Article(id=1307007734960911340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307007396681900041, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.01.019, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1748880000000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789544527044, onlineDateStr=2026-09-16, pubDate=1769097600000, pubDateStr=2026-01-23, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789544527044, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789544527044, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789544527044, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1307007396681900041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, year='2026', volume='57', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='568', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769097600000', pubDateStr='2026-01-23', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789544446392, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789609890784, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1307281890638057732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307007396681900041, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1307281890738721029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307007396681900041, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=221, endPage=233, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1307007737116783597, articleId=1307007734960911340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, language=EN, title=Elucidating Key Genes Affecting Coarse Hair Percentage in Rex and Hycole Meat Rabbit Hybrid Offspring via Transcriptome Sequencing, columnId=1307007413870158054, journalTitle=Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, columnName=ANIMAL GENETICS AND BREEDING, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study aimed to investigate the differences in fur quality and the potential molecular mechanisms influencing the coarse hair percentage of hybrid offspring of Rex rabbits and Hycole meat rabbits, in order to provide a reference for research on fur quality of hybrid rabbits. Twelve 165-day-old F2-generation rabbits produced by crossing Rex rabbits and Hycole meat rabbits were selected. Fur quality indicators, including hair length, hair fineness, and coarse hair percentage, were measured. Based on the statistical result of coarse hair percentage, 10 female rabbits were further selected for transcriptomic sequencing of skin tissues. Among them, 5 individuals with coarse hair percentage ≥ 10% were classified as the high coarse hair percentage group, and 5 with coarse hair percentage <10% were classified as the low coarse hair percentage group. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the two groups were compared, followed by functional enrichment analysis and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network construction. The accuracy of the sequencing results was verified using quantitative real-time PCR. The results showed that in the F2 hybrid rabbits, coarse hair percentage was extremely significantly positively correlated with hair length (P<0.01) and significantly positively correlated with hair fineness (P<0.05), but not significantly correlated with other indicators (P>0.05). A total of 281 DEGs were identified between the high and low coarse hair percentage groups. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis revealed these genes were significantly enriched in functional terms such as drug transport, regulation of myoblast proliferation, contractile fiber, and glycosaminoglycan binding. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis showed significant enrichment in important biological processes including glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, steroid hormone biosynthesis, motor proteins, and the PPAR signaling pathway. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of the differentially expressed proteins was constructed, and 4 candidate genes were identified (FGF7, MMP3, MMP13 and FOXP3). RT-qPCR results confirmed that the expression trends of these 5 DEGs were largely consistent with the RNA-seq data. These results suggest that the FGF7, MMP3, MMP13 and FOXP3 genes may be important candidate genes influencing the coarse hair percentage trait. This study provides data support for evaluating the fur quality of hybrid offspring between Rex and Hycole meat rabbits and offers insights for improving fur traits in hybrid breeds.

, authors=Baobao DU1, Mengzhe YANG1, Xiuzhu SUN2, Zhanjun REN1, Shuhui WANG1, authorsList=Baobao DU, Mengzhe YANG, Xiuzhu SUN, Zhanjun REN, Shuhui WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Shuhui WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
WANG Shuhui, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1307007743299187711, articleId=1307007734960911340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, language=CN, title=基于转录组测序挖掘影响獭兔和伊高乐肉兔杂交后代粗毛率关键基因的研究, columnId=1307007414092456168, journalTitle=畜牧兽医学报, columnName=遗传育种, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

旨在探究獭兔与伊高乐肉兔杂交后代毛皮品质的差异及其影响粗毛率的潜在分子机制,以期为杂交兔毛皮品质研究提供参考。本研究选用獭兔和伊高乐肉兔杂交产生的12只165日龄的F2代兔,测定被毛长度、被毛细度及粗毛率等毛皮品质指标。随后依据粗毛率统计结果,挑选10只母兔开展皮肤组织转录组测序分析。其中,粗毛率≥10% 的5只归为高粗毛率组,粗毛率<10%的5只归为低粗毛率组。比较两组样本之间的差异表达基因,并对其进行功能富集分析和蛋白互作网络构建;采用荧光定量PCR技术对测序结果准确性进行验证。研究结果显示,獭兔与伊高乐肉兔杂交所获得的F2代兔中,粗毛率与被毛长度呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),与被毛细度呈显著正相关(P<0.05),与其他指标相关性不显著(P>0.05)。在粗毛率高低组间共鉴定出281个差异表达基因,这些基因在GO功能注释中显著富集于药物转运、成肌细胞增殖调控、收缩纤维、糖胺聚糖结合等功能条目,在KEGG通路分析中显著富集于糖酵解/糖异生、类固醇激素生物合成、运动蛋白及PPAR信号通路等重要生物学过程。构建差异蛋白相互作用(PPI)网络,获得4个候选基因,分别是FGF7、MMP3、MMP13及FOXP3。RT-qPCR结果显示5个DEGs表达趋势与RNA-seq结果基本一致。以上结果提示,FGF7、MMP3、MMP13及FOXP3基因可能是影响粗毛率性状的重要候选基因。本研究为獭兔与伊高乐肉兔杂交后代的皮毛品质评价提供了数据支持,同时也为杂交品种毛皮性状的改良提供了借鉴。

, authors=杜宝宝1, 杨孟哲1, 孙秀柱2, 任战军1, 王淑辉1, authorsList=杜宝宝, 杨孟哲, 孙秀柱, 任战军, 王淑辉, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王淑辉, authorNote=

杜宝宝,硕士生,主要从事畜牧专业的研究,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
王淑辉,主要从事特种经济健康养殖与繁育方向的研究,E-mail:
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杜宝宝,硕士生,主要从事畜牧专业的研究,E-mail:

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杜宝宝,硕士生,主要从事畜牧专业的研究,E-mail:

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journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007734960911340, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=杂交后代), Keyword(id=1307286427469902356, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007734960911340, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=毛皮品质), Keyword(id=1307286427553788437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007734960911340, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=粗毛率), Keyword(id=1307286427910304278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007734960911340, language=CN, orderNo=6, keyword=RNA-seq)], refs=[Reference(id=1307286432276574769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007734960911340, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=吴晓静.饲粮维生素D添加水平对獭兔毛囊发育和脂肪代谢的影响[D].泰安:山东农业大学,2022., 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unstructuredReference=WANG M,ZHAO D,SPINETTI G,et al.Matrix metalloproteinase 2 activation of transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) and TGF-beta1-type II receptor signaling within the aged arterial wall[J].Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol,2006,26(7):1503-1509., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307286439604023908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007734960911340, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[40], rfOrder=51, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ALI N,ZIRAK B,RODRIGUEZ R S,et al.Regulatory T cells in skin facilitate epithelial stem cell differentiation[J].Cell,2017,169(6):1119-1129.e11., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1307286432054276655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007734960911340, awardId=19240889, language=CN, 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figs=[ArticleFig(id=1307286429684494871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007734960911340, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Correlation analysis of fur quality

A represents the hair length; B represents the hair fineness; C represents the fresh weight of the skin; D represents the thickness of the skin plate; E represents the length of the skin; F represents the width of the skin; G represents the area of the skin; H represents the density of primary hair follicles; I represents the density of secondary hair follicles; J represents the S/P value; K represents the coarse hair percentage. ** indicates extremely significant correlation (P<0.01), * indicates significant correlation (P<0.05)

, figureFileSmall=xfKe26+tkh7bfhaMLt4KxQ==, figureFileBig=pM7Fq+tl3jCh90in4rIvgQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307286429772575256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007734960911340, language=CN, label=图1, caption=毛皮品质相关性分析

A.被毛长度;B.被毛细度;C.皮张鲜重;D.皮板厚度;E.皮张长度;F.皮张宽度;G.皮张面积;H.初级毛囊密度;I.次级毛囊密度;J.S/P值;K.粗毛率。**表示极显著相关(P<0.01),*表示显著相关(P<0.05)

, figureFileSmall=xfKe26+tkh7bfhaMLt4KxQ==, figureFileBig=pM7Fq+tl3jCh90in4rIvgQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307286429915181593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007734960911340, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=The volcano map of differentially expressed genes between the high coarse hair percentage group and the low coarse hair percentage group, figureFileSmall=Tt3Sl5SAc9zaVfR5/ME1TA==, figureFileBig=kD0AE98eeAwDLRfJZjiCiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307286430074565146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007734960911340, language=CN, label=图2, caption=粗毛率高组与粗毛率低组差异表达基因火山图, figureFileSmall=Tt3Sl5SAc9zaVfR5/ME1TA==, figureFileBig=kD0AE98eeAwDLRfJZjiCiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307286430166839835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007734960911340, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=The clustering analysis of differentially expressed genes between the high coarse hair percentage group and the low coarse hair percentage group, figureFileSmall=fteFn9Ie/T3hDqP47bW9Nw==, figureFileBig=w7oDm7R+rfDIIgq25ciC6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307286430263308828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007734960911340, language=CN, label=图3, caption=粗毛率高组与粗毛率低组差异表达基因聚类分析图, figureFileSmall=fteFn9Ie/T3hDqP47bW9Nw==, figureFileBig=w7oDm7R+rfDIIgq25ciC6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307286430326223389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007734960911340, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Bar chart of GO functional analysis of the differentially expressed genes, figureFileSmall=Arde6w3hyn8l2LP+CZnzsA==, figureFileBig=BqgbVk6VzY1XMCKdaF1wEg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307286430435275294, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007734960911340, language=CN, label=图4, caption=差异表达基因GO功能分析柱状图, figureFileSmall=Arde6w3hyn8l2LP+CZnzsA==, figureFileBig=BqgbVk6VzY1XMCKdaF1wEg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307286430493995551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007734960911340, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=KEGG enrichment analysis diagram of differentially expressed genes, figureFileSmall=37L4DOV4pB/GDhLZz0UgOg==, figureFileBig=agFXL/1kRw4L9/4ZSyluVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307286430577881632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007734960911340, language=CN, label=图5, caption=差异表达基因KEGG富集分析图, figureFileSmall=37L4DOV4pB/GDhLZz0UgOg==, figureFileBig=agFXL/1kRw4L9/4ZSyluVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307286430653379105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007734960911340, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=PPI network analysis diagram of differentially expressed genes, figureFileSmall=C9/zsWkBfRMjKXdeS00k1w==, figureFileBig=dsezIwBx6M/Po4J6p2R+nA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307286430733070882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007734960911340, language=CN, label=图6, caption=差异表达基因PPI网络分析图, figureFileSmall=C9/zsWkBfRMjKXdeS00k1w==, figureFileBig=dsezIwBx6M/Po4J6p2R+nA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307286430829539875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007734960911340, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Gene RT-qPCR verification, figureFileSmall=HB4qv8N5PqwvnPeYRP9PeQ==, figureFileBig=iNbZoD4YTuxesrIDW8UEyQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307286431072809508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007734960911340, language=CN, label=图7, caption=基因 RT-qPCR 验证

*.P<0.05

, figureFileSmall=HB4qv8N5PqwvnPeYRP9PeQ==, figureFileBig=iNbZoD4YTuxesrIDW8UEyQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307286431181861413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007734960911340, language=EN, label=Table1, caption=

Primers for quantitative real-time PCR

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

基因

Gene

引物序列(5′→3′)

Primer sequence

产物长度/bp

Product size

GAPDH

F: TCGTCTCCTGCGACTTCAAC

R: ACCCTGTTGCTGTAGCCAAA

130
FOXP3

F:TTCCGAAACCACCCTGCTAC

R:AACTCATCCACGGTCCACAC

113
CENPE

F:AACAGTGGGAGCATGACCTG

R:ATGGGTGTCAGATGCCAAGG

98
MMP13

F:TCACGCTTTTCCTCCTGGAC

R:CAAGCCCTAAGGAATGGCCA

134
MMP3

F:CCACTCCCTGGGTCTGTTTC

R:GCCGGTCCATAGAGGGATTG

135
FGF7

F:GCCCTGAGCGACATACAAGA

R:CCAACTGCCACAGTCCTGAT

175
), ArticleFig(id=1307286431253164582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007734960911340, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

实时荧光定量PCR引物

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

基因

Gene

引物序列(5′→3′)

Primer sequence

产物长度/bp

Product size

GAPDH

F: TCGTCTCCTGCGACTTCAAC

R: ACCCTGTTGCTGTAGCCAAA

130
FOXP3

F:TTCCGAAACCACCCTGCTAC

R:AACTCATCCACGGTCCACAC

113
CENPE

F:AACAGTGGGAGCATGACCTG

R:ATGGGTGTCAGATGCCAAGG

98
MMP13

F:TCACGCTTTTCCTCCTGGAC

R:CAAGCCCTAAGGAATGGCCA

134
MMP3

F:CCACTCCCTGGGTCTGTTTC

R:GCCGGTCCATAGAGGGATTG

135
FGF7

F:GCCCTGAGCGACATACAAGA

R:CCAACTGCCACAGTCCTGAT

175
), ArticleFig(id=1307286431362216487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007734960911340, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Statistics of fur quality phenotypes of F2-generation hybrid rabbits

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

性状

Trait

最小值

Minimumvalue

最大值

Maximumvalue

中位数

Median

平均值±标准差

Mean±Standard error

变异系数/%

Coefficient of variation

被毛长度/cm Hair length1.712.762.332.33±0.3213.53
皮张鲜重/g Fresh pelt weight195.00490.00365.50374.00±80.4221.50
皮板厚度/mm Dermis thickness2.003.342.482.63±0.4115.75
皮张长度/cm Pelt length32.1042.1037.5537.31±2.707.24
皮张宽度/cm Pelt width21.9028.0026.0525.53±1.927.51
皮张面积/cm2 Pelt area702.991 092.00974.36953.38±106.3211.15
被毛细度/μm Hair fineness16.5432.4620.2121.95±5.0222.85
初级毛囊密度/(个·mm-2) Primary hair follicle density3.006.003.844.17±0.9723.25
次级毛囊密度/(个·mm-2) Secondary hair follicle density82.67146.00108.84110.94±19.0217.15
S/P值 S/P ratio18.3138.5527.4927.73±6.9124.92
粗毛率/% Coarse hair percentage3.0014.0012.009.17±4.3046.94
), ArticleFig(id=1307286431437713960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007734960911340, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

F2代杂交兔毛皮品质表型统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

性状

Trait

最小值

Minimumvalue

最大值

Maximumvalue

中位数

Median

平均值±标准差

Mean±Standard error

变异系数/%

Coefficient of variation

被毛长度/cm Hair length1.712.762.332.33±0.3213.53
皮张鲜重/g Fresh pelt weight195.00490.00365.50374.00±80.4221.50
皮板厚度/mm Dermis thickness2.003.342.482.63±0.4115.75
皮张长度/cm Pelt length32.1042.1037.5537.31±2.707.24
皮张宽度/cm Pelt width21.9028.0026.0525.53±1.927.51
皮张面积/cm2 Pelt area702.991 092.00974.36953.38±106.3211.15
被毛细度/μm Hair fineness16.5432.4620.2121.95±5.0222.85
初级毛囊密度/(个·mm-2) Primary hair follicle density3.006.003.844.17±0.9723.25
次级毛囊密度/(个·mm-2) Secondary hair follicle density82.67146.00108.84110.94±19.0217.15
S/P值 S/P ratio18.3138.5527.4927.73±6.9124.92
粗毛率/% Coarse hair percentage3.0014.0012.009.17±4.3046.94
), ArticleFig(id=1307286431500628521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007734960911340, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Sequencing data quality

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

样本名称

Sample name

原始读段

Raw reads

原始碱基数/G

Raw bases

过滤读段

Clean reads

过滤碱基数/G

Clean bases

测序错误率

Error rate

Q20Q30GC pct
C1467 94 0867.0243 611 6906.540.0198.9897.2055.97
C246 771 5067.0244 099 0666.610.0198.8396.8454.02
C342 685 6786.4039 925 1765.990.0198.7496.6755.97
C453 288 6567.9948 225 4007.230.0198.6896.5555.19
C544 297 6346.6441 113 6746.170.0198.8496.9252.28
X146 946 4127.0444 517 4746.680.0198.8296.8754.52
X245 152 6046.7742 733 1806.410.0198.7796.7255.10
X350 136 5547.5250 006 9827.500.0198.7496.6756.81
X447 641 8547.1547 552 7847.130.0198.7896.7455.54
X552 115 4647.8248 179 5307.230.0198.7996.8054.01
), ArticleFig(id=1307286431601291818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007734960911340, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

测序数据质量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

样本名称

Sample name

原始读段

Raw reads

原始碱基数/G

Raw bases

过滤读段

Clean reads

过滤碱基数/G

Clean bases

测序错误率

Error rate

Q20Q30GC pct
C1467 94 0867.0243 611 6906.540.0198.9897.2055.97
C246 771 5067.0244 099 0666.610.0198.8396.8454.02
C342 685 6786.4039 925 1765.990.0198.7496.6755.97
C453 288 6567.9948 225 4007.230.0198.6896.5555.19
C544 297 6346.6441 113 6746.170.0198.8496.9252.28
X146 946 4127.0444 517 4746.680.0198.8296.8754.52
X245 152 6046.7742 733 1806.410.0198.7796.7255.10
X350 136 5547.5250 006 9827.500.0198.7496.6756.81
X447 641 8547.1547 552 7847.130.0198.7896.7455.54
X552 115 4647.8248 179 5307.230.0198.7996.8054.01
), ArticleFig(id=1307286431672594987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007734960911340, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Statistics of fur quality phenotypes in the high coarse hair percentage group and the low coarse hair percentage group

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

项目

Item

粗毛率高组

CH

粗毛率低组

CL

P值

P-value

被毛长度/cm Hair length2.51±0.222.08±0.260.023*
被毛细度/μm Hair fineness26.99±3.3918.52±1.460.001**
皮张鲜重/g Fresh pelt weight415.20±62.14349.20±99.860.245
皮板厚度/mm Dermis thickness2.64±0.462.54±0.320.702
皮张长度/cm Pelt length37.00±2.3636.92±2.840.963
皮张宽度/cm Pelt width26.18±1.8725.04±1.970.376
皮张面积/cm2 Pelt area969.71±105.62928.66±136.420.610
粗毛率/% Coarse hair percentage12.80±0.844.40±1.140.000**
), ArticleFig(id=1307286431743898156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007734960911340, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

粗毛率高组与粗毛率低组毛皮品质表型统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

项目

Item

粗毛率高组

CH

粗毛率低组

CL

P值

P-value

被毛长度/cm Hair length2.51±0.222.08±0.260.023*
被毛细度/μm Hair fineness26.99±3.3918.52±1.460.001**
皮张鲜重/g Fresh pelt weight415.20±62.14349.20±99.860.245
皮板厚度/mm Dermis thickness2.64±0.462.54±0.320.702
皮张长度/cm Pelt length37.00±2.3636.92±2.840.963
皮张宽度/cm Pelt width26.18±1.8725.04±1.970.376
皮张面积/cm2 Pelt area969.71±105.62928.66±136.420.610
粗毛率/% Coarse hair percentage12.80±0.844.40±1.140.000**
), ArticleFig(id=1307286431827784237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007734960911340, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Analysis of hair follicle density between the high coarse hair percentage group and the low coarse hair percentage group

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

项目

Item

粗毛率高组

CH

粗毛率低组

CL

P值

P-value

初级毛囊密度/(个·mm-2) Primary hair follicle density3.87±0.803.93±0.860.900
次级毛囊密度/(个·mm-2) Secondary hair follicle density109.40±24.08112.93±19.920.807
S/P值 S/P ratio28.53±4.4729.99±8.610.745
), ArticleFig(id=1307286431903281710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007734960911340, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

粗毛率高组与粗毛率低组毛囊密度分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

项目

Item

粗毛率高组

CH

粗毛率低组

CL

P值

P-value

初级毛囊密度/(个·mm-2) Primary hair follicle density3.87±0.803.93±0.860.900
次级毛囊密度/(个·mm-2) Secondary hair follicle density109.40±24.08112.93±19.920.807
S/P值 S/P ratio28.53±4.4729.99±8.610.745
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基于转录组测序挖掘影响獭兔和伊高乐肉兔杂交后代粗毛率关键基因的研究
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杜宝宝 1 , 杨孟哲 1 , 孙秀柱 2 , 任战军 1 , 王淑辉 1
畜牧兽医学报 | 遗传育种 2026,57(1): 221-233
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畜牧兽医学报 |遗传育种 2026 , 57 (1) : 221 -233
基于转录组测序挖掘影响獭兔和伊高乐肉兔杂交后代粗毛率关键基因的研究
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杜宝宝,硕士生,主要从事畜牧专业的研究,E-mail:

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杜宝宝1 , 杨孟哲1, 孙秀柱2, 任战军1, 王淑辉1
作者信息
  • 1.西北农林科技大学动物科技学院,杨凌 712100
  • 2.西北农林科技大学草业与草原学院,杨凌 712100
通讯作者:
王淑辉,主要从事特种经济健康养殖与繁育方向的研究,E-mail:
作者简介:

杜宝宝,硕士生,主要从事畜牧专业的研究,E-mail:

Elucidating Key Genes Affecting Coarse Hair Percentage in Rex and Hycole Meat Rabbit Hybrid Offspring via Transcriptome Sequencing
Baobao DU1 , Mengzhe YANG1, Xiuzhu SUN2, Zhanjun REN1, Shuhui WANG1
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Animal Science and Technology,Northwest A&F University,Yangling 712100,China
  • 2.College of Grassland Agriculture,Northwest A&F University,Yangling 712100,China
  • Corresponding Author:
    WANG Shuhui, E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-01-23 doi: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.01.019
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旨在探究獭兔与伊高乐肉兔杂交后代毛皮品质的差异及其影响粗毛率的潜在分子机制,以期为杂交兔毛皮品质研究提供参考。本研究选用獭兔和伊高乐肉兔杂交产生的12只165日龄的F2代兔,测定被毛长度、被毛细度及粗毛率等毛皮品质指标。随后依据粗毛率统计结果,挑选10只母兔开展皮肤组织转录组测序分析。其中,粗毛率≥10% 的5只归为高粗毛率组,粗毛率<10%的5只归为低粗毛率组。比较两组样本之间的差异表达基因,并对其进行功能富集分析和蛋白互作网络构建;采用荧光定量PCR技术对测序结果准确性进行验证。研究结果显示,獭兔与伊高乐肉兔杂交所获得的F2代兔中,粗毛率与被毛长度呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),与被毛细度呈显著正相关(P<0.05),与其他指标相关性不显著(P>0.05)。在粗毛率高低组间共鉴定出281个差异表达基因,这些基因在GO功能注释中显著富集于药物转运、成肌细胞增殖调控、收缩纤维、糖胺聚糖结合等功能条目,在KEGG通路分析中显著富集于糖酵解/糖异生、类固醇激素生物合成、运动蛋白及PPAR信号通路等重要生物学过程。构建差异蛋白相互作用(PPI)网络,获得4个候选基因,分别是FGF7、MMP3、MMP13及FOXP3。RT-qPCR结果显示5个DEGs表达趋势与RNA-seq结果基本一致。以上结果提示,FGF7、MMP3、MMP13及FOXP3基因可能是影响粗毛率性状的重要候选基因。本研究为獭兔与伊高乐肉兔杂交后代的皮毛品质评价提供了数据支持,同时也为杂交品种毛皮性状的改良提供了借鉴。

獭兔  /  伊高乐肉兔  /  杂交后代  /  毛皮品质  /  粗毛率  /  RNA-seq

This study aimed to investigate the differences in fur quality and the potential molecular mechanisms influencing the coarse hair percentage of hybrid offspring of Rex rabbits and Hycole meat rabbits, in order to provide a reference for research on fur quality of hybrid rabbits. Twelve 165-day-old F2-generation rabbits produced by crossing Rex rabbits and Hycole meat rabbits were selected. Fur quality indicators, including hair length, hair fineness, and coarse hair percentage, were measured. Based on the statistical result of coarse hair percentage, 10 female rabbits were further selected for transcriptomic sequencing of skin tissues. Among them, 5 individuals with coarse hair percentage ≥ 10% were classified as the high coarse hair percentage group, and 5 with coarse hair percentage <10% were classified as the low coarse hair percentage group. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the two groups were compared, followed by functional enrichment analysis and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network construction. The accuracy of the sequencing results was verified using quantitative real-time PCR. The results showed that in the F2 hybrid rabbits, coarse hair percentage was extremely significantly positively correlated with hair length (P<0.01) and significantly positively correlated with hair fineness (P<0.05), but not significantly correlated with other indicators (P>0.05). A total of 281 DEGs were identified between the high and low coarse hair percentage groups. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis revealed these genes were significantly enriched in functional terms such as drug transport, regulation of myoblast proliferation, contractile fiber, and glycosaminoglycan binding. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis showed significant enrichment in important biological processes including glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, steroid hormone biosynthesis, motor proteins, and the PPAR signaling pathway. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of the differentially expressed proteins was constructed, and 4 candidate genes were identified (FGF7, MMP3, MMP13 and FOXP3). RT-qPCR results confirmed that the expression trends of these 5 DEGs were largely consistent with the RNA-seq data. These results suggest that the FGF7, MMP3, MMP13 and FOXP3 genes may be important candidate genes influencing the coarse hair percentage trait. This study provides data support for evaluating the fur quality of hybrid offspring between Rex and Hycole meat rabbits and offers insights for improving fur traits in hybrid breeds.

Rex rabbit  /  Hycole meat rabbits  /  hybrid offspring  /  fur quality  /  coarse hair percentage  /  RNA-seq
杜宝宝, 杨孟哲, 孙秀柱, 任战军, 王淑辉. 基于转录组测序挖掘影响獭兔和伊高乐肉兔杂交后代粗毛率关键基因的研究. 畜牧兽医学报, 2026 , 57 (1) : 221 -233 . DOI: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.01.019
Baobao DU, Mengzhe YANG, Xiuzhu SUN, Zhanjun REN, Shuhui WANG. Elucidating Key Genes Affecting Coarse Hair Percentage in Rex and Hycole Meat Rabbit Hybrid Offspring via Transcriptome Sequencing[J]. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, 2026 , 57 (1) : 221 -233 . DOI: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.01.019
在家兔育种领域,长期存在肉用性能与毛皮品质难以协同改良的育种难题。獭兔作为世界著名的裘皮专用兔种,其被毛具有“短、平、密、细、美、牢”的典型特征[1],绒毛细腻、密度高、粗毛率低,平整美观且皮板牢固,是高端裘皮服装业的重要原料,鞣制后皮质柔软而富有弹性,深受市场欢迎;然而,其产肉性能普遍低于专用肉兔品种。伊高乐肉兔是从法国引进的肉兔配套性,具有生长速度快、饲料转化率高、屠宰率高、产仔效率高等优点[2],但毛皮品质较差,普遍存在绒毛稀疏、粗毛率高、被毛均匀性及平整度不足等问题,在加工过程中易出现掉毛、起球等现象,因此仅适用于低端毛皮制品或工业用毛原料,毛皮经济附加值偏低。我国是世界兔业生产与贸易大国,根据中国海关统计数据在线查询平台(http://www.customs.gov.cn/)公布的数据显示,2024年我国出口兔皮136.77万张,兔毛86.30吨,出口兔毛制品7.79万件,在世界纺织业中占有重要地位。因此,通过构建獭兔和伊高乐肉兔杂交群体实现性状互补,对探索培育兼具肉用性能与优质毛皮的新型家兔品种具有重要意义。
家兔毛皮品质的优劣直接影响其经济价值和市场需求。粗毛率是衡量毛皮品质的一个重要指标,直接影响毛皮的柔软性、光泽度及加工性能。粗毛率越高,毛纤维的平均细度越大,兔毛越粗[3]。兔毛纤维细度在13~14 μm左右为细毛,适合作为精纺原料,更受市场欢迎[4]。然而,较高的粗毛率会导致毛皮表面粗糙、光泽度下降,触感生硬,不符合高端市场对“柔软细腻”的需求。另外,粗毛突出易形成“刺手感”,影响消费者对毛皮品质的直观判断。因此,降低粗毛率在兔的毛皮产业中是一个值得重视且急需解决的问题。
转录组测序(RNA-seq)是鉴定不同组织和状态中功能基因的强大工具[5⁃6]。常用于研究品种、处理等因素对基因表达的影响,确定不同品种或处理间差异表达基因,并建立相应的关联[7]。近年借助 RNA-seq 开展的家兔毛皮品质研究已取得不少进展,WNT、Shh、p53、TGF-β、Notch、BMP等毛囊相关信号通路已被广泛报道[8],同时也筛选出多个毛皮品质相关候选基因。针对毛囊与皮肤发育的研究中,Zhao等[9]通过分析獭兔背部与腹部组织的转录组差异,筛选出FRP2、FRZB、CACNG1、PTPLA、PTP4A3等相关基因,为理解毛囊发育机制提供了线索。在毛长差异研究中,Ding等[10]通过对比短毛兔与长毛兔的转录组,发现KRT家族(KRT23、KRT25等)及FGF5、BAMBI、SMAD7可能是调控毛长的关键候选基因;Zhao等[11]对皖西安哥拉兔(长毛)与白色獭兔(短毛)杂交后代的毛长分组分析显示,WNT5A、WNT11、BMP4、FGF5等基因可能参与毛长调控。在毛纤维直径差异研究中,Huang等[12]对安哥拉兔粗、细毛组的分析确定了LEF1、FZD3、SMAD3、ITGB6和BMP4等候选基因;王源朗等[13]则挖掘出SHH、LGR5、CTSB、ACTA2和CRNN与长毛兔粗、细毛分化相关的候选基因。然而,目前尚未见利用RNA-seq开展獭兔和伊高乐肉兔杂交后代粗毛率研究的报道。因此,本研究选取獭兔和伊高乐肉兔连续杂交获得的F2代作为研究对象,测定其毛皮品质并探讨粗毛率与其它毛皮品质的相关性,同时,利用RNA-seq技术筛选不同粗毛率个体的差异表达基因;结合蛋白互作分析以及已报道的基因功能等,进一步鉴别影响粗毛率的关键候选基因。本研究结果可为揭示家兔兔毛粗毛率分子遗传基础奠定基础,并为培育出具有毛皮品质优良的兔种提供科学参考。
本试验选用来源于甘肃省天水市俊鑫养殖合作社的獭兔和来源于陕西禾萆源牧业科技有限公司的伊高乐肉兔作为亲本,饲养于西北农林科技大学畜牧教学试验基地兔场。通过连续杂交试验构建F₂代杂交兔群体后,随机选取12只健康状况一致的165日龄 F₂代杂交母兔进行屠宰处理。屠宰后先开展毛皮品质相关指标测定,同时采集每只兔背中部皮肤组织2块(每块约1 cm²):其中一块立即置于4%多聚甲醛溶液中固定,用于后续石蜡切片制备及毛囊数量观测;另一块迅速投入液氮中速冻,随后转移至-80 ℃超低温冰箱保存,备用于皮肤组织RNA-seq。随后统计12只母兔的毛皮性状,依据粗毛率统计结果,挑选10只母兔开展RNA-seq分析。其中,粗毛率≥10%的5只归为粗毛率高组(CH),粗毛率<10%的5只归为粗毛率低组(CL)。
毛皮重量:以环剥法剥皮后,去除皮上的残肉和脂肪,称量鲜重得到皮重[14];皮张面积:将称重后的兔皮自然平铺,用软尺测量自颈部中间至尾根的长度得到皮长,腰部中间两边缘之间的距离得到皮宽,皮长与皮宽之积即为皮张面积[15];皮张厚度:在肩、背、臀部取样用游标卡尺测量皮肤厚度取平均值;被毛长度:固定同一位置,利用直尺测量被毛根部至被毛尖部的距离,测3次取平均值[14];被毛细度:利用显微镜测微尺在400倍镜下测量毛纤维直径;粗毛率:选取背中部一撮毛,均匀铺置于载玻片上,加盖盖玻片固定,制成临时切片。将切片置于显微镜载物台,利用显微镜测微尺逐根测量毛纤维直径,分别统计直径≥30 μm(粗毛)和直径<30 μm(细毛)的纤维根数。粗毛率(%)=毛样中粗毛根数/毛样纤维总根数×100%。
切片制作与毛囊密度统计:取样后迅速用PBS清洗,立即置于4%多聚甲醛中固定12 h后,再用PBS漂洗3次,每次30 min。之后进行乙醇脱水,完成以上步骤后用二甲苯透明,随后浸蜡处理,最后用硬蜡包埋。随后用石蜡切片机切片调整切片厚度为2~5 μm,在不同部位连续切片。将可用的切片进行染色,步骤分为脱蜡、染色和脱水封片,干燥后进行观察。制作好的切片在显微镜下进行观察,然后利用Slide Viewer看图软件中的Draw an open polygon测量工具对初级毛囊密度、次级毛囊密度进行统计[16]。毛囊密度(个·mm-2)=每个视野毛囊个数/视野毛囊面积。
采用Trizol法提取皮肤组织中的总RNA,随后对RNA样品进行严格质控,质控方式主要是通过Agilent2100 bioanalyzer精确检测RNA完整性和总量。使用Oligo dT磁珠从总RNA中富集mRNA。在片段化之后,使用随机六 聚体引物合成第一链cDNA,随后进行第二链cDNA的合成。经过末端修复、加A尾、接头连接、片段选择、扩增和纯化后,文库准备就绪。文库通过Qubit仪和实时荧光定量PCR进行定量,并通过生物分析仪进行片段大小分布检测。库检合格后,于Illumina测序平台开展测序。建库及测序工作均由北京诺禾致源生物科技有限公司完成。
测序获得的原始数据中包含少量带有测序接头或测序质量较低的reads,为了保证数据分析的质量及可靠性,需要对原始数据进行过滤,去除带接头、碱基信息不明及低质量的reads,获得高质量序列数据(clean reads)。利用比对软件HISAT2v2.0.5将clean reads比对到兔参考基因组上,使用String Tie进行新基因预测和转录本组装。利用Feature Counts计算映射到每个基因的读数,并根据基因长度计算每个基因的FPKM值(fragments per kilobase of transcript per million mapped reads,FPKM)。
使用DESeq2包对数据进行标准化,计算两组间基因表达量的差异倍数并判断差异是否显著,以P<0.05、log2|FoldChange|>1为标准筛选粗毛率高、低组间的DEGs。本研究使用诺禾云平台(https://magic.novogene.com/)对DEGs进行GO(Gene Ontology,基因本体)功能和KEGG(Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genesand Genomes,京都基因与基因组百科全书)通路富集分析,以P<0.05筛选富集分析结果,获得显著富集的GO条目和KEGG通路。
为进一步筛选在调控粗毛率性状的过程中起关键作用的基因,本试验将筛选得到的DEGs利用在线软件STRING 12.0(https://cn.string-db.org/)构建粗毛率差异表达基因的蛋白互作(PPI)网络[17],分析参数选用软件默认值。利用Cytoscape(v3.10.3)软件(https://cytoscape.org/)对蛋白互作网络进行可视化,并通过Cytoscape软件中cytoHubba插件的4种分析算法(MCC、DMNC、MNC和Degree)计算网络中的中心基因[18]。
差异表达基因实时荧光定量PCR验证(RT-qPCR)根据NCBI查询到的基因序列设计引物,由上海生工(生物)技术有限公司合成。引物序列见表1,内参基因为GAPDH,按照TaKaRa Bio公司的产品TB Green® Premix Ex Taq™ II FAST qPCR说明书对目的基因进行RT-qPCR 检测。反应体系为25 μL:cDNA 2 μL,TB Green Premix Ex Taq II Fast qPCR(2X)12.5 μL,上、下游引物各1 μL,加灭菌水补足25 μL,按照其说明设置反应程序,采用2-ΔΔCt法进行相对表达量计算。
采用Excel 2024软件对试验数据进行整理,采用SPSS 22.0软件对毛皮品质试验数据进行统计并进行显著性分析。使用R语言对粗毛率与被毛细度、被毛长度等毛皮品质指标进行Pearson 相关性分析和相关显著性检验。
本研究测试了12只母兔的毛皮品质相关指标。根据表2可知,粗毛率最小值3%,最大值14%,中位数12%,平均值±标准差为9.17%±4.30%,变异系数46.94%,表明不同个体之间粗毛率存在差异。相比粗毛率,其他指标表型变异系数较小。
由图1表型相关系数矩阵图可知,粗毛率与被毛长度呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),与被毛细度呈显著正相关(P<0.05),与其他指标相关性不显著。皮张鲜重与皮张面积、被毛细度呈显著正相关(P<0.05),皮板厚度与皮张长度呈显著正相关(P<0.05),皮张面积与皮张鲜重呈显著正相关(P<0.05),初级毛囊密度与S/P值极显著负相关(P<0.01)。
各样本转录本测序数据的质控情况如表3所示。各样本平均得到47 583 044.8个Raw reads,其中CH均值为46 767 512,CL均值为48 398 577.6。原始数据碱基数raw bases的均值为7.14 G,其中CH均值为7.02 G,CL均值为7.26 G。原始数据的过滤后读段Clean reads均值44 996 496,CH均值为43 395 001,CL均值为46 597 990。原始数据过滤后的碱基数Clean bases平均为6.75 G,其中CH为6.51 G,CL为6.99 G。测序错误率的CH和CL均为0.01,Q20和Q30检查, CH和CL均值分别为98.81%、98.78%和96.84%、96.76%。CH和CL的Clean read中G与C占四种碱基的百分比(GC-pct)均值分别为54.69%、55.20%。以上结果表明测序数据质量可靠,可用于后续所有分析。
按照不同粗毛率水平对兔只进行分组,选择粗毛率高、低两组各5只兔进行皮肤差异表达基因筛选。如表4所示,粗毛率高组的粗毛率平均为12.80%±0.84%,粗毛率低组的粗毛率平均为4.40%±1.14%,两组间差异极显著(P<0.01)。此外,以粗毛率高、低分组,被毛长度在两组间差异显著(P<0.05),被毛细度在两组间差异极显著(P<0.01),与上述粗毛率与被毛长度和被毛细度的相关性分析类似。其他指标差异不显著(P>0.05)。
按照粗毛率对毛囊密度进行分组,如表5所示,两组之间初级毛囊密度、次级毛囊密度、S/P值差异均不显著(P>0.05)。
在|log2(Fold Change)| > 1 且P<0.05的阈值下,对CH和CL两组进行差异表达基因筛选, 共筛选到281个差异表达基因,其中与CH相比,CL有114个基因显著上调,167个基因显著下调(图2)。对样本和差异表达基因进行聚类分析,结果如图3所示,CH和粗CL的样本间聚类情况明显,呈现不同的基因表达模式,说明可分为两组。
GO是描述基因功能的综合性数据库,可分为生物过程(biological process,BP)和细胞组成(cellular component,CC)分子功能(molecular function,MF)3个部分[19]。对筛选到的差异基因进行GO富集分析,结果显示,生物过程、分子功能、细胞组分3个方面均富集到了DEGs,但是富集的条目数量存在差异。其中BP显著富集179个条目,CC显著富集12个条目,MF显著富集29个条目。如图4所示,对每一分类中所富集到的前10个条目进行展示。BP显著富集到药物转运(drug transport)、成肌细胞增殖调控(regulation of myoblast proliferation)及成肌细胞增殖(myoblast proliferation)条目;CC显著富集到收缩纤维(contractile fiber)、神经元突起(neuron projection)等条目;MF显著富集到肽酶调节活性(peptidase regulator activity)、肽酶抑制活性(peptidase inhibitor activity)、糖胺聚糖结合(glycosaminoglycan binding)等条目。
KEGG是一个整合了基因组、化学和系统功能信息的数据库[20⁃21]。为了更进一步探究差异表达基因的生物学功能,对DEGs进行KEGG通路富集分析发现,共参与了153条信号通路,其中有9条显著富集的通路(P<0.05)。如图5所示,对前10条信号通路进行展示,可见显著富集的通路有糖酵解/糖异生(glycolysis/gluconeogenesis)、类固醇激素生物合成(steroid hormone biosynthesis)、运动蛋白(motor proteins)、PPAR 信号通路(PPAR signaling pathway)等。差异表达基因PCK2、ALDOC参与糖酵解/糖异生通路;CYP2C30参与类固醇激素生物合成通路;DNALI1、DNAI4、CENPE参与运动蛋白;FABP7、PCK2参与PPAR信号通路。
为更好地了解DEGs之间的相互作用,找到其中发挥关键作用的基因,本试验对筛选到的DEGs进行PPI分析,并通过Cytoscape软件对结果进行展示(图6)。进一步采用CytoHubba插件中的MCC、MNC、Degree和EPC算法获得排名前20的基因。对4种算法获得的前20个基因进行分析,发现有15个基因CENPE、EXO1、SPC25、PCLAF、IL13、CDCA2、FOXP3、MMP3、TLR9、IDO1、FGF7、PARPBP、SNRPD3、SELE及MMP13在4种算法中都能找到,说明这15个基因在PPI网络中占有重要位置,是重要的hub基因。其中有4个基因(FGF7、FOXP3、MMP3、MMP13)可能与毛发生长相关。
为验证RNA-seq数据的可靠性,挑选5个差异表达基因CENPE、FGF7、FOXP3、MMP13和MMP3进行RT-qPCR验证(图7)。CENPE、FGF7、FOXP3、MMP13和MMP3基因上调表达,其RT-qPCR结果与测序结果趋势基本一致。
兔毛作为一种优质的天然动物纤维,具有手感柔软、表面光滑、优秀的保暖性能,在纺织行业具有重要的市场地位[22]。粗毛率是影响獭兔毛皮品质的一个重要指标,粗毛率越低,毛皮品质越好[23]。较高的粗毛率会影响毛皮外观、手感和保暖性能,不符合人们对高品质獭兔毛皮的需求。在本研究中,相较于其他毛皮品质,獭兔和伊高乐肉兔杂交的F2代兔粗毛率变异系数较大,表明不同品种杂交所产后代被毛粗毛率存在差异,需重点关注。对粗毛率和其他毛皮品质进行相关性分析发现,粗毛率与被毛长度呈极显著正相关,与被毛细度存在显著正相关。粗毛的直径通常比绒毛大,所以粗毛率越高,整体被毛细度的平均值可能会越大[3]。此外,粗毛通常比绒毛更粗且长,一定程度的粗毛率有助于增加被毛的整体长度。在曹亮等[23]对海狸色獭兔与白色獭兔杂交试验的研究中,被毛长度和粗毛率同样也有类似趋势。以上说明粗毛率对被毛细度和被毛长度具有重要影响,并且以毛皮品质为主的新品种选育过程中粗毛率是值得重点关注的指标。
本研究通过对CH和CL组的皮肤进行转录组测序,共筛选到281个差异表达基因,其中与CH相比,CL有114个基因显著上调,167个基因显著下调。对差异表达基因进行GO功能富集分析结果显示,差异基因主要富集在成肌细胞增殖调控、收缩纤维、糖胺聚糖结合等条目。成肌细胞是骨骼肌发育和再生的前体细胞,其增殖调控在肌肉形成、修复及稳态维持中起核心作用[24]。收缩纤维是细胞中执行机械收缩的核心结构,在毛发结构中,毛囊周围存在一些平滑肌细胞,如立毛肌。立毛肌中的收缩纤维可以使毛发直立,并且还可通过收缩进行体温调节[25]。糖胺聚糖是细胞外基质的重要组成部分,在毛发的生长过程中,细胞外基质中的糖胺聚糖可以结合多种生长因子和信号分子,调节毛囊生长周期[26]。同时,本研究也发现了细胞外基质(EMC)、细胞外结构组织、胶原蛋白代谢等与细胞外基质和结构相关的条目。而已有研究表明,许多EMC相关基因,包括胶原蛋白、层粘连蛋白和纤连蛋白,在初级和次级毛囊真皮细胞之间差异表达,导致真皮增大[27],而真皮控制基质细胞的数量,从而控制毛囊的大小[28]。此外,还有脂质分解代谢过程调节、脂肪酶活性调节等与脂肪代谢有关的条目。而有研究指出,脂质代谢对毛发的生长有影响且脂质组成的变化可导致毛囊发育的改变[29]。这些条目富集的差异基因作用于两组间,可能导致了粗毛率出现差异。进一步对差异表达基因进行KEGG分析发现,显著富集的通路有糖酵解/糖异生、类固醇激素生物合成、PPAR信号通路等。糖酵解/糖异生是机体能量代谢一个非常核心的通路,然而有研究指出,此通路与毛发生长也存在关系。Ryu等[30]研究发现激活糖酵解代谢可显著缩短小鼠毛发周期,促进毛囊再生。此外,Guo等[31]在对细毛羊毛囊发育的研究中也发现,许多基因在糖酵解/糖异生途径中显著富集。这与本研究结果一致,表明糖酵解/糖异生途径可能是参与毛发生长的重要途径之一。类固醇激素生物合成通路是体内合成类固醇激素(如性激素、肾上腺皮质激素等)的关键代谢途径,而研究表明毛发周期和毛囊结构受到各种激素(雄激素、雌二醇)的影响[32],因此,类固醇激素生物合成通路可能也是参与毛发生长的重要通路。同样,PPAR信号通路也参与毛发生长,研究指出其通过调控脂质代谢和相关基因表达,在毛囊细胞增殖、分化及纤维直径形成中发挥重要作用[33]。
为进一步探究DEGs的功能,对其进行了PPI网络分析,挑选出4个(FGF7、FOXP3、MMP3、MMP13)与毛发相关的核心基因。其中FGF7基因属于成纤维细胞生长因子家族,成纤维细胞生长因子FGF7、FGF10和FGF2被认为是诱导头发生长的分泌蛋白[34],研究表明,FGF7与毛发生长期伸长、毛发胚芽增殖有关[35],是毛囊生长周期的关键调控因子,直接促进毛囊从休止期进入生长期,刺激毛干角质细胞增殖。作为毛囊的重要组成部分,细胞外基质受基质金属蛋白酶(matrix metalloproteinase, MMPs)及其抑制剂(tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases,TIMPs)的调控[36]。基质金属蛋白酶(MMP)是锌依赖性内肽酶家族,其可由皮肤中的许多不同类型的细胞产生,包括成纤维细胞、角质形成细胞、巨噬细胞、内皮细胞、肥大细胞和嗜酸性粒细胞[37]。有研究指出在ECM降解和重塑后,MMP-2和MMP-9通过从ECM释放生长因子以及通过刺激细胞迁移[38]或激活生长因子如TGF-β[39]来影响毛发周期,这表明MMP-2和MMP-9在毛发生长周期中起重要作用。在本研究中MMP3和MMP13在PPI中作为核心基因出现,可能参与分解毛囊基底膜和周围结缔组织,促进毛囊的退化、缩小和干细胞群的保留,在毛囊周期性重塑中起关键作用。FOXP3是一种转录调控因子,对调节性T细胞(Treg)的发育和抑制功能至关重要。有研究报道,皮肤中的调节性T细胞(Tregs)通过增强皮肤干细胞的增殖和分化来促进毛囊再生[40],这说明FOXP3可能间接参与毛发相关的生理过程。综上所述,FGF7、MMP3、MMP13和FOXP3可能参与粗毛率有关的调控,可作为影响粗毛率的关键候选基因。
本研究发现,獭兔和伊高乐肉兔杂交F2代兔之间粗毛率变异较大,并且与被毛长度呈极显著正相关,与被毛细度呈显著正相关。共鉴定出281个差异表达基因,这些基因显著富集在糖酵解/糖异生、类固醇激素生物合成、PPAR信号通路等。筛选到FGF7、MMP3、MMP13和FOXP3可能与粗毛率有关。本研究为獭兔和伊高乐肉兔杂交后代对粗毛率性状的遗传改良提供了重要候选基因,有利于优化毛皮性状的育种策略,培育出毛皮品质优良且生长速度快的复合型品种,提升养殖效益。
  • 农业农村部政府购买服务项目:家兔肉质性状表性鉴定(19240889)
  • 陕西省农业科技创新专项资金项目:利用组学技术提高兔肉用性能与新品种培育(纵20231494)
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2026年第57卷第1期
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doi: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.01.019
  • 接收时间:2025-06-03
  • 首发时间:2026-09-16
  • 出版时间:2026-01-23
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-03
基金
农业农村部政府购买服务项目:家兔肉质性状表性鉴定(19240889)
陕西省农业科技创新专项资金项目:利用组学技术提高兔肉用性能与新品种培育(纵20231494)
作者信息
    1.西北农林科技大学动物科技学院,杨凌 712100
    2.西北农林科技大学草业与草原学院,杨凌 712100

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王淑辉,主要从事特种经济健康养殖与繁育方向的研究,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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