Article(id=1307007670498648123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307007396681900041, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.01.013, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1748361600000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789544511675, onlineDateStr=2026-09-16, pubDate=1769097600000, pubDateStr=2026-01-23, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789544511675, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789544511675, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789544511675, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1307007396681900041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, year='2026', volume='57', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='568', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769097600000', pubDateStr='2026-01-23', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789544446392, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789609890784, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1307281890638057732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307007396681900041, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1307281890738721029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307007396681900041, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=146, endPage=154, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1307007670720946236, articleId=1307007670498648123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, language=EN, title=Analysis of Intestinal Microbial Diversity Differences among Chuanxiang Black Pigs, Berkshire Pigs and Duroc Pigs, columnId=1307007413870158054, journalTitle=Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, columnName=ANIMAL GENETICS AND BREEDING, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study aimed to investigate the differences in intestinal microbial diversity among Chuanxiang Black pigs, Berkshire pigs, and Duroc pigs using 16S rRNA sequencing technology and bioinformatics analysis. When the body weight of the pigs reached 120 kg, Chuanxiang Black pigs, Berkshire pigs, and Duroc pigs were slaughtered, and rectal fecal samples were collected from each breed. The intestinal microbial diversity of the different pig breeds was then analyzed using 16S rRNA sequencing technology and bioinformatics approaches. The results demonstrated that the microbial diversity of Berkshire pigs was significantly lower than that of Chuanxiang Black pigs and Duroc pigs (P<0.05), and the microbial community structures among the 3 pig breeds showed significant differences (P<0.05). At the phylum level, the abundance of Firmicutes in Chuanxiang Black pigs was significantly lower than that in Berkshire pigs (P<0.05), while the abundance of Bacteroidota in both Chuanxiang Black pigs and Duroc pigs was significantly higher than that in Berkshire pigs (P<0.05). At the genus level, the abundance of Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group in Chuanxiang Black pigs and Duroc pigs was significantly higher than that in Berkshire pigs (P<0.05). The abundances of Prevotella and Prevotellaceae NK3B31 group in Chuanxiang Black pigs were significantly higher than those in Duroc pigs and Berkshire pigs (P<0.05), while the abundance of Clostridium sensu stricto 1 in both Duroc pigs and Berkshire pigs was significantly higher than that in Chuanxiang Black pigs (P<0.05). LEfSe analysis showed that there were 14, 7, and 1 differential microorganisms in Chuanxiang Black pigs, Berkshire pigs, and Duroc pigs at the genus level, respectively. Functional prediction results showed that pathways related to amino acid metabolism were significantly enriched in the microbial community of Chuanxiang Black pigs, pathways related to pyruvate metabolism and others were significantly enriched in Berkshire pigs, and pathways related to protein transport and others were significantly enriched in Duroc pigs. In conclusion, there are significant differences in the composition and function of intestinal microbiota among Chuanxiang Black pigs, Berkshire pigs, and Duroc pigs. These differences may affect the host's nutritional metabolism, energy utilization, immune regulation, and other functions.

, authors=Yan WANG1, Yiren GU2, Jinwei ZHANG3, 4, Xuemei YANG1, Yan LIANG1, Rui LIU1, Xuan TAO1, Yuekui YANG1, Rui AN1, Kun YANG1, Xing ZHANG1, Xiaohui CHEN1, Jianjun GONG1, authorsList=Yan WANG, Yiren GU, Jinwei ZHANG, Xuemei YANG, Yan LIANG, Rui LIU, Xuan TAO, Yuekui YANG, Rui AN, Kun YANG, Xing ZHANG, Xiaohui CHEN, Jianjun GONG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jianjun GONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
GONG Jianjun, E-mail:
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旨在通过16S rRNA测序技术和生物信息学分析手段探究川乡黑猪、巴克夏猪、杜洛克猪肠道微生物的多样性差异。川乡黑猪、巴克夏猪、杜洛克猪在体重达120 kg时进行屠宰,屠宰时采集3个猪种直肠的粪便,利用16S rRNA测序技术和生物信息学手段对不同猪种肠道微生物多样性进行分析。结果表明,巴克夏猪的菌群多样性显著低于川乡黑猪和杜洛克猪(P<0.05),3个猪种的菌群群落结构有显著差异(P<0.05)。在门水平,川乡黑猪厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)丰度显著低于巴克夏猪(P<0.05),川乡黑猪和杜洛克猪的拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)丰度显著高于巴克夏猪(P<0.05)。在属水平,川乡黑猪和杜洛克猪的理研菌科RC9菌属丰度(Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group)显著高于巴克夏猪(P<0.05),川乡黑猪普雷沃氏菌属(Prevotella)、普雷沃氏菌科NK3B31菌属(Prevotellaceae NK3B31 group)丰度显著高于杜洛克猪和巴克夏猪(P<0.05),杜洛克和巴克夏猪狭义梭菌属 1(Clostridium sensu stricto 1)丰度显著高于川乡黑猪(P<0.05);LEfSe分析显示,在属水平上,川乡黑猪、巴克夏猪、杜洛克猪中分别存在14种、7种、1种差异微生物;功能预测结果显示,川乡黑猪的微生物群落中与氨基酸代谢相关的通路显著富集,巴克夏猪中与丙酮酸代谢等相关的通路显著富集,杜洛克猪中与蛋白质运输等相关的通路显著富集。综上所述,川乡黑猪、巴克夏猪和杜洛克猪的肠道微生物组成和功能存在显著差异,这些差异可能影响宿主的营养代谢、能量利用和免疫调节等功能。

, authors=王言1, 顾以韧2, 张进威3, 4, 杨雪梅1, 梁艳1, 刘锐1, 陶璇1, 杨跃奎1, 安瑞1, 杨坤1, 张兴1, 陈晓晖1, 龚建军1, authorsList=王言, 顾以韧, 张进威, 杨雪梅, 梁艳, 刘锐, 陶璇, 杨跃奎, 安瑞, 杨坤, 张兴, 陈晓晖, 龚建军, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=龚建军, authorNote=

王言,助理研究员,硕士,主要从事猪遗传育种与繁殖研究,E-mail:

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龚建军,主要从事猪遗传育种与繁殖研究,E-mail:
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their derivatives on meat quality of finishing pigs[J].J Food Sci Technol,2020,57(2):404-412., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307286492141875241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007670498648123, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=37, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=TIAN W C,YANG L,LIU Y S,et al.Resveratrol attenuates doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in rats by up-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor B[J].J Nutr Biochem,2020,79:108132., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1307286492213178410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007670498648123, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=38, 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city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4.农业农村部养猪科学重点实验室 养猪科学重庆市重点实验室,重庆 402460)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1307286487112905711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007670498648123, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Annotation proportion diagram

The circular diagram displays the proportion of all samples successfully annotated at different taxonomic levels. From the inside to the outside, the circles represent the phylum, class, order, family, and genus levels, respectively, with a half-circle indicating 100% annotation

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圆环展示所有样本在不同分类学水平得到成功注释的比例。圆环从内到外依次为门、纲、目、科、属水平,半圆代表100%注释

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Different lowercase letters above the boxes indicate significant differences in the relative abundance of the species between groups (P<0.05), the same as below

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箱子上方的小写字母不同代表该物种相对丰度组间差异显著(P<0.05),下同

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川乡黑猪、巴克夏猪、杜洛克猪肠道微生物多样性差异分析
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王言 1 , 顾以韧 2 , 张进威 3, 4 , 杨雪梅 1 , 梁艳 1 , 刘锐 1 , 陶璇 1 , 杨跃奎 1 , 安瑞 1 , 杨坤 1 , 张兴 1 , 陈晓晖 1 , 龚建军 1
畜牧兽医学报 | 遗传育种 2026,57(1): 146-154
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畜牧兽医学报 |遗传育种 2026 , 57 (1) : 146 -154
川乡黑猪、巴克夏猪、杜洛克猪肠道微生物多样性差异分析
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王言1 , 顾以韧2, 张进威3, 4, 杨雪梅1, 梁艳1, 刘锐1, 陶璇1, 杨跃奎1, 安瑞1, 杨坤1, 张兴1, 陈晓晖1, 龚建军1
作者信息
  • 1.四川省畜牧科学研究院,畜禽种业四川省重点实验室,成都 610066
  • 2.西南民族大学畜牧兽医学院,成都 610041
  • 3.重庆市畜牧科学院,重庆 402460
  • 4.农业农村部养猪科学重点实验室 养猪科学重庆市重点实验室,重庆 402460
通讯作者:
龚建军,主要从事猪遗传育种与繁殖研究,E-mail:
作者简介:

王言,助理研究员,硕士,主要从事猪遗传育种与繁殖研究,E-mail:

Analysis of Intestinal Microbial Diversity Differences among Chuanxiang Black Pigs, Berkshire Pigs and Duroc Pigs
Yan WANG1 , Yiren GU2, Jinwei ZHANG3, 4, Xuemei YANG1, Yan LIANG1, Rui LIU1, Xuan TAO1, Yuekui YANG1, Rui AN1, Kun YANG1, Xing ZHANG1, Xiaohui CHEN1, Jianjun GONG1
Affiliations
  • 1.Animal Genetic Breeding and Reproduction Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province,Sichuan Animal Science Academy,Chengdu 610066,China
  • 2.College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences of Southwest Minzu University,Chengdu 610041,China
  • 3.Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences,Chongqing 402460,China
  • 4.Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Pig Sciences,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pig Sciences,Chongqing 402460,China
  • Corresponding Author:
    GONG Jianjun, E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-01-23 doi: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.01.013
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旨在通过16S rRNA测序技术和生物信息学分析手段探究川乡黑猪、巴克夏猪、杜洛克猪肠道微生物的多样性差异。川乡黑猪、巴克夏猪、杜洛克猪在体重达120 kg时进行屠宰,屠宰时采集3个猪种直肠的粪便,利用16S rRNA测序技术和生物信息学手段对不同猪种肠道微生物多样性进行分析。结果表明,巴克夏猪的菌群多样性显著低于川乡黑猪和杜洛克猪(P<0.05),3个猪种的菌群群落结构有显著差异(P<0.05)。在门水平,川乡黑猪厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)丰度显著低于巴克夏猪(P<0.05),川乡黑猪和杜洛克猪的拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)丰度显著高于巴克夏猪(P<0.05)。在属水平,川乡黑猪和杜洛克猪的理研菌科RC9菌属丰度(Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group)显著高于巴克夏猪(P<0.05),川乡黑猪普雷沃氏菌属(Prevotella)、普雷沃氏菌科NK3B31菌属(Prevotellaceae NK3B31 group)丰度显著高于杜洛克猪和巴克夏猪(P<0.05),杜洛克和巴克夏猪狭义梭菌属 1(Clostridium sensu stricto 1)丰度显著高于川乡黑猪(P<0.05);LEfSe分析显示,在属水平上,川乡黑猪、巴克夏猪、杜洛克猪中分别存在14种、7种、1种差异微生物;功能预测结果显示,川乡黑猪的微生物群落中与氨基酸代谢相关的通路显著富集,巴克夏猪中与丙酮酸代谢等相关的通路显著富集,杜洛克猪中与蛋白质运输等相关的通路显著富集。综上所述,川乡黑猪、巴克夏猪和杜洛克猪的肠道微生物组成和功能存在显著差异,这些差异可能影响宿主的营养代谢、能量利用和免疫调节等功能。

川乡黑猪  /  巴克夏猪  /  杜洛克猪  /  16S rRNA  /  微生物多样性

This study aimed to investigate the differences in intestinal microbial diversity among Chuanxiang Black pigs, Berkshire pigs, and Duroc pigs using 16S rRNA sequencing technology and bioinformatics analysis. When the body weight of the pigs reached 120 kg, Chuanxiang Black pigs, Berkshire pigs, and Duroc pigs were slaughtered, and rectal fecal samples were collected from each breed. The intestinal microbial diversity of the different pig breeds was then analyzed using 16S rRNA sequencing technology and bioinformatics approaches. The results demonstrated that the microbial diversity of Berkshire pigs was significantly lower than that of Chuanxiang Black pigs and Duroc pigs (P<0.05), and the microbial community structures among the 3 pig breeds showed significant differences (P<0.05). At the phylum level, the abundance of Firmicutes in Chuanxiang Black pigs was significantly lower than that in Berkshire pigs (P<0.05), while the abundance of Bacteroidota in both Chuanxiang Black pigs and Duroc pigs was significantly higher than that in Berkshire pigs (P<0.05). At the genus level, the abundance of Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group in Chuanxiang Black pigs and Duroc pigs was significantly higher than that in Berkshire pigs (P<0.05). The abundances of Prevotella and Prevotellaceae NK3B31 group in Chuanxiang Black pigs were significantly higher than those in Duroc pigs and Berkshire pigs (P<0.05), while the abundance of Clostridium sensu stricto 1 in both Duroc pigs and Berkshire pigs was significantly higher than that in Chuanxiang Black pigs (P<0.05). LEfSe analysis showed that there were 14, 7, and 1 differential microorganisms in Chuanxiang Black pigs, Berkshire pigs, and Duroc pigs at the genus level, respectively. Functional prediction results showed that pathways related to amino acid metabolism were significantly enriched in the microbial community of Chuanxiang Black pigs, pathways related to pyruvate metabolism and others were significantly enriched in Berkshire pigs, and pathways related to protein transport and others were significantly enriched in Duroc pigs. In conclusion, there are significant differences in the composition and function of intestinal microbiota among Chuanxiang Black pigs, Berkshire pigs, and Duroc pigs. These differences may affect the host's nutritional metabolism, energy utilization, immune regulation, and other functions.

Chuanxiang black pigs  /  Berkshire pigs  /  Duroc pigs  /  16S rRNA  /  microbial diversity
王言, 顾以韧, 张进威, 杨雪梅, 梁艳, 刘锐, 陶璇, 杨跃奎, 安瑞, 杨坤, 张兴, 陈晓晖, 龚建军. 川乡黑猪、巴克夏猪、杜洛克猪肠道微生物多样性差异分析. 畜牧兽医学报, 2026 , 57 (1) : 146 -154 . DOI: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.01.013
Yan WANG, Yiren GU, Jinwei ZHANG, Xuemei YANG, Yan LIANG, Rui LIU, Xuan TAO, Yuekui YANG, Rui AN, Kun YANG, Xing ZHANG, Xiaohui CHEN, Jianjun GONG. Analysis of Intestinal Microbial Diversity Differences among Chuanxiang Black Pigs, Berkshire Pigs and Duroc Pigs[J]. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, 2026 , 57 (1) : 146 -154 . DOI: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.01.013
随着人们生活水平的提升,对于肉质的要求也越来越高。经过长期高强度的人工选择,国外引进的瘦肉型猪品种在产肉效率方面得到了很大的提升,但是肉质性状改良相对迟缓[1]。生产上可以通过将瘦肉型猪与地方品种猪杂交来提升肉质风味[2],但当地方猪与杜洛克猪或巴克夏猪进行二元杂交生产商品猪时,能保持地方猪优良的肉质口感,但瘦肉率仅53%左右,膘过肥;若进行三元杂交生产商品猪,瘦肉率可达56%~58%,背膘适宜,但肉质明显下降,且毛色分离严重,经济效益差[3]。川乡黑猪是四川省畜牧科学研究院育成的我国首个具备完全自主知识产权的突破性父本新品种,其被毛黑色,生长快、瘦肉率高、肉质优,生长发育性能优于巴克夏猪,与杜洛克十分接近,但其肌内脂肪含量达3.52%,显著优于杜洛克猪和巴克夏猪[4],对于川乡黑猪这些优良性状形成的遗传基础和分子机制仍在很大程度上是未知的。不同品系猪种的性能差异受到遗传因素的调控,另一方面,肠道微生物作为机体的“第二基因组”,也是影响猪种性能的重要因素[5]。不少研究者针对不同品种对猪肠道微生物群的影响展开了探索,发现中国本土品种或放牧型品种与商业品种有着明显的差异[6⁃12]。
为探究不同猪种肠道微生物菌群的差异以及与其特性的可能联系,本研究对川乡黑猪、巴克夏猪、杜洛克猪的肠道微生物进行比较分析,丰富猪种肠道微生物数据库,鉴定不同猪种中的优势菌群,从微生物角度揭示品种特性形成的可能机制,为猪的品种选育和遗传改良提供新的视角和靶点。
本研究在四川省畜牧科学研究院简阳猪育种基地选取出生日期相近的川乡黑猪、巴克夏猪和杜洛克猪分别16、12、24头,当试验猪只体重达30 kg时上试,分别于体重达120 kg的时候进行屠宰,屠宰时收集每头猪直肠的粪便样本,置于液氮保存。将试验猪根据品种分为3组,分别命名为C(川乡黑猪)、B(巴克夏猪)和D(杜洛克猪),试验期间所有猪只采用相同的饲料进行饲喂。
采用CTAB/SDS法提取粪便微生物基因组总DNA,利用1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测抽提的基因组DNA。
根据16S rRNA基因V4-V5区保守序列,以粪便基因组DNA为模板,合成带有barcode的特异引物515F和907R(5′-GTGYCAGCMGCCGCGGTAA-3′,5′-CCGTCAATTCMTTTRAGTTT-3′)。PCR仪使用ABI GeneAmp® 9700型,PCR 采用TransStart Fastpfu DNA Polymerase,20 μL反应体系:5×FastPfu Buffer 4 μL,2.5 mmol·L-1 dNTPs 2 μL,Forward Primer(5 μmol·L-1) 0.8 μL, Reverse Primer(5 μmol·L-1) 0.8 μL,FastPfu Polymerase 0.4 μL,Template DNA 10 ng,补ddH2O至20 μL。PCR反应参数为:95 ℃预变性5 min;95 ℃变性30 s,58 ℃退火30 s,72 ℃延伸45 s,30个循环;最后72 ℃延伸10 min,10℃保存。每个样本3个PCR重复,将3个重复的PCR产物混合,使用2%浓度的琼脂糖凝胶进行电泳检测。PCR产物使用AxyPrep DNA Gel Extraction Kit进行纯化。
使用NEXTFLEX Rapid DNA-Seq Kit进行建库,利用Illumina公司的NovaSeq PE250平台进行测序。
使用fastp[13]软件对原始测序序列进行质控,过滤reads尾部质量值20以下的碱基,设置50 bp的窗口,如果窗口内的平均质量值低于20,从窗口开始截去后端碱基,过滤质控后50 bp以下的reads,去除含N碱基的reads。使用FLASH[14]软件进行拼接,根据PE reads之间的overlap关系,将成对reads拼接成一条序列,最小overlap长度为10 bp。
使用UPARSE软件[15],根据97%[15⁃16]的相似度对序列进行OTU聚类,利用RDP classifier[17]对每条序列进行物种分类注释,比对Silva 16S rRNA数据库,设置比对阈值为70%,获得分类学信息并分别在各个分类水平:phylum(门)、class(纲)、order(目)、family(科)、genus(属)、species(种)统计各样本的群落组成。最后对各样品的数据进行均一化处理,以样品中数据量最少的为标准进行均一化处理,后续的Alpha多样性分析和Beta多样性分析都是基于均一化处理后的数据。
使用R语言计算Alpha多样性指数,包括ACE、Chao1、Shannon-Wiener等,其中ACE和Chao1为丰富度指数,Shannon-Wiener为多样性指数。
使用R语言计算Bray-Curtis距离,并采用Bray-Curtis距离进行主坐标分析(PCoA),同时进行ANOSIM 组间和组内差异统计分析。使用LEfSe分析作图构建更直观的组间差异比较图。
使用LEfSe分析鉴别3个品种间差异显著的微生物。
使用 PICRUSt2软件,并基于KEGG数据库对微生物群落进行功能预测,得到不同KEGG层级水平内功能基因的相对丰度。
C组、B组和D组共52个样本共计产生了1 981 923条16S rRNA基因序列,其中C组627 143条,B组454 874条,D组899 906条。样本有效序列数在32 982~41 824之间,有效序列平均长度为372 bp,对每个样本的有效序列进行注释和OUT聚类,最终获得OTUs数目3 645个,根据注释情况,将每个样品注释到各分类水平(门、纲、目、科、属、种),发现它们属于18个菌门,27个菌纲,55个菌目,87个菌科,226个菌属和53个菌种,由于很大一部分微生物并不能有效归属于种水平,所以注释到的菌种数量很少,注释结果见图1。将测序深度设为30 000,计算了每个样本的Shannon-Wiener指数,结果见图2,Shannon指数随着测序深度的增加而增加,并趋于平缓,说明样本量和序列读数足以覆盖群落中的菌群。
根据物种注释结果,各样本选取在不同分类水平(门、纲、目、科、属)上最大丰度排名前10的物种,生成物种相对丰度柱形累加图,见图3。
由于菌群物种组成复杂,不能直观反映不同品种猪种的菌群丰富度差异,因此计算每个样本的ACE指数、Chao1指数、shannon指数,ACE和Chao1为丰富度指数,能反映样本微生物群落的丰富度,值越大,表示物种种类越多,Shannon为多样性指数,能反映样本微生物群落的多样性和均匀度,值越大,表示物种多样性越高。Alpha指数在3个品种间的差异检验结果见图4,可知川乡黑猪和杜洛克猪菌群丰富度显著高于巴克夏猪(P<0.05),川乡黑猪菌群的多样性显著高于巴克夏猪(P<0.05)。
根据粪样OTU信息计算样品间的Bray-Curtis距离,并进行主坐标分析,结果如图5所示,川乡黑猪、杜洛克猪、巴克夏猪在横坐标轴明显分开,同时,进行PERMANOVA(adonis)检验,R2=0.166 3,P=0.001,结果表明所研究的3个组别之间,其微生物群落结构存在显著差异(P=0.001),且这种差异中约16.63%可由分组因素解释。
根据OTU物种注释信息计算出在门、属水平上物种的相对丰度,分别选取相对丰度排名前10的物种做Tukey’s HSD检验,进行组间差异分析,结果见图6、图7。
从图6可看出,在门水平上,3个猪种丰度较高的菌类均是厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes),川乡黑猪的厚壁菌门显著低于巴克夏猪(P<0.05),但川乡黑猪和杜洛克猪的拟杆菌门显著高于巴克夏猪(P<0.05),杜洛克猪的蓝藻菌门(Cyanobacteria)和纤维杆菌门(Fibrobacterota)显著高于巴克夏猪(P<0.05),川乡黑猪和杜洛克猪的浮霉菌门(Planctomycetota)、疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobiota)显著低于巴克夏猪(P<0.05);从图7可看出,在属水平上,川乡黑猪的优势菌群为理研菌科RC9菌属(Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group)、普雷沃氏菌属(Prevotella)、普雷沃氏菌科NK3B31菌属(Prevotellaceae NK3B31 group),杜洛克猪的优势菌群为乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)、Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group、密螺旋体属(Treponema),巴克夏猪的优势菌群为Lactobacillus、Treponema、链球菌属(Streptococcus),川乡黑猪的狭义梭菌属1(Clostridium sensu stricto 1)相对丰度显著低于杜洛克猪和巴克夏猪(P<0.05),川乡黑猪中Prevotella、瘤胃球菌属UCG-005相对丰度显著高于巴克夏猪(P<0.05),川乡黑猪中Prevotellaceae NK3B31 group相对丰度显著高于其它两个猪种(P<0.05),川乡黑猪和杜洛克猪中Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group相对丰度显著高于巴克夏猪。
本研究利用LEfSe分析不同的分组间菌群物种组成的差异,以寻找不同品种猪的粪样微生物标记,且以更直观的形式呈现出来,见图8。
结果显示,共有5个门、5个纲、7个目、10个科、23个属水平的品种间差异肠道微生物。在属水平上,川乡黑猪较其余两个猪种的差异物种有艾森伯格菌属(Eisenbergiella)、副萨特氏菌属(Parasutterella)等14种,巴克夏猪较其余两个猪种的差异物种有狭义梭菌属 1 型(Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1)、普雷沃氏菌属7型(Prevotella_7)等7种,杜洛克猪较其余两个猪种的差异物种有纤维杆菌属(Fibrobacter)1种。
利用PICRUSt2软件预测了不同猪种中高丰度微生物的功能(图9),结果显示,在川乡黑猪中精氨酸和脯氨酸代谢,甘氨酸、丝氨酸和苏氨酸的代谢,丙氨酸、天冬氨酸和谷氨酸的代谢,苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸和色氨酸的生物合成,肽聚糖生物合成,氮代谢等通路显著富集,杜洛克猪中蛋白质运输,淀粉和蔗糖代谢,氨基糖和核苷酸糖代谢,糖酵解等通路显著富集,巴克夏猪中半胱氨酸和甲硫氨酸代谢,赖氨酸的生物合成,丙酮酸代谢等通路显著富集。
本研究通过16S rRNA 测序揭示了川乡黑猪、巴克夏猪和杜洛克猪肠道微生物多样性的显著差异。结果显示,川乡黑猪的菌群丰富度(Chao1、ACE 指数)和多样性(Shannon 指数)均显著高于巴克夏猪(P<0.05),也高于杜洛克猪,这可能与杜洛克猪、巴克夏猪作为国外引进品种长期经历高强度人工选育有关,人工选育可能导致宿主遗传背景趋同,进而限制肠道微生物的多样性,这与Bergamaschi等[7,12]的研究结果一致,川乡黑猪是我国自主培育的新品种,其含有藏猪的血缘[18],其较高的菌群多样性可能与其育种过程中保留的部分地方猪遗传特性有关。
从菌群结构看,3个猪种在门水平均以Firmicutes和Bacteroidetes为主,这与其他猪种肠道微生物研究结果一致[19]。川乡黑猪Firmicutes丰度显著低于巴克夏猪,而Bacteroidetes丰度显著高于巴克夏猪(P<0.05),已有研究表明,Firmicutes与脂肪储存能力相关,Firmicutes丰度升高伴随脂肪积累的增多[20],这意味着川乡黑猪从食物中摄取能量并转化为脂肪储存的能力相对较弱,使得更多的能量用于维持瘦肉组织的生长和发育,进而提高了瘦肉率[18]。Bacteroidetes与宿主碳水化合物代谢和能量吸收效率相关[21],其丰度升高可能促进短链脂肪酸生成,这种高效的能量利用方式可能为肌内脂肪的沉积提供了更有利的条件,使得川乡黑猪在瘦肉率较高的情况下,肌内脂肪含量也能高于巴克夏猪。这可能解释了川乡黑猪在保持较高瘦肉率的同时,肌内脂肪含量(3.52%)显著优于巴克夏猪的表型特征[18,22]。在属水平上,川乡黑猪和杜洛克猪的Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group丰度显著高于巴克夏猪(P<0.05),有研究表明,RC9 菌属通过降解纤维生成SCFAs,尤其是丙酸,可促进肌肉蛋白质合成,间接加速生长[23⁃24],这可能是川乡黑猪、杜洛克猪的生长发育性能优于巴克夏猪[18,22,25]的原因之一。川乡黑猪中Prevotella丰度显著高于巴克夏猪(P<0.05),该菌属是反刍动物瘤胃中的优势菌群,具有降解植物多糖和蛋白质的能力[26],其在川乡黑猪中的高丰度可能与其对饲料中纤维成分的高效利用有关,这或许是其生长速度优于巴克夏猪的微生物学基础之一[18,22]。巴克夏猪和杜洛克猪的Clostridium sensu stricto 1丰度高于川乡黑猪(P<0.05),该菌属可能与蛋白质代谢相关[27],这与杜洛克猪作为瘦肉型猪种的特性相符,该菌属部分成员可产生丁酸等短链脂肪酸,为宿主提供能量,但过量可能与肠道炎症相关[28],结合巴克夏猪较低的菌群多样性,其肠道微生态可能处于相对不稳定状态,这或许与其生长速度较慢的表型存在关联。
功能预测结果显示,巴克夏猪中半胱氨酸和甲硫氨酸代谢通路的富集,川乡黑猪的微生物群落中与氨基酸代谢(如精氨酸、谷氨酸、天冬氨酸等)相关的通路显著富集,这可能与其较高的肌内脂肪含量和优良肉质相关[29]。杜洛克猪中淀粉代谢、糖酵解等通路较强,可能支持其快速生长和瘦肉沉积的特性[30⁃31]。
川乡黑猪、巴克夏猪和杜洛克猪的肠道微生物组成和功能存在显著差异,这些差异可能通过影响宿主的营养代谢、能量利用和免疫调节等途径,进而影响猪种的生长性能和肉质特性。本研究为从微生物角度解析猪种特性形成的机制提供了重要依据,同时也为猪的品种选育和遗传改良提供了潜在的微生物靶点。
  • 农业农村部养猪科学重点实验室开放课题(24507C)
  • 省财政运行专项(SASA2025CZYX001)
  • 现代农业产业技术体系四川生猪创新团队(SCCXTD-2025-08)
  • 国家现代农业产业技术体系(CARS-35)
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2026年第57卷第1期
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doi: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.01.013
  • 接收时间:2025-05-28
  • 首发时间:2026-09-16
  • 出版时间:2026-01-23
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-28
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农业农村部养猪科学重点实验室开放课题(24507C)
省财政运行专项(SASA2025CZYX001)
现代农业产业技术体系四川生猪创新团队(SCCXTD-2025-08)
国家现代农业产业技术体系(CARS-35)
作者信息
    1.四川省畜牧科学研究院,畜禽种业四川省重点实验室,成都 610066
    2.西南民族大学畜牧兽医学院,成都 610041
    3.重庆市畜牧科学院,重庆 402460
    4.农业农村部养猪科学重点实验室 养猪科学重庆市重点实验室,重庆 402460

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龚建军,主要从事猪遗传育种与繁殖研究,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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