Article(id=1307007553032970379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307007396681900041, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.01.005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1734969600000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789544483668, onlineDateStr=2026-09-16, pubDate=1769097600000, pubDateStr=2026-01-23, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789544483668, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789544483668, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789544483668, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1307007396681900041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, year='2026', volume='57', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='568', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769097600000', pubDateStr='2026-01-23', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789544446392, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789609890784, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1307281890638057732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307007396681900041, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1307281890738721029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307007396681900041, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=46, endPage=57, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1307007553343348876, articleId=1307007553032970379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, language=EN, title=Research Progress on Tryptophan Metabolites in Alleviating Intestinal Oxidative Stress, columnId=1307007397399126026, journalTitle=Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, columnName=REVIEW, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The gastrointestinal tract is not only a place where nutrients digest, absorb and metabolize, but also serves as both a primary source and a major target of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Intestinal health is a cornerstone of animal growth and a critical determinant of livestock production efficiency. Tryptophan, an essential amino acid, is metabolized by both host cells and gut microbiota into various bioactive compounds, such as indole, kynurenine and 5-hydroxytryptamine. These metabolites act as endogenous ligands to regulate intestinal oxidative stress and inflammatory damage. This review summarizes the host and microbial pathways of intestinal tryptophan metabolism, explores the physiological functions of tryptophan metabolites in modulating oxidative stress and tissue repair, and discusses the role of microbial tryptophan metabolism in potential nutritional interventions,including probiotics and nutritional supplements. These findings aim to inform research on nutritional strategies for managing gut health.

, authors=Yunlong MENG1, 2, Yuankun DENG1, 2, Bi’e TAN1, 2, Jing WANG1, 2, authorsList=Yunlong MENG, Yuankun DENG, Bi’e TAN, Jing WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jing WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
WANG Jing, E-mail:
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胃肠道不仅是营养物质消化、吸收和代谢的主要场所,也是活性氧(ROS)产生的重要来源,同时也是ROS攻击的主要靶器官。肠道健康是动物生长的核心因素,是保证畜禽生产效率的重要条件。色氨酸作为一种必需氨基酸,经宿主-微生物协同代谢生成吲哚、犬尿氨酸及5-羟色胺等代谢产物,这些代谢产物通过与内源性配体结合,参与调节肠道中氧化应激反应和炎症损伤。本文综述了肠道中色氨酸的宿主和微生物代谢途径,并探讨了肠道色氨酸代谢产物调控氧化应激及损伤修复的生理功能以及益生菌、营养素补充等干预措施,以期对肠道氧化应激的营养调控研究提供参考。

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孟云龙,硕士生,主要从事动物营养与饲料科学研究,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
王婧,主要从事动物营养研究,E-mail:
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TnaA. Tryptophanase;ArAT. Aromatic ​amino ​acid ​transaminase;ILDH. Indole-3-lactic acid dehydrogenase​;ILD. Indole-3-lactic acid dehydratase;ACD. Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase;TDO. Tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase;IDO. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase;AFMID. Recombinant Arylformamidase;KAT. Kynurenine aminotransferase;KYNU. Kynureninase;KMO. Recombinant Kynurenine-3-Monooxygenase;HAAO. 3-Hydroxyaminobenzoate dioxygenase;5-HTPDC. 5-Hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase;MAO. Monoamine oxidase;ALDH. Aldehyde dehydrogenase;AANAT. Arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase;ASMT. Acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase. The dotted line arrows represent the host's metabolic pathway; The solid line arrows represent microbial metabolic pathways

, figureFileSmall=mbsSsXu/cAD8oGAIpqj1Nw==, figureFileBig=cOwJzZ4v0Pe+CioM+ApLlA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307286369508815029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007553032970379, language=CN, label=图1, caption=色氨酸代谢途径[36]

TnaA. 色氨酸酶;ArAT. 芳香族氨基酸转氨酶;ILDH. 吲哚乳酸脱氢酶;ILD. 吲哚乳酸脱水酶;ACD. 酰基辅酶A脱氢酶Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase;TDO. 色氨酸2,3-双加氧酶;IDO. 吲哚胺2,3-双加氧酶;AFMID. 芳犬尿氨酸甲酰胺酶;KAT. 犬尿酸氨基转移酶;KYNU. 犬尿氨酸酶;KMO. 犬尿氨酸-3-单加氧酶;HAAO. 3-羟基氨苯甲酸双加氧酶;5-HTPDC. 5-羟色氨酸脱羧酶;MAO. 单胺氧化酶;ALDH. 醛脱氢酶;AANAT. 芳基烷基胺N-乙酰基转移酶;ASMT. 乙酰血清素O-甲基转移酶。虚线箭头代表宿主代谢途径;实线箭头代表微生物代谢途径

, figureFileSmall=mbsSsXu/cAD8oGAIpqj1Nw==, figureFileBig=cOwJzZ4v0Pe+CioM+ApLlA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1307286369617866934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007553032970379, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Tryptophan metabolite binding receptors modulate intestinal oxidative stress and damage repair

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

受体

Receptor

代谢产物

Metabolites

调节方式

Regulatory methods

参考文献

Reference

芳香烃受体

Aryl hydrocarbon receptor

犬尿氨酸激活AhR下游Foxp3转录因子表达,诱导Treg细胞表达;缓解氧化应激造成的Treg细胞损失出现的免疫失衡,阻止肠道炎症发生[26,51]
AA参与Nrf2信号转录途径,诱导HO-1表达,调控AhR抗氧化平衡[52]
IPA激活AhR调节肠道T细胞活性,减少炎症因子TNF-α、IL-1β以及IL-6表达,调控肠道免疫屏障[32]
色胺激活AhR之后,减少Th17细胞以及RORγT细胞的数量,增加Treg细胞水平,减少炎症发生[49]
IALD可以抑制肌动蛋白激活,维持顶部连接复合物表达,调控肠道上皮通透性;结合AhR之后,诱导下游IL-22的表达,IL-22激活STAT通路抑制肠道炎症[46⁃47]
IPyA抑制肌动蛋白激活,维持顶部连接复合物表达,调控肠道上皮通透性[46]
ILA与AhR结合抑制炎症细胞因子IL-8以及TNF-α表达,上调IL-22的表达,缓解肠道炎症[48]
IAA调控Foxp3信号通路,诱导Treg细胞的表达;结合AhR后,促进下游CYP1A1、CYP1B1和RegIIIγ表达,与Occludin和ZO-1的表达呈正相关;显著抑制炎症细胞因子IL-1β、TNF-α以及IL-6的表达,减轻炎症反应;激活AhR并通过NF-κB/MAPK信号通路减少Th17细胞水平,降低Th17细胞相关炎症因子IL-17、IL-6以及RORγt的表达;提高结肠IL-22分泌水平,并上调肠道紧密连接蛋白表达以缓解肠道损伤[50,63,65⁃67]

5-羟色胺受体

6-5-Hydroxytryptamine receptor

5-HT与5-HTR结合后,招募免疫细胞到肠道损伤或炎症部位,促进细胞因子、黏附因子释放;与5-HT4R结合,减少单核细胞TNF-α的释放[54]

孕烷X受体

Pregnane X receptor

IPA激活PXR之后,抑制TLR4/NF-κB信号通路,减少促炎细胞因子的释放,缓解炎症反应;激活PXR之后上调肠道紧密连接蛋白的表达、下调肠道中TNF-α表达,降低肠道通透性[56⁃57]

褪黑素受体

Melatonin receptor

褪黑素可直接进入线粒体内,清除线粒体中的ROS;提升抗氧化酶SOD、CAT等酶的活性,减少ROS水平;上调Nrf2信号通路,增加HO-1表达,增强肠道抗氧化能力;减少免疫细胞向炎症部位移动,降低IL-1β和TNF-β水平,抑制NLRP3表达,减轻炎症反应[58⁃59]
), ArticleFig(id=1307286371350114487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, articleId=1307007553032970379, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

色氨酸代谢产物结合受体调控肠道氧化应激与损伤修复

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

受体

Receptor

代谢产物

Metabolites

调节方式

Regulatory methods

参考文献

Reference

芳香烃受体

Aryl hydrocarbon receptor

犬尿氨酸激活AhR下游Foxp3转录因子表达,诱导Treg细胞表达;缓解氧化应激造成的Treg细胞损失出现的免疫失衡,阻止肠道炎症发生[26,51]
AA参与Nrf2信号转录途径,诱导HO-1表达,调控AhR抗氧化平衡[52]
IPA激活AhR调节肠道T细胞活性,减少炎症因子TNF-α、IL-1β以及IL-6表达,调控肠道免疫屏障[32]
色胺激活AhR之后,减少Th17细胞以及RORγT细胞的数量,增加Treg细胞水平,减少炎症发生[49]
IALD可以抑制肌动蛋白激活,维持顶部连接复合物表达,调控肠道上皮通透性;结合AhR之后,诱导下游IL-22的表达,IL-22激活STAT通路抑制肠道炎症[46⁃47]
IPyA抑制肌动蛋白激活,维持顶部连接复合物表达,调控肠道上皮通透性[46]
ILA与AhR结合抑制炎症细胞因子IL-8以及TNF-α表达,上调IL-22的表达,缓解肠道炎症[48]
IAA调控Foxp3信号通路,诱导Treg细胞的表达;结合AhR后,促进下游CYP1A1、CYP1B1和RegIIIγ表达,与Occludin和ZO-1的表达呈正相关;显著抑制炎症细胞因子IL-1β、TNF-α以及IL-6的表达,减轻炎症反应;激活AhR并通过NF-κB/MAPK信号通路减少Th17细胞水平,降低Th17细胞相关炎症因子IL-17、IL-6以及RORγt的表达;提高结肠IL-22分泌水平,并上调肠道紧密连接蛋白表达以缓解肠道损伤[50,63,65⁃67]

5-羟色胺受体

6-5-Hydroxytryptamine receptor

5-HT与5-HTR结合后,招募免疫细胞到肠道损伤或炎症部位,促进细胞因子、黏附因子释放;与5-HT4R结合,减少单核细胞TNF-α的释放[54]

孕烷X受体

Pregnane X receptor

IPA激活PXR之后,抑制TLR4/NF-κB信号通路,减少促炎细胞因子的释放,缓解炎症反应;激活PXR之后上调肠道紧密连接蛋白的表达、下调肠道中TNF-α表达,降低肠道通透性[56⁃57]

褪黑素受体

Melatonin receptor

褪黑素可直接进入线粒体内,清除线粒体中的ROS;提升抗氧化酶SOD、CAT等酶的活性,减少ROS水平;上调Nrf2信号通路,增加HO-1表达,增强肠道抗氧化能力;减少免疫细胞向炎症部位移动,降低IL-1β和TNF-β水平,抑制NLRP3表达,减轻炎症反应[58⁃59]
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色氨酸代谢产物调控肠道氧化应激研究进展
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孟云龙 1, 2 , 邓远坤 1, 2 , 谭碧娥 1, 2 , 王婧 1, 2
畜牧兽医学报 | 综述 2026,57(1): 46-57
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畜牧兽医学报 |综述 2026 , 57 (1) : 46 -57
色氨酸代谢产物调控肠道氧化应激研究进展
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2.岳麓山实验室,长沙 410128, bio={"content":"

孟云龙,硕士生,主要从事动物营养与饲料科学研究,E-mail:

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孟云龙,硕士生,主要从事动物营养与饲料科学研究,E-mail:

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孟云龙1, 2 , 邓远坤1, 2, 谭碧娥1, 2, 王婧1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.湖南农业大学动物科学技术学院,长沙 410128
  • 2.岳麓山实验室,长沙 410128
通讯作者:
王婧,主要从事动物营养研究,E-mail:
作者简介:

孟云龙,硕士生,主要从事动物营养与饲料科学研究,E-mail:

Research Progress on Tryptophan Metabolites in Alleviating Intestinal Oxidative Stress
Yunlong MENG1, 2 , Yuankun DENG1, 2, Bi’e TAN1, 2, Jing WANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Animal Science and Technology,Hunan Agricultural University,Changsha 410128,China
  • 2.Yuelushan Laboratory,Changsha 410128,China
  • Corresponding Author:
    WANG Jing, E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-01-23 doi: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.01.005
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胃肠道不仅是营养物质消化、吸收和代谢的主要场所,也是活性氧(ROS)产生的重要来源,同时也是ROS攻击的主要靶器官。肠道健康是动物生长的核心因素,是保证畜禽生产效率的重要条件。色氨酸作为一种必需氨基酸,经宿主-微生物协同代谢生成吲哚、犬尿氨酸及5-羟色胺等代谢产物,这些代谢产物通过与内源性配体结合,参与调节肠道中氧化应激反应和炎症损伤。本文综述了肠道中色氨酸的宿主和微生物代谢途径,并探讨了肠道色氨酸代谢产物调控氧化应激及损伤修复的生理功能以及益生菌、营养素补充等干预措施,以期对肠道氧化应激的营养调控研究提供参考。

肠道  /  氧化应激  /  色氨酸代谢  /  肠道微生物  /  营养调控

The gastrointestinal tract is not only a place where nutrients digest, absorb and metabolize, but also serves as both a primary source and a major target of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Intestinal health is a cornerstone of animal growth and a critical determinant of livestock production efficiency. Tryptophan, an essential amino acid, is metabolized by both host cells and gut microbiota into various bioactive compounds, such as indole, kynurenine and 5-hydroxytryptamine. These metabolites act as endogenous ligands to regulate intestinal oxidative stress and inflammatory damage. This review summarizes the host and microbial pathways of intestinal tryptophan metabolism, explores the physiological functions of tryptophan metabolites in modulating oxidative stress and tissue repair, and discusses the role of microbial tryptophan metabolism in potential nutritional interventions,including probiotics and nutritional supplements. These findings aim to inform research on nutritional strategies for managing gut health.

intestine  /  oxidative stress  /  tryptophan metabolism  /  intestinal microorganisms  /  nutritional regulation
孟云龙, 邓远坤, 谭碧娥, 王婧. 色氨酸代谢产物调控肠道氧化应激研究进展. 畜牧兽医学报, 2026 , 57 (1) : 46 -57 . DOI: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.01.005
Yunlong MENG, Yuankun DENG, Bi’e TAN, Jing WANG. Research Progress on Tryptophan Metabolites in Alleviating Intestinal Oxidative Stress[J]. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, 2026 , 57 (1) : 46 -57 . DOI: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.01.005
在正常生理状态下,畜禽机体内具备完善的抗氧化系统,能够及时清除细胞中的活性氧自由基(reactive oxygen species,ROS),维持细胞处于ROS的动态平衡。当遭遇环境应激(运输、热辐射)或生理状态变化(断奶、妊娠)时,ROS生成速率超过清除能力,引起畜禽氧化应激,造成机体损伤及生产性能下降。因此,如何减缓氧化应激损伤并促进损伤修复,已成为动物营养领域的重要研究热点。
色氨酸(tryptophan,Trp)作为人和畜禽必需的中性氨基酸,其代谢网络对维持肠道稳态具有关键作用。Trp代谢产物双向调控肠道的氧化还原状态,在免疫调节和黏膜修复中发挥重要的生理功能[1]。目前,已知的代谢途径主要包括宿主内源性的犬尿氨酸途径和5-羟色胺(5-hydroxytryptamine,5-HT)途径,以及微生物主导的吲哚类衍生物途径。这些代谢产物通过与肠上皮受体互作,可调节免疫应答、调控氧化还原酶活性并促进黏膜修复。近年来,尽管已有研究系统揭示了Trp在畜禽生长性能、肉品质调控及采食量调节中的作用机制[2⁃4],但其代谢网络通过氧化应激通路介导肠道损伤修复的分子机制仍待深入解析。本文聚焦肠道氧化应激的病理机制,系统阐述Trp宿主/微生物代谢途径的特征及代谢产物在氧化应激调控中的生物学效应,重点探讨营养干预策略对肠道损伤修复的潜在价值,以期为相关领域研究提供理论参考。
氧化应激是指机体内活性氧(ROS)产物过多或抗氧化能力不足,导致氧化-抗氧化系统失衡,进而引发组织脏器的病理损伤。ROS是畜禽需氧代谢的副产物,具有强氧化性,主要包括超氧阴离子自由基(O2·-)、羟基自由基(·OH)及过氧化氢(H2O2)等含氧活性分子。生理浓度下ROS参与细胞信号传导,但其过量积累可打破肠道氧化-抗氧化平衡,诱发氧化应激。作为营养吸收与免疫调控的核心器官,肠道易受外界环境影响产生ROS,其ROS的来源分为内源性(包括线粒体呼吸链电子泄漏和NADPH氧化酶介导的超氧化物的生成)和外源性因素(热应激诱发铁代谢异常积累Fe2+而产生大量·OH、肠球菌代谢产生超氧离子、畜舍氨气通过干扰畜禽呼吸链中)[5⁃8]。高水平ROS不仅直接攻击细胞大分子,也能作为第二信使激活炎症反应,形成氧化-炎症恶性循环,最终诱发肠道氧化应激损伤。
肠道黏膜屏障由机械、化学、免疫及微生物屏障组成,共同抵御外源刺激。过量的ROS通过引发脂质过氧化和激活炎症通路破坏肠道屏障功能,影响畜禽生产性能[9]。
肠道黏膜机械屏障由肠上皮细胞及其间的紧密连接蛋白构成,紧密连接蛋白主要包括闭合蛋白(Occludin)、紧密连接蛋白家族(Zonula Occludens-1,2,3),连接黏附分子家族(junctional adhesion molecule,JAMs)以及闭合蛋白家族(Claudins),它们具有调控肠道黏膜通透性的作用[10⁃11]。研究表明,H2O2处理猪肠上皮细胞(IPEC-J2)可通过诱导线粒体功能障碍,显著降低细胞活性,增加细胞中ROS含量;过量ROS进而激活NLRP3炎症小体,上调炎性细胞因子IL-1β、半胱天冬酶-1的表达,同时引发线粒体膜电位下降和细胞色素C释放,共同导致细胞凋亡,并导致肠道上皮氧化损伤[12]。
化学屏障主要由黏液层(主要由杯状细胞分泌的黏蛋白)及胃酸、消化酶组成,兼具润滑肠道和抑制病原菌对肠上皮损伤的功能[13],同时有助于清除病原菌,为共生菌提供定植位点,从而维持肠道内微生物态平衡。ROS介导的细胞毒性与炎症信号激活是导致化学屏障功能瓦解的核心机制,研究表明,高氧环境或硫酸葡聚糖钠盐(Dextran sulfate,DSS)诱导的小鼠模型中,过量的ROS通过激活NF-κB等炎症信号通路,并诱导线粒体依赖性凋亡,从而造成杯状细胞及其分泌产物MUC2显著减少[14⁃15]。脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)也可诱导肠道ROS水平增加,损伤小鼠回肠杯状细胞,降低黏液层厚度,破坏化学屏障功能[16]。
免疫屏障依赖肠上皮模式识别受体(pattern recognition receptors,PPRs)及免疫组织识别并清除病原体[17⁃18]。过量的ROS可降低分泌型免疫球蛋白(secretory immunoglobulin,sIg)的分泌,如IgA、IgG和IgM,并减少T细胞数量[19]。作为炎症的诱发剂,过量ROS会导致肠道炎症细胞因子大量表达,并激活NLRP3炎症小体及半胱天冬酶,促进免疫细胞凋亡及炎症因子释放[20⁃21],也可减少肠道sIgA释放、淋巴细胞数量,削弱肠道免疫屏障[22]。
肠道共生菌通过竞争定植位点及分泌抗菌肽维持肠道微生物稳态[23]。氧化应激可破坏肠道菌群结构,如氯化镍处理的小鼠中,放线菌门丰度显著降低[24];同时,氧化应激造成大鼠肠道黏膜机械屏障受损,促使有害菌入侵,引发与固有菌群的竞争性抑制,造成肠道菌群结构改变[25]。
Trp为一种必需的芳香族氨基酸,畜禽体内无法合成,需要通过内源性蛋白质降解或饲料摄入获得。饮食摄入的Trp大部分用于蛋白质的合成,少部分被微生物或细胞分解为活性代谢产物[26]。Trp在体内主要通过三种途径进行代谢:吲哚途径、犬尿氨酸途径和5-HT途径(图1)。Trp通过小肠上皮进入到血液循环运输至机体不同部位,发生不同的代谢过程;未被小肠吸收的Trp则被肠道中的微生物分解代谢。
Trp通过肠道共生菌的分解代谢生成多种吲哚类物质,包括吲哚、吲哚-3-乳酸(ILA)、吲哚-丙烯酸(IA)、吲哚-3-丙酸(IPA)、吲哚-3-乙酸(IAA)、吲哚-3-甲醛(IALD)等[27](图1)。许多革兰阳性和革兰阴性菌表达色氨酸酶(TnaA),参与Trp代谢并生成吲哚[28]。例如,产孢梭菌可将Trp转化为ILA、IAA和IPA[27,29];消化链球菌属,包括鲁氏消化链球菌、厌氧消化链球和气孔消化链球菌,也能将色氨酸转化为IA和IPA,可能与其染色体上存在苯乳酸脱水酶基因簇(FldAIBC)有关[27,30]。乳杆菌通过表达ArAT和ILDH,将Trp转化为IALD和ILA[31]。IAA也可被乳杆菌、梭状芽孢杆菌等脱羧转化为3-甲基吲哚(Skatole),产孢梭菌和瘤胃球菌可将Trp脱羧生成色胺[27,32]。可见,肠道内多种微生物共同参与Trp-吲哚代谢途径,相比于明确吲哚代谢产物,进一步研究哪些细菌代谢产生何种特定吲哚代谢产物仍有较大的研究空间,对开发特定菌种靶向调节微生物Trp代谢具有重要意义。此外,肠腔内的Trp水平直接影响吲哚的产生。当Trp缺乏时,肠道相关微生物中Trp操纵子表达上调,终止因子抑制tna操纵子的表达,进而降低TnaA的表达;而当Trp水平增加时,终止因子接触对tna操纵子的抑制作用,TnaA表达上升,吲哚产生增加[33]。
有关宿主细胞代谢Trp产生吲哚类代谢产物的报道较少,大多数研究主要集中在吲哚进入宿主细胞后的代谢过程。肠道中的吲哚通过肠道上皮中的有机阴离子转运体被吸收入血,随后经门静脉进入肝中。在肝中,吲哚被细胞色素P450酶CYP2E1羟基化,生成3-羟基吲哚,随后由磺基转移酶SULT1A1硫酸化,代谢为硫酸吲哚酚(indoxyl sulfate,IS)。IS被近端肾小管摄取后,与肾中的芳香烃受体(aryl hydrocarbon receptor,AhR)结合,激活p38MAPK/NF-κB通路,上调环氧合酶-2(COX-2)的表达,从而增加了ROS的产生,还降低了肾中SOD活性,增加肾的氧化应激损伤[34]。
尽管犬尿氨酸途径主要由宿主主导,但通过细菌基因组测序发现,部分肠道微生物(如​金属罗尔斯通菌)也能表达色氨酸2,3-双加氧酶(tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase,TDO)、犬尿氨酸-3-单加氧酶(KMO)以及3-羟基邻氨基苯甲酸双加氧酶(HAAO)等关键酶[35]。在犬尿氨酸途径中,Trp首先被TDO代谢为犬尿氨酸,随后由KMO代谢为3-羟基犬尿氨酸(3-HK),3-HK继续被KMO代谢为3-羟基邻氨基苯甲酸(3-HAA),最后被HAAO代谢为喹啉酸(QA)[36]。除直接代谢外,微生物还可通过间接方式调控宿主途径。例如,微生物产物LPS可激活Toll样受体(Toll-like receptors,TLRs),促进干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)分泌,从而上调宿主吲哚胺2,3-双加氧酶(Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase,IDO)表达,间接激活宿主的犬尿氨酸途径[37]。
约95%的Trp经肠道吸收后通过犬尿氨酸途径代谢。该途径的启动依赖于两个关键限速酶:主要在肝细胞中表达的TDO,以及广泛分布于外周组织中的IDO两种酶均催化Trp转化为N-甲酰基-L-犬尿氨酸,但它们在组织定位、底物专一性方面具有很大差异。TDO利用分子氧作为辅助因子代谢肝中的Trp;而IDO则具有更广泛的底物专一性,可作用于其他吲哚衍生物,也可利用超氧离子和分子氧进行催化[38⁃39]。随后,代谢产生的N-甲酰基-L-犬尿氨酸在酰胺酶作用下转化为L-犬尿氨酸,再经犬尿酸氨基转移酶(KAT)、犬尿氨酸酶(KYNU)以及KMO催化产生犬尿烯酸、AA以及3-HK等代谢物(图1)。并且部分3-HK可转氨基为黄尿酸(XA),也可继续被犬尿酸酶转化为3-HAA,3-HAA可通过HAAO继续转化为QA,并代谢生成烟酸,也可生成吡啶二甲酸[40]。
该途径在维持免疫耐受及调节神经系统功能中居于核心作用,其代谢稳态的破坏与多种肠道炎症及神经疾病的病理过程密切相关。
酵母菌能合成5-HT并进一步转化为褪黑素,其代谢途径不通过色氨酸羟化酶(TPH)生成5-羟色氨酸(5-HTP),而是首先脱羧生成色胺,随后羟基化生成5-HT,再生成N-乙酰血清素(乙酰基化)和5-甲氧基色胺(甲基化)。随后N-乙酰血清素被乙酰血清素-O-甲基转移酶(ASMT)催化生成褪黑素[41]。多枝梭菌则通过促进肠嗜铬细胞增殖,增加TPH1的基因表达量,从而间接促进肠道上皮细胞释放5-HT[42]。可见,血清素的微生物途径受到菌种特异性的影响,微生物既可直接通过自身的代谢活动合成5-HT,也可通过调控宿主细胞功能间接促进5-HT生成,进而影响机体多种生理功能。
在畜禽体内,约95%的5-HT由肠道代谢产生,其中90%来源于肠嗜铬细胞,10%来源于肠神经元。Trp首先由TPH催化为5-HTP,再由5-HTP脱羧酶脱羧生成5-HT。TPH有两种亚型:TPH1主要位于肠嗜铬细胞中,参与外周5-HT的合成;TPH2则主要分布于中枢神经系统和肠神经元,负责中枢5-HT合成[43]。血浆中的5-HT无法通过血脑屏障,因此中枢神经系统中的5-HT在大脑中合成。其前体5-HTP能够通过血脑屏障进入大脑,在神经元中转化为5-HT,并储存在神经末梢的囊泡中[44]。5-HT的降解主要通过单胺氧化酶(MAO)催化生成5-羟基吲哚醛,随后在醛脱氢酶(ALDH)的作用下生成5-羟基吲哚乙酸。此外,5-HT也可被N-乙酰基转移酶(AANAT)催化为N-乙酰-5-HT,再通过ASMT催化生成褪黑素[43]。
在不同生理状态下,Trp代谢通路通过产生特定产物(如吲哚衍生物)调控肠道应激损伤修复。这些代谢产物可调控免疫应答和抗氧化酶活性,减少ROS生成,并通过受体亲和力差异激活不同信号通路,共同维持氧化还原与抗炎/促炎的动态平衡。
Trp代谢产物在肠道氧化应激调控中具有重要作用(表1),如吲哚及其衍生物、血清素、色胺、犬尿氨酸等,均可作为AhR的内源性配体[45]。AhR广泛分布于肠道免疫细胞中,当其配体结合并激活AhR之后,AhR转位至细胞核,与芳香烃受体核转位因子(ARNT)结合形成二聚体,诱导下游目的基因表达。这些基因通常参与调控氧化还原平衡、抗氧化酶的合成、炎性因子的抑制,并调控免疫细胞的分化和功能[36]。
Trp的微生物代谢物,如吲哚及其衍生物,是AhR常见内源性配体,在肠道氧化应激调控中发挥重要作用。IPyA和IALD通过与AhR结合,抑制肌动蛋白的激活,维持顶部连接复合物蛋白的表达,从而控制肠道上皮通透性,促进肠上皮损伤的修复[46]。此外,IALD激活AhR后可诱导下游IL-22的表达,IL-22进一步通过激活STAT信号转导通路抑制肠道炎症反应[47]。类似地,ILA与AhR结合抑制促炎细胞因子IL-8的表达,缓解肠道炎症反应[48]。同样,IPA和色胺能够作用于AhR调节肠道T细胞活性,调节肠道炎症因子肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、IL-1β以及IL-6的表达,对肠黏膜免疫屏障起到积极作用[32]。色胺在激活AhR之后,可以减少Th17细胞和RORγT细胞的数量,增加Treg细胞水平,减少炎症发生[49]。IAA和AhR结合后,上调Foxp3转录因子表达,增加Treg细胞表达[50]。
犬尿氨酸作为另一种AhR配体,能诱导下游Foxp3转录因子表达,促进Treg细胞的增殖[26],以缓解氧化应激造成的肠道Treg细胞损失而引起的免疫稳态失衡,防止肠道炎症反应发生[51]。此外,犬尿氨酸途径的代谢物AA参与核因子E2相关因子2(Nrf2)信号通路的转录途径,诱导抗氧化蛋白(如HO-1)的表达,增强细胞的抗氧化能力,调控AhR的氧化与抗氧化的平衡[52]。
5-HT主要通过肠道平滑肌、肠神经元、肠细胞和免疫细胞上的5-HT受体(5-HTR)发挥生物学功能,调控肠道中黏液分泌和离子传输转运,维持肠道环境稳定。目前共发现了7种5-HTR亚型,肠道中主要表达5-HT1R、5-HT2R、5-HT3R、5-HT4R、5-HT7R五种亚型[53]。5-HT可通过5-HTR招募免疫细胞到肠道损伤或炎症部位,促进细胞因子和黏附因子的分泌。5-HT与5-HT4R结合,减少单核细胞TNF-α的释放,缓解氧化应激引起的免疫反应[54]。
孕烷X受体(Pregnane X receptor,PXR)是一种配体依赖性核转录因子,广泛表达于小肠、结肠和直肠,在炎症反应的调控中发挥重要作用[55]。IPA作为PXR的内源性配体,通过上调紧密连接蛋白的表达、下调肠道中TNF-α表达,降低肠道通透性[56]。有研究证明,IPA灌胃能够激活PXR,抑制TLR4/NF-κB信号通路,减少促炎细胞因子的释放,缓解炎症反应[57]。
褪黑素是5-HT的代谢产物之一,可直接调控肠道的氧化还原反应。研究表明,褪黑素具备亲水性和亲油性,能够通过线粒体膜进入到线粒体,清除线粒体产生的ROS,以减少细胞内的氧化应激反应[58]。褪黑素还可通过提升抗氧化酶(如SOD、CAT等)的活性来降低ROS的水平,并上调Nrf2通路,上调下游HO-1的基因表达,从而增强肠道抗氧化能力[59]。
益生菌作为畜禽养殖中重要的微生态调节剂,通过参与色氨酸代谢网络调控肠道免疫稳态。研究表明,乳杆菌和双歧杆菌等益生菌可代谢Trp产生IPA、ILA等AhR配体,通过AhR-IL-22信号通路双向调节肠道免疫应答:一方面抑制促炎细胞因子IL-6、IL-8及TNF-α的表达,抑制炎症反应,另一方面促进屏障修复因子IL-22的分泌,有效缓解氧化应激诱导的肠道黏膜损伤[48]。研究发现黄羽肉鸡灌胃高浓度乳酸菌粪菌悬液6周后,其肠道乳杆菌属丰度增加,吲哚及5-HT水平提升,并激活AhR-IL-22信号通路,调控Th17/Treg细胞平衡,维持肠道免疫平衡,降低肠炎对肉鸡造成的生长抑制[60]。仔猪灌胃鼠李糖乳杆菌7 d后发现,鼠李糖杆菌代谢产生的IA可以激活AhR-IL-22信号通路,促进小肠上皮细胞以及淋巴细胞的增殖,调控仔猪肠道免疫稳态[61]。
碳水化合物通过调节微生物代谢网络影响Trp代谢进程。作为肠道菌群的主要能量底物,碳水化合物类型和水平可定向调控吲哚类物质的生成,高碳水化合物水平抑制游离吲哚的生成,但促进IPA、ILA及IAA的生成[62]。有研究在日粮中添加果胶并饲喂断奶仔猪4周,发现显著增加了仔猪体内Trp代谢产物IPA、IAA的水平,并激活AhR促进下游CYP1A1、CYP1B1和RegIIIγ的表达,改善仔猪肠道屏障功能[63]。在小鼠结肠癌模型中发现,饲喂黑米可以促进Trp代谢产物吲哚以及ILA的产生,二者可以分别通过调控Nrf2通路(促进肠黏膜细胞的自我修复)或激活AhR(促进下游基因CYP1A1、CYP1B1、ZNRF3、ESR1以及PTGS2的表达)加速肠癌小鼠的肠道屏障功能的恢复[64]。
植物提取物普遍具有抗氧化、抗炎和微生物调节等功能,在畜牧业中具有广泛的应用前景。有研究表明,槲皮素—— 一种黄酮类化合物——可提高高脂饮食小鼠血清中IAA和IPA的水平,显著抑制炎症细胞因子IL-1β、TNF-α以及IL-6的表达,减轻炎症反应[65]。青藤碱—— 一种生物碱类化合物——能够调节小鼠肠道乳酸菌的丰度,显著增加Trp代谢产物IAA、IPA和IA的水平,激活AhR并通过NF-κB/MAPK信号通路减少Th17细胞水平,降低Th17细胞相关炎症因子IL-17、IL-6以及RORγt的表达,减轻肠道炎症[66]。茶褐素—— 一种以酚类物质、糖类物质和蛋白质为主要成分的球状聚合物——可有效增加小鼠肠道中乳杆菌的定植,促进Trp代谢生成IAA和IALD,进而激活结肠AhR,提高IL-22分泌水平,并上调肠道紧密连接蛋白表达以缓解肠道损伤[67]。
在热应激条件下,肉鸡日粮中添加0.18%的Trp显著提高了空肠SOD活性以及总抗氧化水平(T-AOC),并抑制空肠和回肠TNF-α以及NLRP3等炎症细胞因子的表达,缓解肠道氧化应激损伤及炎症反应[68]。在断奶仔猪日粮中添加0.4%的Trp可缓解乙酸引起的结肠组织结构破坏,减轻ZO-1表达下降,并降低IL-1β、IL-8以及TLR4的表达,从而减轻肠道炎症损伤。然而,当Trp浓度达到0.75%时,反而降低紧密连接蛋白的mRNA表达水平以及绒毛/隐窝比,提示高浓度Trp可能会对仔猪肠道结构产生负面影响[69]。猪日粮中添加0.2%的Trp可以显著增加空肠中Claudins和ZO-1的表达,维持肠道屏障功能完整[70]。断奶仔猪饲喂14 d的IALD处理可激活AhR,促进上皮细胞增殖,增加结肠微生物Alpha多样性和Beta多样性,改善肠道菌群组成,从而促进肠道健康[71]。在肠道辐射损伤模型中,灌胃IALD(200 mg·kg-1)可增加小鼠肠道益生菌丰度(乳杆菌和双歧杆菌),并提高AhR/IL-10/Wnt信号通路表达,从而促进肠道上皮细胞的增殖,缓解肠道损伤[72]。日粮中添加0.2%和0.4%的Trp均可显著提升断奶仔猪的抗氧化能力,但在不同浓度下,除了CAT酶活性有所差异外,其他抗氧化能力并无差异,表明Trp对仔猪抗氧化能力的提升并不完全依赖于浓度[73]。
畜禽机体应激反应与机体的抗氧化能力密切相关,其中肠道作为关键防御屏障,通过维持氧化还原平衡抵御有害物质入侵,在维持机体氧化还原平衡方面具有重要作用。肠道Trp代谢是维持肠道内环境稳态的关键因素之一,其代谢产物可作为AhR、PXR以及5-HTR的内源性配体,调控肠道黏膜屏障功能,减轻肠道炎症水平,调控肠道氧化还原反应,从而缓解肠道氧化应激损伤。畜禽领域中,已有较多的研究集中在日粮中添加Trp的最适浓度以及对畜禽肠道屏障功能、抗氧化力和生产性能的影响,但尚未存在成熟的干预措施来有效调节Trp代谢或其微生物代谢物,以促进畜禽生产或疾病的预防及治疗。此外,不同畜禽种类和不同生理阶段机体的受体对配体的敏感性存在较大差异,仍需要深入研究。尽管目前已明确了畜禽肠道部分菌种能够代谢Trp并参与肠道黏膜氧化应激及损伤修复,进一步挖掘参与Trp代谢的微生物以及阐明其调节肠黏膜稳态的具体机制,对畜禽营养与健康仍具有重要意义。
  • 湖南省科技创新计划资助(2024RC3188)
  • 国家自然科学基金(32102571)
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2026年第57卷第1期
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doi: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.01.005
  • 接收时间:2024-12-24
  • 首发时间:2026-09-16
  • 出版时间:2026-01-23
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-24
基金
湖南省科技创新计划资助(2024RC3188)
国家自然科学基金(32102571)
作者信息
    1.湖南农业大学动物科学技术学院,长沙 410128
    2.岳麓山实验室,长沙 410128

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王婧,主要从事动物营养研究,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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