Article(id=1307007397206188041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307007396681900041, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.01.002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1748966400000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-04, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789544446517, onlineDateStr=2026-09-16, pubDate=1769097600000, pubDateStr=2026-01-23, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789544446517, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789544446517, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789544446517, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1307007396681900041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, year='2026', volume='57', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='568', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769097600000', pubDateStr='2026-01-23', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789544446392, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789609890784, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1307281890638057732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307007396681900041, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1307281890738721029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, issueId=1307007396681900041, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=13, endPage=21, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1307007397474623499, articleId=1307007397206188041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1306274286668972124, language=EN, title=Research Progress on the Variation Pattern of Uterine Tissue Nutrients during the Estrous Cycle of Cows and Their Effects on Early Embryo Development, columnId=1307007397399126026, journalTitle=Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, columnName=REVIEW, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Uterine tissue nutrients are nutrients secreted by the uterus during animal reproduction, including amino acids, proteins, lipids, sugars, and other metabolites. Before implantation, the embryo relies on the tissue nutrients secreted by the uterus for nutrition. Their secretion is dynamically regulated by the estrous cycle, pregnancy status, uterine health, and maternal nutritional status. This article summarizes the changes in uterine fluid tissue nutrients under the estrous cycle, pregnancy status, nutritional levels, and endometritis. Through the study of these patterns, a more favorable uterine environment can be provided for the early development of embryos.

, authors=Fengfeng CAO, Qingyun LI, Zhou XING, Zhuoying LI, Jinzhong TAO, authorsList=Fengfeng CAO, Qingyun LI, Zhou XING, Zhuoying LI, Jinzhong TAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jinzhong TAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
TAO Jinzhong, E-mail:
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子宫组织营养素是在动物繁殖过程中子宫分泌的营养物质,包括氨基酸、蛋白质、脂质、糖类和其他代谢物等,胚胎在着床前依赖子宫分泌的组织营养素获取营养。其受发情周期、妊娠状态、子宫健康及母体营养状况的动态调控。本文总结了发情周期、妊娠状态、营养水平和子宫内膜炎状态下子宫液内组织营养素的变化。通过这些规律的研究可为胚胎早期发育提供更加有利的子宫内环境。

, authors=曹凤凤, 李庆云, 邢洲, 李卓颖, 陶金忠, authorsList=曹凤凤, 李庆云, 邢洲, 李卓颖, 陶金忠, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=陶金忠, authorNote=

曹凤凤,硕士,主要从事家畜繁殖与育种研究,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
陶金忠,主要从事动物繁殖技术和繁殖障碍的研究,E-mail:
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子宫组织营养素在母牛发情周期中的变化规律及对胚胎早期发育作用研究进展
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曹凤凤 , 李庆云 , 邢洲 , 李卓颖 , 陶金忠
畜牧兽医学报 | 综述 2026,57(1): 13-21
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畜牧兽医学报 |综述 2026 , 57 (1) : 13 -21
子宫组织营养素在母牛发情周期中的变化规律及对胚胎早期发育作用研究进展
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曹凤凤 , 李庆云, 邢洲, 李卓颖, 陶金忠
作者信息
  • 宁夏大学动物科技学院,银川 750021
通讯作者:
陶金忠,主要从事动物繁殖技术和繁殖障碍的研究,E-mail:
作者简介:

曹凤凤,硕士,主要从事家畜繁殖与育种研究,E-mail:

Research Progress on the Variation Pattern of Uterine Tissue Nutrients during the Estrous Cycle of Cows and Their Effects on Early Embryo Development
Fengfeng CAO , Qingyun LI, Zhou XING, Zhuoying LI, Jinzhong TAO
Affiliations
  • College of Animal Science and Technology,Ningxia University,Yinchuan 750021,China
  • Corresponding Author:
    TAO Jinzhong, E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-01-23 doi: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.01.002
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子宫组织营养素是在动物繁殖过程中子宫分泌的营养物质,包括氨基酸、蛋白质、脂质、糖类和其他代谢物等,胚胎在着床前依赖子宫分泌的组织营养素获取营养。其受发情周期、妊娠状态、子宫健康及母体营养状况的动态调控。本文总结了发情周期、妊娠状态、营养水平和子宫内膜炎状态下子宫液内组织营养素的变化。通过这些规律的研究可为胚胎早期发育提供更加有利的子宫内环境。

母牛  /  组织营养素  /  发情周期  /  子宫内膜炎  /  营养因素

Uterine tissue nutrients are nutrients secreted by the uterus during animal reproduction, including amino acids, proteins, lipids, sugars, and other metabolites. Before implantation, the embryo relies on the tissue nutrients secreted by the uterus for nutrition. Their secretion is dynamically regulated by the estrous cycle, pregnancy status, uterine health, and maternal nutritional status. This article summarizes the changes in uterine fluid tissue nutrients under the estrous cycle, pregnancy status, nutritional levels, and endometritis. Through the study of these patterns, a more favorable uterine environment can be provided for the early development of embryos.

cow  /  tissue nutrients  /  estrous cycle  /  endometritis  /  nutritional factors
曹凤凤, 李庆云, 邢洲, 李卓颖, 陶金忠. 子宫组织营养素在母牛发情周期中的变化规律及对胚胎早期发育作用研究进展. 畜牧兽医学报, 2026 , 57 (1) : 13 -21 . DOI: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.01.002
Fengfeng CAO, Qingyun LI, Zhou XING, Zhuoying LI, Jinzhong TAO. Research Progress on the Variation Pattern of Uterine Tissue Nutrients during the Estrous Cycle of Cows and Their Effects on Early Embryo Development[J]. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, 2026 , 57 (1) : 13 -21 . DOI: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.01.002
子宫中的组织营养素(histotroph)是指母畜在生殖周期中输卵管和子宫上皮细胞分泌的含有离子、生长因子、激素、蛋白质、脂质、葡萄糖、氨基酸、外泌体和其他分子的复杂混合物的液体[1],这些液体为着床前的胚胎提供营养[2]。相较于啮齿类和灵长类,反刍动物胚胎在子宫内自由漂浮的时间更长,胚胎能否发育到着床期取决于子宫内膜腺体分泌的组织营养素的质量与动态平衡[3]。
在牛体内胚胎发育过程中,前4 d的胚胎在输卵管中发育,输卵管上皮的分泌细胞在孕酮等激素的作用下,分泌输卵管组织营养素。第4天后,胚胎进入到子宫,子宫内膜组织分泌的组织营养素为胚胎提供营养,直至胚胎着床[4]。子宫内膜是一种复杂的组织,由管腔上皮细胞、浅表腺上皮细胞、深腺上皮细胞和成纤维细胞样基质细胞组成,各种细胞协同完成组织营养素的合成与分泌。管腔上皮细胞直接接触胚胎,分泌粘液保护胚胎并传递信号分子(如外泌体中的miRNA)。腺上皮细胞是深埋在基质中的分泌主力军,合成生长因子(IGF-1、EGF)、转运蛋白(如转铁蛋白、视黄醇结合蛋白)及代谢底物(葡萄糖、氨基酸)。基质细胞通过旁分泌调控腺体活性,响应孕酮和雌激素信号,协调分泌节律[5⁃8]。所有子宫内膜腺体及细胞合成并分泌的复杂物质进入子宫腔,这些物质在妊娠开始、胎盘生长和胎儿发育中起作用。这些复杂细胞分泌的成分组成了子宫的组织营养素。当动物机体营养状态、发情阶段和妊娠状态等发生变化时,子宫中的组织营养素也会发生变化。然而,当前研究领域仍存在诸多关键知识空白。尽管已知组织营养素变化会影响母牛繁殖,但对于不同生理状态下组织营养素中各成分的精准调控机制尚缺乏深入了解。此外,虽然知晓组织营养素异常会导致胚胎发育异常,但对于如何利用这些变化进行早期胚胎发育状态的精准监测与预警研究还较为匮乏。本文综述了母牛组织营养素近些年的研究成果,希望能在畜牧业实践中可以帮助养殖场建立基于母牛生理阶段(发情期、妊娠期)的精准的营养供给体系,避免因营养失衡导致组织营养素异常。还可以通过监测组织营养素关键指标,对组织营养素异常的母牛进行早期干预,降低不孕率与流产率。这不仅能减少养殖成本损耗,更能推动肉牛、奶牛产业向高效、精准化方向发展,为保障畜牧业可持续生产提供重要技术支撑。
牛的发情周期是一个动态过程,通常持续18~24 d,包括卵泡期和黄体期。黄体期是排卵后到功能性黄体存在的时期,而卵泡期是从功能性黄体消亡到排卵的时期[9]。在发情周期的这些阶段中,子宫内膜及其分泌物会发生相应变化。反刍动物处于发情期时,雌激素峰值驱动子宫内膜腺体扩张,增加葡萄糖与粘蛋白分泌,为潜在的受精做准备。间情期,在孕酮主导下,腺体分泌转向合成型代谢,大量释放脂类(如磷脂酰胆碱),为可能存在的胚胎提供营养支持。组织营养素的组成受发情周期中雌二醇(E2)和孕酮(P4)调控,发生动态变化,导致子宫合成的组织营养素发生规律性的变化[10]。
研究发现,牛子宫内膜中存在糖原储存,主要储存在子宫内膜的腔上皮和腺上皮中,间质细胞中糖原含量极低,且其含量随发情周期而变化[11]。发情前期,随着雌激素(E2)水平升高,子宫内膜血管增生和糖原分解加速,葡萄糖浓度逐渐升高以满足黏液分泌与细胞增殖的能量需求;发情期时,雌激素达峰值,糖原快速分解及血液供应增强使葡萄糖浓度升至最高,为精子线粒体代谢和潜在的胚胎发育提供直接能量;发情后期,P4水平上升抑制雌激素效应,葡萄糖浓度逐渐下降,代谢转向合成富含乳酸的盐的子宫组织营养素以准备胚胎着床;进入间情期后,在孕酮主导下子宫代谢减弱,葡萄糖维持低水平以支持黄体功能和基础代谢,若未受孕则随子宫内膜退化进一步减少[12⁃16]。Sandoval等[11]研究发现,发情周期第1天子宫内膜上皮细胞中的糖原含量显著高于第11天(间情期)(P<0.001),而腺上皮糖原含量同期减少了66%。
牛组织营养素中最丰富的氨基酸是甘氨酸和β-丙氨酸,其与最少的氨基酸天冬酰胺相比有大约250倍的差异[17]。子宫液中多数氨基酸的浓度则存在发情周期“日”效应,甘氨酸浓度在发情周期的第8~10天最高,丝氨酸浓度在第8天和第14天显著高于第6天,而甘氨酸浓度在第14天显著低于第8天[18⁃19]。苏氨酸和甘氨酸在第16天发情周期达到峰值,精氨酸、组氨酸等碱性氨基酸在发情周期第16天减少,天冬氨酸和谷氨酸浓度保持相对稳定[20]。
Ledgard等[21]通过二维凝胶电泳比较发情周期中第5和第9天子宫冲洗液(ULF)中的蛋白质组成,发现了10种蛋白质及其表达差异。其中AKR1B1在第9天的ULF中表达量比第5天高20倍(P<0.001);PNP在第9天的ULF中表达量比第5天高6.1倍(P<0.001);PSAT1在第9天的ULF中表达量比第5天高18.3倍(P<0.001);ANXA1、ANXA2、ANXA5、ARHGDIA、ENO1、GSTM1、PGAM1在第9天的ULF中表达量有所增加。说明在发情周期的早期AKR1B1、PNP、PSAT1等蛋白表达量显著上调。Mullen等[22]利用无标记液相色谱-串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)蛋白质组学技术对高繁殖力奶牛发情周期中两个关键阶段的子宫蛋白质组进行了表征。在第7天鉴定出300种蛋白质,在第13天鉴定出510种蛋白质,两天共同表达的蛋白质有281种。与第13天相比,第7天有5种蛋白质含量更高(P<0.05),包括新型的组织营养蛋白CK10(cytokeratin10)和stathmin。而第13天有29种蛋白质显著升高(P≤0.05),包括已被鉴定的legumain、TIMP-2(tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 2)以及新型的组织营养蛋白嗜铬粒蛋白A和吡哆醛激酶。发情周期中子宫ULF的蛋白质变化(尤其是第5~9天的上调蛋白、第14天的特异性蛋白)通过能量供给、原料合成、微环境保护、阶段适配调控直接影响胚胎发育。第9天的蛋白质表达谱最适配孵化后囊胚的快速生长需求,第14天的特异性蛋白则为胚胎着床奠定基础;若蛋白质表达与胚胎发育阶段不匹配(如第5天关键蛋白不足、第9天抑制蛋白升高),则会导致胚胎生长迟缓、存活率降低[21⁃22]。
Piibor等[23]发现,牛ULF中细胞外囊泡(EV)浓度和蛋白质谱在发情周期卵泡期和黄体期存在显著差异。通过纳米颗粒跟踪分析(NTA)测量,无论是活体奶牛还是屠宰奶牛,卵泡期的 EV 颗粒浓度均显著高于黄体期(P≤0.05);且在鉴定出的2 587种蛋白质中,共41种蛋白质在卵泡期和黄体期存在差异(P≤0.05)。其中肌球蛋白IC(myosin IC)、催产素受体(oxytocin receptor)、含多糖生物合成域蛋白1(polysaccharide biosynthesis domain containing 1)、PDZK1互作蛋白1(PDZK1 interacting protein 1)、视黄醇结合蛋白1(retinol binding protein1)、尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物受体(urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor)、溶质载体家族4成员4(solute carrier family 4 member 4)、跨膜蛋白114(transmembrane protein 114)、扭转蛋白家族2成员A(torsin family 2 member A)等9种在卵泡期高表达。黄体期高表达的蛋白有32种,参与离子运输和细胞黏附的 ATP酶钠钾转运亚基β2(ATPase Na+/K+ transporting subunit beta 2)、N-乙酰乳糖胺苷β-1,3-N-乙酰葡萄糖醇代谢的CYP51A1(cytochrome P450 family 51 subfamily A member 1);参与脂质代谢的EPP6(ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 6)、GM2A(GM2 ganglioside activator)、HSD17B7(hydroxysteroid 17-beta dehydrogenase 7)等。
King等[24]发现,在泌乳奶牛的ULF中,脂滴(LD)、脂肪酸(FA)和氧化脂质(OxL)的含量从发情第5天到第15天逐渐增加。LD浓度从第5~15天呈阶梯式增长,第5~10天增加1.9倍,第10~15天再增加2倍,这为胚胎发育提供了更多的能量储备。在胚胎发育过程中,能量供应至关重要,LD的积累可在胚胎发育的关键阶段,如着床和器官形成期,满足其对能量的大量需求。FA总浓度第15天比第5天高2.2倍,其中多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)中亚麻酸在第10天和第15天的比例显著高于第5天(P<0.05);花生四烯酸(ArA)第10天比例较第5天下降(P<0.01),但在第15天恢复至与第5天相当水平;单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)中油酸比例显著增加,饱和脂肪酸(SFA)中棕榈酸、肉豆蔻酸第15天的比例显著低于第5天(P=0.02)。PUFA对细胞膜的流动性和稳定性具有重要作用,有助于胚胎细胞的生长、分裂和分化;ArA是重要的信号分子前体,其比例的稳定对胚胎发育过程中的信号传导至关重要。ULF中的OxL总浓度第15天比第5天高2.6倍,二十二碳六烯酸衍生(DHA-OxL)中17-HDOHE、羟基脂肪酸(HETEs)中13-HODE浓度在第15天升高,而亚油酸衍生(LA-OxL)比例在第15天显著下降(P<0.05)。OxL可作为信号分子激活卵母细胞或胚胎细胞内的特定信号通路。低浓度可通过改善卵母细胞胞质成熟促进胚胎发育,而高浓度则会导致胚胎发育效率下降。
牛的发情周期是一个复杂的生理过程,子宫腔液中的各类子宫营养素也在各个时期有着明显的变化。糖类、氨基酸、蛋白质和脂质代谢的变化通过调控能量供应和营养物质供应,对胚胎的发育和存活具有重要影响。
牛孕体的存活和生长依赖于在子宫腔内的子宫组织营养素[25-27]。同时孕体的存在导致组织营养素发生显著变化。Moraes等[28]发现在第17天,与未妊娠的小母牛相比,妊娠母牛ULF中的葡萄糖浓度更高(P=0.05)。妊娠日龄会影响母体和胎儿体液中氨基酸和糖的浓度。Crouse等[29]发现与未孕牛相比,怀孕第16、34、50天母牛ULF中葡萄糖浓度更高(P=0.03),第50天的果糖浓度高于第16和34天(P<0.01)。有研究发现,妊娠期间限速糖异生酶(G6PC、PCK2、FBP1)的mRNA表达增加。同样,相同的3种酶的表达从妊娠第28~42天增加[30],表明牛子宫能够通过糖异生生成葡萄糖,这表明子宫的糖异生能力随着怀孕的进程而增加。牛妊娠早期可用葡萄糖的增加可能是孕体延长开始的一个重要调节因子,并由葡萄糖-AMPK-PPARγ相互作用[31]。
Beltman等[32]发现,子宫代谢物中22 种在怀孕第7天和发情第7天间存在显著差异,其中甘氨酸在怀孕奶牛ULF中的浓度为对照组的0.7倍(P≤0.05),肌氨酸浓度是对照组的0.6倍(P≤0.01)。Groebner等[33]发现,母牛子宫液中谷氨酰胺浓度在妊娠第18天高于第12和15天,且与非妊娠组相比,妊娠母牛子宫液中的谷氨酰胺浓度增加至3.45倍。Ribeiro等[6]研究发现,与精氨酸代谢相关的基因表达在孕体的延长阶段增加,这可能有利于利用精氨酸和产生一氧化氮(NO)。在人工授精后第15天检测子宫液发现,精氨酸琥珀酸合成酶1(ASS1)的转录表达增加了9.2倍,精氨酸琥珀酸裂解酶(ASL)增加了2.5倍,一氧化氮合酶2(NOS2)增加了3.7倍,一氧化氮合酶相互作用蛋白(NOSIP)增加了1.7倍[32]。Crouse等[34]利用卵巢-子宫切除术,检测第16、34、50天妊娠母牛组织营养素,发现第16天的谷氨酰胺浓度低于第34和50天(P<0.01),而丙氨酸(P<0.01)、组氨酸和亮氨酸(P=0.03)、赖氨酸(P=0.02)、甲硫氨酸(P=0.03)浓度高于第34和50天;精氨酸浓度在第34天高于16和50天(P=0.05),说明在妊娠早期奶牛的子宫组织营养素发生了变化,其中精氨酸代谢增强。SLC38A7负责运输谷氨酰胺等中性氨基酸,而谷氨酰胺不仅是胚胎能量代谢的主要来源,还通过mTOR信号通路调控滋养层细胞的增殖和功能,其表达的时序性上调可能直接促进胚胎存活和胎盘血管生成。研究表明,SLC38A7在牛子宫内膜中的表达随着妊娠进程显著增加。在妊娠早期(第16~50天),SLC38A7的表达在子宫内膜(尤其是ICAR区域)呈现时间依赖性上调。妊娠第16天的SLC38A7表达显著高于非妊娠对照组,且在妊娠后期(第34和50天)维持较高水平[35]。
Ledgard等[36]使用双向电泳检测了怀孕和未怀孕牛第16和18天的ULF,发现,与未怀孕的小母牛相比,妊娠母牛中视网膜结合蛋白(RPB4)和基质金属蛋白酶2组织抑制剂(TIMP-2)的蛋白丰度显著下降。
在孕体伸长过程中过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ(PPARG)的转录表达显著增加,与配种当天相比,PPARG基因的表达在孕体延长初期增加了17.3倍,且与已知影响胚胎发育或脂质代谢的几个基因的表达水平高度相关[6,37]。与之相对应的妊娠母牛的ULF中含C11-20和C21-25的脂肪酸含量增加[38⁃39]。在怀孕第16天样本中花生四烯酸的浓度显著低于非怀孕组奶牛,而前列腺、15-羟基二十碳四烯酸、大麻素、亚油酸的三羟基代谢物9,12,13-三羟基十八碳二烯酸浓度均显著高于同期非怀孕奶牛[33]。滋养层细胞对花生四烯酸或其前体有很高的需求,用于生产二十烷类物质。发育第16天的牛胚胎在体外孵育24 h期间,每毫克组织产生平均350 ng的前列腺素。证明怀孕母牛子宫腔中的前列腺素含量远大于在相同发情周期阶段的对照组,就转录表达而言,前体供应和前列腺素合成相关的基因在孕体延长开始时显著增加,并且与 PPARG的表达高度相关[6]。
母体妊娠与未妊娠状态下的葡萄糖、氨基酸、脂类等营养物质的浓度均有不同变化。子宫微环境通过代谢底物供给与信号分子递送的双重机制,构建了胚胎存活的动态营养-信号耦合系统,其稳态失衡可能成为早期妊娠失败的关键诱因,这为优化母体营养干预策略提供了重要理论依据。
当子宫内膜炎发生时,炎症细胞(如巨噬细胞、中性粒细胞)会被趋化因子吸引到炎症部位。这些炎症细胞具有活跃的代谢功能。维持炎症细胞的正常代谢活动都需要大量的能量。细胞主要通过有氧氧化和无氧酵解来产生能量(ATP),而葡萄糖是这两种代谢途径的关键底物[40⁃41]。因此,炎症细胞会增加对ULF中葡萄糖的摄取,用于产生ATP以支持其功能。炎症细胞通过细胞膜上的葡萄糖转运蛋白(如GLUT1-4等)来摄取葡萄糖。在炎症状态下,这些转运蛋白的表达和活性可能会增加[42]。研究发现,在炎症刺激下,GLUT1的表达会上调,从而加速葡萄糖的摄取。这种摄取的增加会导致ULF中游离葡萄糖的含量下降[43]。炎症细胞还会释放多种炎症介质,如白细胞介素-1(IL-1)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)等。这些介质可以作用于周围的细胞,包括子宫内膜细胞和其他炎症细胞。IL-1和TNF-α等炎症介质可以刺激细胞表面的受体,激活细胞内的信号通路,如NF-κB通路等[44⁃47]。激活的信号通路可以调节细胞代谢相关基因的表达,包括葡萄糖转运蛋白和糖酵解相关酶的基因。TNF-α可以诱导细胞内己糖激酶活性增加,己糖激酶是糖酵解过程中的关键酶,它能够催化葡萄糖磷酸化,使其进入糖酵解途径。这使得细胞对葡萄糖的利用效率提高,从而间接导致ULF中的葡萄糖被周围细胞更快地摄取和利用,含量进一步降低[48⁃51]。
同时由于炎症导致血管通透性增加,血浆中的钠离子会随着其他溶质一起渗出到ULF中。同时,炎症引起的局部组织水肿也会影响钠离子的分布。如,炎症介质(如组胺等)使血管内皮细胞间的连接变疏松,钠离子顺着浓度梯度从血液进入ULF,导致ULF中的钠离子浓度升高。而且,炎症可能会干扰子宫内膜细胞对钠离子的正常调节,进一步促使钠离子在ULF中积累[52-53]。针对患子宫内膜炎奶牛体内离子变化规律的研究表明:与健康奶牛相比,患子宫内膜炎母牛血液中钙离子平均含量降低了17.8%,子宫黏液中钙离子平均含量降低了50.2%,说明钙离子与子宫内膜炎发病关系密切[51]。Li等[54]发现,S100 钙结合蛋白A4(S100A4)mRNA和蛋白在患有子宫内膜炎的奶牛子宫和受大肠杆菌或脂多糖刺激的牛子宫内膜上皮细胞中均下降。与健康奶牛相比,子宫内膜炎患病奶牛子宫平滑肌组织细胞内钙离子浓度显著下降(P<0.05)[55]。细胞内钙离子浓度的变化会影响多种生理过程,尤其是对子宫平滑肌的收缩功能有重要影响。正常情况下,适当的钙离子浓度对于维持子宫平滑肌的正常收缩是必要的。当钙离子浓度下降时,可能会导致子宫平滑肌收缩功能减弱。这表明在牛子宫内膜炎的发生过程中,炎症不仅损伤了黏膜组织,还通过降低细胞内钙离子浓度显著抑制子宫平滑肌收缩。钙结合蛋白在细胞中作为关键的第二信使,通过与钙离子结合来参与众多细胞功能[56⁃59]。
子宫内膜炎不仅仅是一种炎症,它更引发了子宫内微环境改变。炎症细胞耗尽葡萄糖,同时关键离子钙离子、钠离子浓度异常,这些变化共同导致了子宫收缩功能的丧失,使得疾病难以自愈并持续恶化。因此牛患子宫内膜炎时,可以针对上述子宫营养素的变化做出相应的营养补给措施及治疗,减轻炎症反应,促进子宫修复和功能恢复。
尽管已经确定了妊娠母牛的营养需求,但妊娠期营养不良等问题仍然存在。胎儿与母体间的相互作用对妊娠的建立和维持至关重要,这些相互作用可能受到母亲营养状况的影响。早期胎儿与母体相互作用主要是子宫内膜腺体运输或分泌组织营养素进入子宫腔,这为胎儿提供了主要的营养来源。母体营养可能影响组织营养素成分,导致胚胎发育改变。
氨基酸在蛋白质合成和生物活性发挥中具有很重要的作用,母体日粮会影响组织营养素中氨基酸的组成。Greseth等[35]发现,母体营养状况对特定营养物质和营养转运体的影响可能更为明显,在母体营养限制(60%营养需求)的牛模型中,ICAR区域的SLC38A7表达在妊娠第16天显著高于对照组(100%营养需求)。这种差异表明,营养不足可能通过代偿性机制上调转运体表达,以增强对有限营养物质的吸收能力。Swanson等[60]发现,与维持体重组(CON组)相比,中等体重损失组(-0.7 kg·d-1,NEG组)生产性能降低的同时,血清中非酯化脂肪酸与组氨酸的浓度上升,丙氨酸、缬氨酸、亮氨酸、异亮氨酸和色氨酸浓度降低。而子宫组织液中在黄体对侧子宫角处,赖氨酸、异亮氨酸、天冬氨酸和脯氨酸浓度增加,色氨酸与半胱氨酸比例降低。说明营养水平可以改变血清和子宫组织营养素中的氨基酸组成,这可能对胚胎的生长和发育产生影响。
日粮影响肉牛子宫组织液蛋白质组表达,差异主要源于日粮的组成,高脂肪日粮对蛋白质组影响最大。Kalynn等[61]通过不同饮食处理发现,高蛋白低脂肪组、高蛋白高脂肪组、高蛋白组、高脂肪组分别有20、37、85、123种独特蛋白质。与高蛋白低脂肪组相比,其他3组分别有23、14、51种差异表达蛋白质(P≤0.01),高脂肪对母牛子宫组织液蛋白质影响最大,其有34种蛋白质上调,17种下调。
因此,优化妊娠母体营养策略需综合考虑氨基酸平衡、蛋白质代谢、脂肪比例及代谢产物的动态调控,以维持子宫组织营养素的稳态,保障胚胎发育的微环境需求。
组织营养素在反刍动物早期胚胎发育中扮演着关键角色,胚胎在着床前依赖子宫分泌的组织营养素获取营养。本文全面探讨了母牛在不同生理状态下组织营养素的变化规律。通过分析发情周期、妊娠状态、子宫内膜炎以及母体的营养状况等因素对组织营养素成分的影响,进而了解其对胚胎发育的影响。在后续的研究中可以深入探究组织营养素在母牛不同状态下的调节机理及作用的分子机制,明确各营养素如何通过信号通路影响胚胎发育、妊娠维持和子宫生理功能。进一步探究营养因素与其他生理因素(如激素、免疫等)在调节子宫营养素中的相互作用,以全面理解母牛生殖生理过程中组织营养素的调控网络。
  • 宁夏回族自治区重点研发项目(2022BBF03022)
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2026年第57卷第1期
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doi: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.01.002
  • 接收时间:2025-06-04
  • 首发时间:2026-09-16
  • 出版时间:2026-01-23
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-04
基金
宁夏回族自治区重点研发项目(2022BBF03022)
作者信息
    宁夏大学动物科技学院,银川 750021

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陶金忠,主要从事动物繁殖技术和繁殖障碍的研究,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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