Article(id=1316714717058548167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1316714454184739470, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260220, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1773504000000, receivedDateStr=2026-03-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1778947200000, acceptedDateStr=2026-05-17, onlineDate=1791858851922, onlineDateStr=2026-10-13, pubDate=1791043200000, pubDateStr=2026-10-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791858851922, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791858851922, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791858851922, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1316714454184739470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='10', pageStart='4661', pageEnd='5310', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1791043200000', pubDateStr='2026-10-04', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791858789249, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791885400527, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1316826070066774161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1316714454184739470, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1316826070066774162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1316714454184739470, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=5193, endPage=5204, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1316714717264069064, articleId=1316714717058548167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Comparative analysis of gut microbiota composition and short-chain fatty acids in Tibetan pigs across different growth stages from birth to the fattening stage, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Tibetan pigs, a typical high-altitude indigenous breed in China, have developed unique physiological and metabolic characteristics through long-term natural selection under extreme plateau environmental conditions such as low oxygen and low temperature. However, stage-specific differences in their gut microbiota composition remain to be investigated. [Objective] To compare the rectal fecal microbiota composition and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in Tibetan pigs at different growth stages from birth to the fattening stage. [Methods] Ten pregnant Tibetan sows with similar parity (2-3) and good body condition were selected and allowed to farrow synchronously. The offspring were reared from birth to 140 days old. A cross-sectional sampling design was adopted to collect rectal fecal samples from 10 pigs at 1, 7, 21, 70, and 140 days old for 16S rRNA gene sequencing and determination of SCFA concentrations. [Results] Microbial diversity in rectal fecal samples of Tibetan pigs gradually increased with age and stabilized during the later growth stage. Bacillota and Bacteroidota remained dominant throughout development. At the genus level, the gut microbiota of neonatal piglets was primarily colonized by Clostridium, Escherichia-Shigella, Streptococcus, and Fusobacterium. Notably, dominant genera in the gut during the suckling stage, such as Lactobacillus and Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group, remained abundant after weaning. Christensenellaceae R-7 group and Treponema showed low relative abundance before weaning but were significantly enriched after weaning and were among the dominant genera at 70 and 140 days old. PICRUSt2-based functional prediction analysis showed that the rectal fecal microbiota of Tibetan pigs at 21 days old was mainly enriched in pathways related to the citrate cycle and oxidative phosphorylation, whereas that at 70 and 140 days old was mainly enriched in amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, and starch and sucrose metabolism. The concentrations of acetate, propionate, butyrate, and total SCFAs in rectal fecal samples at 70 and 140 days old were significantly higher than those at 21 days old. Correlation analysis revealed that Treponema and Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group had significantly positive correlations with acetate, propionate, butyrate, and total SCFA concentrations. [Conclusion] The gut microbiota composition differed markedly among Tibetan pigs at different growth stages. Beneficial bacteria such as Lactobacillus maintained relatively high abundance throughout the growth stages, while Christensenellaceae R-7 group remained abundant during the fattening stage. Moreover, the significant enrichment of complex carbohydrate-fermenting bacteria, represented by Treponema and Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group, during the growing-finishing stage suggests their key role in the hindgut fermentation of Tibetan pigs.

, authors=Weilong HUANG1, Dehui ZHAO1, Tengshi SHEN1, Long PAN1, Zhankun TAN2, Kaifan YU1, Weiyun ZHU1, *, authorsList=Weilong HUANG, Dehui ZHAO, Tengshi SHEN, Long PAN, Zhankun TAN, Kaifan YU, Weiyun ZHU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Weiyun ZHU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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藏猪作为中国典型的高原型地方猪种,在长期适应低氧、低温等极端高原环境的自然选择过程中形成了独特的生理和代谢特征,其肠道微生物组成的阶段性差异有待进一步研究。 【目的】 比较藏猪从出生到育肥不同生长阶段直肠粪样微生物组成及短链脂肪酸的差异。 【方法】 选取10头胎次相近(2-3胎)且体况良好的妊娠藏母猪进行同期分娩,所得试验仔猪从出生饲养至140日龄,采用横断面采样方式,于1、7、21、70和140日龄时分别采集10头藏猪的直肠粪样进行16S rRNA基因测序及短链脂肪酸含量测定。 【结果】 藏猪直肠粪样微生物多样性随日龄增加而逐渐增大,于生长后期趋于稳定,其中芽孢杆菌门(Bacillota)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)在不同生长阶段始终占据优势。在属水平上,新生仔猪肠道中主要定植梭菌属(Clostridium)、埃希氏菌-志贺氏菌属(Escherichia-Shigella)、链球菌属(Streptococcus)以及梭杆菌属(Fusobacterium)。哺乳期藏猪肠道优势菌属如乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)和Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group在仔猪断奶后仍保持较高相对丰度,而Christensenellaceae R-7 group、密螺旋体属(Treponema)等在断奶前相对丰度较低,断奶后相对丰度显著升高,成为70日龄和140日龄优势菌属之一。PICRUSt2功能预测分析显示,21日龄藏猪直肠粪样微生物功能主要富集于柠檬酸循环和氧化磷酸化等代谢途径,而70日龄和140日龄则主要富集于氨基糖和核苷酸糖代谢、糖酵解/糖异生以及淀粉和蔗糖代谢等途径。70日龄和140日龄藏猪直肠粪样中乙酸、丙酸、丁酸及总短链脂肪酸含量显著高于21日龄。相关性分析表明,密螺旋体属和Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group与乙酸、丙酸、丁酸及总短链脂肪酸含量呈显著正相关。 【结论】 不同生长阶段藏猪肠道微生物组成存在显著差异,有益菌如乳杆菌属在藏猪各生长阶段、Christensenellaceae R-7 group在生长育肥期均保持较高相对丰度;藏猪在生长育肥期肠道中显著富集密螺旋体属(Treponema)和Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group为代表的复杂碳水化合物发酵相关菌群,暗示这些菌属可能是藏猪后肠发酵的关键微生物。

, authors=黄伟龙1, 赵德辉1, 申腾世1, 潘龙1, 谭占坤2, 余凯凡1, 朱伟云1, *, authorsList=黄伟龙, 赵德辉, 申腾世, 潘龙, 谭占坤, 余凯凡, 朱伟云, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=朱伟云, authorNote=

作者贡献声明

黄伟龙:数据采集、分析、论文撰写及藏猪饲养试验;赵德辉:软件支持及藏猪饲养试验;申腾世:藏猪饲养试验及样品采集;潘龙:项目管理和实验监督;谭占坤:研究设计和实验方案指导;余凯凡:研究设计、项目监督、结果讨论及论文审阅与修改;朱伟云:研究构思与设计、项目监督、经费获取及论文审阅与修改。

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Interactions between gut microbes and host promote degradation of various fiber components in Meishan pigs[J]. mSystems, 2025, 10(2): e01500-24., articleTitle=Interactions between gut microbes and host promote degradation of various fiber components in Meishan pigs, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1316829956861178450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714717058548167, awardId=U22A20519, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(U22A20519), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1316829956924093011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714717058548167, awardId=U22A20519, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(U22A20519), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1316829949168824851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714717058548167, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1316829949181407764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714717058548167, companyId=1316829949168824851, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1316829949189796373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714717058548167, companyId=1316829949168824851, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.南京农业大学 动物科技学院,消化道微生物研究室,江苏省消化道营养与动物健康重点实验室,动物消化道营养国际联合研究中心,江苏 南京)]), AuthorCompany(id=1316829949261099542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714717058548167, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1316829949269488151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714717058548167, companyId=1316829949261099542, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.College of Animal Science, Xizang Agriculture and Animal Husbandry University, Nyingchi, Xizang, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1316829949277876760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714717058548167, companyId=1316829949261099542, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.西藏农牧学院 动物科学学院,西藏 林芝)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1316829954369761860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714717058548167, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Diversity of the rectal fecal microbiota in Tibetan pigs at different growth stages. A: Shannon index; B: Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) plot; C: Petal diagram showing the number of amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) at different ages. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among groups (P<0.05)., figureFileSmall=mwVnplBIq90akSEAg74z/w==, figureFileBig=bOMtLoQtdhSpiUSG93JxRQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829955833573957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714717058548167, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同生长阶段藏猪直肠粪样微生物群落多样性, figureFileSmall=mwVnplBIq90akSEAg74z/w==, figureFileBig=bOMtLoQtdhSpiUSG93JxRQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829955942625862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714717058548167, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Phylum-level composition of the rectal fecal microbiota in Tibetan pigs at different growth stages. A: Stacked bar plot showing the top 10 phyla; B-D: changes in the relative abundances of the major phyla. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among groups (P<0.05)., figureFileSmall=R7lEu7UdEpXi3n012EPk/w==, figureFileBig=S7NJxvN9xaRpa7xW2I/9Ag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829956013929031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714717058548167, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同生长阶段藏猪直肠粪样微生物门水平组成, figureFileSmall=R7lEu7UdEpXi3n012EPk/w==, figureFileBig=S7NJxvN9xaRpa7xW2I/9Ag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829956072649288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714717058548167, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Genus-level composition of the rectal fecal microbiota in Tibetan pigs at different growth stages. A: Stacked bar plot showing the top 20 genera; B-K: Changes in the relative abundances of the major genera. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among groups (P<0.05)., figureFileSmall=Qa37fudBu2Hmk9kitHyEBA==, figureFileBig=dJoVimfwrDJVnJtvgTuQ1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829956152341065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714717058548167, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同生长阶段藏猪直肠粪样微生物属水平组成, figureFileSmall=Qa37fudBu2Hmk9kitHyEBA==, figureFileBig=dJoVimfwrDJVnJtvgTuQ1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829956223644234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714717058548167, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Functional prediction of the rectal fecal microbiota in Tibetan pigs at different growth stages based on PICRUSt2. A: Carbohydrate metabolism; B: Energy metabolism. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among groups (P<0.05)., figureFileSmall=NXdgW4/tNmwDAmM2j12jeA==, figureFileBig=LwnYyiex3wLaAJaEM/wLtw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829956299141707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714717058548167, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同生长阶段藏猪直肠粪样微生物的PICRUSt2功能预测, figureFileSmall=NXdgW4/tNmwDAmM2j12jeA==, figureFileBig=LwnYyiex3wLaAJaEM/wLtw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829956362056268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714717058548167, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in rectal fecal samples of Tibetan pigs at different growth stages. A: Concentrations of acetate, propionate, butyrate, valerate, isobutyrate, and isovalerate; B: Total SCFA concentrations. * indicates P<0.05, ** indicates P<0.01, and *** indicates P<0.001., figureFileSmall=OGQGmocY3yi1G9/gwgjCFQ==, figureFileBig=RlgFDih0QT9z39wegM8pFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829956441748045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714717058548167, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同生长阶段藏猪直肠粪样短链脂肪酸的含量, figureFileSmall=OGQGmocY3yi1G9/gwgjCFQ==, figureFileBig=RlgFDih0QT9z39wegM8pFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829956504662606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714717058548167, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Spearman correlation analysis between rectal fecal microbiota and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations in Tibetan pigs at 140 days of age. * indicates P<0.05, and ** indicates P<0.01., figureFileSmall=PO9KVYnHLzqnIfjzbrZF5A==, figureFileBig=GINjUYRLHYgiqGwIiK0HMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829956575965775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714717058548167, language=CN, label=图6, caption=140日龄藏猪直肠粪样微生物与短链脂肪酸含量Spearman相关性分析, figureFileSmall=PO9KVYnHLzqnIfjzbrZF5A==, figureFileBig=GINjUYRLHYgiqGwIiK0HMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829956643074640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714717058548167, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Diet composition and nutrient levels of Tibetan pigs

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ItemDays 43-70Days 71-140
Ingredients/%
Corn71.5668.20
Soybean meal20.6216.00
Wheat bran4.509.00
Soybean oil0.804.86
Calcium carbonate0.980.97
Dicalcium phosphate0.400.23
L-lysine hydrochloride0.230.19
DL-methionine0.04-
DL-threonine0.010.01
L-tryptophan0.020.01
Salt0.500.20
Choline chloride0.100.10
Vitamin premix10.040.03
Mineral premix20.200.20
Total100.00100.00
Nutrient levels
Metabolizable energy/(MJ/kg)14.5814.12
Crude protein/%16.1115.07
Crude fiber/%3.115.00
Calcium/%0.630.61
Phosphorus/%0.420.39
Available phosphorus/%0.270.22
Neutral detergent fiber/%12.2415.87
Total dietary fiber/%13.8617.13
), ArticleFig(id=1316829956714377809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714717058548167, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

藏猪日粮组成及营养水平

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ItemDays 43-70Days 71-140
Ingredients/%
Corn71.5668.20
Soybean meal20.6216.00
Wheat bran4.509.00
Soybean oil0.804.86
Calcium carbonate0.980.97
Dicalcium phosphate0.400.23
L-lysine hydrochloride0.230.19
DL-methionine0.04-
DL-threonine0.010.01
L-tryptophan0.020.01
Salt0.500.20
Choline chloride0.100.10
Vitamin premix10.040.03
Mineral premix20.200.20
Total100.00100.00
Nutrient levels
Metabolizable energy/(MJ/kg)14.5814.12
Crude protein/%16.1115.07
Crude fiber/%3.115.00
Calcium/%0.630.61
Phosphorus/%0.420.39
Available phosphorus/%0.270.22
Neutral detergent fiber/%12.2415.87
Total dietary fiber/%13.8617.13
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藏猪从出生到育肥不同生长阶段肠道微生物组成及短链脂肪酸的差异分析
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黄伟龙 1 , 赵德辉 1 , 申腾世 1 , 潘龙 1 , 谭占坤 2 , 余凯凡 1 , 朱伟云 1, *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(10): 5193-5204
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微生物学报 |研究报告 2026 , 66 (10) : 5193 -5204
藏猪从出生到育肥不同生长阶段肠道微生物组成及短链脂肪酸的差异分析
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黄伟龙1, 赵德辉1, 申腾世1, 潘龙1, 谭占坤2, 余凯凡1, 朱伟云1, *
作者信息
  • 1.南京农业大学 动物科技学院,消化道微生物研究室,江苏省消化道营养与动物健康重点实验室,动物消化道营养国际联合研究中心,江苏 南京
  • 2.西藏农牧学院 动物科学学院,西藏 林芝
通讯作者:
朱伟云
作者简介:

作者贡献声明

黄伟龙:数据采集、分析、论文撰写及藏猪饲养试验;赵德辉:软件支持及藏猪饲养试验;申腾世:藏猪饲养试验及样品采集;潘龙:项目管理和实验监督;谭占坤:研究设计和实验方案指导;余凯凡:研究设计、项目监督、结果讨论及论文审阅与修改;朱伟云:研究构思与设计、项目监督、经费获取及论文审阅与修改。

Comparative analysis of gut microbiota composition and short-chain fatty acids in Tibetan pigs across different growth stages from birth to the fattening stage
Weilong HUANG1, Dehui ZHAO1, Tengshi SHEN1, Long PAN1, Zhankun TAN2, Kaifan YU1, Weiyun ZHU1, *
Affiliations
  • 1.Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
  • 2.College of Animal Science, Xizang Agriculture and Animal Husbandry University, Nyingchi, Xizang, China
  • Corresponding Author:
出版时间: 2026-10-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260220
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藏猪作为中国典型的高原型地方猪种,在长期适应低氧、低温等极端高原环境的自然选择过程中形成了独特的生理和代谢特征,其肠道微生物组成的阶段性差异有待进一步研究。 【目的】 比较藏猪从出生到育肥不同生长阶段直肠粪样微生物组成及短链脂肪酸的差异。 【方法】 选取10头胎次相近(2-3胎)且体况良好的妊娠藏母猪进行同期分娩,所得试验仔猪从出生饲养至140日龄,采用横断面采样方式,于1、7、21、70和140日龄时分别采集10头藏猪的直肠粪样进行16S rRNA基因测序及短链脂肪酸含量测定。 【结果】 藏猪直肠粪样微生物多样性随日龄增加而逐渐增大,于生长后期趋于稳定,其中芽孢杆菌门(Bacillota)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)在不同生长阶段始终占据优势。在属水平上,新生仔猪肠道中主要定植梭菌属(Clostridium)、埃希氏菌-志贺氏菌属(Escherichia-Shigella)、链球菌属(Streptococcus)以及梭杆菌属(Fusobacterium)。哺乳期藏猪肠道优势菌属如乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)和Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group在仔猪断奶后仍保持较高相对丰度,而Christensenellaceae R-7 group、密螺旋体属(Treponema)等在断奶前相对丰度较低,断奶后相对丰度显著升高,成为70日龄和140日龄优势菌属之一。PICRUSt2功能预测分析显示,21日龄藏猪直肠粪样微生物功能主要富集于柠檬酸循环和氧化磷酸化等代谢途径,而70日龄和140日龄则主要富集于氨基糖和核苷酸糖代谢、糖酵解/糖异生以及淀粉和蔗糖代谢等途径。70日龄和140日龄藏猪直肠粪样中乙酸、丙酸、丁酸及总短链脂肪酸含量显著高于21日龄。相关性分析表明,密螺旋体属和Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group与乙酸、丙酸、丁酸及总短链脂肪酸含量呈显著正相关。 【结论】 不同生长阶段藏猪肠道微生物组成存在显著差异,有益菌如乳杆菌属在藏猪各生长阶段、Christensenellaceae R-7 group在生长育肥期均保持较高相对丰度;藏猪在生长育肥期肠道中显著富集密螺旋体属(Treponema)和Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group为代表的复杂碳水化合物发酵相关菌群,暗示这些菌属可能是藏猪后肠发酵的关键微生物。

藏猪  /  肠道微生物  /  不同生长阶段  /  短链脂肪酸

Tibetan pigs, a typical high-altitude indigenous breed in China, have developed unique physiological and metabolic characteristics through long-term natural selection under extreme plateau environmental conditions such as low oxygen and low temperature. However, stage-specific differences in their gut microbiota composition remain to be investigated. [Objective] To compare the rectal fecal microbiota composition and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in Tibetan pigs at different growth stages from birth to the fattening stage. [Methods] Ten pregnant Tibetan sows with similar parity (2-3) and good body condition were selected and allowed to farrow synchronously. The offspring were reared from birth to 140 days old. A cross-sectional sampling design was adopted to collect rectal fecal samples from 10 pigs at 1, 7, 21, 70, and 140 days old for 16S rRNA gene sequencing and determination of SCFA concentrations. [Results] Microbial diversity in rectal fecal samples of Tibetan pigs gradually increased with age and stabilized during the later growth stage. Bacillota and Bacteroidota remained dominant throughout development. At the genus level, the gut microbiota of neonatal piglets was primarily colonized by Clostridium, Escherichia-Shigella, Streptococcus, and Fusobacterium. Notably, dominant genera in the gut during the suckling stage, such as Lactobacillus and Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group, remained abundant after weaning. Christensenellaceae R-7 group and Treponema showed low relative abundance before weaning but were significantly enriched after weaning and were among the dominant genera at 70 and 140 days old. PICRUSt2-based functional prediction analysis showed that the rectal fecal microbiota of Tibetan pigs at 21 days old was mainly enriched in pathways related to the citrate cycle and oxidative phosphorylation, whereas that at 70 and 140 days old was mainly enriched in amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, and starch and sucrose metabolism. The concentrations of acetate, propionate, butyrate, and total SCFAs in rectal fecal samples at 70 and 140 days old were significantly higher than those at 21 days old. Correlation analysis revealed that Treponema and Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group had significantly positive correlations with acetate, propionate, butyrate, and total SCFA concentrations. [Conclusion] The gut microbiota composition differed markedly among Tibetan pigs at different growth stages. Beneficial bacteria such as Lactobacillus maintained relatively high abundance throughout the growth stages, while Christensenellaceae R-7 group remained abundant during the fattening stage. Moreover, the significant enrichment of complex carbohydrate-fermenting bacteria, represented by Treponema and Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group, during the growing-finishing stage suggests their key role in the hindgut fermentation of Tibetan pigs.

Tibetan pigs  /  gut microbiota  /  different growth stages  /  short-chain fatty acids
黄伟龙, 赵德辉, 申腾世, 潘龙, 谭占坤, 余凯凡, 朱伟云. 藏猪从出生到育肥不同生长阶段肠道微生物组成及短链脂肪酸的差异分析. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (10) : 5193 -5204 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260220
Weilong HUANG, Dehui ZHAO, Tengshi SHEN, Long PAN, Zhankun TAN, Kaifan YU, Weiyun ZHU. Comparative analysis of gut microbiota composition and short-chain fatty acids in Tibetan pigs across different growth stages from birth to the fattening stage[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (10) : 5193 -5204 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260220
猪肠道微生物的组成和功能并非一成不变,而是在饮食、品种及环境等多种因素的共同调控下,在不同生长阶段呈现显著的特异性[1]。研究发现,猪肠道微生物的组成及其功能与猪的代谢需求密切相关[2]。以典型瘦肉型商品猪‘杜长大猪’为例,其肠道微生物多样性和丰富度随日龄增长而逐渐增加[3]。新生仔猪的肠道微生物主要来源于饲养环境,其中埃希氏菌-志贺氏菌属(Escherichia-Shigella)、梭菌属(Fusobacterium)等早期定植菌在新生仔猪肠道中常显著富集[4]。在哺乳期,乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)相对丰度显著增加,有助于增强仔猪对母乳中乳糖和乳寡糖的降解与利用[5]。断奶后,随着固体饲料的引入,仔猪肠道微生物群落结构发生显著改变,普雷沃氏菌属等成为主要优势菌属,这与断奶后仔猪对日粮中复杂碳水化合物的适应过程密切相关[6]。因此,表征猪在不同生长阶段肠道微生物群落的动态变化对于全面理解猪的营养物质代谢特点具有重要意义。
藏猪作为我国典型的高原型地方猪种,因其长期生活在高寒、低氧以及饲料资源相对匮乏的生活环境下,逐渐形成了耐粗饲、抗逆性强以及肉品质优良等品种特性[7]。越来越多的研究表明,肠道微生物能通过增强猪对复杂碳水化合物的利用、调节氮代谢及维持肠道内环境稳态从而显著影响其生长速度和饲料利用效率[8]。目前关于藏猪不同生长阶段肠道微生物群落组成特征的研究仍较为缺乏。因此,本研究系统比较了藏猪从出生到育肥期不同生长阶段直肠粪样微生物组成及其短链脂肪酸含量的差异,揭示藏猪肠道微生物群落的阶段特异性,旨在为藏猪精准营养调控及其种质资源开发利用提供理论参考。
本研究在西藏自治区林芝市某猪场开展,饲养的藏猪为纯种藏猪。选取10头胎次相近(2-3胎)、体况良好的妊娠藏猪进行同期分娩,所得试验仔猪从出生饲养至140日龄。依据藏猪生长发育关键节点,分别于1日龄[(0.76±0.06) kg]、7日龄[(1.60±0.10) kg]、21日龄[(3.01±0.12) kg]、70日龄[(12.48±0.54) kg]和140日龄[(37.99±1.37) kg]采集藏猪直肠粪样。本研究采用横断面采样,在每个采样时间点,从10窝猪中每窝随机选择1头健康试验猪(n=10),猪只按常规程序屠宰后,迅速剖开腹腔并分离直肠,于无菌条件下采集直肠粪样,并装入无菌冻存管中。最终共成功采集48份直肠粪样,在1、7、21、70和140日龄分别采集到9、9、10、10、10份直肠粪样。哺乳期内,所有仔猪均采用自然哺乳。根据藏猪实际生产中的饲养管理方式,藏仔猪于42日龄[(5.20±0.28) kg]断奶。断奶后饲粮的配制依据猪营养需要量(GB/T 39235—2020)[9],为玉米-豆粕型基础日粮(表1),旨在满足各生长阶段藏猪的营养需要。整个试验期间,所有猪只均自由采食和饮水,并实施统一的饲养管理措施。样品采集后迅速放入液氮中,随后转移至-80 ℃冰箱保存,用于后续肠道微生物群落组成分析及直肠粪样短链脂肪酸含量测定。本研究所有动物实验获得南京农业大学实验动物伦理委员会批准,编号为NJAU.No20251223300。
肠道微生物16S rRNA基因扩增子测序采用E.Z.N.A.® Stool DNA Kit (Omega Bio-tek公司),从直肠粪样中提取微生物总DNA,使用NanoDrop 2000分光光度计(ThermoFisher Scientific公司),检测DNA纯度和浓度,并采用1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测其完整性。以提取的总DNA为模板,采用带barcode的引物341F (5′-CCTACGGGNGGCWGCAG-3′)和806R (5′- GGACTACHVGGGTATCTAAT-3′)扩增细菌16S rRNA基因V3–V4高变区。PCR反应体系(25 μL):2×Taq PCR Master Mix 12.5 μL,上、下游引物(10 µmol/L)各1 μL,DNA模板1 μL,ddH2O 9.5 μL。PCR反应条件:95 ℃预变性3 min;95 ℃变性30 s,55 ℃退火30 s,72 ℃延伸45 s,共30个循环;72 ℃终延伸10 min。PCR扩增由上海凌恩生物科技有限公司完成。PCR产物使用NanoDrop 2000分光光度计(ThermoFisher Scientific公司)检测纯度和浓度,采用AxyPrep DNA Gel Extraction Kit (Axygen Biosciences公司)进行回收纯化,经荧光定量后按等物质的量浓度混合。随后采用NEXTFLEX Rapid DNA-Seq Kit (Bioo Scientific公司)构建测序文库,并在DNBSEQ-G99高通量测序平台(MGI Tech公司)以PE300模式进行双端测序。
原始序列经质控、拼接、去嵌合体及样本拆分后,采用DADA2软件生成扩增子序列变异(amplicon sequence variants, ASVs)表,并基于SILVA 16S rRNA基因数据库进行分类学注释,置信度阈值设为80%。使用Mothur软件计算微生物群落α多样性指数,采用基于Bray-Curtis距离算法的主坐标分析(principal coordinates analysis, PCoA)评估样品间微生物群落的β多样性。微生物与短链脂肪酸的相关性分析通过微科盟生科云平台(https://www.bioincloud.tech/)进行可视化,其余结果均使用GraphPad Prism 10.0进行可视化。
参照Zhang等[10]的方法进行测定。采用配备DB-FFAP毛细管色谱柱(30 m×0.250 mm×0.50 μm;Agilent Technologies公司)的气相色谱仪(GC-2014,Shimadzu公司)测定21、70、140日龄直肠粪样中短链脂肪酸含量。短链脂肪酸的定量通过建立标准曲线完成。
使用SPSS 27.0软件对数据进行统计分析。短链脂肪酸数据采用单因素方差分析,事后比较采用Duncan法。Shannon指数、微生物不同分类水平下的相对丰度以及功能预测采用Kruskal-Wallis检验显著性,并采用Dunn法进行两两比较,P值经Bonferroni校正,使用Spearman进行相关性分析。利用GraphPad Prism 10.0对数据进行作图。数据表示为平均值±标准误,P<0.05表示差异显著。
α多样性结果显示,哺乳期藏猪直肠粪样微生物多样性随日龄增加而逐渐增大,21日龄藏猪Shannon指数显著高于1日龄(P<0.05),断奶后多样性趋于稳定,21、70、140日龄Shannon指数无显著差异(图1A)。β多样性分析显示,1日龄藏猪微生物群落与其他日龄样品呈现明显分离趋势,7日龄和21日龄以及70日龄和140日龄微生物群落结构相似(图1B)。同时,1、7、21、70、140日龄分别鉴定出1 057、980、1 540、1 701、1 691个ASVs,不同日龄共享88个核心ASVs (图1C)。
在门水平上,不同生长阶段藏猪直肠粪样微生物的主要优势菌门为芽孢杆菌门(Bacillota)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)和假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota) (图2A)。芽孢杆菌门是藏猪出生时的优势菌门,7日龄和21日龄藏猪芽孢杆菌门相对丰度有所下降,断奶后又显著增加,其中70日龄芽孢杆菌门相对丰度显著高于7日龄和21日龄(P<0.05) (图2B)。拟杆菌门相对丰度在出生时较低,哺乳期显著增加,21日龄拟杆菌门相对丰度显著高于1日龄(P<0.05),断奶后拟杆菌门相对丰度显著下降(图2C)。假单胞菌门相对丰度在1日龄和7日龄较高,随后下降,且70日龄和140日龄均显著低于1日龄和7日龄(P<0.05) (图2D)。
在属水平上,不同生长阶段藏猪直肠粪样微生物的优势菌属主要包括梭菌属(Clostridium)、乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)、CAG-873、Christensenellaceae R-7 group、埃希氏菌-志贺氏菌属(Escherichia-Shigella)、链球菌属(Streptococcus)、黏液乳杆菌属(Limosilactobacillus)、Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group和梭杆菌属(Fusobacterium)等(图3A)。新生藏猪直肠粪样中以梭菌属、埃希氏菌-志贺氏菌属、链球菌属以及梭杆菌属为主(图3B、3F、3G、3J),其中梭菌属和链球菌属相对丰度在仔猪出生后随日龄增长而逐渐降低,断奶后又显著回升(P<0.05)。乳杆菌属、CAG-873、黏液乳杆菌属以及Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group出生时相对丰度极低(图3C、3D、3H、3I),哺乳期均显著增加(P<0.05),且断奶后乳杆菌属和Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group仍保持较高相对丰度。另外,Christensenellaceae R-7 group和密螺旋体属(Treponema)在断奶前相对丰度较低(图3E、3K),断奶后2种菌属相对丰度均显著增加(P<0.05)。
对藏猪直肠粪样微生物进行PICRUSt2功能预测,基于KEGG三级通路,利用Kruskal-Wallis检验分析发现,不同生长阶段藏猪在碳水化合物代谢相关通路(carbohydrate metabolism)和能量代谢相关通路(energy metabolism)之间存在显著差异(图4)。21日龄藏猪在柠檬酸循环(citrate cycle)、乙醛酸和二羧酸代谢(glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism)、肌醇磷酸代谢(inositol phosphate metabolism)等碳水化合物代谢途径及光合生物中的碳固定(carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms)、原核生物的碳固定途径(carbon fixation pathways in prokaryotes)和氧化磷酸化(oxidative phosphorylation)等能量代谢途径的相对丰度较高。70日龄和140日龄藏猪在氨基糖和核苷酸糖代谢(amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism)、糖酵解/糖异生(glycolysis/gluconeogenesis)、淀粉和蔗糖代谢(starch and sucrose metabolism)、果糖和甘露糖代谢(fructose and mannose metabolism)和半乳糖代谢(galactose metabolism)等碳水化合物代谢途径的相对丰度较高。此外,21日龄和140日龄藏猪在戊糖和葡萄糖醛酸相互转化(pentose and glucuronate interconversions)代谢途径的相对丰度较高。
藏猪21、70和140日龄直肠粪样中短链脂肪酸含量的测定结果如图5所示。结果显示,直肠粪样中乙酸、丙酸和丁酸含量随日龄增加而增大,70日龄和140日龄直肠粪样乙酸、丙酸和丁酸含量均显著高于21日龄(P<0.05)。直肠粪样中戊酸含量随日龄增大先增加后下降,且140日龄直肠粪样中戊酸含量显著低于70日龄(P<0.05)。异丁酸和异戊酸含量随日龄无显著变化。同时,直肠粪样中总短链脂肪酸含量随日龄增加而逐渐增大,70日龄和140日龄直肠粪样中总短链脂肪酸含量均显著高于21日龄(P<0.05)。
对140日龄藏猪直肠粪样中相对丰度排名前20的菌属与对应样品的短链脂肪酸含量进行Spearman相关性分析。结果显示,藏猪直肠粪样中Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group和密螺旋体属与乙酸、丙酸、丁酸以及总短链脂肪酸呈显著正相关(P<0.05),UCG-005和丁酸呈显著正相关(P<0.05);相反,直肠粪样中的Christensenellaceae R-7 group和Lachnospiraceae XPB1014 group与乙酸、丙酸和总短链脂肪酸呈显著负相关(P<0.05),瘤胃球菌属(Ruminococcus)与直肠粪样中丁酸含量呈显著负相关(P<0.05) (图6)。
本研究分析了藏猪从出生到育肥期直肠粪样微生物组成的差异。我们前期研究表明,猪的日龄变化及其日粮从母乳向固体饲料的转变是影响猪肠道微生物组成的关键因素[11]。本研究中,哺乳期藏猪微生物多样性随日龄增加而逐渐增大,而断奶后趋于相对稳定,提示早期生命阶段是猪肠道微生物群建立的关键时期。PCoA分析结果发现,1日龄藏猪直肠粪样微生物群落呈明显聚类,这可能与母体垂直传播有关,而7日龄和21日龄直肠粪样微生物群落表现出较高的相似性,且断奶后70日龄和140日龄样本聚类较为接近。哺乳期仔猪主要以猪乳为营养来源,而断奶后转变为以植物性碳水化合物为主的固体饲料,同时伴随环境的改变和断奶应激,引起仔猪肠道微生物群落发生重塑[12]。
在微生物组成上,芽孢杆菌门和拟杆菌门是藏猪直肠粪样微生物群落中最主要的优势菌门,与其他猪种类似[3]。仔猪出生时肠道接近无菌状态,部分兼性厌氧菌通过仔猪与母猪阴道分泌物等接触进入仔猪肠道并定植。在本研究中,梭菌属、埃希氏菌-志贺氏菌属、梭杆菌属以及链球菌属在刚出生的藏猪直肠粪样中占比较高,这些兼性厌氧菌在许多研究中被认为是最早定植于仔猪肠道的先驱菌[4,13]。随着仔猪的哺乳行为,乳汁中大量的乳糖和乳寡糖为乳杆菌属和黏液乳杆菌属等提供了丰富的底物,使其成为哺乳期藏仔猪肠道的主要优势菌属[14]。断奶后,由于乳糖底物的减少,乳杆菌属、黏液乳杆菌属等相对丰度通常会出现下降趋势。值得注意的是,乳杆菌属在藏猪断奶后仍然保持较高丰度。已有研究表明,乳杆菌能通过产生乳酸降低肠道pH,从而抑制病原体的生长,有助于肠道微生态的稳定[15]。同时,Christensenellaceae科相关菌群常被认为与宿主健康状态相关,具有潜在益生应用价值[16]。本研究中Christensenellaceae R-7 group在藏猪哺乳期相对丰度极低,在断奶后显著增加。藏猪长期生活在高海拔地区,而高海拔缺氧环境已被证实会加剧全身炎症以及多器官功能障碍的发生[17]。Luo等研究发现,在高海拔地区同时饲养藏猪和商品猪,藏猪结肠中显著富集Lactobacillus johnsonii和Lactobacillus reuteri,而商品猪无此特征并出现明显的结肠炎症反应[18]。樊秋月等[19]研究进一步发现,藏猪源Lactobacillus reuteri具有较强的产乳酸和抑制肠致病性大肠杆菌及猪霍乱沙门菌生长的能力。上述结果提示,这些断奶后仍然保持高丰度的乳杆菌、Christensenellaceae R-7 group等菌群可能与藏猪肠道微生态稳态的维持有关,但具体作用仍需进一步验证。
断奶后,藏猪直肠粪样中Treponema和Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group等与植物性寡糖及复杂碳水化合物利用相关的菌群相对富集,构成了该阶段的优势菌群。功能预测结果也发现,藏猪断奶后直肠粪样微生物功能在复杂碳水化合物代谢相关途径显著富集,同时,藏猪直肠粪样中乙酸、丙酸、丁酸以及总短链脂肪酸含量随日龄增加而显著增大。其中,Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group和密螺旋体属与乙酸、丙酸、丁酸以及总短链脂肪酸呈显著正相关。已有研究发现,Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group能够利用复杂多糖和膳食纤维底物,通过发酵产生乙酸和丙酸等短链脂肪酸[20]。同时,有研究[21-22]报道Treponema在藏猪直肠粪样中显著富集,该菌属在梅山猪中已被证实对纤维和果胶的降解发挥积极作用,并在纤维素和木质素的降解过程中发挥重要功能,从而促进短链脂肪酸的生成。上述结果提示,断奶后藏猪肠道中Treponema和Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group的显著富集可能与复杂碳水化合物的发酵利用及短链脂肪酸的产生有关。另外,本研究还发现Christensenellaceae R-7 group、Lachnospiraceae XPB1014 group以及瘤胃球菌属与部分短链脂肪酸呈负相关,推测可能与同类型肠道菌群之间的底物竞争或群落互作有关。需要指出的是,本研究主要参照杜长大猪的日粮标准设计配方,与自然放牧条件下藏猪的食物结构存在一定差异,因此本研究揭示的肠道微生物菌群变化规律可能不能完全反映自然放牧条件下藏猪的实际变化情况。
本研究基于横断面比较,揭示了藏猪肠道微生物组成及短链脂肪酸在不同生长阶段存在显著差异。从出生到生长育肥期,藏猪直肠粪样微生物多样性随日龄增加而增大,并在断奶后趋于稳定。新生仔猪肠道中主要富集梭菌属、埃希氏菌-志贺氏菌属、链球菌属以及梭杆菌属等菌属。有益菌如乳杆菌属在各生长阶段、Christensenellaceae R-7 group在生长育肥期均保持高丰度优势,可能与藏猪肠道微生态稳态的维持有关;断奶后藏猪肠道显著富集密螺旋体属和Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group为代表的复杂碳水化合物发酵相关菌群,提示这些菌属可能是藏猪后肠发酵的关键微生物。
  • 国家自然科学基金(U22A20519)
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2026年第66卷第10期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260220
  • 接收时间:2026-03-15
  • 首发时间:2026-10-13
  • 出版时间:2026-10-04
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  • 收稿日期:2026-03-15
  • 录用日期:2026-05-17
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(U22A20519)
国家自然科学基金(U22A20519)
作者信息
    1.南京农业大学 动物科技学院,消化道微生物研究室,江苏省消化道营养与动物健康重点实验室,动物消化道营养国际联合研究中心,江苏 南京
    2.西藏农牧学院 动物科学学院,西藏 林芝

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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