粒标准品检测下限为0.8 拷贝·μL-1;Hopken等[23]能够预测AIV阳性样本中AIV的全基因组序列;Li等[24]使用ddPCR对鸡传染性贫血病毒(chicken anemia virus,CAV)进行定量检测,检测下限为2.4 拷贝·μL-1。本研究建立的禽痘病毒ddPCR检测方法与上述文献中的方法类似,首次实现了对FWPV的直接定量,并表现出较高的灵敏度和特异性。
本研究使用TK1基因作为目标基因设计了引物和探针(表1)。所建立的ddPCR检测方法通过一系列优化反应条件和体系,试验结果为批间和批内的CV%值均低于10%(图2),LoD低至2.37 拷贝·反应-1(图4),表现出高度可重复性、敏感性和特异性,此外与其他常见禽病病毒不发生交叉反应,仅能检测出FWPV(图3);在对FWPV标准质粒进行敏感性检测时,ddPCR法和行业检测标准进行对比,发现第一轮PCR的结果为ddPCR法更敏感,第二轮PCR的结果为两种方法敏感度相同(图5)。最后,为了进一步验证样品中检测的可行性,分别使用建立好的ddPCR方法和现有行业检测标准来检测FWPV在鸡不同部位的模拟样本,病毒浓度为4.67×1010 拷贝·反应-1时,在两种检测方法中都可以稳定检测,检测值与理论值基本一致(图6)。最终,ddPCR的模拟样品符合率为100%,行业标准检测方法的模拟样品符合率为25%(表3)。以上差异可能是由于普通PCR反应体系较大,杂质较多以及两轮PCR、电泳等操作的干扰。在人工攻毒样本检测中,ddPCR的阳性检出率达100%,行业标准PCR法的阳性检出率为33.3%(表4),此外ddPCR检测结果提示除皮肤外,FWPV还可在鸡的脏器和血液中普遍存在,而传统PCR检测难以对此类低载量病毒进行检测。因此FWPV ddPCR检测方法的建立有效地减少了上述因素对检测结果的影响,提高了稳定性和灵敏度,表明ddPCR在对低浓度FWPV的临床样本检测中具有良好的应用前景。
在我国,禽痘在南北方地区均有流行,且对集约化禽类养殖场构成威胁[39]。现阶段禽痘病毒的关键预防措施是通过疫苗免疫进行防控,鸡20~30日龄时刺种1次[40]。ddPCR方法和SN/T法分别对25份鸡血液样本进行检测,结果均为阴性。结果表明,该养殖场对禽痘病毒的预防较好,未发生禽痘病毒感染。
本研究建立了一种具有高度可重复性、灵敏性、稳定性和特异性的FWPV ddPCR检测方法。其相较于传统PCR技术,该检测方法能够对样本中的FWPV进行定量检测。ddPCR检测方法可以简化操作步骤,提高检测准确率。此外,该检测方法符合对样品中FWPV的定性和定量检测要求。为FWPV的早期精确诊断和其他相似症状疾病提供新的鉴定方法。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2021YFF0602803)
  • 浙江省“尖兵”“领雁”研发攻关计划项目(2023C02022)
  • 浙江省“尖兵领雁+X”研发攻关计划(2024C01137)
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2026年第57卷第1期
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doi: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.01.029
  • 接收时间:2025-04-09
  • 首发时间:2026-09-16
  • 出版时间:2026-01-23
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-09
基金
国家重点研发计划(2021YFF0602803)
浙江省“尖兵”“领雁”研发攻关计划项目(2023C02022)
浙江省“尖兵领雁+X”研发攻关计划(2024C01137)
作者信息
    1.浙江农林大学动物科技学院·动物医学院,杭州 311300
    2.浙江省检验检疫科学技术研究院,杭州 310016
    3.浙江大学动物科学学院,杭州 310058

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帅江冰,主要从事口岸重要畜禽病原研究监测技术研究,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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